1.
Retail
–
Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
Retail
–
Macy's Herald Square,
New York City.
Retail
–
Fruit shop in
Naggar,
Himachal Pradesh,
India
Retail
–
San Juan de Dios Market in
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Retail
–
Inside a supermarket in
Russia
2.
Florence, Alabama
–
Florence is a city in and the county seat of Lauderdale County, Alabama, United States, in the states northwest corner. According to the 2010 census, the population was 39,319. Florence is the largest and principal city of the Metropolitan Statistical Area known as The Shoals, Florence is considered northwestern Alabamas primary economic hub. Annual tourism events include the W. C, Handy Music Festival in the summer and the Renaissance Faire in the fall. Landmarks in Florence include the Rosenbaum House, the only Frank Lloyd Wright-designed home located in Alabama, the type of municipal government is mayor-council. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Florence has an area of 25.0 square miles, of which 24.9 square miles is land. Florence is located on Wilson Lake and Pickwick Lake, bodies of water on the Tennessee River dammed by Pickwick Dam, Pickwick Lake was created by the Tennessee Valley Authority, one of several alphabet agencies of President Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal. Wilson Dam was authorized by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 and was the first dam constructed on the Tennessee River, Florence was surveyed for the Cypress Land Company in 1818 by Italian surveyor Ferdinand Sannoner, who named it after Florence, the capital of the Tuscany region of Italy. Florence, Alabama was incorporated in 1826, Florence is also home to a long-running dispute between RegionalCare Hospital Partners and the City of Florence on one side and Helen Keller Hospital and the RetEd Animal Shelter on the other. The city and RegionalCare are seeking to build a 280-bed hospital in a area of East Florence. Helen Keller Hospital officials opposed building a new hospital and delayed the project for years before the project was finally approved by the Alabama Court of Civil Appeals in July 2015. RegionalCare has acquired, and demolished, all the properties in a 25-acre area of East Florence with the exception of the RetEd Animal Shelter, the population density was 1,454.6 people per square mile. There were 17,707 housing units at a density of 710.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 78. 39% White,19. 20% Black or African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 62% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 54% from other races, and 0. 97% from two or more races. 1. 34% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, nearly 33. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20, and the family size was 2.82. In the city, the population was out with 21. 4% under the age of 18,13. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 7% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 84.0 males
Florence, Alabama
–
Downtown Florence Historic District
Florence, Alabama
–
Harrison Plaza, University of North Alabama
Florence, Alabama
–
Aerial view of Florence
Florence, Alabama
–
O'Neal Bridge over the Tennessee River
3.
Birmingham, Alabama
–
Birmingham is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County. The citys population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census, the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 according to the 2010 Census, which is approximately one quarter of Alabamas population. Birmingham was founded in 1871, during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period and it was named for Birmingham, England, one of the UKs major industrial cities. The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad center, based on mining, the new iron and steel industry. Most of the settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry. From its founding through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was an industrial center of the southern United States. Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and its major industries were iron and steel production, plus a major component of the railroading industry. Rails and railroad cars were manufactured in Birmingham. The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham, since the 1860s, the economy has diversified since industrial restructuring in the latter half of the 20th century. Banking, telecommunications, transportation, electrical transmission, medical care, college education. Except for coal mining, the industry has declined in the Birmingham area, Birmingham ranks as one of the most important business centers in the Southeastern United States and as one of the largest banking centers in the nation. In higher education, Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine, since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham, one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System. It is also home to three institutions, Samford University, Birmingham-Southern College, and Miles College. In total, the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, physical therapy, pharmacy, law, engineering, the city has three of the states five law schools, Cumberland School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, and Miles Law School. Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, and Southeastern Conference, Birmingham was founded on June 1,1871, by the Elyton Land Company, whose investors included cotton planters, bankers and railroad entrepreneurs. It sold lots near the crossing of the Alabama & Chattanooga and South & North Alabama railroads. The first business at that crossroads was the trading post and country store operated by Marre, the site of the railroad crossing was notable for its proximity to nearby deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone – the three main raw materials used in making steel. Birmingham is the only place worldwide where significant amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity, from the start the new city was planned as a center of industry
Birmingham, Alabama
–
From top left: Downtown from
Red Mountain; Torii in the
Birmingham Botanical Gardens;
Alabama Theatre;
Birmingham Museum of Art; City Hall; Downtown Financial Center.
Birmingham, Alabama
–
Child labor at Avondale Mills in Birmingham, 1910, photo by
Lewis Hine
Birmingham, Alabama
–
Panorama of Birmingham, Alabama in 1916
Birmingham, Alabama
–
16th Street Baptist Church, now a National Historic Landmark
4.
Alabama
–
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
Alabama
–
One of the entrances to
Russell Cave in Jackson County. Charcoal from indigenous camp fires in the cave has been dated as early as 6550 to 6145 BC.
Alabama
Alabama
–
The
Moundville Archaeological Site in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the
Mississippian culture from 1000 to 1450 AD.
