1.
Christian
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A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christian derives from the Koine Greek word Christós, a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach, while there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict, they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. The term Christian is also used as an adjective to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a sense all that is noble, and good. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the worlds largest religion in 2050, about half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant. Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the worlds Christians, other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories,280 million Christian live as a minority. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, in other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish. The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26,28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4,16, which believers, Yet if as a Christian, let him not be ashamed. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames, in the Annals he relates that by vulgar appellation commonly called Christians and identifies Christians as Neros scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome. Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is Nazarenes which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24, the Hebrew equivalent of Nazarenes, Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian. A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian, denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of Christianity. Most Baptists and fundamentalists, for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian, in fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity. The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism, the term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי, a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מָשִׁיחַיים, the term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city, where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī from ṣalīb which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations
2.
Mass (liturgy)
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Mass often refers to the entire church service in general, but is specifically the sacrament of the Eucharist. The term mass is called in the Catholic Church, Western Rite Orthodox churches and many Old Catholic, Anglican, as well as some Lutheran churches. Some Protestants employ terms such as Divine Service or service of worship, the English noun mass is derived from Middle Latin missa. The Latin word was adopted in Old English as mæsse, and was sometimes glossed as sendnes, the Latin term missa itself was in use by the 6th century. It is most likely derived from the concluding formula Ite, missa est, historically, however, there have been other explanations of the noun missa, i. e. as not derived from the formula ite, missa est. Already Du Cange reports various opinions on the origin of the noun missa mass, including the derivation from Hebrew matzah, here attributed to Caesar Baronius. The Hebrew derivation is learned speculation from 16th-century philology, medieval authorities did derive the noun missa from the verb mittere, but not in connection with the formula ite, missa est. Thus, De divinis officiis explains the word as a mittendo, quod nos mittat ad Deo, the Catholic Church sees the Mass or Eucharist as the source and summit of the Christian life, to which the other sacraments are oriented. The Catholic Church believes that the Mass is exactly the same sacrifice that Jesus Christ offered on the Cross at Calvary, after making the sign of the cross and greeting the people liturgically, he begins the Act of Penitence. This concludes with the prayer of absolution, which, however. The Kyrie, eleison, is sung or said, followed by the Gloria in excelsis Deo, the Introductory Rites are brought to a close by the Collect Prayer. On Sundays and solemnities, three Scripture readings are given, on other days there are only two. If there are three readings, the first is from the Old Testament, or the Acts of the Apostles during Eastertide, the first reading is followed by a psalm, either sung responsorially or recited. The second reading is from the New Testament, typically one of the Pauline epistles. A Gospel Acclamation is then sung as the Book of the Gospels is processed, sometimes with incense and candles, the final reading and high point of the Liturgy of the Word is the proclamation of the Gospel by the deacon or priest. At least on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, a homily, finally, the Creed is professed on Sundays and solemnities, and it is desirable that in Masses celebrated with the people the Universal Prayer or Prayer of the Faithful should usually follow. The congregation responds, May the Lord accept the sacrifice at your hands, for the praise and glory of his name, for our good, the priest then pronounces the variable prayer over the gifts. The Eucharistic Prayer, the centre and high point of the entire celebration, the priest continues with one of many Eucharistic Prayer thanksgiving prefaces, which lead to the reciting of the Sanctus acclamation
3.
Police officer
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A police officer, also known as a policeman, policewoman, police agent, or a police employee is a warranted law employee of a police force. In the United States, the officer is typically the formal name of the lowest police rank. In many other countries, officer is a term not specifying a particular rank. In some nations the use of the officer is legally reserved for military personnel. Police officers may be sworn to an oath, and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a time, along with other duties. Although many police officers wear a uniform, some police officers are plain-clothed in order to dissimulate as ordinary citizens. The word police comes from the Greek politia meaning government, which came to mean its civil administration, Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce the laws it creates. In The Federalist Papers, James Madison wrote If men were angels and these words apply to those who serve government, including police. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer, a sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a shire. A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy, a common nickname for a police officer is cop. The term copper is used in Britain to mean someone who captures. The common myth is that its a term referring to the officers buttons which are made of copper. The word Cop derives from a Gaelic word which has the equivalence of saying, protector, leader, the terms are almost nearly homophonic but have similar meanings. The term County Mountie is used specifically in reference to county police officers or county sheriffs deputies in the United States, as with Canadian Mounties, the term mountie comes from police who serve while mounted on horseback. Responsibilities of an officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property, officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, in some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in all countries retain their lawful powers while off duty
4.
Firefighter
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In some areas, they are also trained in Emergency Medical Services and operate ambulances in addition to being a firefighter. The fire service, or fire and rescue service, also known in countries as the fire brigade or fire department, is one of the three main emergency services. Firefighting and firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world, from wildlands to urban areas, according to Merriam-Websters Dictionary, the English word firefighter has been used since 1903. In urban areas across the world the population is protected by paid full time firefighters. The goals of firefighting are, As such, the skills required for operations are regularly practiced during training evaluations throughout a firefighters career. In the United States, the preeminent fire training and standards organization is the National Fire Protection Association, often initial firefighting skills are taught during a local, regional, or state approved fire academy. Depending on the requirements of a department, additional skills and certifications such as technical rescue, Firefighters work closely with other emergency response agencies, most particularly local and state police departments. The increasing role of firefighters in providing medical services also brings firefighters into common overlap with law enforcement. One example of this is a state law requiring all gunshot wounds to be reported to law enforcement agencies. Fire fighting has some skills, prevention, self-preservation, rescue, preservation of property, basic first aid. Firefighting is further broken down into skills which include size-up, extinguishing, ventilation, salvage, wildland firefighting includes size up, containment, extinguishment, and mop up. Search and Rescue, which has already mentioned, is performed early in any fire scenario and many times is in unison with extinguishing. Fire suppression systems have a record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have sprinkler systems. Correctly working sprinklers in a residence greatly reduce the risk of death from a fire, with the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms. Other methods of prevention are by directing efforts to reduce known hazardous conditions or by preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. Tools are generally carried at all times and are important for not only forcible entry, a self-contained breathing apparatus delivers air to the firefighter through a full face mask and is worn to protect against smoke inhalation, toxic fumes, and super heated gases. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter, Firefighters often carry personal self-rescue ropes
5.
Prison officer
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Historically, terms such as jailer, jail guard, prison guard, and turnkey have also been used. They are also responsible for the safety and security of the facility itself, most officers are employed by the government of the jurisdiction in which they operate, though some are employed by private companies. Prison officers must maintain order and daily operations of the facility and are responsible for the care, custody, a correction officer has a responsibility to control inmates who may be dangerous, and that society themselves do not wish to accommodate. An officer must always prevent disturbances, assaults, and escapes by supervising activities, Officers have a responsibility to protect the public from incarcerated criminals, protect fellow officers from inmates and protect inmates from other inmates at all times. An officer must be alert and aware of any and all movement taking place inside the facility, prevention is one of the key components to an officers duties. Officers can utilize prevention by routinely searching inmates and their living quarters for potential threats such as weapons or drugs, an officer must make their presence known at all times and remain assertive and refuse to back down. An officer must be a disciplinarian and enforce the rules and punish when rules are violated, correction officers also must take full concern for the health and safety of the facility. Officers check for conditions, fire hazards, and/or any evidence of tampering or damage to locks, bars, grilles, doors. Officers must screen all incoming and outgoing mail as well as all visitors as a method for future issues that could cause risk to safety and security of the facilities, inmates. Correction officers also must assist in transportation responsibilities that may include transfers to other facilities, medical appointments, court appearances, correction officers may assist police officers on/off duty depending on their peace officer status and jurisdiction. Training may be provided by external agencies or at the facility with a peer-group or supervisor instructor, state of Arizona Office of the Auditor General Performance Audit, Arizona Department of Corrections. Sunset Factors Retrieved 8 March 2008 from http, //www. auditorgen. state. az. us/Reports/State_Agencies/Agencies/Corrections Tracy, the construction of correctional officers, Layers of emotionality behind bars. Tracy, S. J. Meyers, K. & Scott, cracking jokes and crafting selves, Sensemaking and identity management among human service workers. Correctional Service of Canada, Correctional Officers and Their First Year, An Empirical Investigation
6.
