1.
Retail
–
Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
2.
Chapter 7 Bankruptcy
–
Chapter 7 of the Title 11 of the United States Code governs the process of liquidation under the bankruptcy laws of the United States. Chapter 7 is the most common form of bankruptcy in the United States, when a troubled business is unable to pay its creditors, it may file for bankruptcy in a federal court under Chapter 7. A Chapter 7 filing means that the business ceases operations unless those operations are continued by the Chapter 7 Trustee, a Chapter 7 trustee is appointed almost immediately, with broad powers to examine the businesss financial affairs. The Trustee generally liquidates the assets and distributes the proceeds to the creditors and this may or may not mean that all employees will lose their jobs. When a large company enters Chapter 7 bankruptcy, entire divisions of the company may be sold intact to other companies during the liquidation, the investors who took the least amount of risk prior to the bankruptcy are generally paid first. For example, secured creditors will have less risk, because the credit that they will have extended is usually backed by collateral. Secured creditors often know they will get paid first if the company declares bankruptcy, a creditor is fully secured if the value of the collateral for its loan to the debtor equals or exceeds the amount of the debt. For this reason, however, fully secured creditors are not entitled to participate in any distribution of liquidated assets that the bankruptcy trustee might make, in a Chapter 7 case, a corporation or partnership does not receive a bankruptcy discharge. An individual can receive a Chapter 7 discharge, once all assets of the corporate or partnership debtor have been fully administered, the case is closed. The debts of the corporation or partnership theoretically continue to exist until applicable statutory periods of limitations expire, individuals who reside, have a place of business, or own property in the United States may file for bankruptcy in a federal court under Chapter 7. Chapter 7, as other bankruptcy chapters, is not available to individuals who have had bankruptcy cases dismissed within the prior 180 days under specified circumstances. In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the individual is allowed to keep certain exempt property, the value of property that can be claimed as exempt varies from state to state. Other assets, if any, are sold by the trustee to repay creditors, many types of unsecured debt are legally discharged by the bankruptcy proceeding, but there are various types of debt that are not discharged in a Chapter 7. Spousal support is not covered by a bankruptcy filing, nor are property settlements through divorce. Despite their potential non-dischargeability, all debts must be listed on bankruptcy schedules, a chapter 7 bankruptcy stays on an individuals credit report for 10 years from the date of filing the chapter 7 petition. This contrasts with a chapter 13 bankruptcy, which stays on a credit report for 7 years from the date of filing the chapter 13 petition. This may make credit less available or may make lending terms less favorable and that must be balanced against the removal of actual debt from the filers record by the bankruptcy, which tends to improve creditworthiness. Consumer credit and creditworthiness is a subject, however
3.
Liquidation
–
In United Kingdom and United States law and business, liquidation is the process by which a company is brought to an end, and the assets and property of the company are redistributed. Liquidation is also referred to as winding-up or dissolution, although dissolution technically refers to the last stage of liquidation. Liquidation may either be compulsory or voluntary, an order will not generally be made if the purpose of the application is to enforce payment of a debt which is bona fide disputed. A just and equitable winding-up enables the grounds to subject the strict legal rights of the shareholders to equitable considerations, an order might be made where the majority shareholders deprive the minority of their right to appoint and remove their own director. Once liquidation commences, dispositions of the property are generally void. Upon hearing the application, the court may dismiss the petition. The court may dismiss the application if the petitioner unreasonably refrains from a course of action. The court may appoint a receiver, and one or more liquidators. Separate meetings of creditors and contributories may decide to nominate a person for the appointment of liquidator, voluntary liquidation occurs when the members of a company resolve to voluntarily wind up its affairs and dissolve. Voluntary liquidation begins when the company passes the resolution, and the company will cease to carry on business at that time. A creditors’ voluntary liquidation is a designed to allow an insolvent company to close voluntarily. The decision to liquidate is made by a resolution. If a limited company’s liabilities outweigh its assets, or the company cannot pay its bills when they fall due, if the company is solvent, and the members have made a statutory declaration of solvency, the liquidation will proceed as a members voluntary winding-up. In that case the general meeting will appoint the liquidator, if not, the liquidation will proceed as a creditors voluntary winding-up, and a meeting of creditors will be called, to which the directors must report on the companys affairs. Where a voluntary liquidation proceeds as a voluntary liquidation, a liquidation committee may be appointed. In addition, the term liquidation is sometimes used when a company wants to divest itself of some of its assets and this is used, for instance, when a retail establishment wants to close stores. They will sell to a company specializes in store liquidation instead of attempting to run a store closure sale themselves. The liquidator will normally have a duty to ascertain whether any misconduct has been conducted by those in control of the company which has caused prejudice to the body of creditors
4.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
–
Ann Arbor is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census recorded its population to be 113,934, the citys population was estimated at 117,070 as of July 2015 by the U. S. Census Bureau. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Washtenaw County, the city is also part of the larger Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI Combined Statistical Area with a population of 5,318,744. Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the villages founders, the University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics, Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements. Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan, one of the foremost research universities in the United States, the university shapes Ann Arbors economy significantly as it employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. The citys economy is centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the universitys research and development infrastructure. In about 1774, the Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the plat was registered with Wayne County as Annarbour. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres of land purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allens sawmill, Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827, and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capital, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan, since the universitys establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor, while the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbors Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, during the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, during the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city
5.
Michigan
–
Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
6.
Chairman
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
7.
Book
–
A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page, a set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format for reading on a computer screen, smartphone or e-reader device is known as an electronic book, or e-book. The term books may refer the body of works of literature. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journals, in novels and sometimes other types of books, a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books. An avid reader or collector of books or a lover is a bibliophile or colloquially. A shop where books are bought and sold is a bookshop or bookstore, Books are also sold in some department stores, drugstores and newspaper vendors. Books can also be borrowed from libraries, google has estimated that as of 2010, approximately 130,000,000 distinct titles had been published. In some wealthier nations, printed books are giving way to the usage of electronic or e-books, the word book comes from Old English bōc, which in turn comes from the Germanic root *bōk-, cognate to beech. Similarly, in Slavic languages буква is cognate with beech, in Russian and in Serbian and Macedonian, the word букварь or буквар refers specifically to a primary school textbook that helps young children master the techniques of reading and writing. It is thus conjectured that the earliest Indo-European writings may have been carved on beech wood, similarly, the Latin word codex, meaning a book in the modern sense, originally meant block of wood. When writing systems were created in ancient civilizations, a variety of objects, such as stone, clay, tree bark, metal sheets, the study of such inscriptions forms a major part of history. The study of inscriptions is known as epigraphy, the Ancient Egyptians would often write on papyrus, a plant grown along the Nile River. At first the words were not separated from other and there was no punctuation. Texts were written right to left, left to right. The technical term for that last type of writing is boustrophedon, a tablet might be defined as a physically robust writing medium, suitable for casual transport and writing. See also stylus, the instrument used to write on a tablet, clay tablets were flattened and mostly dry pieces of clay that could be easily carried, and impressed with a stylus. They were used as a medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age. Tablets were used by traders to record sales of such as bushels of grain
8.