Alabama
–
The main house, built in 1833, at
Thornhill in Greene County. It is a former
Black Belt plantation.
5.
Chairman
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
Chairman
–
Chairman of a Swedish and American society of relatives of over 5000 members, in
Stockholm in 2015 with the society's banner flying
6.
United States dollar
–
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
United States dollar
–
Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
United States dollar
–
Federal Reserve Notes
United States dollar
–
Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
United States dollar
–
Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
7.
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
Accounting
8.
Net income
–
In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
Net income
–
Accounting
9.
Asset
–
In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
Asset
–
Accounting
10.
Equity (finance)
–
In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
Equity (finance)
–
Accounting
11.
Houston Pavilions
–
GreenStreet, formerly known as Houston Pavilions, is a commercial development in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. Construction was scheduled to begin in Spring 2006, with the first developments opening in the quarter of 2007. The project covers three 1. 4-acre city blocks, as of November 16,2006, 50% of the retail space had been leased. 200,000 square feet of office space will be available on the mid-block between Fannin and San Jacinto Streets. Office parking will be provided in the Houston Pavilions 1,675 garage located on the corner of Main, the project is being developed by Texas Real Estate Trust, Inc. and Entertainment Development Group, who also developed the Denver Pavilions in Denver, Colorado. Geoffrey Jones and William Denton served as the co-developers of the project, the designers were Laguarda. Low Architects from Dallas. The Houston Chronicle reported that the Pavilions will provide around 1,800 to 2,000 full-, the Houston Pavilions office tower, which is 11 stories tall, is named the NRG Tower, after its main tenant. The construction of Houston Pavilions ended in October 2008, the office building originally had no tenants. On June 30,2009, Reliant Energy announced that it will take 10 floors in the Houston Pavilions tower, NRG Energy, which had acquired the retail operations of Reliant Energy, announced that it would take 234,000 square feet of space in a 10-year lease. Houston Pavilions redesigned its space to make room for NRG, prior to January 2011 rumors stated that the 23, 000-square-foot Books-A-Million location was closing. In January 2011 the management of Houston Pavilions finalized an extension of the lease with Books-A-Million, david Knox, an NRG spokesperson, said NRG employees and contractors had been moving into the 1201 Fannin St. from other locations since January 2011. Two weeks before March 17,2011, the employees of NRG finished moved into 1201 Fannin St, around March 17 the office building was renamed the NRG Tower. In December 2011 Mark Fowler, a receiver for Transwestern, took control of the development, in 2012 NBC Sports and Comcast Sports created a studio in the center. Later that year, Canyon-Johnson Urban Funds and Houston-based Midway Cos. acquired the Houston Pavilions, in December 2012 the Books-a-Million closed. In 2013 the new developers, Midway and Canyon-Johnson, announced plans to add outdoor landscaping, the developers planned to add other amenities and to schedule events. Additionally, the complex was renamed to GreenStreet, the linear urban park will span all three blocks and include mid-block crossings on Fannin and San Jacinto between Dallas and Polk. A central courtyard in the block between Fannin and San Jacinto, outdoor patios. In the office space, as of 20111,300 NRG Energy employees work in 263,000 square feet of office space, to accommodate additional workers, Houston Pavilions converted some of its empty retail space into office space
Houston Pavilions
–
GreenStreet
Houston Pavilions
–
Qatar Airways office in the Houston Pavilions
Houston Pavilions
–
Houston Pavilions Logo as seen from corner of Fannin and Dallas
Houston Pavilions
–
House Of Blues under construction
12.
Downtown Houston
–
Downtown Houston is Houstons central business district, containing the headquarters of many prominent companies. There is a network of pedestrian tunnels and skywalks connecting the buildings of the district. The tunnel system is home to restaurants, shops and services. What is now Downtown made up almost all of the City of Houston until expansions of the city limits in the early 20th century, Downtown Houston was the original founding point of the city. After the Texas Revolution, two New York real estate promoters, John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land from Thomas F. L, parrot and his wife, Elizabeth, for $9,428. The Allen brothers first landed in the area where the White Oak Bayou and Buffalo Bayou meet, gail Borden, Jr. a city planner, laid out wide streets for the town. The city was granted incorporation by the Texas legislature on June 5,1837, Houston was the temporary capital of Texas. In 1840, the town was divided into four wards, each with different functions in the community, by 1906 what is now Downtown was divided among six wards. The wards are no longer political divisions, but their names are used to refer to certain areas. Houston became a choice, as only the most powerful storms were able to reach the city. The second came a year later with the 1901 discovery of oil at spindletop, shipping and oil industries began flocking to east Texas, many settling in Houston. From that point forward the area grew substantially, as many skyscrapers were constructed, in the 1980s, however, economic recession canceled some projects and caused others to be scaled back, such as the Bank of the Southwest Tower. Ralph Bivins of the Houston Chronicle wrote that Fox said that area was a neighborhood of Victorian-era homes. Bivins said that the construction of Union Station, which occurred around 1910, hotels opened in the area to service travelers. Afterwards, according to Bivins, the area began a downward slide toward the skid row of the 1990s. Passenger trains stopped going to Union Station in 1974, the construction of Interstate 45 in the 1950s separated portions of the historic Third Ward from the rest of the Third Ward and brought those portions into Downtown. Beginning in the 1960s the development of the 610 Loop caused the focus of the Houston area to move away from Downtown Houston, in the mid-1980s, the bank savings and loan crisis forced many tenants in Downtown Houston buildings to retrench, and some tenants went out of business. Barna said that this development further caused Downtown Houston to decline, the Gulf Hotel fire occurred in 1943
Downtown Houston
–
Skyline of Downtown
Downtown Houston
–
Freeway map of Houston highlighting downtown.