Dispatcher
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Dispatchers are communications personnel responsible for receiving and transmitting pure and reliable messages, tracking vehicles and equipment, and recording other important information. Essentially, the dispatcher is the conductor of the force, and is responsible for the direction of all units within it, public safety dispatchers receive calls from individuals who need assistance from Firefighters, Police Officers, and Emergency Medical Services. Once information is obtained from the caller, these dispatchers activate the necessary to respond to the nature of the call for help. Dispatchers are a part of the organizations success. According to the U. S. Labor Statistics, about 10% of all employed in the United States in 2004 were public safety dispatchers. Many 911 dispatchers are certified Emergency Medical Dispatchers, or EMDs, using preapproved protocols, the EMD can talk a caller or bystander through lifesaving medical procedures such as CPR, childbirth, and bleeding control. This specialized expertise and training makes them an integral, but often overlooked, similarly, many dispatchers are Certified Fire Dispatchers or Certified Police Dispatchers. A number of organizations use dispatchers to respond to service calls, coordinate transportation schedules. Truck dispatchers are employed by trucking companies to monitor the delivery of freight over long distances and coordinate delivery pickup, bus dispatchers monitor the schedules of their bus fleet and address any problems that arise during their operations. Tow-truck dispatchers respond to calls for emergency roadside assistance, gas and water service dispatchers monitor their respective utilities and receive calls for emergency assistance that involve gas lines and water mains. According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 26% of all employed in the United States in 2004 worked for transportation. A train dispatcher is employed by a railroad to direct and facilitate the movement of trains over an assigned territory, in Canada the train dispatcher is known as the rail traffic controller. In New Zealand and Australia they are known as Train Controllers, the dispatcher is also responsible for cost effective movement of trains and other on-track railroad equipment to optimize physical and human resource assets. A crew dispatcher is employed by the railroad to keep track of train crews. Some dispatchers provide a flight following service and advise pilots if conditions or paths change and they usually work in the operations or control center of the airline. In the United States and Canada, the flight dispatcher shares legal responsibility with the Commander, Dispatchers are responsible for monitoring all of the communications within a specific geographic area. Public safety dispatchers are responsible for all emergency communications that occur within the jurisdiction of their department and these workers receive and document incoming calls, transmit messages to appropriate personnel, and keep logs of the daily activities of their personnel. Public safety dispatchers usually work in a station, a fire station
7.
Emergency medical services
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This is most likely an emergency department at a hospital. In such services, the EMS is not summoned by members of the public, in some jurisdictions, EMS units may handle technical rescue operations such as extrication, water rescue, and search and rescue. Training and qualification levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world, in some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training. In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic first aid certifications, additionally many EMS systems are staffed with Advanced Life Support personnel, including paramedics, nurses, or, less commonly, physicians. Emergency care in the field has been rendered in different forms since the beginning of recorded history, the New Testament contains the parable of the Good Samaritan, where a man who was beaten is cared for by a Samaritan. Luke 10,34 - He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil, then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him. Also during the Middle Ages, the Knights Hospitaller were known for rendering assistance to wounded soldiers in the battlefield, the first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the ambulances volantes designed by Dominique Jean Larrey, Napoleon Bonapartes chief surgeon. Larreys projects for flying ambulances were first approved by the Committee of Public Safety in 1794, in civilian ambulances, a major advance was made with the introduction of a transport carriage for cholera patients in London during 1832. This tenet of ambulances providing instant care, allowing hospitals to be spaced further apart, the first known hospital-based ambulance service operated out of Commercial Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio by 1865. In June 1887 the St John Ambulance Brigade was established to provide first aid and it was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure. Named the Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society, it served as a model for similar societies worldwide and this was followed in 1900 by New York City, who extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two ambulances were electrically powered with 2 hp motors on the rear axle. Canadian historians dispute this with the city of Toronto claiming The first formal training for ambulance attendants was conducted in 1892, two-way radios became available shortly after World War I, enabling for more efficient radio dispatch of ambulances in some areas. Prior to World War II, there were areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a physician. In many locations, however, ambulances were hearses - the only vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient - and were thus frequently run by funeral homes. These vehicles, which could serve either purpose, were known as combination cars, prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities. With the severe manpower shortages imposed by the war effort, it became difficult for many hospitals to maintain their ambulance operations, City governments in many cases turned ambulance services over to the police or fire department. No laws required minimal training for personnel and no training programs existed beyond basic first aid
8.
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
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The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, D. C. at Judiciary Square, honors 20,267 U. S. law enforcement officers who have died in the line of duty throughout history. The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund was established by former U. S, representative Mario Biaggi, a 23-year New York City police veteran who was wounded in the line of duty over 10 times before retiring in 1965. Donald J. Guilfoil, a detective with the Suffolk County Police Benevolent Association, rep. Biaggi then took up the cause and joined forces with U. S. Senator Claiborne Pell to establish the monument to honor all of Americas fallen law enforcement officers. The legislation to authorize the memorial was enacted in October 1984, in 2012, three additions were made to the Board including representatives from DuPont, Motorola and Target. Seven years after passage of the legislation, on October 15,1991. At the time of dedication, the names of over 12,000 fallen officers were engraved on the Memorials walls, currently, there are 20,267 names on the memorial. At the current rate at which names are being added, the walls are expected to be filled by 2050. Designed by architect Davis Buckley, the features a reflecting pool which is surrounded by walkways on a 3-acre park. Along the walkways are walls that are inscribed with names of all U. S. law enforcement officers — federal, state, one entrance of the Judiciary Square Metro station is on the memorial site. The memorial maintains a Visitors Center & Store, where visitors can browse merchandise and learn more about the history of law enforcement, the Visitors Center & Store is located at 400 7th Street, NW. While the memorial sits on land, the monument was constructed and is maintained with private funds. The memorial is adjacent to the upcoming National Law Enforcement Museum, the Memorial and Museum are both projects of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, a non-profit,501 organization based in Washington, D. C. The memorial features four bronze lions--two male and two female—each watching over a pair of lion cubs, the adult lions were sculpted by Raymond Kaskey, the cubs by George Carr. Below each lion is carved a different quotation, It is not how these officers died that made them heroes, —Vivian Eney Cross, Survivor In valor there is hope. —Tacitus The wicked flee when no man pursueth, but the righteous are as bold as a lion. —Proverbs 28,1 Carved on these walls is the story of America, of a continuing quest to preserve both democracy and decency, and to protect a national treasure that we call the American dream
9.
Ecumenical
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Ecumenism refers to efforts by Christians of different church traditions to develop closer relationships and better understandings. The term is often used to refer to efforts towards the visible. The terms ecumenism and ecumenical come from the Greek οἰκουμένη, which means the inhabited world. The ecumenical vision comprises both the search for the unity of the Church and the whole inhabited earth as the concern of all Christians. Used in this sense, the term carries no connotation of re-uniting the historically separated Christian denominations. Historically, the word was used in the context of large ecumenical councils that were organized under the auspices of Roman Emperors to clarify matters of Christian theology. These Ecumenical Councils brought together bishops from around the world as they knew it at the time. There were a total of seven ecumenical councils accepted by both Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism held before the Great Schism, thus, the modern meaning of the world ecumenical and ecumenism derives from this pre-modern sense of Christian unity, and the impulse to recreate this unity again. Ecumenism and nondenominational or postdenominational movements are not necessarily the same thing, while some of these can be ecumenical in intent, normally nondenominationalism seeks no common organizing principle nor works toward the unity of Christians. If ecumenism is the quest for Christian unity, it must be understood what the divisions are which must be overcome, Christianity is the largest religion in the world and the various divisions have commonalities and differences in tradition, theology, church government, doctrine, and language. The exact number of denominations is disputed, based on differing definitions used. The largest number often quoted is approximately 45,000 from the Center for the Study of Global Christianity at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, the World Christian Encyclopedia lists approximately 33,000 in 2001. Yet, at the time, the World Council of Churches counts only 348 member churches. This, with the Catholic Churchs 1.25 billion Christians indicates that 349 churches/denominations already account for nearly 80% of the worlds Christian population, One problem with the larger numbers is that single denominations can be counted multiple times. For example, the Catholic Church is a church, or communion. Further, the Catholic Church presence in each country is counted as a different denomination - though this is in no way an ecclesiologically accurate definition and this can result in the one Catholic Church being counted as 242 distinct denominations, as in the World Christian Encyclopedia. Other denominations may be very small remnants of once larger churches, the United Society of Believers in Christs Second Appearing have only three full members, for example, yet are a distinct denomination. Most current divisions are the result of historical schisms - a break in the communion between previously united Churches, bishops, or communities
10.