Map
–
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word map comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth, thus, map became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world. Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface, in addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc. The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the compass directions in reality. The word orient is derived from Latin oriens, meaning East, in the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top. Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map, several kinds of maps are often traditionally not oriented with North at the top, Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the top, labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head. Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top, indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemys Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe, Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top. Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe, polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred on the pole, the direction North would be towards or away from the centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian towards the bottom of the page, reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps, reverse the North is up convention and have south at the top. Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the Earths sphere onto an icosahedron, the resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation. Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the top of the map, compass decimal degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from 450, if the answer is greater than 360, subtract 360. The scale statement may be taken as exact when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, over larger regions where the curvature cannot be ignored we must use map projections from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. Thus for map projections we must introduce the concept of point scale, which is a function of position, although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for all but the most precise of measurements. Large scale maps, say 1,10,000, cover relatively small regions in detail and small scale maps, say 1,10,000,000, cover large regions such as nations, continents. The large/small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions, there is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1/100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale
9.
Compact disc
–
Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
10.
DVD
–
DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
11.
Calendar
–
A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, a date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a record of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a calendar or a partly or fully chronological list of documents. Periods in a calendar are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. The most common type of calendar was the lunisolar calendar. Latin calendarium meant account book, register, the Latin term was adopted in Old French as calendier and from there in Middle English as calender by the 13th century. The course of the Sun and the Moon are the most evident forms of timekeeping, nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The first recorded calendars date to the Bronze Age, dependent on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East, a larger number of calendar systems of the Ancient Near East becomes accessible in the Iron Age, based on the Babylonian calendar. This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar, calendars in antiquity were lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC, the Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the month from the lunation. The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation by Muhammad and this resulted in an observationally based lunar calendar that shifts relative to the seasons of the solar year. The first calendar reform of the modern era was the Gregorian calendar. Such ideas are mooted from time to time but have failed to gain traction because of the loss of continuity, massive upheaval in implementation, a full calendar system has a different calendar date for every day. Thus the week cycle is by not a full calendar system. The simplest calendar system just counts time periods from a reference date and this applies for the Julian day or Unix Time
12.
Magazine
–
A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
13.
Board game
–
A board game is a tabletop game that involves counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or board, according to a set of rules. Some games are based on strategy, but many contain an element of chance. Games usually have a goal that a player aims to achieve, early board games represented a battle between two armies, and most modern board games are still based on defeating opposing players in terms of counters, winning position, or accrual of points. There are many varieties of board games and their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, like checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, like Cluedo. Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history, the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England frowned on game playing and viewed dice as instruments of the devil. In Thoughts on Lotteries Thomas Jefferson wrote, Almost all these pursuits of chance produce something useful to society, but there are some which produce nothing, and endanger the well-being of the individuals engaged in them or of others depending on them. Such are games with cards, dice, billiards, etc. and suppress the pursuit altogether, there are some other games of chance, useful on certain occasions, and injurious only when carried beyond their useful bounds. Such are insurances, lotteries, raffles, etc and these they do not suppress, but take their regulation under their own discretion. As the US shifted from agrarian to urban living in the century, greater leisure time. The American home, once the center of production, became the locus of entertainment, enlightenment. Children were encouraged to board games that developed literacy skills. The earliest board games published in the United States were based upon Christian morality, the Mansion of Happiness, for example, sent players along a path of virtues and vices that led to the Mansion of Happiness. The missionaries are cast in white as the symbol of innocence, temperance, and hope while the pope and pagan are cast in black, the color of gloom of error, and. grief at the daily loss of empire. Commercially produced board games in the century were monochrome prints laboriously hand-colored by teams of low-paid young factory women. Advances in paper making and printmaking during the period enabled the production of relatively inexpensive board games. The most significant advance was the development of chromolithography, an achievement that made bold. Games cost as little as US$.25 for a small boxed card game to $3.00 for more elaborate games, American Protestants believed a virtuous life led to success, but the belief was challenged mid-century when Americans embraced materialism and capitalism. The accumulation of material goods was viewed as a divine blessing, in 1860, The Checkered Game of Life rewarded players for mundane activities such as attending college, marrying, and getting rich
14.
Encyclopedia
–
An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name, Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years, the oldest still in existence, AD77 by Pliny the Elder and was not fully revised at the time of his death in AD79. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of dictionaries around the 17th century, some modern encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, are often electronic and freely available. Together, the phrase literally translates as complete instruction or complete knowledge, one of the oldest vernacular uses was by François Rabelais in his Pantagruel in 1532. Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix -pedia, e. g. Banglapedia, in British usage, the spellings encyclopedia and encyclopaedia are both current. In American usage, only the former is commonly used, the spelling encyclopædia—with the æ ligature—was frequently used in the 19th century and is increasingly rare, although it is retained in product titles such as Encyclopædia Britannica and others. The Oxford English Dictionary records encyclopædia and encyclopaedia as equal alternatives, websters Third New International Dictionary features encyclopedia as the main headword and encyclopaedia as a minor variant. In addition, cyclopedia and cyclopaedia are now rarely used shortened forms of the word originating in the 17th century, the modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 18th century. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well-educated, well-informed content experts, a dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words and those related by the matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, allegedly, not written in order to convince, an encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics. General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a variety of topics but from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of reference
15.