Downtown Houston
–
Downtown Houston at night
Downtown Houston
–
Skyline District of Downtown as seen from highway
I-45
13.
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
–
Cuyahoga Falls is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 49,652 and it is the second-largest city in Summit County and part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area and of the Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area. The city was founded in 1812 by William Wetmore and was originally named Manchester, Cuyahoga Falls is named after the Cuyahoga River and the series of waterfalls that run along the southern boundary of the city. Cuyahoga Falls is bordered by Akron to the south and the Cuyahoga Valley National Park to the northwest, Cuyahoga Falls was formed in 1812 near the junction of what was then Northampton, Stow, Tallmadge, and Portage townships. The focus was the series of Cuyahoga River waterfalls that provided power for manufacturing, in 1812, Kelsey and Wilcox built a dam on the Cuyahoga River at a place where a railroad bridge crossed it in 1876. They then built a mill, an oil mill. This led to the construction of a number of houses and this area was known as the old village. Development moved downstream, though, when the power was discovered to be better there, the old village was eventually destroyed in 1826, when a dam built by William Wetmore flooded the dam at the old village and its mills were torn down. The earliest settler of Cuyahoga Falls included Joshua Stow and William Wetmore, in 1815, a saw mill was operating near Gaylords Grove, using power generated by a dam on the Cuyahoga River there. The town was initially called Manchester, but was renamed Cuyahoga Falls at the request of the Post Office since several other Manchesters were already in Ohio, the village proper was first laid out in 1826 by Judge Richardson. The town was incorporated in 1836, occupying 240 rods from Stow, in 1853, seeing that the village and township of Cuyahoga Falls occupied the same territory, the village council disbanded and the community was only a township until 1868. In 1841, the Summit County Board of Commissioners named Cuyahoga Falls the county seat, the state legislature then intervened and put the location of the county seat up to a popular vote. Akron won and has been the county ever since. In spite of being named the county seat, Cuyahoga Falls never really functioned as such, in March 1851, the township of Cuyahoga Falls was created out of the village limits. They covered the territory, so the village council voted to adjourn sine die, letting the village be run under township jurisdiction until June 3,1868. On July 3,1940, the Doodlebug Disaster train wreck killed 43 people, in 1985, a referendum of merger between the city and neighboring Northampton Township was approved by local voters. In 1986, Cuyahoga Falls merged with Northampton Township, the first merger of a city, Cuyahoga Falls had been founded as an industrial city, taking advantage of the river power. By the 1970s, though, it had become a residential community and this changed when Don Robart became mayor
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
–
Downtown Cuyahoga Falls
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
–
Seal
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
–
"Welcome to Cuyahoga Falls"
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
–
The
Cuyahoga River descending behind the
Sheraton Suites on Front Street.
14.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
15.
Coffeehouse
–
A coffeehouse, coffee shop or café is an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages, tea and other hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced tea, many cafés also serve some type of food, such as light snacks, muffins or pastries. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to multinational corporations. A coffeehouse may share some of the characteristics of a bar or restaurant. Many coffee houses in the Middle East and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world offer shisha, espresso bars are a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. Since the development of Wi-Fi, coffeehouses with this capability have also become places for patrons to access the Internet on their laptops, a coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members. As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern as places for political gatherings to the imams, who banned them, as well as the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530, the first coffeehouse was opened in Damascus and not long there were many coffeehouses in Cairo. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city, they opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale. Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a Kiva Han in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose, the narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. It often happens that two or three people talk at the time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher. The most common English spelling, café, is the French, Portuguese and Spanish spelling, thus the spelling cafe has become very common in English-language usage throughout the world, especially for the less formal, i. e. greasy spoon variety. The Italian spelling, caffè, is sometimes used in English. In southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often altered to /ˈkæf/. The English words coffee and café both descend from the Italian word for coffee, caffè—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570— and in turn derived from the Arabic qahuwa. The Arabic term qahuwa originally referred to a type of wine but after the ban by Mohammed
Coffeehouse
–
Café de Flore, Paris.
