1.
Youth detention center
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Juveniles go through a separate court system, the juvenile court, which sentences or commits juveniles to a certain program or facility. Once processed in the court system there are many different pathways for juveniles. If a juvenile is sent by the courts to a detention center there are two types of facilities, secure detention and secure confinement. Secure detention means that juveniles are held for usually short periods of time in facilities in order to await current trial hearings, by holding juveniles in secure detention, it ensures appearance in court while also keeping the community safe and risk-free of the juvenile. This type of facility is called a juvenile hall, which is a holding center for juvenile delinquents. Juvenile detention is not intended to be punitive, rather, juveniles held in secure custody usually receive care consistent with the doctrine of parens patriae, i. e. the state as parent. Generally speaking, secure detention is reserved for juveniles considered to be a threat to safety or the court process, though in many cases. The reason for the variety in placement options of juveniles is that there does not currently exist a uniform definition of residential treatment programs. As a result, this creates a lack of uniformity across states, many services are supposed to be provided to the youth at both detention centers and confinement facilities. Services vary from facility to facility, but in general the programs, at the core, juvenile facilities function as rehabilitative institutions for youth. Education is seen by many as the primary rehabilitative service that must be provided to detained youth, despite state and federal requirements, there are many problems with the educational systems in juvenile detention centers. Some facilities do not have designated classrooms, libraries, or even books, and the teachers are poorly trained. There is a long-standing connection found in research between youth who commit crimes and mental health concerns, there has been found to be a surprisingly high population of juveniles who present serious mental health illness within juvenile facilities. Being that juvenile detention facilities operate on the foundation of rehabilitating the youth and it is the expectation that juvenile detention centers and juvenile institutions provide mental health services to their residents. The incarcerated youth population requires careful and structured intervention, which must be provided by the facilities, many different mental health treatment strategies exist for juveniles. It is the responsibility of management to decide what type of intervention strategy works best for each youth in his or her mental health treatment plan. Mental health services that can be provided to the include, individual counseling, group counseling, crisis counseling, family intervention, medication management. Education is seen by many as the cornerstone of youth rehabilitation, many landmark court cases, such as the 1981 case of Green v. Johnson, have given way to juveniles receiving their educational rights while incarcerated
2.
Commonwealth of Nations
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The Commonwealth of Nations, also known as simply the Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire. The Commonwealth dates back to the century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which established the states as free. The symbol of free association is Queen Elizabeth II who is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is also the monarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth, the other Commonwealth members have different heads of state,31 members are republics and five are monarchies with a different monarch. Member states have no obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, culture and their values of democracy, free speech, human rights. These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games, the Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km2, 20% of the worlds land area, and spans all six inhabited continents. She declared, So, it marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations. As long ago as 1884, however, Lord Rosebery, while visiting Australia, had described the changing British Empire—as some of its colonies became more independent—as a Commonwealth of Nations. Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from the first one in 1887, the Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. Newfoundland never did, as on 16 February 1934, with the consent of its parliament, Newfoundland later joined Canada as its 10th province in 1949. Australia and New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1942 and 1947 respectively, after World War II ended, the British Empire was gradually dismantled. Most of its components have become independent countries, whether Commonwealth realms or republics, there remain the 14 British overseas territories still held by the United Kingdom. In April 1949, following the London Declaration, the word British was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature, burma and Aden are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence. Hoped for success was reinforced by such achievements as climbing Mount Everest in 1953, breaking the four minute mile in 1954, however, the humiliation of the Suez Crisis of 1956 badly hurt morale of Britain and the Commonwealth as a whole. More broadly, there was the loss of a role of the British Empire. That role was no longer militarily or financially feasible, as Britains withdrawal from Greece in 1947 painfully demonstrated, Britain itself was now just one part of the NATO military alliance in which the Commonwealth had no role apart from Canada
3.