Michaelmas
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Michaelmas is a minor Christian festival observed in some Western liturgical calendars on the 29th of September. Michaelmas has been one of the four days of the financial year. The Serbian Orthodox Church observes the feast, whereas most Eastern Orthodox Churches do not, the Greek and Romanian Orthodox honor the archangels on 8 November instead. In Christian angelology, the Archangel Michael is the greatest of all the Archangels and is honored for defeating Satan in the war in heaven and he is one of the principal angelic warriors, seen as a protector against the dark of night, and the administrator of cosmic intelligence. Michaelmas has also delineated time and seasons for secular purposes, as well, particularly in Britain, the name Michaelmas comes from a shortening of Michaels Mass, in the same style as Christmas and Candlemas. During the Middle Ages, Michaelmas, or the Feast of St. Michael, was celebrated as a Holy Day of Obligation, in medieval England, Michaelmas marked the ending and beginning of the husbandmans year, George C. Homans observes, at that time harvest was over, and the bailiff or reeve of the manor would be making out the accounts for the year. Because it falls near the equinox, it is associated in the northern hemisphere with the beginning of autumn and it was also one of the English, Welsh and Irish quarter days when accounts had to be settled. On manors, it was the day when a reeve was elected from the peasants, Michaelmas hiring fairs were held at the end of September or beginning of October. On the Isle of Skye, Scotland, a procession was held, many of the activities that had been done at Lughnasadh – sports, games and horse races – migrated to this day. One of the few flowers left around at this time of year is the Michaelmas daisy, hence the rhyme, The Michaelmas daisies, among dead weeds, Bloom for St Michaels valorous deeds. Traditional meal for the day includes goose, the bread was made from equal parts of barley, oats, and rye without using any metal implements. In remembrance of absent friends or those who had died, special Struans, nuts were traditionally cracked on Michaelmas Eve. Folklore in the British Isles suggests that Michaelmas day is the last day that blackberries can be picked and it is said that when St. Michael expelled Lucifer, the devil, from heaven, he fell from the skies and landed in a prickly blackberry bush. Satan cursed the fruit, scorched them with his fiery breath, as it is considered ill-advised to eat them after 29 September, a Michaelmas pie is made from the last of the season. In Anglican and Episcopal tradition, there are three or four archangels in its calendar for 29 September feast for St. Michael and All Angels, namely Michael, Gabriel and Raphael, and often, Uriel. The Bible itself identifies only Michael as an archangel, although in I Thessalonians 4,16, there is the implication that there is more than one archangel. It is used in the sense of autumn, as the name of the first term of the academic year
11.
Michael (archangel)
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Michael is an archangel in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran traditions, he is called Saint Michael the Archangel, in the Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox traditions, he is called Taxiarch Archangel Michael or simply Archangel Michael. Michael is mentioned three times in the Book of Daniel, in the New Testament Michael leads Gods armies against Satans forces in the Book of Revelation, where during the war in heaven he defeats Satan. In the Epistle of Jude Michael is specifically referred to as the archangel Michael, by the 6th century, devotions to Archangel Michael were widespread both in the Eastern and Western Churches. Over time, teachings on Michael began to vary among Christian denominations, Michael is mentioned three times in the Hebrew Scriptures, all in the book of Daniel. The prophet Daniel experiences a vision after having undergone a period of fasting, Daniel 10, 13-21 describes Daniels vision of an angel who identifies Michael as the protector of Israel. At Daniel 12,1, Daniel is informed that Michael will arise during the time of the end, the Book of Revelation describes a war in heaven in which Michael, being stronger, defeats Satan. After the conflict, Satan is thrown to earth along with the fallen angels, in the Epistle of Jude 1,9, Michael is referred to as an archangel when he again confronts Satan. A reference to an archangel also appears in the First Epistle to the Thessalonians 4,16 and this archangel who heralds the second coming of Christ is not named, but is often associated with Michael. Michael, is one of the two mentioned in the Quran, alongside Jibreel. In the Quran, Michael is mentioned only, in Sura 2,98, Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and His messengers. Then, God is an enemy to the disbelievers, some Muslims believe that the reference in Sura 11,69 is Michael, one of the three angels who visited Abraham. Michaels enmity with Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven, Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall, but Michael was saved by God. But appeal to Michael seems to have more common in ancient times. Thus Jeremiah is said to have addressed a prayer to him, the rabbis declare that Michael entered upon his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Thus, according to Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob, it was Michael who rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown by Nimrod. It was Michael, the one that had escaped, who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive, and he announced to Sarah that she would bear a son and he rescued Lot at the destruction of Sodom. It is said that Michael prevented Isaac from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place, later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob
12.
Patron saint
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Catholics believe that patron saints, having already transcended to the metaphysical, are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges. Historically, a practice has also occurred in many Islamic lands. With regard to the omnipresence of this belief, the late Martin Lings wrote. Traditionally, it has been understood that the saint of a particular place prays for that places wellbeing and for the health. Saints often become the patrons of places where they were born or had been active, professions sometimes have a patron saint owing to that individual being involved somewhat with it, although some of the connections were tenuous. Lacking such a saint, an occupation would have a patron whose acts or miracles in some way recall the profession and it is, however, generally discouraged in some Protestant branches such as Calvinism, where the practice is considered a form of idolatry. In Islam, the veneration or commemoration and recognition of saints is found in many branches of traditional Sunnism
13.
Chaplain
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The concepts of multifaith, secular, generic and/or humanist chaplaincy are also gaining increasing support, particularly within healthcare and educational settings. School chaplains are a fixture in religious and, more recently, in religious schools the role of the chaplain tends to be educational and liturgical. In secular schools the role of the chaplain tends to be that of a mentor, Chaplains provide care for students by supporting them during times of crisis or need. Many chaplains run programs to promote the welfare of students, staff and parents including programs to help deal with grief. Chaplains also build relationships with students by participating in extra activities such as breakfast programs, lunchtime groups. School chaplains can also liaise with external organisations providing support services for the school, with stagnant incomes and rising prices putting pressure on independent school budgets, cutting the post of school chaplain can seem an easy saving. In Australia chaplains in schools have, controversially, been funded by the federal government. Australian chaplains assist school communities to support the spiritual, social, Chaplaincy services are provided by non denominational companies. As of August 2013 there are 2339 chaplains working in Australian secular schools, similarly, in Scotland the focus of school chaplaincy is on welfare and building positive relationships joining students on excursions and sharing meals. Chaplains are also non-denominational and act as a link between the community and society. Like Australian chaplains it is expected that they will not proselytise, in Ireland chaplaincy takes a very different approach in which chaplains are expected to teach up to four hours of class instruction per week and are usually Catholic. Chaplaincy duties include visiting homes, religious services, retreats and celebrations, Chaplains often also oversee programs on campus that foster spiritual, ethical, religious, and political and cultural exchange, and the promotion of service. Each day communities respond to disasters or emergencies. Most often, these incidents are managed effectively at the local level, however, there are some incidents that may require a collaborative approach that includes personnel from,1. A combination of specialties or disciplines,3, Chaplain Fellowship Disaster Response certifies first responder chaplain for crisis and disaster response. At the scene of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, for example, New York City Fire Department Chaplain Fr. Judge was killed by flying debris from the South Tower when he re-entered the lobby of the North Tower of the World Trade Center, environmental chaplaincy is an emerging field within chaplaincy. Environmental chaplains provide spiritual care in a way that honors humanitys deep connection to the earth, environmental chaplains may also bear witness to the Earth itself and represent the merging of science and spirituality
14.