Coffeehouse
–
Coffeehouse in
London, 17th century
Coffeehouse
–
A café in
Istanbul, 19th century
Coffeehouse
–
The statue of the writer
Gonzalo Torrente Ballester in
Café Novelty (
Salamanca -
Spain), founded in 1905.
16.
Frozen yogurt
–
Frozen yogurt is a frozen dessert made with yogurt and sometimes other dairy products. It is usually more tart than ice cream, as well as being lower in fat and it is different from ice milk and conventional soft serve. Unlike yogurt, frozen yogurt is not regulated by the U. S. Food, frozen yogurt may or may not contain live and active bacteria cultures. People have been eating plain yogurt for over four millennia, particularly in the Middle East, yogurt was brought to the U. S. in the early 1900s and steadily increased in popularity as a health food item over the next several decades. In the 1930s Dannon began selling prepackaged yogurt for the first time in the U. S, by the 1970s, with the popularity of ice cream surging, freezing and production technology was transferred to the production of frozen yogurt. Many consumers, however, complained about the yogurt taste, capitalizing on consumer demand for a sweet product that tasted like ice cream but was healthier, TCBY opened its first store in 1981. Unlike previous pre-packaged versions introduced earlier, TCBYs yogurt was soft-serve dispensed at the point of sale through a machine, TCBY became the largest frozen yogurt franchise in the world at that time. As others saw the success of TCBY, frozen yogurt took off in the 1980s, demand for frozen yogurt slowed considerably in the late 1990s as Americans turned their attention to high-protein, high-fat diets. Low-fat foods such as frozen yogurt fell out of favor as food trends favored higher fat, trends changed back to frozen yogurt in the mid 2000s with the advent of live probiotic powder-based mixes invented by John Wudel, pioneer of alternative sweeteners in the frozen dessert industry. Dry base mix made frozen yogurt accessible in many countries outside the United States for the first time, in 2005, a small retail shop in California named Pinkberry introduced a new extra tart variety of soft-serve frozen yogurt to the market. In 2006, Yogurtland invented the first self-serve frozen yogurt concept when they opened their first shop in Fullerton, CA, self-serve pioneer Yogurtland, which now has more than 320 shops, features dairy-free, no sugar added and gluten-free frozen yogurt choices. The company also owns its dairy, allowing it to control the process to ensure a high quality product. Frozen yogurt usually consists of milk solids, some kind of sweetener, milk fat, yogurt culture, natural or artificial flavorings, milk fat comprises about 0. 55–6% of the yogurt. Added in quantities proportional to the amount of milk solids. Milk solids account for 8–14% of the volume, providing lactose for sweetness and proteins for smoothness. Cane or beet sugar provides 15–17% of the yogurts ingredients, in addition to adding sweetness, the sugar increases the volume of solid ingredients in the yogurt, improving body and texture. Animal gelatin and/or vegetable additives stabilize the yogurt, reducing crystallization and this stabilization ensures that the frozen yogurt maintains a smooth consistency regardless of handling or temperature change. Major companies often use assembly lines specifically dedicated to frozen yogurt production, the milk products and stabilizing agent are combined and homogenized
Frozen yogurt
–
Tart flavored frozen yogurt
Frozen yogurt
–
Frozen yogurt being enjoyed by a youngster at an ice cream shop in
Claremore, Oklahoma.
17.
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
Nashville, Tennessee
–
From top left: 2nd Avenue, Kirkland Hall at
Vanderbilt University, the
Parthenon, the Nashville skyline,
Nissan Stadium,
Dolly Parton performing at the
Grand Ole Opry, and
Ryman Auditorium
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Nashville riverfront shortly after the
Civil War
Nashville, Tennessee
–
A satellite image of Nashville
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Downtown Nashville
18.
Wilson Dam
–
Wilson Dam is a dam spanning the Tennessee River between Lauderdale County and Colbert County in the U. S. state of Alabama. It is one of nine Tennessee Valley Authority dams on the Tennessee River, the dam was declared a National Historic Landmark on November 13,1966. Construction on Wilson Dam began in 1918 and was completed in 1924 under supervision of Hugh L. Cooper, the Wilson Dam actually predates the TVA, but was later placed under the authority of the TVA. The dam is 137 feet high and stretches 4,541 feet across the Tennessee River, the cost to build the dam was almost $47 million. The main lock at Wilson Dam is 110 feet wide by 600 feet long, the lock lift is 94 feet. It is the highest single lift lock east of the Rocky Mountains An auxiliary lock has two 60 feet wide by 300 feet long chambers that operate in tandem, over 3,700 vessels pass through Wilson Dams locks each year. The generating capacity of Wilson dam is 663 megawatts of electricity, the dam is named for former President of the United States Woodrow Wilson
Wilson Dam
–
View of Wilson Dam from the power house end of the dam.
Wilson Dam
–
Construction of Wilson Dam taking place around 1919. Jackson Island, seen in the background, is now covered by Lake Wilson.