Her Majesty's Prison Service
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Her Majestys Prison Service is a part of the National Offender Management Service of Her Majestys Government tasked with managing most of the prisons within England and Wales. The CEO of the National Offender Management Service, currently Michael Spurr, is the administrator of the prison service, the CEO reports to the Secretary of State for Justice and also works closely with the Prisons Minister, a junior ministerial post within the Ministry of Justice. It has its office in Clive House. It formerly had its office in Cleland House in the City of Westminster. The British Overseas Territory of Bermudas HM Prison Service was a separate organisation, in 2004, the Prison Service was responsible for 130 prisons and employed around 44,000 staff. As of 2009 the number of prisons had increased to 131, the Services statement of purpose states Her Majestys Prison Service serves the public by keeping in custody those committed by the courts. Our duty is to look after them with humanity and help them lead law-abiding and useful lives in custody, the Ministry of Justices objective for prisons seeks Effective execution of the sentences of the courts so as to reduce re-offending and protect the public. Population statistics for the Service are published weekly, statistics available for 24 June 2016 showed the service housed 85,130 prisoners,81,274 males and 3,856 females. The over 60s are the fastest growing age category and Professor David Wilson, early in 2004, it was announced that the Prison Service would be integrated into a new National Offender Management Service later in the year. As of 2008, rationalisation of the management system is underway with the advent of the Titan Prison concept. Six new reform prisons are to be built with prison governors in charge of operation, Penal charities claimed reforms would fail if prisoners were crammed into filthy institutions with no staff. In 2015 the Justice Select Committee, following a long prison inquiry, were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012. The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons. Prison officer numbers had reduced from about 23,000 in 2012, already reduced from about 25,000 in 2010. The government had announced an intention of recruiting 2,500 extra prison officers by the end of 2018. Prisons are overcrowded and understaffed leading to riots, prison escapes and it is suggested that alternative punishments should be found for less serious offenders. Also mental health issues of prisoners are not addressed. Prison assaults have been increasing year on year reaching 22,195 from March 2015 to March 2016, assaults by prisoners on staff are rising with just under 700 causing serious injury
4.
Juvenile delinquency
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Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors. Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as detention centers. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically below 18 years of age, depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for people under 18 to be charged and treated as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses, to property crimes, however, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior. This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, repeated and/or violent offending is likely to lead to later and more violent offenses. When this happens, the offender often displayed antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence, according to the developmental research of Moffitt, there are two different types of offenders that emerge in adolescence. Juvenile delinquency occurrences by males are largely disproportionate to the rate of occurrences by females and this great gap between the crimes reinforce the connotations of traditional masculinity to be the center of violence, aggression, and competition. This is largely based on the notion that as males, it is their duty to take what they feel they deserve through these means to define themselves and play the role of provider and independent figure. Because aggression is not a characteristic, it has caused more commotion when females perform crimes that are often attributed to males. The acts of delinquency begin with the expectations of their perceived roles through the direction of adults of both genders. Sandra Lee Bartky expresses these claims thoroughly in her work Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power by examining close observation of diction, action, and decorum. Boys learn to take as much space as possible when sitting, dress appropriately to stand out, thus, delinquent behavior is expressed as an outlet especially to those of lower socioeconomic backgrounds that cannot gain precedence through conventional means. Gender role for females is to become more unnoticeable, a follower that does not need to stand out, because of their condition to be more docile and dependent, the instinctive need to gain precedence is not as highly valued. Even respect comes in the form of different terms, as it is through how appropriately she conducts herself that seems innocent and this is also influenced by fellow peers such as mothers and other female figures apart from the authoritative male figure. In this instance, there is no need to urge to commit delinquency as the female is expected to rely on the male for his role as provider. It is through the act of needing to become dependent that enforces the feminine characteristics to seem as an alternative to delinquency, in fact, it has been largely stated that while masculinity induces such violent behavior, femininity is seen as the antithesis to delinquency. The answers were predominantly that males were to provide through aggressive terms, while females should be the more docile, the bipolarity assumption suggests that masculinity and femininity are opposites, and the assumption of unidimensionality implies that gender differences form a single scale. Interestingly, the impact of feminism has because the formation of a new trend as female delinquency has gone up
5.
Approved School
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It is similar to a reform school in the United States. They were modelled on ordinary boarding schools, from which it was easy to abscond. This set them apart from borstals, a tougher and more enclosed kind of youth prison, the term came into general use in 1933 when Approved Schools were created out of the earlier industrial and earlier reformatory schools. Approved Schools were mostly run by voluntary bodies, under the supervision of the Home Office or the Scottish Education Department. The Home Office maintained a team of inspectors who visited each institution from time to time, in Scotland the Education Department made the appropriate arrangements for inspection and administration. Offenders sent to approved schools, as well as receiving academic tuition, were assigned to groups for such activities as building and bricklaying, metalwork, carpentry. In particular, boys who absconded were usually given a maximum caning immediately on being returned to the school, in Scotland after 1961 only Heads of Schools were allowed to apply corporal punishment, using a strap. Each incident had to be recorded in the Schools Punishment Book designating the offence and this would then be counter-signed by school medical officers during their weekly visit. Increases in the frequency of Home Leave and the introduction of a range of privileges offered scope for regimes without corporal punishment. Approved schools were split into three age groups, Junior, Intermediate and Senior, most were for boys, there was a small number of separate approved schools for girls. The term approved school officially ceased to exist in the UK in the early 1970s, st Christophers Approved School, Hayes, Middlesex, photos and info
6.