Red Mass
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A Red Mass is a Mass celebrated annually in the Catholic Church for judges, lawyers, law school professors, law students, and government officials. Originating in Europe during the High Middle Ages, the Red Mass is so-called from the red vestments traditionally worn in symbolism of the tongues of fire descended on the Apostles at Pentecost. Its name also exemplifies the scarlet robes worn by judges that attended the Mass centuries ago. The first recorded Red Mass was celebrated in the Cathedral of Paris in 1245, in certain localities of France, the Red Mass was celebrated in honor of Saint Ives, the Patron Saint of Lawyers. From there, it spread to most European countries, the tradition began in England around 1310, during the reign of Edward II. It was attended at the opening of each term of Court by all members of the Bench, today the Red Mass is celebrated annually at Westminster Cathedral. In the United States, the first Red Mass was held in 1877 at Saints Peter and Paul Church Detroit, Michigan by Detroit College, UDM School of Law resumed the tradition beginning in 1912 and continues to hold it annually. In Canada, the Red Mass was first celebrated in Québec City in 1896, in Toronto in 1924 and its sponsorship was assumed by the Guild of Our Lady of Good Counsel in 1931 and by The Thomas More Lawyers Guild of Toronto since 1968. It was re-instituted in Sydney, Australia in 1931, the main difference between the Red Mass and a traditional Mass is that the focus of prayer and blessings concentrate on the leadership roles of those present. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, wisdom, understanding, counsel, in Ireland, the Votive Mass of the Holy Spirit is held annually on the first Monday of October, which is the first day of the Michaelmas Law Term. The ceremony is held at St. Michans Roman Catholic church and it is attended by the Irish judiciary, barristers and solicitors, as well as representatives of the diplomatic corps, Gardaí, the Northern Irish, English and Scottish judiciary. The judiciary do not wear their robes, although formal morning dress is worn. A parallel ceremony is held at St. Michans Church of Ireland, in Scotland, a Red Mass is held annually each autumn in St. Marys Cathedral in Edinburgh to mark the beginning of the Scottish Judicial year. It is attended by Catholic judges of the High Court of Justiciary, sheriffs, advocates, solicitors, the robes of the Lords Commissioner of Justiciary are red faced with white. One of the better-known Red Masses is the one celebrated each fall at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington, D. C. on the Sunday before the first Monday in October. Each year, at the Brunch following the Red Mass, the Society confers its Pro Bono Legal Service Awards to thank lawyers, the mass was conducted by Cardinal Donald Wuerl, who called it an opportunity to pray for all of those involved in the administration of justice. On September 30,2012, six of the nine justices were at the Red Mass, chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Breyer, Scalia, Thomas, Kennedy and Kagan were present, while Justices Alito, Ginsburg and Sotomayor did not attend. The homilist was Archbishop Timothy Broglio, archbishop for the military services, Archbishop Broglio said, e gather as a community of faith to beg an abundance of blessings upon the women and men of our judiciary and the legal profession
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The Seattle Times Company
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The Seattle Times Company is a privately owned publisher of daily and weekly newspapers in the U. S. state of Washington. Founded in Seattle, Washington in 1896, the company is now in its fourth and fifth generations of ownership by the Blethen family, in its headquarters city of Seattle, the company owns the Washingtons largest-circulation daily newspaper, The Seattle Times. Elsewhere in Washington, the company owns the Yakima Herald-Republic and Walla Walla Union-Bulletin, maine-native schoolteacher and attorney Alden J. Blethen bought the Seattle Press-Times in 1896, renaming it the Seattle Daily Times and doubling its circulation to 7,000 six months later. When he died in 1915, the Times circulation was 70,000, the two smaller dailies were added much later. The Walla Walla Union-Bulletin was purchased from the Kelly family in 1971, the Seattle Times Company acquired Issaquah Press Inc. July 1,1995, from Pacific Media Group, originally consisting of one newspaper, the King County chain added two more in the 1990s. Based at 45 Front Street South, Issaquah, Washington, the company and its newspapers will cease publication in February 2017. The Issaquah Press Founded in 1900, The Issaquah Press is the newspaper of record for Issaquah and it reaches 20,000 homes in Issaquah every week. Newcastle News Only five years after the incorporation of the city of Newcastle, Washington, the Newcastle News is now mailed free to 5,000 homes in Newcastle. Sammamish Review Founded as a monthly in 1992, the Sammamish Review has been a weekly since 2007 and is delivered, free, to 15,000 homes in Sammamish, Washington, SnoValley Star The SnoValley Stars first issue was published March 6,2008. The free-distribution weekly newspaper reaches 12,400 homes and businesses in North Bend and Snoqualmie, in addition to various websites associated with its newspaper properties, The Seattle Times Company also owns Rotary Offset Press, a printing company in Kent, Washington. For about a decade, from 1998 to mid-2009, The Seattle Times Company owned three daily newspapers and three weeklies in the state of Maine, as part of a subsidiary called Blethen Maine Newspapers and it sold these properties to private investors in 2009, who formed MaineToday Media. Blethen Maine Newspapers was built in one acquisition, Seattle Times purchase of all the formerly published by Guy Gannett Communications. Guy Gannett managers said they sold to The Seattle Times Company because of shared values—both companies were fourth-generation family-owned news organizations and this purchase was estimated to have cost about $213 million. The Seattle Times Company Website The Seattle Times Website
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Donald Wuerl
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Donald William Wuerl is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He is the sixth Archbishop of Washington, serving since 2006 and he previously served as Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle and Bishop of Pittsburgh. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Benedict XVI in 2010, donald Wuerl was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the second of four children of Francis and Mary Anna Wuerl. He has two brothers, Wayne and Dennis, and a sister, Carol and his father worked nights weighing freight cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and served in the Navy during World War II. His mother died in 1944, and his father married Kathryn Cavanaugh in 1946, Wuerl received his early education at the parochial school of St. Mary of the Mount Church in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Pittsburgh, graduating in 1958. He then attended the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. where he was a Basselin Scholar at Theological College, earning a bachelors degree and he continued his studies at the Pontifical North American College in Rome. He earned a degree in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in 1967. After ordination, Wuerl was sent to Rome for further theological study and he is an alumnus of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas Angelicum where he obtained a doctorate in theology in 1974. He was ordained a priest on December 17,1966 and his first assignment was as assistant pastor at St. Rosalia parish in Pittsburghs Greenfield neighborhood and as secretary to Pittsburghs Bishop John Wright. After Wright was elevated to cardinal in 1969, Wuerl was his secretary in Vatican City from 1969 until Wrights death in 1979. In 1976, he co-authored a catechism for adults, The Teaching of Christ, Wuerl was rector at St. Paul Seminary in Pittsburgh from 1981 to 1985. In 1982, he was executive secretary to Bishop John Marshall of Burlington, Vermont. On December 3,1985, Wuerl was appointed bishop of Rosemarkie. Wuerl was consecrated bishop on January 6,1986, at St. Peters Basilica in Rome, the division of authority only became public when Hunthausen announced it in September 1986. While some chancery officials expressed support for Wuerl, some questioned his role, in November, Hunthausen won support for his objections to the Vaticans restrictions on his authority from the U. S. Wuerl later said the arrangement had been unworkable, following the restoration of Hunthausens authority he moved to a Pittsburgh suburb to await his next posting. Wuerl was appointed the bishop of the Diocese of Pittsburgh on February 12,1988. Wuerl launched and hosted a program, The Teaching of Christ, in 1990
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. It comprises the District of Columbia and Calvert, Charles, Montgomery, Prince Georges and its sole suffragan see is the Diocese of Saint Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands. The first Archbishop of Washington was Michael Joseph Curley in 1939, eight years later, on November 15,1947, the archdiocese received its first residential archbishop, with the appointment of Patrick Aloysius OBoyle. Currently, Donald William Cardinal Wuerl serves as the ordinary of the Archdiocese, the Archdiocese of Washington often prides itself in sharing the fact that the Society of Jesus celebrated the first Mass in British North America on its shores in 1634. During the colonial era, however, Catholics would remain a persecuted people suffering the wrath of oppression allowed by local penal laws, upon the founding of the United States, a Jesuit priest, Father John Carroll, was elected head of the missionary territory of the United States. In 1789 the Diocese of Baltimore was established with Carroll as its first bishop, on July 22,1939, Pope Pius XII separated the cities of Washington and Baltimore, creating two archdioceses, under the oversight of one archbishop in persona episcopi. This process of separation was officially concluded on November 15,1947, the Archdiocese of Washington became a metropolitan see on October 12,1965, when the Diocese of Saint Thomas became its first suffragan see. The lists of archbishops, auxiliary and affiliated bishops and their terms of service. C, Diocese of Saint Thomas Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington Official Site Cathedral of Saint Matthew the Apostle Alphabetical Listing of Parishes
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Roman Rite