Wilson Dam
–
Wilson Lock and Dam on the Tennessee River at Florence, Alabama
Wilson Dam
–
Barge exiting the main lock at Wilson Dam in 1982.
19.
Knoxville, Tennessee
–
Knoxville is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Knox County. The city had an population of 185,291 in 2015. Knoxville is the city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The KMSA is, in turn, the component of the Knoxville-Sevierville-La Follette Combined Statistical Area. First settled in 1786, Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee, the city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century. The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom, during the Civil War, the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue, and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies. Following the war, Knoxville grew rapidly as a wholesaling and manufacturing center. The citys economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed, Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee, whose sports teams, called the Volunteers or Vols, are extremely popular in the surrounding area. The first people to form settlements in what is now Knoxville arrived during the Woodland period. One of the oldest artificial structures in Knoxville is a burial mound constructed during the early Mississippian culture period, the earthwork mound is now surrounded by the University of Tennessee campus. By the 18th century, the Cherokee had become the dominant tribe in the East Tennessee region, although they were consistently at war with the Creek, the Cherokee people called the Knoxville area kuwandatalunyi, which means Mulberry Place. Most Cherokee habitation in the area was concentrated in the Overhill settlements along the Little Tennessee River, the first Euro-American traders and explorers were recorded as arriving in the Tennessee Valley in the late 17th century. There is significant evidence that Hernando de Soto visited Bussell Island in 1540, the end of the French and Indian War and confusion brought about by the American Revolution led to a drastic increase in Euro-American settlement west of the Appalachians. By the 1780s, Euro-American settlers were established in the Holston. The U. S. Congress ordered all illegal settlers out of the valley in 1785, as settlers continued to trickle into Cherokee lands, tensions between the settlers and the Cherokee rose steadily. In 1786, James White, a Revolutionary War officer, and his friend James Connor built Whites Fort near the mouth of First Creek, on land White had purchased three years earlier. In 1790, Whites son-in-law, Charles McClung—who had arrived from Pennsylvania the previous year—surveyed Whites holdings between First Creek and Second Creek for the establishment of a town, mcClung drew up 640. 5-acre lots. The waterfront was set aside for a town common, two lots were set aside for a church and graveyard
Knoxville, Tennessee
–
The City of Knoxville, Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
–
The home of James White in Downtown Knoxville
Knoxville, Tennessee
–
Statue representing the signing of the Treaty of the Holston in Downtown Knoxville
Knoxville, Tennessee
–
The Craighead-Jackson House in Knoxville, built in 1818
20.
Initial public offering
–
Through this process, a privately held company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise the expansion of capital, possibly to monetize the investments of early private investors. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors, after the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors. The IPO process is known as going public. Details of the offering are disclosed to potential purchasers in the form of a lengthy document known as a prospectus. Most companies undertake an IPO with the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter, underwriters provide several services, including help with correctly assessing the value of shares and establishing a public market for shares. Alternative methods such as the dutch auction have also been explored, in terms of size and public participation, the two most notable examples of this method is the Google IPO and Snapchats parent company Snap Inc. China has recently emerged as a major IPO market, with several of the largest IPOs taking place in that country, the earliest form of a company which issued public shares was the case of the publicani during the Roman Republic. Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, there is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over-the-counter market in the Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux. The shares fluctuated in value, encouraging the activity of speculators, mere evidence remains of the prices for which partes were sold, the nature of initial public offerings, or a description of stock market behavior. Publicanis lost favor with the fall of the Republic and the rise of the Empire, the first modern IPO occurred in March 1602 when the Dutch East India Company offered shares of the company to the public in order to raise capital. All the shares were tradable, and the shareholders received receipts for the purchase, a share certificate documenting payment and ownership such as we know today was not issued but ownership was instead entered in the companys share register. In the United States, the first IPO was the offering of Bank of North America around 1783. An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap into a pool of potential investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. Those investors must endure the unpredictable nature of the market to price. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, for early private investors who choose to sell shares as part of the IPO process, the IPO represents an opportunity to monetize their investment. This type of offering is not dilutive, since no new shares are being created, once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares in a number of different ways, one of which is the follow-on offering
Initial public offering
–
Capital structure
21.
Website
–
A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol network, such as the Internet, or a local area network. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions, a website can be a website, a commercial website for a company. Websites are typically dedicated to a topic or purpose, ranging from entertainment and social networking to providing news. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web, while private websites, Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically composed in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language. They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors, Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which may optionally employ encryption to provide security and privacy for the user. The users application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal. Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the navigation of the site, Some websites require user registration or subscription to access content. As of 2016 end users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, the World Wide Web was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone, before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as text files without formatting. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions, a website can be a website, a commercial website. Websites can be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, can be blurred. Websites are written in, or converted to, HTML and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including computers, laptops, PDAs. A website is hosted on a system known as a web server. These terms can refer to the software that runs on these systems which retrieves
Website
–
NASA.gov homepage as it appeared in April 2015
22.
