Black Indians in the United States
Black Indians are Native American people – defined as Native American due to being affiliated with Native American communities and being culturally Native American – who also have significant African American heritage.
Buffalo Soldiers, 1890. The nickname was given to the "Black Cavalry" by the Native American tribes they fought.
Diana Fletcher (b. 1838), a Black Seminole who was adopted into the Kiowa tribe
John Horse, a Black Seminole
L to R: Mrs. Amos Chapman, her daughter, sister (all Southern Cheyenne), and an unidentified girl of African American descent. 1886
Cherokee freedmen controversy
The Cherokee Freedmen controversy was a political and tribal dispute between the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen regarding the issue of tribal membership. The controversy had resulted in several legal proceedings between the two parties from the late 20th century to August 2017.
Enrollment for Cherokee Census Card D1
Inside a slave cabin at the Chief Vann House
Cherokee Freedmen Enrollment Notice, 1902