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The Roman Rite is the most widespread liturgical rite in the Catholic Church and is one of the Latin rites used in the Western or Latin Church. The Roman Rite has been adapted over the centuries and its Eucharistic liturgy can be divided into three stages, the Pre-Tridentine Mass, Tridentine Mass and Mass of Paul VI. The 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum specifies the circumstances in which priests of the Latin Church may continue to use the form of the Roman Rite in the 1962 Roman Missal. While other rites use more poetic language, the Roman Rite is noted for its sobriety of expression, as each is shown, a bell is rung and, if incense is used, the host and chalice are incensed. Sometimes the external bells of the church are rung as well, other characteristics that distinguish the Roman Rite from the rites of the Eastern Catholic Churches are frequent genuflections, kneeling for long periods, and keeping both hands joined together. We find the prayers of our Canon in the treatise de Sacramentis, so our Mass goes back, without essential change, to the age when it first developed out of the oldest liturgy of all. The final result of our inquiry is that, in spite of unsolved problems, in spite of later changes, in a footnote he added, The prejudice that imagines that everything Eastern must be old is a mistake. Eastern rites have been modified too, some of them quite late. No Eastern Rite now used is as archaic as the Roman Mass, in the same book, Fortescue acknowledged that the Roman Rite underwent profound changes in the course of its development. In the interval, there was what Fortescue called a radical change and he quoted the theory of A. Leo, I began to make these changes, Gregory I finished the process and finally recast the Canon in the form it still has. We must then admit that between the years 400 and 500 a great transformation was made in the Roman Canon and this infusion Fortescue called the last change since Gregory the Great. The Eucharistic Prayer normally used in the Byzantine Rite is attributed to Saint John Chrysostom, the East Syrian Eucharistic Prayer of Addai and Mari, which is still in use, is certainly much older. However, by about 1800 the Roman Rite had quite abandoned rood screens, however, when Western Europe adopted polyphony, the music of the Roman Rite did become very elaborate and lengthy. Latin liturgical rites List of Catholic rites and churches Liturgical books of the Roman rite Pre-Tridentine Mass Mass of Paul VI Mass Tridentine Mass Baldovin, John F. Reforming the Liturgy, A Response to the Critics. The Reform of the Liturgy 1948-1975, a Short History of the Roman Mass. By Michael Davies, said to be based on Adrian Fortescues The Mass, A Study of the Roman Liturgy Metzger, History of the Liturgy, The Major Stages. Bodies of Worship, Explorations in Theory and Practice, a Challenging Reform, Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal. Johnson, Lawrence, J. Worship in the Early Church, foley, Edward, Mitchell, Nathan D. and Pierce, Joanne M
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Pre-Tridentine Mass
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Outside of Rome in the period before 1570, many other liturgical rites were in use, not only in Eastern Christianity, but also in the West. Some of the Western rites, such as the Mozarabic Rite, were unrelated to the Roman Rite that Pope Pius V revised and ordered to be adopted generally, but even the areas that at one time or another had accepted the Roman rite had soon introduced changes and additions. As a result, every province and almost every diocese had its local use, such as the Use of Sarum, the Use of York. In France there were traces of the Gallican Rite. For that reason, this article only the liturgy of the Mass as celebrated in Rome. In chapter 65, Justin Martyr says that the kiss of peace was given before the bread, the descriptions of the Mass liturgy in Rome by Hippolytus and Novatian are similar to Justins. It is unclear when the language of the changed from Greek to Latin. Pope Victor I, may have been the first to use Latin in the liturgy in Rome, others think Latin was finally adopted nearly a century later. The change was gradual, with both languages being used for a while. Pope Gregory I made a revision of the liturgy of the Mass, removing many things, changing a few, adding some, as his biographer, John the Deacon. He is credited with adding the words diesque nostros in tua pace disponas to the Hanc igitur, towards the end of the eighth century Charlemagne ordered the Roman rite of Mass to be used throughout his domains. Gallican influence is responsible for the introduction into the Roman rite of dramatic and symbolic such as the blessing of candles, ashes, palms. The recitation of the Credo after the Gospel is attributed to the influence of Emperor Henry II, Gallican influence explains the practice of incensing persons, introduced in the eleventh or twelfth century, before that time incense was burned only during processions. Private prayers for the priest to say before Communion were another novelty and these were produced in Milan, Venice, Paris and Lyon. Local Missals, such as the Parisian Missal, of which at least 16 printed editions appeared between 1481 and 1738, showed more important differences, source, Hoppin, Richard, Medieval Music, New York, Norton, pp.119,122. Roman Catholic Church Eucharist The Mass Tridentine Mass Mass of Paul VI Roman Missal Sarum rite Missale Aboense Use of York Stowe Missal Durham Rite Sodi, Manlio, Triacca, Achille Maria, atchley, E. G. Ordo Romanus Primus, Archive. Davies, Michael, A Short History of the Roman Mass, Sure server, based on Adrian Fortescues The Mass, father Adrian Fortescue, Liturgy of the Mass, Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, Robert Appleton by a renowned liturgist. Duchesne, Louis, McClure, ML, ed. Christian Worship, Its Origin and Evolution, tracts on the Mass, includes two variants of the Ordinary of the Sarum Mass and a Pre-Tridentine variant of the Curial Use of the Roman Mass
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Tridentine Mass
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The most widely used Mass liturgy in the world until the introduction of the Mass of Paul VI in 1969, it is celebrated in ecclesiastical Latin. Tridentine is derived from the Latin Tridentinus, related to the city of Tridentum, in 2007, Pope Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, accompanied by a letter to the worlds bishops authorizing use of the Tridentine Mass and Ritual for competent priests. The Pope stated that the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal is to be considered a form of the Roman Rite, of which the 1970 Mass of Paul VI is the ordinary. Since that is the authorized extraordinary form, some refer to the 1962 Tridentine Mass as the extraordinary form of the Mass. In Masses celebrated without the people, Latin Rite Catholic priests are free to use either the 1962 Tridentine missal or the Ordinary Form missal. These Masses may — observing all the norms of law — also be attended by faithful who, of their own free will, permission to use the Tridentine Mass as parish liturgies may be given by the pastor or rector. In most countries, the used for celebrating the Tridentine Mass was Latin. Episcopal conferences were to decide, with the consent of the Holy See, what parts, if any. Most Old Catholics use the Tridentine Mass, either in the vernacular or in Latin, the Catholic Church uses the term extraordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass among other terms. The most widespread term for the rite, other than Tridentine Mass, is Latin Mass, likewise, the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass was promulgated in Latin and can be celebrated in that language. Occasionally the term Gregorian Rite is used when talking about the Tridentine Mass, as is, more frequently, Pope Benedict XVI declared it inappropriate to speak of the versions of the Roman Missal of before and after 1970 as if they were two rites. Rather, he said, it is a matter of a use of one. Traditionalist Catholics, whose characteristic is an attachment to the Tridentine Mass. Standardization was required also in order to prevent the introduction into the liturgy of Protestant ideas in the wake of the Protestant Reformation. Pope St. Pius V accordingly imposed uniformity by law in 1570 with the papal bull Quo primum and he allowed only those rites that were at least 200 years old to survive the promulgation of his 1570 Missal. The Carmelite, Carthusian and Dominican religious orders kept their rites, the rite of Braga, in northern Portugal, seems to have been practically abandoned, since 18 November 1971 that archdiocese authorizes its use only on an optional basis. This ended when Abbot Guéranger and others initiated in the 19th century a campaign to return to the Roman Missal, Pius Vs revision of the liturgy had as one of its declared aims the restoration of the Roman Missal to the original form and rite of the holy Fathers. Due to the limited resources available to his scholars, this aim was in fact not realised
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Extraordinary form of the Roman Rite
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The full text of Article 1 of the motu proprio is, Art 1. The Roman Missal promulgated by Pope Paul VI is the expression of the lex orandi of the Catholic Church of the Latin rite. These two expressions of the Churchs lex orandi will in no way lead to a division in the Churchs lex credendi and it is not appropriate to speak of these two versions of the Roman Missal as if they were two Rites. Rather, it is a matter of a use of one. At the time of the introduction of the new Missal, it did not seem necessary to issue specific norms for the use of the earlier Missal. The Extraordinary Form of the Mass - Explained Summorum Pontificum Tridentine Mass
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Mass of Paul VI
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It is now the ordinary or standard form of the Roman Rite Mass. In its official documents, the Church identifies the forms of the Roman Rite Mass by the editions of the Roman Missal used in celebrating them. Thus, in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum of 7 July 2007, the names Mass of Paul VI and Pauline Mass are equivalent to this. In advance of the 1969 decision on the form of the revision of the liturgy, the section containing the unvarying part of the Mass is called Ordo Missae since at least 1634. In a speech he gave in 1976, Pope Paul VI unremarkably referred to this section as novus Ordo Missae. Later, some began to use Novus Ordo Missae, or simply Novus Ordo, traditionalist Catholics often use it in a pejorative manner, and sometimes employ it as a blanket condemnatory term for the present-day Church. However, Novus Ordo appears in no official Church document as a term for the form of the Roman Rite Mass. The current official text of the Mass of Paul VI in Latin is the typical edition of the revised Roman Missal, published in 2002 and reprinted with corrections. Translations into the languages have appeared, the English translation was promulgated in 2010 and was used progressively from September 2011. Two earlier typical editions of the revised Missal were issued in 1970 and 1975, for details of the Order of Mass in the Mass of Paul VI, see Mass. It envisaged only minor reforms of the liturgy itself, the most important changes it sought affected the calendar and it also focused on promoting Gregorian Chant. By the 1920s, the Liturgical Movement still did not advocate a revision of the rite of Mass. The priest reciting many of the most important prayers inaudibly, duplications such as the second Confiteor. Another objective of the Movement was the introduction of the vernacular language and this, it was believed, would assist the congregations spiritual development by enabling them to participate in the celebration of Mass with understanding. He granted permission for the use of languages in the renewal of baptismal promises in the Easter Vigil service. In section 4 of Mediator Dei, Pope Pius XII praised the work of these scholars, for instance, the general intercessions or prayer of the faithful, of which a slight trace remained in the isolated single word Oremus, had not been restored to the Mass liturgy. The Roman Missal was revised on a number of occasions after 1570, after only 34 years, Pope Clement VIII made a general revision, other Popes added new feasts or made other minor adjustments. It was not until the twentieth century, however, that began on a more radical rewriting