Minor (law)
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In law, a minor is a person under a certain age—usually the age of majority—which legally demarcates childhood from adulthood. The age of majority depends upon jurisdiction and application, but is generally 18, minor may also be used in contexts unconnected to the overall age of majority. For example, the age in the United States is usually 21. These age limits are different from the age of majority. The concept of minor is not sharply defined in most jurisdictions, in many countries, including Australia, India, Philippines, Brazil, Croatia, and Colombia, a minor is defined as a person under the age of 18. In Japan, Taiwan and Thailand, a minor is a person under 20 years of age, for all provincial laws, the provincial and territorial governments have the power to set the age of majority in their respective province or territory, and the age varies across Canada. In Saskatchewan, the legal gaming age and the drinking age are both 19. For Federal Law, the age of majority is 18, in Italy, law nr.39 of March 8,1975, states that a minor is a person under the age of 18. Citizens under the age of 18 may not vote, be elected, crimes committed in Italy by minors are tried in a juvenile court. In all 31 states, a minor is referred to as someone under the age of 18, minors aged 16 or 17 who are charged with crimes could sometimes be treated as an adult. A minor is restricted from doing juristic acts—for example, sign contracts, when a minor wishes to do a juristic act, he has to obtain the consent from his legal representative, usually the parents and otherwise the act is voidable. A minor can make a will at the age of fifteen, in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland a minor is a person under the age of 18, in Scotland, under the age of 16. The age of responsibility in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland is 10, and 12 in Scotland, formerly 8. In England and Wales, cases of breaking the law are often dealt with by the Youth Offending Team. If they are incarcerated, they are sent to a Young Offender Institution, driving certain large vehicles, acting as personal license holder for licensed premises, and adopting a child are only permitted after the age of 21. The minimum age to drive a HGV1 vehicle was reduced to 18, however, certain vehicles, e. g. steamrollers, require that someone be 21 years of age to obtain an operating license. In the United States as of 1995, minor is generally defined as a person under the age of 18. Although in the context of alcohol or gambling laws, people under the age of 21 may also sometimes be referred to as minors, however, not all minors are considered juveniles in terms of criminal responsibility
7.
Evelyn Ruggles-Brise
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Sir Evelyn John Ruggles-Brise, KCB was a British prison administrator and reformer, and founder of the Borstal system. Ruggles-Brise was born in Finchingfield in Essex, the son of Sir Samuel Brise Ruggles-Brise and his wife. He had three brothers and seven sisters and his family have deep roots in Essex, having been based at Spains Hall in Finchingfield since the house was bought by Samuel Ruggles, a clothier, in 1760. His father was Conservative MP for East Essex from 1868 to 1884, another relation, Sir Edward Ruggles-Brise, 1st Baronet, was MP for Maldon from 1922 to his death in 1942, and became a baronet in George Vs Silver Jubilee honours list in 1935. Ruggles-Brise was educated at home and at a school near Hitchin. His older brother, Archie, was already an Oppidan, and he read Mods and Greats at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating with a first in 1880. He also played in the cricket team. Ruggles-Brise came sixth in the civil service exam, and became a clerk in the Home Office in 1880 and he was Principal Private Secretary to four Home Secretaries, William Harcourt, Richard Cross, Hugh Childers, and Henry Matthews. The latter appointed him as a Commissioner of Prisons for England, the long-serving incumbent chairman of the Prison Commission, Sir Edmund du Cane, was criticised by Gladstone Committee in 1895, and resigned. H. H. Asquith appointed Ruggles-Brise in his place, and his main task was implementing the report of the Gladstone Committee, to combine reform with deterrence, and to separate youths from older men in adult prisons. Reform was undertaken under the Prison Act 1898, and physical punishments such as the treadwheel and he travelled to the US in 1897 to study the American reformatory system, visiting Zebulon Brockways Elmira Reformatory. On his return, he formed a facility for young offenders at Bedford prison, the experiment became widespread under the Prevention of Crime Act 1908. He became a CB in 1899 and was advanced to KCB in 1902 and he wrote The English Prison System, published in 1921, and Prison Reform at Home and Abroad, published in 1924. A confirmed bachelor for years, he married Jessica Philippa Stonor, widow of Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys. She died on 29 November 1928 and he remarried on 6 June 1933, to Sheelah Maud Emily Reade, daughter of Captain the Hon. Francis Algernon James Chichester, and widow of Essex Edgeworth Reade. He died of cancer in Peaslake in Surrey, survived by his second wife
8.