Waldenbooks
–
Waldenbooks, operated by the Walden Book Company, Inc. was an American shopping mall-based bookstore chain and a subsidiary of Borders Group. The chain also ran a game and software chain under the name Waldensoftware as well as a childrens educational toy chain under Walden Kids. In 2011 the chain was liquidated in bankruptcy, within fifteen years, it had grown to over 250 locations in leased locations within various department stores. With the increased availability of low cost paperbacks after the Second World War, in 1962, he opened his first stand-alone bookstore in Pittsburgh, by 1981, it had become the first bookstore chain to have stores in every state. In 1969, it was purchased by the Broadway Hale Stores, for the stand-alone bookstores, the company initially traded under the name Walden Books. During the 1970s, the company changed their trade name to Waldenbooks. Later in 1984, Waldenbooks itself was acquired by Kmart after Carter Hawley Hales needed to get cash to defend itself from a takeover attempt. At that time, Waldenbooks was the largest retail bookstore chain, under Kmarts ownership, Walden tried many things to expand and diversify its business. In 1985, it opened a discount book outlet chain called Readers Market by converting five existing stand-alone Waldenbooks stores, a year later, Walden discontinued the discount bookstores after determining that sales figures were not as great as first projected. In its place, Walden decided to try this concept within selected Kmart stores, in 1987, Waldenbooks acquired the U. S. Stores of the Canadian bookstore chain Coles. the book people, and gradually converted the stores to Waldenbooks. By 1990, Waldenbooks began to convert Waldenbooks & More into even larger Waldenbooks & More Books stores with a greatly expanded book selection, in 1992, Walden opened 9 book superstores under the Basset Book Shop name, ultimately these stores were converted to Borders after the merger. Kmart expanded its holdings by acquiring Borders in 1992. At that time, Kmart kept Borders and Waldenbooks separate, when Kmart decided to spin off its non-core subsidiaries in 1994, Kmart merged Waldenbooks, Brentanos and Borders to form the Borders-Walden Group. At that time, Waldenbooks had 1,216 stores in all 50 states, in 1995, the renamed Borders Group was able to buy back its stock and it was listed independently on the New York Stock Exchange. Beginning in 2004, many Waldenbooks locations were re-branded as Borders Express stores, in January 2010,200 stores, almost two thirds of the total, were closed. On July 18,2011, Borders Group filed for liquidation to close all of its remaining Waldenbooks, liquidation commenced on July 22,2011. List of defunct retailers of the United States Yahoo, Company Profile Walden Book Company Inc
16.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
17.
New York Stock Exchange
–
The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
18.
Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code
–
Chapter 11 is a chapter of Title 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, which permits reorganization under the bankruptcy laws of the United States. In contrast, Chapter 7 governs the process of a liquidation bankruptcy, when a business is unable to service its debt or pay its creditors, the business or its creditors can file with a federal bankruptcy court for protection under either Chapter 7 or Chapter 11. In Chapter 7, the business operations, a trustee sells all of its assets. Any residual amount is returned to the owners of the company, in Chapter 11, in most instances the debtor remains in control of its business operations as a debtor in possession, and is subject to the oversight and jurisdiction of the court. Chapter 11 retains many of the present in all, or most. It provides additional tools for debtors as well, most importantly,11 U. S. C. §1108 empowers the trustee to operate the debtors business. In Chapter 11, unless a separate trustee is appointed for cause, Chapter 11 affords the debtor in possession a number of mechanisms to restructure its business. A debtor in possession can acquire financing and loans on favorable terms by giving new lenders first priority on the businesss earnings, the court may also permit the debtor in possession to reject and cancel contracts. Debtors are also protected from other litigation against the business through the imposition of an automatic stay, an example of proceedings that are not necessarily stayed automatically are family law proceedings against a spouse or parent. Further, creditors may file with the court seeking relief from the automatic stay, all creditors are entitled to be heard by the court. The court is responsible for determining whether the proposed plan of reorganization complies with the bankruptcy law. Chapter 11 usually results in reorganization of the business or personal assets and debts. Debtors may emerge from a chapter 11 bankruptcy within a few months or within several years, depending on the size, the Bankruptcy Code accomplishes this objective through the use of a bankruptcy plan. The debtor in possession typically has the first opportunity to propose a plan during the period of exclusivity and this period allows the debtor 120 days from the date of filing for chapter 11, to propose a plan of reorganization before any other party in interest may propose a plan. With some exceptions, the plan may be proposed by any party in interest, interested creditors then vote for a plan. If the judge approves the plan and if the creditors all agree the plan can be confirmed. If at least one class of creditors votes against the plan and thus objects, in order to be confirmed over their objection the plan must not discriminate against that class of creditors, and the plan must be found fair and equitable to that class. Upon its confirmation, the plan becomes binding and identifies the treatment of debts, if the case is dismissed, creditors will look to non-bankruptcy law in order to satisfy their claims
19.
Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code
–
Chapter 7 of the Title 11 of the United States Code governs the process of liquidation under the bankruptcy laws of the United States. Chapter 7 is the most common form of bankruptcy in the United States, when a troubled business is unable to pay its creditors, it may file for bankruptcy in a federal court under Chapter 7. A Chapter 7 filing means that the business ceases operations unless those operations are continued by the Chapter 7 Trustee, a Chapter 7 trustee is appointed almost immediately, with broad powers to examine the businesss financial affairs. The Trustee generally liquidates the assets and distributes the proceeds to the creditors and this may or may not mean that all employees will lose their jobs. When a large company enters Chapter 7 bankruptcy, entire divisions of the company may be sold intact to other companies during the liquidation, the investors who took the least amount of risk prior to the bankruptcy are generally paid first. For example, secured creditors will have less risk, because the credit that they will have extended is usually backed by collateral. Secured creditors often know they will get paid first if the company declares bankruptcy, a creditor is fully secured if the value of the collateral for its loan to the debtor equals or exceeds the amount of the debt. For this reason, however, fully secured creditors are not entitled to participate in any distribution of liquidated assets that the bankruptcy trustee might make, in a Chapter 7 case, a corporation or partnership does not receive a bankruptcy discharge. An individual can receive a Chapter 7 discharge, once all assets of the corporate or partnership debtor have been fully administered, the case is closed. The debts of the corporation or partnership theoretically continue to exist until applicable statutory periods of limitations expire, individuals who reside, have a place of business, or own property in the United States may file for bankruptcy in a federal court under Chapter 7. Chapter 7, as other bankruptcy chapters, is not available to individuals who have had bankruptcy cases dismissed within the prior 180 days under specified circumstances. In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the individual is allowed to keep certain exempt property, the value of property that can be claimed as exempt varies from state to state. Other assets, if any, are sold by the trustee to repay creditors, many types of unsecured debt are legally discharged by the bankruptcy proceeding, but there are various types of debt that are not discharged in a Chapter 7. Spousal support is not covered by a bankruptcy filing, nor are property settlements through divorce. Despite their potential non-dischargeability, all debts must be listed on bankruptcy schedules, a chapter 7 bankruptcy stays on an individuals credit report for 10 years from the date of filing the chapter 7 petition. This contrasts with a chapter 13 bankruptcy, which stays on a credit report for 7 years from the date of filing the chapter 13 petition. This may make credit less available or may make lending terms less favorable and that must be balanced against the removal of actual debt from the filers record by the bankruptcy, which tends to improve creditworthiness. Consumer credit and creditworthiness is a subject, however
20.
