1.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
2.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
3.
Management
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Management is the administration of an organization, whether it be a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. The term management may also refer to the people who manage an organization, management is also an academic discipline, a social science whose objective is to study social organization and organizational leadership. Individuals who aim at becoming management researchers or professors may complete the Doctor of Business Administration or the PhD in business administration or management, in larger organizations, there are generally three levels of managers, which are typically organized in a hierarchical, pyramid structure. Senior managers provide direction to the managers who report to them. Middle managers, examples of which would include branch managers, regional managers and section managers, middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front-line managers. Lower managers, such as supervisors and front-line team leaders, oversee the work of regular employees, in smaller organizations, the roles of managers have much wider scopes. A manager can perform several roles or even all of the commonly observed in a large organization. There are many smaller organizations than larger ones. Views on the definition and scope of management include, According to Henri Fayol, to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate, fredmund Malik defines it as the transformation of resources into utility. Management included as one of the factors of production - along with machines, materials, peter Drucker saw the basic task of management as twofold, marketing and innovation. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing, peter Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge. Management involves identifying the mission, objective, procedures, rules and this implies effective communication, an enterprise environment implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism, not the herding of animals, management does not need to be seen from enterprise point of view alone, because management is an essential function to improve ones life and relationships. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a range of application. Based on this, management must have humans, communication, plans, measurements, motivational psychological tools, goals, and economic measures may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans and this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. Critics, however, find this definition useful but far too narrow, one habit of thought regards management as equivalent to business administration and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More broadly, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as business schools
4.
Brian Epstein
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Brian Samuel Epstein was an English music entrepreneur, best known for managing the Beatles. Epstein first discovered the Beatles in November 1961 during a lunchtime Cavern Club performance and he was instantly impressed and saw great potential in the group. Epstein was rejected by all major recording companies in London, until he secured a meeting with George Martin. In May 1962, Martin agreed to sign the Beatles, partly because of Epsteins conviction that the group would become internationally famous, the Beatles early success has been attributed to Epsteins management style, and the band trusted him without hesitation. In addition to handling the Beatles business affairs, Epstein often stepped in to mediate disputes within the group. The Beatles unquestioning loyalty to Epstein later proved detrimental, as the band rarely read contracts before signing them, Music publisher Dick James and his partner Charles Silver owned 51-percent of the company, Lennon and McCartney each owned 20%, and Epstein owned 9%. By 1969, Lennon and McCartney had lost control of all publishing rights to ATV Music Publishing, still, Epsteins death in 1967 marked the beginning of the groups dissolution and had a profound effect on each Beatle. In 1997, Paul McCartney said, If anyone was the Fifth Beatle, Epstein was Jewish, his grandfather Isaac Epstein was from Lithuania and had arrived in Britain in the 1890s at the age of eighteen. His grandmother Dinah was the daughter of Joseph and Esther Hyman, the Hymans had six more children. Isaac Epstein married Dinah Hyman in Manchester in 1900, in 1901, Isaac and Dinah were living at 80 Walton Road, Liverpool with Isaacs sister Rachael Epstein, above the furniture dealership that he founded. Dinah and Isaacs third child was Harry Epstein, Brian Epsteins father, eventually the family moved to a larger home at 27 Anfield Road, Liverpool. After Harry and his brother Leslie had joined the family firm, Epstein and Sons and enlarged his furniture business by taking over adjacent shops at 62/72 Walton Road to sell a range of other goods, such as musical instruments and household appliances. They called the expanding business NEMS, which offered lenient credit terms, Epsteins mother Malka was also involved in the Hyman furniture business, which also owned the Sheffield Veneering Company. In 2003, the home on Anfield Road was converted into a Beatles-themed hotel called Epstein House. Epstein was born on 19 September 1934 in Rodney Street, Liverpool, Harry and Queenie also had another son named Clive who was born 22 months after his older brother. During World War II, the Epsteins moved to Southport—where two schools expelled Epstein for laziness and poor performance—but returned to Liverpool in 1945, the Epsteins lived at 197 Queens Drive, Childwall in Liverpool, and remained there for the next 30 years. Epsteins parents moved him from one boarding school to another, including Clayesmore School in Dorset and he spent two years at Wrekin College in Shropshire, where he was taught the violin. He started work at his familys business on a £5 per week wage, after returning to Liverpool, he was put in charge of the Clarendon Furnishing shop in Hoylake and was made a director of NEMS in 1955
5.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
6.