HM Prison Rochester
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HM Prison Rochester is a male Young Offenders Institution, located in the Borstal area of Rochester in Kent, England. The prison is operated by Her Majestys Prison Service, and is located next to HMP Cookham Wood, HMP Rochester was founded in 1870 as Borstal Prison, which was a large convict prison. Borstal Prison was then an experimental juvenile prison of the reformatory type set up in 1902, because it was the first detention centre of its kind in the UK, the word Borstal became synonymous with other detention centres for youths across the country, and elsewhere. The institution remained as a Borstal school until 1983, when it was converted into a Youth Custody Centre, in 1988, the prison changed its role to operate as a remand centre for the Kent courts and sentenced category C and D adult males. Rochester then became a mixed site prison for immigration detainees and a resettlement unit for male prisoners. The prison also operated as a remand and allocation centre for males under the age of 21, in January 2002, Rochester re-rolled to a prison solely for sentenced young men up to the age of 21. In March 2003, Rochester Prison was criticised by its own Board of Visitors, the Board stated that there were few useful employment or educational opportunities for inmates, and so therefore they had few chances to gain qualifications or work experience. In August 2006, a report from Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons declared that Rochester Prison was improving. Inspectors found that HMP Rochester was generally safe, and had good staff-prisoner relations, however the prison was called on to do more to provide work for inmates, and to do more to combat bullying. In March 2007, it was announced that the capacity of Rochester Prison was to be doubled to 700 and this drew severe opposition from local residents. Construction had briefly begun in March 2007, but was on hold pending permission from Medway council and this was granted, and in September 2008 a further four accommodation units were constructed at the site. Rochester holds convicted sentenced adults, serving less than 4 years, accommodation at the prison comprises a mixture of single and double accommodation cells. The prison offers offending behaviour courses, education, drug rehabilitation, NVQ based work placements, weekend and evening association with access to gym, various Chapel based courses are also available to inmates. Ministry of Justice pages on Rochester
9.
Borstal, Rochester
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Borstal is a place in the unitary authority of Medway in South East England. Originally a village near Rochester, it has become absorbed by the expansion of Rochester, the youth prison at Borstal gave its name to the Borstal reform school system. Its name came from Anglo-Saxon burg-steall fort site or place of refuge, the hill is now the home to Fort Borstal. However, local resident Donald Maxwell argued that a borstal was a track up a chalk hill, the village is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Borchetelle, and then consisted of a 50-acre meadow, six households and two watermills. By 1769 this riverside farm was called Bostle, and probably had been joined by an inn called the White Horse on the valley road above. In about 1830 Borstal House was built near the farm, and at the time of the 1840s Tithe Map the settlement was just a hamlet of a few cottages, mostly owned by local woman Mary Tuff. She sold her nearby lime-works in 1853, which was developed into a cement factory owned from 1864 by London solicitor Samuel Barker Booth and its success led to the hamlets growth into a village of terraced houses with two new pubs, shops and a workmens institute. A second cement factory, called Borstal Manor, opened in 1898 near the original Domesday settlement, both works closed in 1900, but continued to produce cement intermittently until about 1920. The village went into a decline when its factories closed, but underwent a resurgence of new house-building in the 1930s, Borstal House, by then renamed Borstal Manor, was demolished in about 1960. The western end of the Domesday meadow is now crossed by the M2 motorway, the rest of it has been built on. The parish church, built in 1879, is dedicated to St Matthew and it was built on land donated by Mary Tuffs son Thomas, who also dedicated a window in the church to Saints Matthew and Margaret. Another window is dedicated to Marian Tuff, the wife of Rochester MP Charles Tuff Jnr, the noted artist Donald Maxwell lived at No.3 Borstal Villas from 1908 to 1930. Fort Borstal was built as an afterthought from the 1859 Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, Fort Borstal is of polygonal design and was never originally armed. An anti-aircraft battery was based there in the Second World War and it is now in private ownership. On the edge of Borstal are Rochester and Cookham Wood prisons, Rochester was originally known as Borstal Prison and was founded in 1870. Borstal Prison was once an experimental juvenile prison of the reformatory type set up in 1902, because it was the first detention centre of its kind in the United Kingdom, the word Borstal became synonymous with other detention centres for youths across the country, and elsewhere. In view of that connotation, the prison was renamed Rochester Young Offenders Institution, HM Prison Cookham Wood was added to the site later, in 1978. John K. Austin, The Medway Shore as It Was, Burham to Borstal, Rainmore Books, ISBN 0-9553903-2-X Winifred F
10.