Barnes & Noble
–
Barnes & Noble, Inc. is a Fortune 500 company, the largest retail bookseller in the United States, and one of the nations leading retailers of content, digital media, and educational products. As of January 6,2017, the company operates 638 retail stores in all 50 U. S. states. After a series of mergers and bankruptcies in the American bookstore industry since the 1990s, previously, Barnes and Noble operated the chain of small B. Dalton Booksellers stores in malls until they announced the liquidation of the chain. The company is known for large retail outlets, many of which contain a café serving Starbucks coffee and other consumables, from cannolis to spinach and feta pretzels. Most stores sell books, magazines, newspapers, DVDs, graphic novels, gifts, games, toys, music, Barnes & Noble originated in 1886 with a bookstore called Arthur Hinds & Company, located in the Cooper Union Building in New York City. In the fall of 1886, Gilbert Clifford Noble, a then-recent Harvard graduate from Westfield, in 1894, Noble was made a partner, and the name of the shop was changed to Hinds & Noble. In 1901, Hinds & Noble moved to 31–35 W. 15th Street, in 1917, Noble bought out Hinds and entered into a partnership with William Barnes, son of his old friend Charles, the name of the store was changed accordingly to Barnes & Noble. In 1930, Noble sold his share of the company to William Barnes son John Wilcox Barnes, Noble died on June 6,1936, at the age of 72. In the long history of the bookstore, the partnership was a brief interlude of thirteen years. In 1932, at the height of the Great Depression, the moved to a flagship location on 18th Street and Fifth Avenue. The Noble family retained ownership of a publishing business. In 1940, the store was one of the first businesses to feature Muzak and that decade the company opened stores in Brooklyn and Chicago. William Barnes died in 1945, at the age of 78, John Barnes died in 1964, and the company was sold to the conglomerate Amtel two years later. The business was purchased in 1971, by Leonard Riggio for $1.2 million, by then, it had been badly mismanaged over the prior two years and consisted only of a significantly reduced wholesale operation and a single retail location—the store at 105 Fifth Avenue. Between the 1970s and the 1980s, Barnes & Noble opened smaller discount stores and they also began to publish their own books to be sold to mail-order customers. These titles were primarily affordable reissues of out-of-print titles and selling them through mail-order catalogs allowed Barnes & Noble to reach new customers nationwide. Barnes & Noble continued to expand throughout the 1980s, and it purchased the primarily shopping mall-based B. Dalton chain from Dayton Hudson in 1986, the last B. Dalton stores were scheduled to close in January 2010. In 1989, Barnes and Noble had purchased the 22-store chain Bookstop, the acquisition of the 797 B. Dalton bookstores turned the company into a nationwide retailer, and by the end of fiscal year 1999, the second-largest online bookseller in the United States
21.
Pacific Equity Partners
–
Pacific Equity Partners is an Australasian private equity investment firm focusing on leveraged buyout and growth capital transactions primarily in Australia and New Zealand. PEP invests across an array of industries and will invest in turnaround. PEP is based in Sydney, Australia and was founded in 1998 by Simon Pillar, Rickard Gardell, Paul McCullagh, the majority of the firms founders originally worked together at consulting firm Bain & Company. The firm has approximately AUD5.8 billion of capital under management and was among the 50 largest private equity firms, on 11 September 2015, PEP purchased New Zealand health company Manuka Health for a reported $110 million. Among the firms most notable investments are Hoyts, REDgroup Retail, Independent Liquor, Godfreys, Griffins Foods, Frucor, Peters Ice Cream and Tegel Foods
22.
Angus & Robertson
–
Angus & Robertson is an online Australian bookseller, book publisher and book printer. As book publishers, A&R has contributed substantially to the promotion and this well known Australian brand currently exists in a reduced form as part of online bookseller Booktopia. The Angus & Robertson imprint is still seen in books published by HarperCollins, the first bookstore was opened in 110½ Market Street, Sydney by Scotsman David Angus in 1884, it initially sold only secondhand books. In 1886, he went into partnership with fellow Scot George Robertson and this George Robertson should not be confused with his contemporary, George Robertson the Melbourne bookseller, who later traded as Robertson & Mullens. In 1895 the company moved to 89 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, the head office of the firm was at Castlereagh Street until the 1950s. The shop was known as the biggest bookshop in the world, in 1907 the partnership was converted into a public company, Angus & Robertson Limited. In 1951 a store was established in Australias High Commission in London, in the 1950s, Angus & Robertson began the growth which led it to become Australias first nationwide chain of bookstores. In 1977, it opened its first franchise store in the southern Sydney suburb of Hurstville, in 2006, the company had over 170 stores spread throughout the country, and it claimed that it had more than twice as many stores as Australias next largest bookseller. The firm had about 18% share in the Australian book retail market, George Robertson encouraged book collector David Scott Mitchell to convert to collecting in the then-neglected field of Australian literature. Mitchell accumulated a collection, which ultimately formed the basis of the Mitchell Library of the State Library of New South Wales. George Robertson also encouraged businessman and collector William Dixson to collect Australian books and his collection ultimately formed the Dixson Library of the State Library of New South Wales. Angus & Robertson began publishing in 1888 and their first work was a book of verse, A Crown of Wattle, written by a Sydney solicitor, H. Peden Steel. They also published valuable reference works, including the Australian Encyclopaedia, John Alexander Fergusons multi-volume Bibliography of Australia, in 1938 A&R opened a publishing office in London. J. Dennis, Norman Lindsay, Frank Clune, Ion Idriess, Colin Simpson, Arthur Upfield, Frank Dalby Davison, E. V. Timms, George Robertson died in 1933, and he was succeeded as publisher by Walter Cousins and George Ferguson. To better control printing costs, and maintain a consistent quality, George Robertson bought a printing company Eagle Press in 1929, printing thus became the third tier of the Angus & Robertson business. It was Australias leading book printer for forty years, however, the printing presses had become antiquated by the 1970s. In the 1970s, after a takeover, the printing presses were sold to John Sands. Halstead became an imprint, Robertsons great grandson having acquired the logo
23.