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Missa cantata
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Missa Cantata is a form of Tridentine Mass defined officially in 1960 as a sung Mass celebrated without sacred ministers, i. e. deacon and subdeacon. Documents of the Holy See such as the Decree of the Congregation of Sacred Rites of 14 March 1906 spoke of Missa cantata sine Ministris. The early 20th-century Catholic Encyclopedia said, on the contrary, that a Missa Cantata is really a low Mass, since the essence of high Mass is not the music but the deacon and subdeacon. In 1960, Pope John XXIIIs Code of Rubrics distinguished the Missa Cantata both from a high Mass and from low Mass, under the number 271, it defined the forms of Mass as follows, Masses are of two kinds, sung Masses and low Masses ). A Mass is called a sung Mass, when the celebrant actually sings those parts which the rubrics require to be sung, otherwise it is called a low Mass. Moreover, a sung Mass, when celebrated with the assistance of sacred ministers, is called a solemn or High Mass, when celebrated without sacred ministers, it is called a Missa cantata. The Missa Cantata came into use during the 18th century and was intended for use in countries where the services of a deacon or a subdeacon were not easily had. It was intended to be used in place of Solemn Mass on Sundays, General permission was finally granted in the 1960 Code of Rubrics, which stated, The incensations that are obligatory in Solemn Mass are permitted in every Missa Cantata. The parts sung by the priest are to be sung in Gregorian chant, more elaborate musical settings of the choirs parts may also be used. The rigid distinction between a sung Mass and a low Mass in the Roman Rite was abandoned in the 1969 revision of the Roman Missal. The General Instruction of the Roman Missal even states, It is very appropriate that the priest sing those parts of the Eucharistic Prayer for which musical notation is provided. Use of the 1962 Roman Missal, which incorporated the 1960 Code of Rubrics, preparations for a Missa Cantata - Handbook for Sacristan by Rev. Nicholas of Chardonnet in Paris, France. Video of a Votive Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary offered as a Missa Cantata at the Roman Catholic Priory of St. Pius X in Warsaw, Poland
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Solemn Mass
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The term High Mass is also used in the United States to describe the less elaborate Missa Cantata, which lacks deacon and subdeacon and some of the ceremonies connected with them. This article deals with Solemn Mass as celebrated according to the Tridentine use and these terms distinguish the form in question from that of Low Mass and Missa Cantata. The parts assigned to the deacon and subdeacon are often done by priests in vestments proper to those roles, a Solemn Mass celebrated by a bishop has its own particular ceremonies and is referred to as a Solemn Pontifical Mass. Lutherans sometimes use the term High Mass to describe a more form of their Divine Service. Examples of similarities include vestments, chanting, and incense, lutheran congregations in North America commonly celebrate High Mass in essence, but rarely use the term Mass. Thus, the rubrics of the Ordinary of the Mass always suppose that the Mass is high, Low Mass, said by a priest alone with one server, is a shortened and simplified form of the same thing. Its ritual can be explained only by a reference to high Mass, the distinction between High and Low Mass is necessarily observed where the Tridentine form of the Roman Rite continues to be used. The term High Mass is sometimes encountered also, both in Anglican and certain Roman Catholic circles, to describe any Mass celebrated with greater solemnity, in the sacristy, before vesting, all three sacred ministers wash their hands. The sacred ministers recite certain prayers while they place on each vestment, first, the amice is kissed and then placed on top of the head briefly while reciting one of the prayers during vesting. Then it is tied around the shoulders on top of the cassock, the cincture, a long cloth cord also called a girdle, is then tied around the waist. The subdeacon then completes his vesting by placing the maniple on his arm, securing it either with pins or with the ribbons or elastic inside. The deacon places his stole over his shoulder and binds it in place, at his right hip. He then puts on the maniple and his dalmatic, the priest celebrant does the same except that he crosses his stole in front of him at the waist, binding it with the girdle or cincture. After the maniple he puts on a cope if the Mass is preceded by the Asperges, following the Asperges, the celebrant, assisted by the acolytes, removes the cope and puts on the chasuble. The servers of the Mass and the sitting in the liturgical choir stalls are vested in cassock and surplice or cotta, though in some places acolytes wore simple albs. Anyone ordained to the subdiaconate or above also wears the biretta while sitting, members of religious orders in habit have on a surplice over the habit. If it is part of their dress, they also use the biretta. If not, then use their hood in the same fashion as one uses a biretta
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Pontifical High Mass
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The term is also used among Anglo-Catholic Anglicans. Although in modern English the word pontifical is almost exclusively associated with the Pope, thus, the celebrant of a Pontifical High Mass may be any bishop, and not just a pope. In the early Church, Mass was normally celebrated by the bishop, most often the specific parts assigned to deacon and subdeacon are performed by priests. The full Pontifical High Mass is carried out when the bishop celebrates the Mass at the throne in his own cathedral church, instead of saying Dominus vobiscum The Lord be with you as the opening liturgical greeting, a bishop says Pax vobis Peace to you. When the bishop sits at the cathedra, a silk cloth, called a gremial. The Popes Pontifical High Mass, when celebrated with solemnity, was even more elaborate. This custom stresses the unity of the universal Catholic Church, formed by both the Eastern and the Western Churches in full communion, at the elevations of host and chalice, the Silveri symphony was played on the trumpets of the no longer existing Noble Guard. Through a misunderstanding of the name Silveri, English speakers sometimes referred to this as the sounding of silver trumpets, the Pope drank the Precious Blood, the wine having been consecrated, through a golden tube. In the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism, the term Pontifical High Mass may refer to a Mass celebrated with the traditional Tridentine ceremonies described above, liturgical manuals such as Ritual Notes provide a framework for incorporating Tridentine ceremonial into the services of the Book of Common Prayer. More generally, the term may refer to any High Mass celebrated by a bishop, usually in the presence of his or her throne
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Papal Mass
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A Papal Mass is the Solemn Pontifical High Mass celebrated by the Pope himself. A solemn papal Mass is celebrated on solemn occasions such as a coronation, an ex cathedra pronouncement. What follows is a description of usage in the early 20th century, before the reforms of Popes Pius X. In the papal Mass a cardinal-bishop acted as assistant priest, this fell on the most solemn occasions to the Cardinal-bishop of Ostia. Cardinal-deacons acted as deacon and assistant deacons, an auditor of the Sacra Rota served as subdeacon. There were also a Greek-Catholic deacon and subdeacon, vested according to the Byzantine Rite, the other offices were filled by the assistants to the pontifical throne, the members of the prelatical colleges, etc. Before the beginning of the ceremony, the pope was vested in the falda, amice, alb, cincture, pectoral cross, stole, finally, the papal tiara was placed on his head. The popes solemn entry into St. Peters Basilica was accompanied by the Silveri Symphony, the entrance procession was headed by the cardinals, bishops, prelates, and those who composed the pontifical capella, vested according to their rank and in their prescribed order of precedence. A thurifer and seven acolytes accompanied the cross-bearer, and the apostolic subdeacon carried the Gospel Book, at the end of the procession the pope was carried into the basilica on the sedia gestatoria and with the two flabella borne on either side. He was accompanied by an entourage which included the Swiss Guards in their colorful uniforms, at times, a canopy was carried above his head. Two protonotaries apostolic raised the front of the falda as the pope walked to and from the sedia, the dean of the Rota carried the jewelled mitre, and finally two patriarchs or archbishops carried the book and bugia respectively. The pope was received at the door by the cardinal-priest and the Canons of St. Peters and he then knelt briefly, leaning on a faldstool, to adore the Blessed Sacrament. Fittingly, this took place at the St. Gregorys Altar in St. Peters. He then went to the throne for the chanting of Terce, during which he received the obedience of the cardinals, bishops. While the psalms of Terce were being chanted, he read the prayers of preparation for Mass, during which his buskins and he then sang the prayer of Terce. After Terce, his outer vestments were removed, leaving only the falda, amice, alb and it resembled a shoulder cape with alternating stripes of silver and gold. Stole tunicle dalmatic episcopal gloves chasuble fanon — The upper piece was pulled out from under the other vestments, the lower piece remained under the other vestments. Pallium mitre episcopal ring He then gave the kiss of peace to the last three of the cardinal-priests, the pope then put on the maniple
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Requiem