Rochester, Kent
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Rochester is a town and historic city in the unitary authority of Medway in Kent, England. It is situated at the lowest bridging point of the River Medway about 30 miles from London, Rochester was for many years a favourite of Charles Dickens, who owned nearby Gads Hill Place, Higham, basing many of his novels on the area. Rochester and its neighbours, Chatham and Gillingham, Strood and a number of outlying villages form a large urban area known as the Medway Towns with a population of about 250,000. These places nowadays make up the Medway Unitary Authority area and it was, until 1998, under the control of Kent County Council and is still part of the ceremonial county of Kent, under the latest Lieutenancies Act. The Romano-British name for Rochester was Durobrivae, later Durobrivis c.730, the two commonly cited origins of this name are that it either came from stronghold by the bridge, or is the latinisation of the British word Dourbruf meaning swiftstream. In later times, the word cæster was added to the name, bede mentions the city in ca.730 and calls it Hrofes cæster, mistaking its meaning as Hrofis fortified camp. From this we get c.730 Hrofæscæstre,811 Hrofescester,1086 Rovescester,1610 Rochester, the Latinised adjective Roffensis refers to Rochester. Neolithic remains have been found in the vicinity of Rochester, over time it has been occupied by Celts, Romans. During the Celtic period it was one of the two centres of the Cantiaci tribe. During the Roman conquest of Britain a decisive battle was fought at the Medway somewhere near Rochester, the first bridge was subsequently constructed early in the Roman period. During the later Roman period the settlement was walled in stone, King Ethelbert of Kent established a legal system which has been preserved in the 12th century Textus Roffensis. In AD604 the bishopric and cathedral were founded, during this period, from the recall of the legions until the Norman conquest, Rochester was sacked at least twice and besieged on another occasion. The medieval period saw the building of the current cathedral, the building of two castles and the establishment of a significant town, Rochester Castle saw action in the sieges of 1215 and 1264. Its basic street plan was set out, constrained by the river, Watling Street, Rochester Priory, the city was raided by the Dutch as part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch, commanded by Admiral de Ruijter, broke through the chain at Upnor and sailed to Rochester Bridge capturing part of the English fleet, Rochester has for centuries been of great strategic importance through its position near the confluence of the Thames and the Medway. Rochester Castle was built to guard the crossing, and the Royal Dockyards establishment at Chatham witnessed the beginning of the Royal Navys long period of supremacy. The town, as part of Medway, is surrounded by two circles of fortresses, the line built during the Napoleonic wars consists of Fort Clarence, Fort Pitt, Fort Amherst. During the Second World War, Shorts also designed and manufactured the first four-engined bomber, Rochester and its neighbouring communities were hit hard by this and have experienced a painful adjustment to a post-industrial economy, with much social deprivation and unemployment resulting
11.
Psychopath
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Different conceptions of psychopathy have been used throughout history. These conceptions are only partly overlapping and may sometimes be contradictory, the creation of ASPD and DPD was driven by the fact that many of the classic traits of psychopathy were impossible to measure objectively. Canadian psychologist Robert D. Hare later repopularized the construct of psychopathy in criminology with his Psychopathy Checklist, the study of psychopathy is an active field of research, and the term is also used by the general public, in popular press, and in fictional portrayals. While the term is employed in common usage along with the related but distinct crazy, insane and mentally ill. There are multiple conceptualizations of psychopathy, including Cleckleyan psychopathy and criminal psychopathy, the latter conceptualization is typically used as the modern clinical concept and assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist. The label psychopath may have implications and stigma related to decisions about punishment severity for criminal acts, medical treatment, civil commitments, efforts have therefore been made to clarify the meaning of the term. Yet another conceptualization, the model, suggests that other conceptualizations of psychopathy emphasize three observable characteristics to varying degrees. Analyses have been made with respect to the applicability of measurement tools such as the Psychopathy Checklist, low fear including stress-tolerance, toleration of unfamiliarity and danger, and high self-confidence and social assertiveness. The PCL-R measures this relatively poorly and mainly through Facet 1 of Factor 1, may correspond to differences in the amygdala and other neurological systems associated with fear. Psychopaths tend to have reduced fear, poor impulse control including problems with planning and foresight, lacking affect and urge control, demand for immediate gratification, and poor behavioral restraints. Similar to PCL-R Factor 2 and PPI Impulsive antisociality, may correspond to impairments in frontal lobe systems that are involved in such control. The PCL-R in general is related to this but in some elements in Factor 1. Similar to PPI Coldheartedness but also elements of subscales in Impulsive antisociality. An early and influential analysis from Harris and colleagues indicated a discrete category may underlie PCL-R psychopathy and they again found that the psychopathy measurements do not appear to be identifying a discrete type. There are different views as to which personality dimensions are more central in regard to psychopathy, besides dimensions described elsewhere in this article, studies have linked psychopathy to alternative dimensions such as antagonism, conscientiousness and anxiousness. Psychopathy has also linked to high psychoticism—a theorized dimension referring to tough. Aspects of this that appear associated with psychopathy are lack of socialization and responsibility, impulsivity, sensation-seeking, however, narcissism is generally seen as only one possible aspect of psychopathy as broadly defined. The dark tetrad refers to these traits with the addition of sadism, Psychopathy is a personality disorder which has symptoms expressed over a wide range of settings
12.