Administration (law)
–
As a legal concept, administration is a procedure under the insolvency laws of a number of common law jurisdictions. It functions as a mechanism for insolvent entities and allows them to carry on running their business. The process – in the United Kingdom colloquially called under administration – is an alternative to liquidation, Administration is commenced by an administration order. A company in administrative receivership is operated by an administrator on behalf of its creditors, the administrator may recapitalize the business, sell the business to new owners, or demerge it into elements that can be sold and close the remainder. Most countries distinguish between voluntary and involuntary receivership, in voluntary administrative receivership, the administrator is appointed by the company directors. In involuntary administrative receivership, the administrator is appointed by a judicial court, the legal terms for these processes vary from country to country, and the processes may overlap. In Australia, an administrator, also called an insolvency practitioner, is an independent person that is formally appointed to control an insolvent companys affairs. Administrators are required to be registered liquidators since they have powers to deal with company property. The appointment of an administrator freezes any legal proceedings against the company, the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act provides mechanisms for consumer and general proposals in order to give time for an insolvent person to be able to reorganize his affairs. For insolvent companies owing more than $5 million, a more flexible regime is available under the Companies Creditors Arrangements Act, in UK law, the administration regime is governed by the Insolvency Act 1986, as amended by the Enterprise Act 2002. An administrator can be appointed without petitioning the court by the holder of a floating charge, other creditors must petition the court to appoint an administrator. The administrator must act in the interests of all the creditors, if this proves impossible he or she must work to maximise the recovery of the creditors as a whole. Only then may the administrator attempt to realise property in favour of one or more secured creditor, a firm is usually in Administration for no more than 12 months, after which an extension from the court can be produced at the courts discretion. The administrator is an officer of the court and an agent of the company and he has the power to do anything necessary or expedient for the management of the affairs, business and property of the company. This regime allowed the holder of a charge to appoint an administrative receiver to realise assets in his favour. This was felt to be too favourable to the charge holder at the expense of other creditors. A court order is issued that any form of legal or insolvency action without the courts permission. An application to the court for an order may be made by the company, the directors
24.
James Pascoe Group
–
The James Pascoe Ltd Group of Companies is an Auckland-based, privately owned retail group with holdings across New Zealand and Australia. JPG owns and operates chains Pascoes the Jewellers, Stewart Dawsons and Goldmark, fashion department store Farmers, kitchen specialist Stevens, the groups three Australian businesses are jewellers Prouds the Jewellers, Angus & Coote and Goldmark, with over 460 stores across Australia in 2012. Goldmark is the brand in operation across both countries. Pascoes began as a small jeweller founded by James Pascoe in Auckland in 1906, the business has been under the direction of his granddaughter, Anne Norman and her husband David since the 1980s. Under their control, the family jeweller has turned into a retail empire encompassing eight iconic New Zealand. The Group specialises in turning around loss-making retailers, and has never sold a business, today James Pascoe Group is one of New Zealands largest businesses and employers. JPG likes to be seen as a New Zealand-focused and socially aware company, Farmers in particular raises money for charities including CanTeen and Leukaemia & Blood Cancer NZ. Siblings of both Anne & David Norman have died of leukaemia-related diseases, in response to the February 2011 Canterbury earthquake, JPG set up a 24-hour support line for all Christchurch JPG team members, and continued to pay 200 of them in full. The James Pascoe Group is larger than The Warehouse Group, with its five jewellery retailers and hundreds of stores, JPG has a large share of Australasian jewellery sales and is a global jewellery buying power. Retail leasing specialists RCG said It will make Westfield aware of their presence, Metro Commercial realty Director Nathan Male said Farmers are the anchor tenant to most shopping centres and now the Normans also control a mini-major in the form of Whitcoulls. As a group, they will have even greater negotiating power with all the major mall owners and they have been conducting collective negotiations for all their brands for some time. Pascoes the Jewellers was founded by James Pascoe at Three Lamps in Ponsonby, the company was incorporated in 1937. After the death of James Pascoe in 1966, the business was managed by a trust until Anne, while some growth throughout the North Island took place under the trust, it wasnt until Norman control that the group started expanding into the rest of the country. As of 2013 there are 37 Pascoes the Jewellers stores across New Zealand, offering the countrys largest range of jewellery, Pascoes is JPGs mid-range jeweller in New Zealand. Rivals for Pascoes the Jewellers in New Zealand include Michael Hill Jeweller, Stewart Dawsons began in 1871 as a jewellery manufacturer in Liverpool, England, founded by 22-year-old Scotsman David Stewart Dawson. Dawson opened his first retail outlet Stewart Dawson of Liverpool in 1876, due to his success in Australia, Dawson immigrated to Sydney in 1886 and founded Stewart Dawsons & Co. After opening stores in Sydney, followed by Melbourne, then Auckland in 1885 and Dunedin in 1886, the Wellington store on the corner of Lambton Quay and Willis Street is a New Zealand Historic Places Trust Category II listed building, built for Dawson in 1901. The building is known locally as Stewart Dawsons Corner, after making the company a limited liability company in 1907, Dawson sold it in 1931 to RHO Hills department store
25.
University of Michigan
–
The University of Michigan, frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, in 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres of what is now known as Central Campus, the University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities. Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States, Michigans body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world. Besides academic life, Michigans athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Michigan was established in Detroit on August 26,1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Judge Augustus B. Woodward specifically invited The Rev. John Monteith and Father Gabriel Richard, Monteith became its first President and held seven of the professorships, and Richard was Vice President and held the other six professorships. Concurrently, Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres in the hopes of being selected as the state capital, but when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to Governor Stevens T. Mason, the original 40 acres was the basis of the present Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen, eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans, Women were first admitted in 1870. U-M also became the first American university to use the method of study. Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and he returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed a committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of its standards, U-M gained the nickname Harvard of the West. During World War II, U-Ms research supported military efforts, such as U. S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, as the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy
26.
Hickory Farms
–
Hickory Farms, LLC. is an American specialty foods company based in Toledo, Ohio. The company was established in 1951 when founder Richard Ransom began selling hand cut cheese at local fairs, by 1959, the company added summer sausage and opened their first retail store outside Toledo, Ohio. Today they specialize in food gift boxes and baskets of summer sausage, cheese, fruit, nuts and its owner is Modjule, LLC, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, and its private co-investors. During the holiday season, they operate shopping mall kiosks as well, in 2008, the company redesigned its packaging, logo and retails kiosks. The company also entered into a partnership with Share Our Strength, list of food companies Hickory Farms Hickory Farms Canada
27.