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It is frequently, but not necessarily, celebrated in the context of a funeral. The term is used for similar ceremonies outside the Roman Catholic Church, especially in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism. A comparable service, with a different ritual form and texts, exists in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches. The Mass and its settings draw their name from the introit of the liturgy, the Roman Missal as revised in 1970 employs this phrase as the first entrance antiphon among the formulas for Masses for the dead, and it remains in use to this day. In earlier forms of the Roman Rite, some of which are still in use, some parts that were of relatively recent origin, including some that have been excluded in the 1970 revision, are omitted. Examples are the psalm Iudica at the start of Mass, the prayer said by the priest before reading the Gospel, and the first of the two prayers of the priest for himself before receiving Communion. Other omissions include the use of incense at the Introit and the Gospel, the kiss of peace, lit candles held by acolytes when a deacon chants the Gospel, and blessings. There is no Gloria in excelsis Deo and no recitation of the Creed, the Alleluia chant before the Gospel is replaced by a Tract, as in Lent, ite missa est is replaced with Requiescant in pace, the Deo gratias response is replaced with Amen. The sequence Dies Irae, recited or sung between the Tract and the Gospel, is an part of the Requiem Mass in the earlier forms. As its opening words Dies irae indicate, this poetic composition speaks of the Day of Judgment in fearsome terms, it then appeals to Jesus for mercy. In the liturgical reforms of the century in the Roman Catholic Church following the Second Vatican Council. The term Requiem Mass was often replaced by the term Mass of the Resurrection or Mass of Christian Burial, in the official English ritual, Order of Christian Funerals, published by the Roman Catholic Bishops of England and Wales in 1990, the title is given as Funeral Mass. Requiem Mass remains a title for other Masses for the dead and for the Funeral Mass itself. The texts used for the service offered a change, with more options for the readings. The full requiem will last around three-and-a-half hours, in this format it more clearly represents the original concept of parastas, which means literally, standing throughout. Often, there will be a Divine Liturgy celebrated the next morning with further propers for the departed, because of their great length, a full Requiem is rarely served. However, at least in the Russian liturgical tradition, a Requiem will often be served on the eve before the Glorification of a saint, the Book of Common Prayer contained no Requiem Mass, but instead a service named The Order for the Burial of the Dead. Since the liturgical movement, provision has been made for a Eucharist to be celebrated at a funeral in various BCPs used in the 33 Provinces of the Anglican Communion
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Sacristy
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A sacristy is a room for keeping vestments and other church furnishings, sacred vessels, and parish records. In some countries, it is known as the vestry, the sacristy is usually located inside the church, but in some cases it is an annex or separate building. In most older churches, a sacristy is near a side altar, in newer churches the sacristy is often in another location, such as near the entrances to the church. Some churches have more than one sacristy, each of which will have a specific function, often additional sacristies are used for maintaining the church and its items – such as candles and other materials. The sacristy is also where the priest and attendants vest and prepare before the service and they will return there at the end of the service to remove their vestments and put away any of the vessels used during the service. The hangings and altar linens are stored there as well, the Parish registers may be kept in the sacristy and are administered by the parish clerk. The piscina is used to wash linens used during the celebration of the Mass, the cruets, chalice, ciborium, paten, altar linens and sometimes the Holy Oils are kept inside the sacristy. Sacristies are usually off limits to the general public, the word sacristy derives from the Latin sacristia, sometimes spelled sacrastia, which is in turn derived from sacrista, from sacra. A person in charge of the sacristy and its contents is called a sacrist or a sacristan, the latter name was formerly given to the sexton of a parish church, where he would have cared for these things, the fabric of the building and the grounds. In Eastern Christianity, the functions of the sacristy are fulfilled by the Diaconicon and the Prothesis, two rooms or areas adjacent to the Holy Table
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Asperges
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Asperges is a name given to the rite of sprinkling a congregation with holy water. The name comes from the first word in the 9th verse of Psalm 51 in the Latin translation which is sung during the traditional form of the rite except during Eastertide. The 51st Psalm is also one of the antiphons that may be sung in the rite under the Mass of Paul VI, on Sundays, especially in Eastertide, the blessing of holy water and sprinkling with it may be carried out in memory of baptism. If the rite is performed within Mass it takes the place of the usual penitential act at the beginning of the Mass and this Renewal of Baptismal Vows, along with Asperges, is common among Lutherans and Anglicans as well. During the Funeral Mass, the casket is blessed with holy water, the priest blesses the water with one of the three prayers proposed. He may also bless salt and put it in the water, while the sprinkling is being done, an antiphon or a hymn is sung. Often, the antiphon Asperges Me is sung, except during the Easter season and on Palm Sunday, when it is replaced by the more lengthy and florid antiphon, Vidi aquam. Where the 1962 Missal is used, the Asperges is done before the principal Mass on Sunday, except on Palm Sunday, when it is replaced with the blessing of palms followed by a procession. The Asperges is so called from the words intoned at the beginning of the ceremony, taken from Psalm 50 throughout the year except at Eastertide and it precedes every other ceremony that may take place before the Mass, such as the blessing of palms or of candles. It is performed by the celebrant priest wearing a cope of the color of the day. It is omitted when the Blessed Sacrament is exposed, though many think that the sprinkling of the altar only, not of the congregation. The ceremony has been in use at least from the tenth century, both the Asperges and the Vidi aquam are structured like the Introit of the Tridentine Mass, 1st verse, 2nd verse, Gloria Patri, and then the 1st verse again. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite, the most important is on the Great Feast of Theophany following the Great Blessing of Waters at the end of the Divine Liturgy. The Great Blessing takes place twice, once on the Eve of the feast, at both blessings, the priest sprinkles the entire temple and the faithful. He then begins the process of going to each home to sprinke it with the blessed Theophany water. Some monasteries and churches have the tradition of blessing holy water, certain ceremonies will also call for the blessing of holy water, such as the consecration of a church. The form of aspergillum may differ from place to place, the Greek Orthodox will use a randistirion which is a standing vessel with a tapered lid. The tip of the lid is pierced with holes, from which the holy water is sprinkled
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Sign of the cross
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The sign of the cross, or blessing oneself or crossing oneself, is a ritual blessing made by members of some branches of Christianity. The movement is the tracing of the shape of a cross in the air or on ones own body, the ritual is rare within other Christian traditions. The Cross is a symbol representing Christ’s victory over sin and death, the sign of the cross was originally made in some parts of the Christian world with the right-hand thumb across the forehead only. In other parts of the early Christian world it was done with the hand or with two fingers. Around the year 200 in Carthage, Tertullian wrote, We Christians wear out our foreheads with the sign of the cross, by the 4th century, the sign of the cross involved other parts of the body beyond the forehead. The open right hand is used in Western Christianity, the five open fingers are often said to represent the Five Wounds of Christ. This symbolism was adopted after the ancient gesture of two or three fingers was simplified. Though this is the most common method of crossing by Western Christians, the West also employs the Small Sign of the Cross. The primary use for this is immediately before the reading of The Gospel during the Mass, the Small Sign is also used during the majority of the Sacraments. In the Roman or Latin Rite Church it is customary to make the full Sign of the Cross using holy water when entering a church. The first three fingers of the hand are dipped into the font containing the holy water and the Sign of the Cross is made on oneself. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the tips of the first three fingers are together, and the last two are pressed against the palm. The first three fingers express our faith in the Trinity, while the two fingers represent the two natures of Jesus, divine and human. In Russia, until the reforms of Patriarch Nikon in the 17th century, the enforcement of the three-finger sign was one of the reasons for the schism with the Old Believers whose congregations continue to use the two-finger sign of the cross. The Oriental Orthodox generally use the Western direction as well, though often with the Byzantine finger formation, there are several interpretations, according to Church Fathers, the forehead symbolizes Heaven, the solar plexus, the earth, the shoulders, the place and sign of power. It also recalls both the Trinity and the Incarnation, pope Innocent III explained, The sign of the cross is made with three fingers, because the signing is done together with the invocation of the Trinity. This is how it is done, from above to below, there are some variations, for example a person may first place the right hand in holy water. After moving the hand from one shoulder to the other, it may be returned to the top of the stomach and it may also be accompanied by the recitation of a prayer
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Penitential Rite