Northern Ireland
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Northern Ireland is a constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the north-east of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or part of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the total population. Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by an act of the British parliament, Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland. After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles, its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17. 2% in 1986, dropping to 6. 1% for June–August 2014,58. 2% of those unemployed had been unemployed for over a year. Prominent artists and sports persons from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison, Rory McIlroy, Joey Dunlop, Wayne McCullough, some people from Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish while others prefer to identify as British. Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, in many sports, the island of Ireland fields a single team, a notable exception being association football. Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games. The region that is now Northern Ireland was the bedrock of the Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism in the late 16th century, the English-controlled Kingdom of Ireland had been declared by the English king Henry VIII in 1542, but Irish resistance made English control fragmentary. Victories by English forces in war and further Protestant victories in the Williamite War in Ireland toward the close of the 17th century solidified Anglican rule in Ireland. In Northern Ireland, the victories of the Siege of Derry and their intention was to materially disadvantage the Catholic community and, to a lesser extent, the Presbyterian community. In the context of open institutional discrimination, the 18th century saw secret, militant societies develop in communities in the region and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks. Following this, in an attempt to quell sectarianism and force the removal of discriminatory laws, the new state, formed in 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was governed from a single government and parliament based in London. Between 1717 and 1775 some 250,000 people from Ulster emigrated to the British North American colonies and it is estimated that there are more than 27 million Scotch-Irish Americans now living in the US. By the close of the century, autonomy for Ireland within the United Kingdom, in 1912, after decades of obstruction from the House of Lords, Home Rule became a near-certainty. A clash between the House of Commons and House of Lords over a controversial budget produced the Parliament Act 1911, which enabled the veto of the Lords to be overturned. The House of Lords veto had been the unionists main guarantee that Home Rule would not be enacted, in 1914, they smuggled thousands of rifles and rounds of ammunition from Imperial Germany for use by the Ulster Volunteers, a paramilitary organisation opposed to the implementation of Home Rule
13.
Corporal punishment
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Corporal punishment or physical punishment is a punishment intended to cause physical pain on a person. It is most often used where there is a disparity of power between punisher and punished. Corporal punishment is commonly practiced on minors, especially in home and also school settings, common methods in this regard often include spanking or paddling. It is however used on adults, particularly prisoners in some countries. In history most cultures have practiced corporal punishment on adults in settings of imprisonment or slavery, frequently employed methods are flagellation and caning. In some countries bastinado is still practiced on prisoners as well, official punishment for crime by inflicting pain or injury, including flogging, branding and even mutilation, was practised in most civilizations since ancient times. However, with the growth of humanitarian ideals since the Enlightenment, by the late 20th century, corporal punishment had been eliminated from the legal systems of most developed countries. The legality in the 21st century of corporal punishment in various settings differs by jurisdiction,52 countries, most of them in Europe and Latin America, have banned the practice as of April 2017. School corporal punishment—of students by teachers or school administrators—has been banned in countries, including Canada, Kenya, South Africa, New Zealand. It remains legal, if increasingly less common, in the United States, judicial corporal punishment, as part of a criminal sentence ordered by a court of law, has long disappeared from European countries. However, it remains lawful in parts of Africa, Asia, closely related is prison corporal punishment or disciplinary corporal punishment, ordered by prison authorities or carried out directly by staff. Corporal punishment is also allowed in some settings in a few jurisdictions. Other uses of corporal punishment have existed, for instance as once practised on apprentices by their masters, in many Western countries, medical and human-rights organizations oppose corporal punishment of children. Campaigns against corporal punishment have aimed to bring about legal reform to ban the use of punishment against minors in homes. Corporal punishment of children has traditionally used in the Western world by adults in authority roles. Withhold not correction from a child, for if thou strike him with the rod, thou shalt beat him with the rod, and deliver his soul from hell. It was certainly present in civilizations, being used in Greece, Rome. Some states gained a reputation for using such punishments cruelly, Sparta, in particular, used them as part of a disciplinary regime designed to build willpower, although the Spartan example was extreme, corporal punishment was possibly the most frequent type of punishment
14.
Birching
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Birching is a corporal punishment with a birch rod, typically applied to the recipients bare buttocks, although occasionally to the back and/or shoulders. A birch rod is a bundle of leafless twigs bound together to form an implement for administering corporal punishment. A hazel rod is particularly painful, a bundle of four or five hazel twigs was used in the 1960s and 1970s on the Isle of Man, the last jurisdiction in Europe to use birching as a judicial penalty. Another factor in the severity of a rod is its size - i. e. its length, weight. In some penal institutions, several versions were in use, which were given names. For example, in Dartmoor Prison the device used to punish male offenders above the age of 16 - weighing some 16 ounces, in the 1860s the Royal Navy abandoned the use of the cat o nine tails on boy seamen. In an attempt to standardise the Navys birches, the Admiralty had specimens called patterned birch, kept in every major dockyard, the term judicial birch generally refers to the severe type in use for court-ordered birchings, especially the Manx hazel birch. By contrast, terms like Eton birch are used for a school birch made from birch tree twigs. Only if the recipient was a child could he or she practicably be punished over the knee of the applicant. Otherwise the child would be bent over an object such as a chair, for judicial punishments the recipient could even be tied down if likely to move about too much or attempt to escape. In some prisons and reformatories a wooden apparatus known as birching donkey or birching pony was specially constructed for birchings, however, at Eton College and schools of similar standing, the recipient was made to kneel on a special wooden block. Another device used to immobilise offenders was a table, used in Scotland. The offenders feet were tied into position and a strap fastened immediately above the waist, whatever position is adopted, care must be taken not to strike the back of the genitals. It was the most common school and judicial punishment in Europe up to the mid-19th century, according to some accounts, even the legendary sting of the cat o nine tails was less feared than the birch in certain prisons. Birching featured in the French Revolution, one leader of the revolution, Anne-Josèphe Théroigne de Méricourt, went mad, ending her days in an asylum after a public birching. On 31 May 1793 the Jacobin women seized her, stripped her naked, judicial birching in 20th-century Britain was used much more often as a fairly minor punishment for male juveniles, typically for petty larceny, than as a serious penalty for adult men. This was applied to boys aged up to 14 in England and Wales, today birching is rarely used as a judicial punishment, and it has also almost completely died out as a punishment for children. The Isle of Man caused a deal of controversy by continuing to birch young offenders until 1976
15.