Independent bookstore
–
An independent bookstore is a retail bookstore which is independently owned. Usually, independent stores consist of only an actual store. They may be structured as sole proprietorships, closely held corporations or partnerships, cooperatives, Independent stores can be contrasted with chain bookstores, which have many locations and are owned by large corporations which often have other divisions besides bookselling. Author events at independent bookstores sometimes take the role of literary salons and independents historically supported new authors, since the rise of big chains and online booksellers, independent bookstores have been under considerable financial pressure and many have closed due to their inability to compete. Closures in the United States include Krochs and Brentanos in Chicago, Gotham Book Mart in New York, Codys Books in Berkeley, Keplers Books, Printers Inc. Two documentary films, Indies Under Fire and Paperback Dreams, explore the difficulties faced by U. S. independent bookstores in the new economy, american Booksellers Association Independent Online Booksellers Association
28.
Schuler Books & Music
–
Schuler Books & Music, formerly known as simply Schuler Books, is a small Michigan chain of bookstores. Along with books, DVDs, and music CDs, the stores also sell food, the first store was founded in 1982, by Bill and Cecile Fehsenfeld in Grand Rapids, Michigan, due to their love of books. The original store was located at 2975 28th Street SE, and predominately sold new books and it did not have a cafe though served espresso drinks via a kiosk cart. A much larger store opened in 1995 a few blocks west of the original location, the current flagship store at 2660 28th Street SE introduced The Chapbook Cafe and expanded offerings with music among other items. Schuler Books provides access to print on demand books via the Espresso Book Machine, Schuler has three locations, Meridian Mall in Okemos, Eastwood Towne Center in Lansing, and the flagship, on 28th Street Southeast in Grand Rapids. Two additional locations have been closed, one was opened in downtown Grand Rapids in 2007 and closed in 2013, and a second on Alpine Avenue in Walker opened in 2003 and closed in 2014. In the summer of 2014, the store bought an independent bookstore in Ann Arbor, Michigan, although it is now owned by Schulers, it has kept its original name
29.
Kmart
–
Kmart Corporation is a chain of big box department stores headquartered in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States. The chain purchased Sears for $11 billion in 2005, forming a new corporation under the name Sears Holdings Corporation, the Kmart name was incorporated in 1916 while the first store didnt open its doors until 1962. At its peak in 2000, Kmart operated 2,171 stores including 105 Super Center locations, for the 2005 fiscal year under the new company, the Kmart store count was at 1,416 with only 55 Super Center locations. Currently, the chain is operating 734 stores with only 1 Super Center location remaining and this number will decrease further due to the previously announced closings that will take place in Q12017. It operates stores in 49 states, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands and it also used to operate stores in Canada, Mexico, and Eastern Europe. At the height of Kmarts popularity, the phrase Attention Kmart shoppers. Entered into the American pop psyche, appearing in films and other such as Troop Beverly Hills, Six Days Seven Nights, Rain Man, Beetlejuice, Madea Goes to Jail. Kmarts world headquarters were located in Troy, Michigan, in Metro Detroit, but since the purchase of Sears, it has relocated to Hoffman Estates, Illinois. Kmart also exists in Australia and New Zealand, although it now has no relation to the American stores except in name, in 1912, Kresge incorporated the S. S. Kresge Corporation with eighty-five stores. The company was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange on May 23,1918, during World War I, Kresge experimented with raising the limit on prices in his stores to $1. By 1924, Kresge was worth approximately $375 million and owned real estate of the value of $100 million. Early century growth remained brisk, with 257 stores in 1924 growing to 597 stores operating in 1929, Kresge retired as president in 1925. The Great Depression reduced profitability and resulted in store closings, with the reduced to 682 in 1940. After the war shopping patterns changed and many moved out of the cities into the suburbs. The Kresge company followed them and closed and merged many urban stores so that by 1954 the total number of stores in the US had declined to 616. Under the leadership of executive Harry Cunningham, S. S. Kresge Corp. opened the first Kmart store on March 1,1962, in Garden City, Michigan, just four months before the first Walmart opened. This store is still in operation as a Big Kmart store but will be closed in March 2017, eighteen Kmart stores opened that year. Kmart Foods, a chain of Kmart supermarkets, opened in that decade
30.
Borders (UK)
–
Borders Ltd. aka Borders & Books etc. was established as a Borders Group subsidiary in 1998 and in 2007 became independent of the US company. In 2008 and 2009 the store numbers were reduced before the collapse of the chain and they also operated one single branch in Ireland, but closed this early in 2009. On 26 November 2009 it was announced that Borders had gone into administration, all stores closed on 24 December 2009. A typical Borders shop in the UK contained both a Paperchase stationery and Starbucks cafe concession, in addition, some branches also contained a RED5 gadget concession and GAME video games concession. The logo contained both the Books etc. logo and the Borders logo to reflect the fact that Borders UK operated two different brands, in September 2007, Borders Ltd. was acquired by Luke Johnsons London-based private equity investor Risk Capital Partners in a deal purportedly worth £20 million. Under the deal, Borders would receive an equity interest of about 17% in Bookshop Acquisitions, in January 2008, David Roche stepped down as C. E. O. of Borders and was replaced by the chains former managing director, Philip Downer. Upon his appointment, Downer called for a review of the entire company although he made it clear there were no immediate plans to further change the structure of the business. In July 2008, Borders launched an e-commerce website, in a bid to try to take back a share of internet sales of books, the beta testing of their new transactional website commenced, due for full completion before the end of the month. Borders sold eight London Books Etc shops to competitor Waterstones in August 2008 for an undisclosed sum, five Borders shops in Oxford Street, Llantrisant, Blanchardstown, Swindon and London Colney were closed in July 2009 and replaced by New Look. After July 2009, Borders was owned by Valco Capital Partners, part of Hilco, who specialise in distressed retailers. At the end of September 2009, it was announced that the majority of the remaining Books Etc. the company announced in November 2009 that it was looking for a buyer for the business following concerns that it would run out of money. The following day the Borders website stopped taking orders for books, on 26 November 2009, Reuters announced that Borders UK had entered administration, after reportedly having difficulties raising enough cash to trade through the key Christmas period. This article was withdrawn, and replaced with a corrected item reporting that the company was mulling administration. Later that day, Borders Ltd officially went into administration, initially the intention was to appoint BDO as administrators, but it developed that a conflict of interest existed. Instead, MCR were appointed by Borders owners—Valco Capital Partners, part of Hilco—as administrators, the BBC adds that MCR hired specialist liquidators Hilco to advise. A parallel strategy was applied of seeking a buyer for the chain as a going interest, on the evening of 27 November 2009, it was announced that a closing down sale would commence in all stores on the following day. During the sales, sale stock included Denby China, a separate concern bought out by Valco Capital Partners earlier in 2009, MCR, the administrators for the chain, stated an intention of seeking a buyer. However, it is reported that an attempt by Richard Joseph, co-founder of the Books Etc. chain
31.