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In Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism, the Penitential Rite, also known as confession that takes place at the start of each Divine Service or Mass. In the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, the form of the Roman Rite Mass is the Mass of Paul VI. In the ordinary form, the Penitential Act is part of the Introductory Rites and it follows the greeting in the order of Mass. Therefore, I ask blessed Mary, ever virgin, all the angels and saints, and you, my brothers and sisters, to pray for me to the Lord our God. Formula B, ℣, Have mercy on us, Lord. ℟, For we have sinned against you. ℣, Show us, O Lord, your mercy. ℟, formula C, ℣, You were sent to heal the contrite. Lord, have mercy. ℟, Lord, have mercy. ℣, Christ, have mercy. ℟, Christ, have mercy. ℣, You plead for us at the right hand of the Father. Lord, have mercy. ℟, Lord, have mercy, the formula of absolution which concludes all three formulas is, ℣, May almighty God have mercy on us, forgive us our sins, and bring us to everlasting life. ℟, Amen. The Penitential Act is followed by the Kyrie eleison chant, the Gloria, and the Collect, If certain celebrations are combined with Mass, then the Penitential Act and other parts of the Introductory Rites are omitted or performed in a different way. An example is the Mass of Ash Wednesday, in which the Penitential Act is replaced by the blessing and imposition of ashes after the homily. On Sundays, especially in the Season of Easter, in place of the customary Penitential Act, from time to time the Blessing and Sprinkling of Water to recall Baptism may take place. In the Tridentine Mass the Confiteor prayer is part of the Prayers at the Foot of the Altar. ℟, Misereátur tui omnípotens Deus, et dimíssis peccátis tuis, perdúcat te ad vitam ætérnam. ℣, Amen The others then, on their part, recite the Confiteor, replacing vobis fratres with tibi pater and vos fratres with te pater. The pastor and congregation say the Confiteor and the pastor says the Declaration of Grace, the Declaration of Grace is not an absolution. In Lutheran practice, the rite of confession is its own separate service. Pastor, If we say we have no sin, we ourselves. People, But if we confess our sins, God who is faithful and just will forgive our sins, pastor, Let us then confess our sins to God our Father. People, Most merciful God, we confess that we are by nature sinful and we have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved You with our whole heart, we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves and we justly deserve Your present and eternal punishment. For the sake of Your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us, forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in Your will and walk in Your ways to the glory of your Holy Name
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Confiteor
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The Confiteor is one of the prayers that can be said during the Penitential Act at the beginning of Mass of the Roman Rite in the Catholic Church. It is also said in the Lutheran Church at the beginning of the Divine Service, the prayer is started by the Priest and ended by the people. Only in the 10th or 11th century is there any evidence of the preparation being made at the altar, outside of Mass some prayers similar to the Confiteor appear earlier. The Canonical Rule of Chrodegang of Metz recommends, First of all prostrate yourself humbly in the sight of God, and pray Blessed Mary with the holy Apostles and Martyrs and Confessors to pray to the Lord for you. In answer the confessor says almost exactly the Misereatur, the Confiteor is first found quoted as part of the introduction of the Mass in Bernold of Constance. The Misereatur and Indulgentiam follow, the slightly different. The Tridentine form of the Confiteor is found in the 14th-century Ordo Romanus XIV with only a slight modification, the form, and especially the list of saints invoked, varied considerably in the Middle Ages. These three forms were quite short, and contained only one mea culpa, the Dominicans invoked, besides the Blessed Virgin, moreover, some other orders had the privilege of adding the name of their founder after that of St. Paul. The Franciscans for instance, inserted the name of St. Francis, the local patron was inserted at the same place in a few local uses. Until 1969, therefore, the Confiteor was spoken twice at the beginning of Mass, after the recitation of Psalm 42/43, once by the priest and once by the server or by the deacon and subdeacon. It was also said, once only, before Communion was distributed to the faithful, the Roman Ritual also required recitation of the Confiteor before administration of Extreme Unction and the imparting of the Apostolic Blessing to a dying person. The Rituals prescription that a penitent should begin their confession by reciting at least the opening words of the Confiteor was not generally observed. The Caeremoniale Episcoporum of the time laid down that, when a bishop sings high Mass. This custom, the occasion on which the Confiteor was to be sung. In the Liturgy of the Hours, the Confiteor was said at Prime, in the Roman Missal as revised in 1969 the Confiteor is said only once, by priest, ministers and people jointly, at the beginning of Mass. It may be replaced by one or other of two forms of introductory penitential act. The other liturgical books mentioned no longer require recitation of this particular prayer and they also prescribed that, at the words mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa, those reciting the Confiteor should strike their breast three times. Editions of the Roman Missal since 1970 do not specify the number of times and this prescribed “striking” is a symbolic tapping of the chest with a clenched fist over one’s heart, signifying remorse
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Kyrie
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Kyrie, a transliteration of Greek Κύριε, vocative case of Κύριος, is a common name of an important prayer of Christian liturgy, also called the Kyrie eleison /ˈkiːri. eɪ ᵻˈleɪ. ᵻsɒn/. In John 13,13, John reports Jesus as saying You call Me Teacher and Lord, the prayer, Kyrie, eleison, Lord, have mercy derives from several New Testament verses in particular. In Matthew 15,22, the Canaanite woman cries out to Jesus, Have mercy on me, O Lord, in Matthew 20,30,31, two unnamed blind men call out to Jesus, Lord, have mercy on us, Son of David. Finally, in Mark 10,46, Blind Bartimaeus cries out, Jesus, Τhe phrase Kýrie, eléison, or one of its equivalents in other languages, is one of the most oft-repeated phrases in Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine-Rite Eastern Christianity. The various litanies, frequent in that rite, generally have Lord, have mercy as their response, some petitions in these litanies will have twelve or even forty repetitions of the phrase as a response. The phrase is the origin of the Jesus Prayer, beloved by Christians of that rite, the biblical roots of this prayer first appear in 1 Chronicles 16,34. give thanks to the LORD, for he is good, for his mercy endures for ever. The prayer is simultaneously a petition and a prayer of thanksgiving, an acknowledgment of what God has done, what God is doing, and what God will continue to do. It is refined in the Parable of The Publican, God, have mercy on me, a sinner, which shows more clearly its connection with the Jesus Prayer. Since the early centuries of Christianity, the Greek phrase, Kýrie, eléison, is extensively used in the Coptic Christian liturgy. In the cultures of East Slavs, its adaptation also gave rise to the word of gratitude through a rough interpretation Save, in Rome, the sacred Liturgy was first celebrated in Greek. At some point the Roman Mass was translated into Latin, jungmann explains at length how the Kyrie in the Roman Mass is best seen as a vestige of a litany at the beginning of the Mass, like that of some Eastern churches. As early as the century, Pope Gregory the Great notes that there were differences in the way in which eastern and western churches sang Kyrie. In the eastern churches all sing it at the time, whereas in the western church the clergy sing it. Also the western church sang Christe eleison as many times as Kyrie eleison, in the Roman Rite liturgy, a variant, Christe, eléison, a transliteration of Greek Χριστέ, ἐλέησον, is introduced. Kyrie, eleison may also be used as a response of the people to intentions mentioned in the Prayer of the Faithful, since 1549, Anglicans have normally sung or said the Kyrie in English. In the 1552 Book of Common Prayer, the Kyrie was inserted into a recitation of the Ten Commandments, modern revisions of the Prayer Book have restored the option of using the Kyrie without the Commandments. Other denominations also, such as Lutheranism, use Kyrie, eleison in their liturgies, in the Tridentine Mass form of the Roman Rite, Kýrie, eléison is sung or said three times, followed by a threefold Christe, eléison and by another threefold Kýrie, eléison. In the Paul VI Mass form, each invocation is made only once by the celebrating priest or by a cantor, with a repetition, each time
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Gloria in excelsis Deo
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Gloria in excelsis Deo is a Christian hymn known also as the Greater Doxology and the Angelic Hymn. The name is abbreviated to Gloria in Excelsis or simply Gloria. The hymn begins with the words that the angels sang when the birth of Christ was announced to shepherds in Luke 2,14, other verses were added very early, forming a doxology. It is an example of the psalmi idiotici that were popular in the 2nd, other surviving examples of this lyric poetry are the Te Deum and the Phos Hilaron. In the 4th century it became part of morning prayers, and is recited in the Byzantine Rite Orthros service. The Vulgate Latin translation of the Bible was commissioned only in 382, the Latin hymn thus uses the word excelsis to translate the Greek word ὑψίστοις in Luke 2,14, not the word altissimis, which Saint Jerome preferred for his translation. Glória in excélsis Deo et in terra pax homínibus bonæ voluntátis, laudámus te, benedícimus te, adorámus te, glorificámus te, grátias ágimus tibi propter magnam glóriam tuam, Dómine Deus, Rex cæléstis, Deus Pater omnípotens. Dómine Fili unigénite, Jesu Christe, Dómine Deus, Agnus Dei, Fílius Patris, qui tollis peccáta mundi, miserére nobis, qui tollis peccáta mundi, qui sedes ad déxteram Patris, miserére nobis. Quóniam tu solus Sanctus, tu solus Dóminus, tu solus Altíssimus, Jesu Christe, cum Sancto Spíritu, in the Byzantine Rite, the Gloria is referred to as the Doxology, and there are two forms, the Greater Doxology and the Lesser Doxology. The Greater Doxology is always sung, whereas the Lesser Doxology is read, there are certain textual differences between the two, and the order is somewhat altered in the two forms. The Greater Doxology is used in the Orthros on Sundays and feast days, the Lesser Doxology is used at Matins on simple weekdays and at the Apodeipnon, but not in the Divine Liturgy. Revisions to the Prayer Book occurred in 1552 and 1662, the recently published Common Worship provides two Orders one of which places the hymn in the earlier position. The 1928 United States Episcopal Prayer Book also placed the Gloria at the end of the Eucharist service. This edition, still the standard in the breakaway Continuing Anglican churches, allowed the hymn to be used in place of the Gloria Patri after the psalms, the Episcopal Churchs 1979 Book moved it to the beginning, after or in place of the Kyrie in Rite One. In a Rite Two service of Holy Eucharist, the Gloria and it may also be used at other times as desired excepting Lent and Advent. The hymn is used in the Divine Service of the Lutheran Church. After the 12th century Advent began to be considered a period in imitation of Lent. Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis, laudamus te, benedicimus te, adoramus te, glorificamus te, gratias agimus tibi propter magnam gloriam tuam, Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men of good will
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