Home Secretary
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The office is a British Cabinet level position. The Home Secretary is responsible for the affairs of England and Wales. The remit of the Home Office also includes policing in England and Wales and matters of security, as the Security Service. The current Home Secretary is Amber Rudd, appointed formally by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of her Prime Minister Theresa May on 13 July 2016. Mrs. May had been the incumbent, appointed on 12 May 2010 by Prime Minister, David Cameron. May was reappointed by Cameron on 8 May 2015 to serve as Home Secretary in the Conservative government and she stood down from this role on 13 July 2016 upon assuming the office of Prime Minister, succeeding Cameron
16.
Caning
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Caning is a form of corporal punishment consisting of a number of hits with a single cane usually made of rattan, generally applied to the offenders bare or clothed buttocks or hand. Caning on the knuckles or shoulders is much less common, Caning can also be applied to the soles of the feet. Caning was a form of judicial punishment and official school discipline in many parts of the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. Corporal punishment has now been outlawed in much, but not all, however, caning remains legal in numerous other countries in home, school, religious, judicial or military contexts, and is also in common use in some countries where it is no longer legal. In some countries caning is still in use in the era, particularly in Southeast Asia. The practice is retained, for male only, under the criminal law in Malaysia, Singapore. African countries still using judicial caning include Botswana, Tanzania, Nigeria and, for juvenile offenders only, Swaziland and it is also imposed for certain breaches of prison rules. In Aceh caning can be imposed for adultery, the punishment is applied to foreigners and locals alike. Caning is also used in the Singapore Armed Forces to punish serious offences against military discipline, unlike judicial caning, this punishment is delivered to the soldiers clothed buttocks. The frequency and severity of canings in educational settings have varied greatly, in some schools corporal punishment was administered solely by the headmaster, while in others the task was delegated to other teachers. In many English and Commonwealth private schools, authority to punish was also given to certain senior students. In the early 20th century, such permission for prefects to cane other boys was widespread in British public schools, the perceived advantages of this were promptness of punishment and avoiding bothering the teaching staff with minor disciplinary matters. Such systems were not limited to secondary age pupils and it was regarded as having no sense of indignity for the recipient of the punishment. Some British private schools still permitted caning to be administered by prefects in the 1960s, with opportunities for it provided by sets of rules on school uniform. In 1969, when the question was raised in Parliament, it was thought that relatively few schools still permitted this, by contrast, caning in British state schools in the later 20th century was often, in theory at least, administered by the head teacher only. Like their British counterparts, South African private schools also gave free rein to administer canings whenever they felt it appropriate. The use of corporal punishment within the setting was prohibited by the South African Schools Act of 1996. In many state schools in England and Wales it was in use, mostly for boys, until 1987, while elsewhere other implements prevailed
17.
Prisons in India
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Prisons in India, and their administration, is a state subject covered by item 4 under the State List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. Thus, the states have the role, responsibility and authority to change the current prison laws, rules. The Supreme Court of India, in its judgements on various aspects of administration, has laid down 3 broad principles regarding imprisonment. Firstly, a person in prison does not become a non-person, secondly, a person in prison is entitled to all human rights within the limitations of imprisonment. Lastly, there is no justification for aggravating the suffering already inherent in the process of incarceration, prison establishments in India comprise 8 categories of jails. The most common and standard jail institutions are Central Jails, District Jails, the other types of jail establishments are Women Jails, Borstal Schools, Open Jails and Special Jails. The criteria for a jail to be categorised as a Central Jail varies from state to state and these jails also have rehabilitation facilities. Madhya Pradesh has the highest number of 11 Central Jails followed by Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Delhi each have 8 Central Jails. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman, District jails serve as the main prisons in States/UTs where there are no Central Jails. Sub jails are smaller institutions situated at a level in the States. 9 states have reported comparatively higher number of revealing a well-organized prison set-up even at lower formation. These states are Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Rajasthan, Telangana, Odisha had the highest capacity of inmates in various Sub-Jails. 7 States/UTs have no sub-jails namely Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Chandigarh, Jails built to exclusively house women prisoners. Most of the staff in such jails are usually women, Kerala and Tamil Nadu each have 3 women jails. Borstal Schools are a type of detention centre and are used exclusively for the imprisonment of minors or juveniles. The juveniles in conflict with law detained in Borstal Schools are provided vocational training. The emphasis is given on the education, training and moral influence conducive for their reformation and prevention of crime, nine States namely, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Telangana have borstal schools in their respective jurisdictions. Tamil Nadu had the highest capacity for keeping 678 inmates, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala are the only states that have the capacity to lodge female inmates in 2 of their Borstal Schools
18.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
19.