Borders (Asia Pacific)
–
It had stores internationally in New Zealand and Australia. Like its U. S. parent, it sold books, CDs, DVDs, all of the stores also had Gloria Jeans Coffee shop concessions in them. The second outlet in Singapore was opened at Parkway Parade in 2007, to pay off debt, Borders Group sold all of its Australian, New Zealand and Singaporean stores to Pacific Equity Partners in 2008. A new company called REDgroup Retail was formed, after this transaction, the Borders stores in the USA, the UK and the Asia/Pacific region were owned by three wholly independent entities. In late July 2012, Pearson Australia Group had decided to re-brand the former Borders Web site as Bookworld, chief Executive James Webber had told The Australian The Borders brand had lost its former sheen. We just believe the Borders brand has had its day, there are no stores left and globally its been in demise so we believe theres an opportunity to revitalise and move it forward. All of its customer base was migrated over to the new Bookworld Web site. On 17 February 2011, REDgroup Retail were placed into administration with Ferrier Hodgson appointed as administrators. The immediate aftermath of the announcement saw the closure of 48 Angus & Robertson stores, the day after the announcement, customers of the surviving stores were informed that gift vouchers could only be redeemed if they also spent an equivalent amount in cash. After 3 April, unused vouchers became void, on 6 April, RedGroup Retail announced that 16 of the 25 remaining Borders stores in Australia were to close within two months. The handling of the administration prompted 25 franchised Angus & Robertson stores to sever ties with RedGroup, on 2 June 2011, the administrator announced the closure of the remaining nine Borders stores, as no buyer could be found. All stores in Australia were closed by July 2011, the flagship Borders store at Wheelock Place in Singapore was suddenly closed on 16 August 2011, and was forced to clear out by 23 August 2011. Vouchers and gift cards from Borders Singapore bookstore were no longer accepted, after hearing that the Borders store at Wheelock Place is shutting down, some people tried to use their vouchers on Saturday at its other outlet at Parkway Parade. But they were not allowed to do so, the books were cleared at a sale held at Singapore Expo Hall 4B, from 10am to 10pm, from 2 September 2011 to 6 September 2011. On the last hours of its business in Singapore, shelves, signs, baskets, in total Borders had 33 stores located across Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. All have now closed due to the demise of the parent company REDgroup Retail, REDgroup Retail Borders Australia - Website
32.
Wheelock Place
–
Wheelock Place, is a 21-floor office tower and shopping mall on Singapores Orchard Road. The building was designed by Kisho Kurokawa and completed in 1994 as Lane Crawford Place and it is now owned by Wheelock Properties, a division of Hong Kongs The Wharf. The mall has an underpass to Shaw House and ION Orchard and it was the site of Borders flagship Singapore store until its closure in 2011. List of shopping malls in Singapore Official website
33.
Orchard Road
–
Orchard Road, a 2.2 kilometre-long boulevard, is the retail and entertainment hub of Singapore. Often known colloquially as Orchard, the area is a major tourist attraction and it is also known as Tang Leng Pa Sat Koi and Vaira Kimadam by the Singaporean Chinese and Singaporean Tamils respectively. The Orchard Planning Area is an area as specified by the Urban Redevelopment Authority. It is part of the Central Area located within the Central Region, Orchard is bordered by Newton in the east and north, Tanglin in the west, River Valley in the south and Museum to the southeast. Orchard Road underwent a $40 million revamp in 2009, with the addition of new street lamps, planter boxes, urban green rooms, street tiling and flower totem poles, which have since been removed. Orchard Road got its name from the nutmeg, pepper and fruit orchards or the plantations that the road led to. Such plantations were common in the area in the 19th century, other sources attribute the name to Mr Orchard, a gardener and the owner of plantations which were located at the corner of present-day Scotts Road and Orchard Road. The Orchard Road area was known to Chinese Singaporeans as Tang Leng Pa Sat Koi or Tanglin Market Street. The Tamil people in Singapore gave the area the name Vaira Kimadam or Fakirs Place and they also called the area Muttu Than, in a reference to the areas hilly terrain. After more than a century as a thoroughfare, Orchard Road became a one-way street in 1974. The ever-lively street starts at the junction with Orange Grove Road which is the location of the Orchard Hotel and it has an extensive underground infrastructure, including underground pedestrian walkways between the malls running underneath the street and other streets in the vicinity. The numbers begin at Handy Road and end at Orange Grove Road, Orchard Road was already cut in the 1830s, though the new road was not named in George Colemans 1836 Map of Singapore. In the 1830s the Orchard Road area was the scene of gambier and pepper plantations, later, nutmeg plantations and fruit orchards predominated, hence its name. By 1846, the spread of houses had reached up to Tank Road, there were none on the left side and only three or four houses went past Tank Road on the right side of Orchard Road. One major sight during this period was a Dr Jun tending his garden and he had a garden and plantation at the corner of what is now Scotts Road and Orchard Road. Towards the later part of the 1840s, graveyards began to appear along the road, later a Jewish cemetery was established, it was located where Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station is now and was demolished in 1984. In the 1860s, Orchard Road had a number of private houses. Early in the 1890s, King Chulalongkorn, the then King of Siam, acquired Hurricane House in the vicinity of Orchard Road through Tan Kim Ching, the Thai Consul in Singapore
34.
Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection
–
Chapter 11 is a chapter of Title 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, which permits reorganization under the bankruptcy laws of the United States. In contrast, Chapter 7 governs the process of a liquidation bankruptcy, when a business is unable to service its debt or pay its creditors, the business or its creditors can file with a federal bankruptcy court for protection under either Chapter 7 or Chapter 11. In Chapter 7, the business operations, a trustee sells all of its assets. Any residual amount is returned to the owners of the company, in Chapter 11, in most instances the debtor remains in control of its business operations as a debtor in possession, and is subject to the oversight and jurisdiction of the court. Chapter 11 retains many of the present in all, or most. It provides additional tools for debtors as well, most importantly,11 U. S. C. §1108 empowers the trustee to operate the debtors business. In Chapter 11, unless a separate trustee is appointed for cause, Chapter 11 affords the debtor in possession a number of mechanisms to restructure its business. A debtor in possession can acquire financing and loans on favorable terms by giving new lenders first priority on the businesss earnings, the court may also permit the debtor in possession to reject and cancel contracts. Debtors are also protected from other litigation against the business through the imposition of an automatic stay, an example of proceedings that are not necessarily stayed automatically are family law proceedings against a spouse or parent. Further, creditors may file with the court seeking relief from the automatic stay, all creditors are entitled to be heard by the court. The court is responsible for determining whether the proposed plan of reorganization complies with the bankruptcy law. Chapter 11 usually results in reorganization of the business or personal assets and debts. Debtors may emerge from a chapter 11 bankruptcy within a few months or within several years, depending on the size, the Bankruptcy Code accomplishes this objective through the use of a bankruptcy plan. The debtor in possession typically has the first opportunity to propose a plan during the period of exclusivity and this period allows the debtor 120 days from the date of filing for chapter 11, to propose a plan of reorganization before any other party in interest may propose a plan. With some exceptions, the plan may be proposed by any party in interest, interested creditors then vote for a plan. If the judge approves the plan and if the creditors all agree the plan can be confirmed. If at least one class of creditors votes against the plan and thus objects, in order to be confirmed over their objection the plan must not discriminate against that class of creditors, and the plan must be found fair and equitable to that class. Upon its confirmation, the plan becomes binding and identifies the treatment of debts, if the case is dismissed, creditors will look to non-bankruptcy law in order to satisfy their claims
35.
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
–
Chapel Hill is a city in Orange County, North Carolina, and the home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and UNC Health Care. The population was 57,233 at the 2010 census, Chapel Hill is the 15th-largest city in North Carolina. Chapel Hill, Durham, and Raleigh make up the three corners of the Research Triangle, so named in 1959 with the creation of Research Triangle Park, a research park between Durham and Raleigh. Chapel Hill is one of the cities of the Durham-Chapel Hill MSA. Chapel Hill sits atop a hill which was occupied by a small Anglican chapel of ease, built in 1752. The Carolina Inn now occupies the site of the original chapel, in 1819, the town was founded to serve the University of North Carolina and grew up around it. The town was chartered in 1851, and its main street, in 1968, only a year after its schools became fully integrated, Chapel Hill became the first predominantly white municipality in the South to elect an African American mayor, Howard Lee. Lee served from 1969 until 1975 and, among other things, helped establish Chapel Hill Transit, several hybrid and articulated buses have been added recently. All buses carry GPS transmitters to report their location in time to a tracking web site. Buses can transport bicycles and have wheelchair lifts, in 1993, the town celebrated its bicentennial, which resulted in the establishment of the Chapel Hill Museum. On February 10,2015, three students were killed in their home, Finley Forest Condominiums, next to the Friday Center for Continuing Education. Their next-door neighbor, Craig Stephen Hicks, was arrested by police, Chapel Hill is located in the southeast corner of Orange County. It is bounded on the west by the town of Carrboro, however, most of Chapel Hills borders are adjacent to unincorporated portions of Orange and Durham Counties rather than shared with another municipality. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 21.3 square miles. Durham, North Carolina, is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill MSA, the US Office of Management and Budget also includes Chapel Hill as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Cary Combined Statistical Area, which has a population of 1,749,525 as of Census 2010. According to the 2010 U. S. Census,57,233 people in 20,564 households resided in Chapel Hill, the population density was 2,687 people per square mile. The racial composition of the town was 72. 8% White,9. 7% African American,0. 3% Native American,11. 9% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,2. 7% some other race, and 2. 7% of two or more races. About 6. 4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race, about 30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
36.
Berjaya Corporation
–
The Berjaya Corporation Berhad is a Malaysia-based corporation which controls a wide array of businesses, including resorts, gambling, f&b and property. The shareholding change also resulted in a change in the business, direction. In 1988, following a restructuring, Berjaya Group Berhad became the holding company of Reka Pacific Berhad. Inter-Pacific Industrial Group Berhad was founded in 1967 as a manufacturer of bicycles, in 1969, the organisation gained official listing on Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad. On 26 May 2010, the Berjaya Group Berhad was added to the Morgan Stanley Capital International Malaysia Index, on 23 February 2012, the companys chairman, Vincent Tan, decided to step down from his position, passing it to his son, Robin Tan. Some of the include, Vincent Tan Berjaya Times Square Berjaya University College of Hospitality Berjaya Air Berjaya Hills Resort
37.
Kuala Lumpur
–
Kuala Lumpur, officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, or more commonly called KL is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city. Being rated as an Alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the global city in Malaysia which covers an area of 243 km2 and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017. It is among the fastest growing regions in South-East Asia, in terms of population. Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, the city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remain in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is situated in Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur is one of three Federal Territories of Malaysia, enclaved within the state of Selangor, on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Since the 1990s, the city has played host to international sporting, political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games. Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades and it is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers, which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysias futuristic development. Kuala Lumpur means muddy confluence, kuala is the point where two rivers join together or an estuary, and lumpur means mud. One suggestion is that it was named after Sungai Lumpur, it was recorded in 1824 that Sungei Lumpoor was the most important tin-producing settlement up the Klang River. It has also proposed that Kuala Lumpur was originally named Pengkalan Lumpur in the same way that Klang was once called Pengkalan Batu. Another suggestion is that it was initially a Cantonese word lam-pa meaning flooded jungle or decayed jungle, there is however no firm contemporary evidence for these suggestions other than anecdotes. It is also possible that the name is a form of an earlier. It is unknown who founded or named the settlement called Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur was originally a small hamlet of just a few houses and shops at the confluence of Sungai Gombak and Sungai Klang before it grew into a town. The miners landed at Kuala Lumpur and continued their journey on foot to Ampang where the first mine was opened
38.
Berjaya Times Square
–
Berjaya Times Square is a 48-storey,203 m twin tower, hotel, condominium, indoor amusement park and shopping centre complex in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was opened in October 2003 by the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato Sri Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad. The development is currently the ninth largest building in the world and has also been tagged as the worlds largest building built in a single phase. In April 2005, Borders Group opened its first franchise store here which was the largest Borders store in the world at the time, however, due to the 2010 economic downturn it has since been downsized into a smaller operation called Borders Express. In 2016, this Borders Express store was closed, the Kuala Lumpur Monorails Imbi station is linked to the building by a footbridge. Originally, the land belonged to the millionaire and philanthropist Cheong Yoke Choy before World War II and his bungalow stood there until the entire parcel of land was purchased by Berjaya Group Tan Sri Vincent Tan for the development of the current Berjaya Times Square Kuala Lumpur