Dot com bubble
–
The period was marked by the founding of several new Internet-based companies commonly referred to as dot-coms. Companies could cause their stock prices to increase by adding an e- prefix to their name or a. com suffix. By the end of the 1990s, the NASDAQ hit a P/E ratio of 200, the collapse of the bubble took place during 1999–2001. Some companies, such as pets. com and Webvan, failed completely, others – such as Cisco, whose stock declined by 86% – lost a large portion of their market capitalization but remained stable and profitable. Some, such as eBay. com, later recovered and even surpassed their dot-com-bubble peaks, the stock of Amazon. com came to exceed $700 per share, for example, after having gone from $107 to $7 in the crash. The low interest rates of 1998–99 helped increase the start-up capital amounts, a canonical dot-com companys business model relied on harnessing network effects by operating at a sustained net loss and building market share. These companies offered their services or end product for free with the expectation that they could build enough brand awareness to charge profitable rates for their services later, the motto get big fast reflected this strategy. This occurred in industrialized nations due to the digital divide in the late 1990s. The absence of infrastructure and a lack of understanding were two obstacles that previously obstructed mass connectivity. For these reasons, individuals had limited capabilities in what they could do, increased means of connectivity to the Internet than previously available allowed the use of ICT to progress from a luxury good to a necessity good. As connectivity grew, so did the potential for venture capitalists to take advantage of the growing field, the functionalism, or impacts of technologies driven from the cost effectiveness of new Internet websites ultimately influenced the demand growth during this time. A bubble occurs when speculators note the fast increase in value and decide to buy in anticipation of further rises, typically, during a bubble, many companies thus become grossly overvalued. When the bubble bursts, the prices fall dramatically. The prices of many non-technology stocks increased in tandem and were pushed up to valuations uncorrelated to fundamentals. Andrew Smith argued that the financial industrys handling of initial public offerings tended to benefit the banks, in contrast, the financiers and other initial investors were typically entitled to sell at the peak price, and so could immediately profit from short-term price rises. Smith argues that the profitability of the IPOs to Wall Street was a significant factor in the course of events of the bubble. He writes, But did the kids dupe the establishment by drawing them into companies, or did the establishment dupe the kids by introducing them to Mammon. In spite of this, however, a few company founders made vast fortunes when their companies were out at an early stage in the dot-com stock market bubble
Dot com bubble
–
The
NASDAQ Composite index spiked in the late 90s and then fell sharply as a result of the dot-com bubble.
23.
Yogurt Mountain
–
The company opened their first store in Birmingham, AL in September 2009. From its base in Birmingham, Yogurt Mountain has expanded into 40+ stores across the southeast, in April 2010, bookstore chain Books-A-Million paid $3 million for shares in Yogurt Mountain. Soon after, in October 2010, Yogurt Mountain locations began appearing inside Books-A-Million superstores, beginning in Lakeland, list of frozen yogurt companies Official website
Yogurt Mountain
–
Yogurt Mountain
24.
Hoover, Alabama
–
Hoover is a city in Jefferson and Shelby counties in north central Alabama, United States. The largest suburb around Birmingham, the population of the city was 84,848 as of the 2015 US Census estimate, Hoover is part of the Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area and is also included in the Birmingham-Hoover-Talladega, AL Combined Statistical Area. Hoover’s neighborhoods and planned communities are located along the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, the Riverchase Galleria complex includes shopping, hotel and office space. Michael Jordans brief professional career was with the Barons in 1994. The City of Hoover was incorporated in 1967 and it was named after William H. Hoover, a local insurance company owner. The area had been known as the Green Valley community since the 1930s and was mostly a residential community, in the late 1970s and early 1980s the city was still mostly residential with a small City Hall that included space for the police department. The annexation of the Riverchase business and residential community on September 8,1980 provided a base of large office buildings, a significant change to the city occurred when Interstate I-459 was opened with a major interchange with Interstate I-65 within the city. The most dramatic occurred in 1986 when the Riverchase Galleria shopping-hotel-office complex opened. This significantly increased the tax revenue for the city and it was the catalyst to bring new residents and businesses to the city. The city has extremely fast with annexations and new developments. The city now provides services from many large city facilities including a Municipal Center, a Library, residents and businesses are drawn to the city because of the rolling hills and nice residential areas, schools, city services, shopping, and business communities. The city will continue to boom population wise, the population has risen significantly in Hoover from 2008 and is now 81,619 as of the 2010 Census. Hoover is located at 33°23′11″N 86°48′18″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 43.65 square miles, of which 43.13 square miles is land and 0.51 square miles is water. The municipal government has operated under the Dictator form of government since incorporation, the Mayor and City Council are elected on a non-partisan basis to concurrent four-year terms of office which begin on October 1 of election year. The Mayor is responsible for carrying out and enforcing the policies and ordinances. The Riverchase Galleria shopping-hotel-office complex provides an amount of tax money to the city as well as being home to many retail, hotel. The Riverchase Office Park, and other parks and buildings throughout Hoover. The Central Business District includes the US31, SR150, I-65 and I-459 intersect in the city
Hoover, Alabama
–
Riverchase Galleria
Hoover, Alabama
–
Hoover Public Library
Hoover, Alabama
–
The falls at Moss Rock Preserve
25.