The Cavern Club
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The Cavern Club is a nightclub at 10 Mathew Street, in Liverpool, England. The original Cavern Club opened on Wednesday,16 January 1957 as a club, later becoming a centre of the rock. The Beatles played in the club in their early years, the original Cavern club closed in March 1973 and was filled in during construction work on the Merseyrail underground rail loop. Focus were the last band to play the original Cavern a few days before the club was shut down, the Cavern Club re-opened on 26 April 1984 and was rebuilt using many of the original bricks, to the original plans. Alan Sytner opened The Cavern Club, having been inspired by the district in Paris. Sytner returned to Liverpool and strove to open a similar to the Le Caveau de la Huchette jazz club in Paris. He eventually found a warehouse where people were leasing the cellar. The first act to perform at the opening of the club was the Merseysippi Jazz Band, local commercial artist Tony Booth created the poster artwork for the opening night, who shortly after became the original poster artist for The Beatles. What started as a jazz club eventually became a hangout for skiffle groups, dr. Sytner suggested that the band should play at the golf club first, so as to assess their talent. Before the performance, the Quarrymen argued amongst themselves about the set list, as rock n roll songs were not allowed at the club. After opening with a song, John Lennon called for the others to start playing an Elvis Presley song. Rod Davis warned Lennon that the audience would eat you alive, halfway through, Sytner pushed his way through the audience and handed Lennon a note which read, Cut out the bloody rock n roll. Paul McCartneys first appearance at The Cavern was with The Quarrymen on 24 January 1958, Sytner sold The Cavern Club to Ray McFall in 1959 and moved to London. Blues bands and Beat groups began to appear at the club on a basis in the early 1960s. The first Beat night was held on 25 May 1960 and featured a performance by Rory Storm, by early 1961, Bob Wooler had become the full-time compère and organiser of the lunchtime sessions. The club hosted its first performance by The Beatles on Thursday 9 February 1961, brian Epstein, The Beatles manager who secured the groups first recording contract, first saw the group perform at the club on 9 November 1961. Inspired by the group Epstein made moves to take over their management, the Beatles made their first appearance at the club on 9 February 1961 after returning to Liverpool from Hamburg, Germany where they had been playing at the Indra and the Kaiserkeller clubs. Their stage show had been through a lot of changes with some in the thinking they were watching a German band as they were billed from Hamburg. S
7.
Skiffle
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Skiffle is a music genre with jazz, blues, folk and American folk influences, usually using homemade or improvised instruments. The origins of skiffle are obscure but are thought to lie in African-American musical culture in the early 20th century. Skiffle is often said to have developed from New Orleans jazz, improvised jug bands playing blues and jazz were common across the American South in the early decades of the 20th century, even if the term skiffle was not used to describe them. They used instruments such as the washboard, jugs, washtub bass, cigar-box fiddle, musical saw and comb-and-paper kazoos, as well as more instruments, such as acoustic guitar. The origin of the English word skiffle is unknown, however, in the dialect of the west of England to make a skiffle meaning to make a mess of any business is attested from 1873. In early 20th century America the term skiffle was one of many slang phrases for a rent party and it was first recorded in Chicago in the 1920s and may have been brought there as part of the African-American migration to northern industrial cities. The first use of the term on record was in 1925 in the name of Jimmy OBryant, most often it was used to describe country blues music records, which included the compositions Hometown Skiffle and Skiffle Blues by Dan Burley & his Skiffle Boys. It was used by Ma Rainey to describe her repertoire to rural audiences, the term skiffle disappeared from American music in the 1940s. Skiffle was a relatively obscure genre, and it might have largely forgotten if not for its revival in the United Kingdom in the 1950s. British skiffle grew out of the developing post-war British jazz scene, among these bands were Ken Colyers Jazzmen, whose banjo player Donegan also performed skiffle music during intervals. He would sing and play guitar with accompaniment of two members, usually on washboard and tea-chest bass. They played a variety of American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Lead Belly and these were listed on posters as skiffle breaks, a name suggested by Ken Colyers brother Bill after recalling the Dan Burley Skiffle Group. Soon the breaks were as popular as the traditional jazz, after disagreements in 1954, Colyer left to form a new outfit, and the band became Chris Barbers Jazz Band. Donegans fast-tempo version of Lead Bellys Rock Island Line was a hit in 1956, featuring a washboard. It spent eight months in the Top 20, peaking at No.6 and it was the first debut record to go gold in Britain, selling over a million copies worldwide. It was the success of single and the lack of a need for expensive instruments or high levels of musicianship that set off the British skiffle craze. The craze probably reached its height with the broadcasting of the BBC TV programme Six-Five Special from 1957 and it was the first British youth music programme, using a skiffle song as its title music and showcasing many skiffle acts. It has been estimated that in the late 1950s, there were 30, a large number of British musicians began their careers playing skiffle in this period, and some became leading figures in their respective fields
8.