Riverchase Galleria
–
Riverchase Galleria, locally known as The Galleria, is a large upscale, super–regional shopping mall close to Birmingham in Hoover, Alabama. It is the 43rd largest shopping mall in the United States and it is managed and partially owned by General Growth Properties and is Alabamas largest enclosed shopping center with 1,570,000 square feet of total retail floor area. In addition to other clients, the tower serves as the headquarters for Walter Energy, the Riverchase Galleria is named for, and is part of, the Riverchase planned community development within the city of Hoover. In March 1987, the mall added its first Macys store at center court, within the same year, the Pizitz chain was acquired by McRaes of Jackson, Mississippi, and subsequently renamed. In 1995 Parisian expanded their store by almost two-thirds, while in 1996 Sears, the expansion made it the largest mixed-use project in the Southeast, and one of the top 10 largest mixed-use projects in the United States. In 2003, the mall began to feel the effects of department store consolidation when the Macys anchor store closed, the consolidation came some nine years after Federated Department Stores had acquired R. H. Macy & Company. Following the closure of the original Macys location, the property was sold to Saks Incorporated, on March 6,2005, the Richs-Macys store was officially rechristened as Macys. Later in 2005, Saks sold its Proffitts division — including most of the McRaes chain — to Belk, as a result, Saks closed the 131,000 sq ft McRaes store. Belk dissolved the separate Proffitts organization, and on March 8,2006 the Proffitts store at Riverchase became the malls first Belk store, in late 2003, Jim Wilson & Associates sold 50% of the Galleria to General Growth Properties, which assumed management control. In 2006, Belk acquired the Parisian store chain from Saks Incorporated, additionally, the former Pizitz/McRaes location simultaneously became available for occupancy. The store had remained vacant since the 2005 closure of McRaes as a result of a lawsuit between the Pizitz family and Saks Incorporated. As part of its merger of the Parisian stores into its operations, Belk closed its location in the original Macys space, the upper level of the former Pizitz/McRaes has since been converted to a Belk Home & Childrens Store. Currently, the Galleria has 218 stores and restaurants and is anchored by 5 department stores, J. C. Penney, Belk, Macys, Sears, the Galleria has two large parking decks, with a variety of entrances, attached to the mall. Located on the Galleria property on out-parcels are several restaurants including Johnny Rockets, California Pizza Kitchen, Bonefish Grill, J. Alexanders, Stix, the Home Depot, FedEx Office, and Costco are located on other out-parcels on the property. The first Just For Feet superstore opened at the Galleria in 1987, the old movie theater has since been repurposed into an Aveda Salon and Cosmetology school. In the center of the Grand Atrium/food court, sits a full-size, in the past, the carousel was dismantled for part of the year, with foliage and a fountain in its place, and reassembled for the holiday season. Currently, the carousel has remained in place for several years, occasionally, the traditional carousel animals are replaced with reindeer for the holiday season as well. On May 5,2006, the Galleria opened the states first Sephora store and this was followed in 2007 by the announcement that one would open at The Summit, also in Birmingham
Riverchase Galleria
–
Riverchase Galleria
Riverchase Galleria
–
Riverchase Galleria in Hoover, Alabama.
26.
North Alabama
–
North Alabama is a region of the U. S. 94% of the states population as of 2010 Census. The anchor city of the region is Huntsville, but other cities of notable size include, Decatur, Florence, Madison, Decatur and Florence share the designation of anchor city for Northwestern Alabama because they are the largest economic centers north of Birmingham and west of Huntsville. Most corporations use Decatur as a hub for the Northwest Alabama region because Huntsville is located further east. However, historically Florence has been the cultural center of the northwest. Locals tend to refer to this area as the Tennessee Valley in reference to the Tennessee River, a section of East Tennessee shares the Tennessee Valley name. Each of the three centers in the region have a distinct type of economic base. The Huntsville area is dominated by high-tech industries and federal operations such as Boeing. Agribusiness plays a role in The Valley. Some of the largest row- crop operations in the state reside on plantations in The Valley, University of North Alabama The University of Alabama in Huntsville Alabama Mountain Lakes Tourist Association List of Appalachian Regional Commission counties#Alabama
North Alabama
–
Huntsville is the largest city in North Alabama
North Alabama
–
Map of North Alabama counties shaded in, with metropolitan areas labeled. (counties not included in a metropolitan area are shaded in red)
North Alabama
–
Wilson Dam is a part of the
Tennessee Valley Authority 's valuable impact on the North Alabama economy.
27.