Gerry and the Pacemakers
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Gerry and the Pacemakers were an English beat group prominent in the 1960s Merseybeat scene. In common with the Beatles, they came from Liverpool, were managed by Brian Epstein and they are most remembered for being the first act to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart with their first three single releases, How Do You Do It. I Like It and Youll Never Walk Alone and this record was not equalled for 20 years, until the mid-1980s success of fellow Liverpool band Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Consequently, they stand as the second most successful pop group originating in Liverpool, another of their most famous songs, Ferry Cross the Mersey, refers to the River Mersey that flows into Liverpool. Gerry Marsden formed the group in 1959 with his brother Fred, Les Chadwick and they rivalled the Beatles early in their career, playing in the same areas of Hamburg, Germany and Liverpool. McMahon was replaced on piano by Les Maguire around 1961 and they are known to have rehearsed at Cammell Laird shipping yard at Birkenhead. The groups original name was Gerry Marsden and the Mars Bars, the band was the second to sign with Brian Epstein, who later signed them with Columbia Records. They began recording in early 1963 with How Do You Do It, a song written by Mitch Murray, that Adam Faith had turned down and one that the Beatles chose not to release. Youll Never Walk Alone had been a favourite of Gerry Marsdens since seeing Carousel growing up and it quickly became the signature tune of Liverpool Football Club and, later, other sports teams around the world. The song remains an anthem, there and elsewhere, inspired by Gerry Marsdens rendition rather than the Broadway original. The group narrowly missed a fourth number one when Im the One was kept off the top spot for two weeks in February 1964 by fellow Liverpudlians The Searchers Needles and Pins. Despite this early success, Gerry and the Pacemakers never had another number one single in the UK.4, and she recorded the song, but without commercial success. The song, written by all bandmembers, has also covered by Les Carle. They also starred in an early 1965 film called Ferry Cross the Mersey, in the US, their recordings were released by the small New York City record label Laurie in 1963, with whom they issued four singles during 1963 without success. By late 1965, their popularity was declining on both sides of the Atlantic. They disbanded in October 1966, with much of their recorded material never released in the UK. Drummer Freddie Marsden, born Fredrick John Marsden,23 November 1940, at 8 Menzies Street, Toxteth, Liverpool, died on 9 December 2006 in Southport, Gerry did not return, and a spokesperson said only that he was ill. This was a practice at the time, it also happened with the Beatles
9.
Master of ceremonies
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A master of ceremonies, abbreviated M. C. also called compère and announcer, is the official host of a ceremony, a staged event or similar performance. The master of ceremonies sometimes also refers to the officer during an official state function. Today, the term often connotes a master of ceremonies who presents performers, speaks to the audience, entertains people, in addition, the term also exists in various chivalric orders and fraternal orders. The term originated in the Catholic Church, the Master of Ceremonies is an official of the Papal Court responsible for the proper and smooth conduct of the elegant and elaborate rituals involving the Pope and the sacred liturgy. He may also be an involved in the proper conduct of protocols and ceremonials involving the Roman Pontiff, the Papal Court. Examples of official liturgical books prescribing the rules and regulations of liturgical celebrations are Cæremoniale Romanum, the office of the Master of Ceremonies itself is very old. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the most ancient ceremonials and rituals of the Catholic Church are the Ordines Romani, names of Masters of Ceremonies are known since the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. However, copies of books prescribing the forms of rituals, rites and it is reasonable to assume that the ceremonials themselves pre-date Gelasius. However, documentary evidence from the late Roman period is scarce or lost, the ceremonies and practices of the Byzantine emperors are also known to have influenced the papal court. At a large Catholic church or cathedral, the Master of Ceremonies organizes and rehearses the proceedings and he may also have responsibility for the physical security of the place of worship during the liturgy. At major festivities such as Christmas and Easter, when the liturgies are long and complex, the current papal Master of Ceremonies is Monsignor Guido Marini, who succeeded Archbishop Piero Marini. Masters of Ceremonies at weddings and private events also ensure the coordination of their event, became an alternative title for a rapper and for their role within hip hop music and culture. The term is used as a term of distinction, referring to an artist with good performance skills. An MC focuses on skills, lyrical ability, and subject matter, in any comedy show, the compère is the host of the evenings events, but the precise role and responsibilities will vary depending on the country, venue and style of event. The compère will normally do longer bits at the start of the show and after any interval and they may also be required to make announcements, such as birthdays, anniversaries and bar promotions. In some circles the title Master of Ceremonies is also known as Minister of Ceremonies, in the 1940 Disney film, Fantasia, Deems Taylor is the films Master of Ceremonies. Media related to Master of ceremonies at Wikimedia Commons