Business Wire
–
It is a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. Business Wire was founded in 1961 by Lorry I, lokey, it launched its companys website in May 1995. Business Wires first wholly owned European operation launched in 2001, with the opening of an office in London, on June 1,2005, Business Wire entered the German Ad-Hoc market with a disclosure network for companies with primary or secondary listings on the Deutsche Boerse. The service was established in compliance with BaFin, Germanys national securities regulator, on September 15,2005, Business Wire established Regulatory Disclosure networks in France, Sweden, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The move came in anticipation of the implementation of the EUs Transparency Obligations Directive. On January 1,2007, Autorité des marchés financiers, the French Financial Markets Regulator, since 2005, its Chief Executive Officer and President has been Cathy Baron Tamraz. On January 10,2005, Business Wire established an Asian hub with the opening of its Tokyo, Japan bureau, on January 17,2006, Berkshire Hathaway announced that it was purchasing Business Wire for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition was completed on March 1,2006, in 2008, Business Wire partnered with ImpreMedia to launch LatinoWire, a news distribution service that distributes brand content to Hispanic websites, media outlets, journalists and bloggers. In 2011, Business Wire received a patent for the process of optimizing and distributing press releases to maximize their ability to be found. On September 23,2013, Business Wire announces exclusive distribution partnership with VentureBeat On November 3,2013, in January 2014, Business Wire launched a new news and content distribution enhancement service
Business Wire
–
Business Wire
28.
The Wall Street Journal
–
The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
The Wall Street Journal
–
April 28, 2008 front page
The Wall Street Journal
–
Vladimir Putin with Journal correspondent
Karen Elliott House in 2002
The Wall Street Journal
–
Scarlett Johansson covers WSJ. April 2014
29.
American City Business Journals
–
American City Business Journals is an American newspaper chain based in Charlotte, North Carolina, owned by Advance Publications. It also controls the Street & Smiths Sports Group, which publishes motorsports periodicals, including SportsBusiness Journal, Sports Business Daily, five sports annuals, the company is the United States leading publisher of NASCAR magazines, which includes NASCAR Illustrated and Scenedaily. com. American City also publishes specialty publications, which include a business newspaper, a law journal. In 2009, ACBJ took over management of Portfolio. com, mike Russell founded American City Business Journals. The President and CEO of American City is Whitney Shaw, Shaw was previously senior vice president of ACBJ and president of its sports-publishing division. He succeeds his father, Ray Shaw, who was chairman, Ray Shaw, the companys chairman from 1989 until his 2009 death, bought a controlling interest along with a partner in 1989, selling to Advance Publications in 1995. It was Russell who suggested Shaw buy the company rather than just a few journals. Under Ray Shaws leadership, the company moved from Kansas City, Missouri, to Charlotte, North Carolina, and greatly increased the number of its publications. The site contains local news from around the nation, updated throughout the day. The Business Journals sites have more than four million visitors each month. The Business Journals Forty Under 40 is an annual list compiled and published by the Business Journal newspapers since 1992, the purpose is to list the 40 most successful entrepreneurs under the age of 40. The 40 are usually nominated from within individual areas in range of the local business journals publication, American City Business Journals corporate website The Business Journals The Business Journals mobile Street & Smiths SportsBusiness Journal Hemmings Motor News
American City Business Journals
–
American City Business Journals' corporate office is in Charlotte, North Carolina. The company's major divisions are metropolitan weekly publications and sports publications.
30.
The Ledger
–
The Ledger is a daily newspaper serving Lakeland, Florida and the Polk County area. The paper was founded on August 22,1924 as the Lakeland Evening Ledger, in 1927, it bought its main competitor, the morning Lakeland Star-Telegram. By 1930, it was obvious that Lakeland could not support two papers, so Ledger Publishing Company merged the two papers into a morning paper, the Lakeland Ledger and Star-Telegram. In 1941, Star-Telegram was dropped from the masthead, and in 1967 the name was shortened to simply The Ledger, the New York Times Company bought The Ledger in 1970 and owned it until 2012, when it sold its entire regional newspaper group to Halifax Media. In 2015, Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group, jerome Ferson became publisher of the newspaper on July 30,2007. Kevin Drake became publisher of the newspaper on January 21,2014, in October of 2016, Drake left The Ledger to return to his hometown of Spartanburg, S. C. to work as a group publisher for GateHouse Media. Brian Burns, former publisher of The Tampa Tribune, joined The Ledger as publisher on January 25,2017, according to nationwideadvertising. com, approximate circulation is 65,987, on Sunday,81,366. In 2010 Alliance for Auditing approved a change allowing traditional print newspapers to combine their online readership to their print circulation. Actual circulation data for print delivery subscriptions is no longer reported, the Ledger also publishes Polk Life magazine. Official website Todays The Ledger front page at the Newseum website The Ledger on Facebook
The Ledger
–
The November 21, 2013 front page of The Ledger
US$474.084 million (2014)[1]
US$294.251 million (2014)[1]