Himachal Pradesh
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Himachal Pradesh is a state of India located in Northern India. It is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab and Chandigarh on the west, Haryana on the south-west, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. The name was coined from Sanskrit him snow and achal mountain, by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, Himachal Pradesh is famous for its natural beauty, hill stations, and temples. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fifteenth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states, many perennial rivers flow in the state, and numerous hydroelectric projects set up. Himachal produces surplus hydroelectricity and sells it to states such as Delhi, Punjab. Hydroelectric power projects, tourism, and agriculture form important parts of the states economy, the state has several valleys, and more than 90% of the population living in rural areas. Practically all houses have a toilet and 100% hygiene has been achieved in the state, the villages have good connectivity with roads, public health centres, and now with high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%, according to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh was ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country, after Kerala. The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates to the Indus valley civilisation that flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE, tribes such as the Koili, Hali, Dagi, Dhaugri, Dasa, Khasa, Kinnar, and Kirat inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as Janapada existed which were conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was divided into several local powers headed by chieftains and these kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century, timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid tribute to the Mughals. The Gurkha people, a tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla, under the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, the Gurkha laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, however, the Gurkha could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkha began to expand towards the south of the state, however, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State, captured the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War
20.
Jharkhand
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Jharkhand is a state in eastern India carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south and it has an area of 79,710 km2. The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital, Jamshedpur is the largest industrial city in the state, while Dhanbad and Bokaro Steel City are the second and fourth most populous cities respectively. The State is primarily a state as only 24 percent of the population resides in Cities. According to writers including Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the Magadha Empire, beras book also refers to the Hindu epic Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, for a greater part of Vedic age, Jharkhand remained unnoticed. During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BC, India saw the emergence of 16 large states that controlled the entire Indian subcontinent, in those days the northern portion of Jharkhand state was a tributary state of Magadha Empire and southern part was a tributary of Kalinga Empire. According to legend, Raja Jai Singh Deo of Odisha declared himself the ruler of Jharkhand in the 13th century, the Singh Deos of Orissa were influential in the early history of Jharkhand. The local tribal heads had developed into barbaric dictators who could govern the province neither fairly nor justly, consequently, the people of this state approached the more powerful rulers of Jharkhands neighboring states who were perceived to have a more fair and just governance. The good tribal rulers continued to thrive and were known as the Munda Rajas, later, during the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara. In the year 1765, it came under the control of the British Empire and became known under its present title, Jharkhand — the Land of jungles. In 1765, the region came under the control of the British East India Company, the subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. The first ever revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Manjhi and he wanted to liberate his people from the clutches of the unscrupulous landlords and restore the lands of their ancestors. The British government sent its troops and crushed the uprisings of Tilka Manjhi, soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, now in West Bengal. This was followed by the Chero tribes unrest in Palamau and they revolted against the British rule in 1800 AD. Hardly seven years later in 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their big landlord of Srinagar west of Gumla, soon the uprisings spread around Gumla. The tribal uprisings spread eastward to neighbouring Tamar areas of the Munda tribes and they too rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. The Hos in Singhbhum were growing restless and came out in revolt in 1820 and fought against the landlords
21.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
22.
Kerala
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Kerala historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions, spread over 38,863 km2, it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE, the Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, after independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state in 1949. In 1956, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin, Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India, the production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, the states coastline extends for 595 kilometres, and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% to the states income. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English, Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology, One popular theory derives Kerala from Kera and alam is land, thus land of coconuts, this also happens to be a nickname for the state due to abundance of coconut trees and its use by the locals. The word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the inscription refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra, or son of Chera. This contradicts the theory that Kera is from coconut tree, at that time, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil, Chera and Kera are variants of the same word. The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for lake, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics, the Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam or chera alam, the Greco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the warrior sage Parasurama. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached, according to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation, so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land
23.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
24.
Punjab, India
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Punjab is a state in North India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Territory, after the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided on the basis of language in 1966 and it was divided into 3 parts. Haryanvi speaking areas were carved out as Haryana, Hilly regions, Punjab is the only Sikh majority state in India with Sikhs being 57. 69% of the population. Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab, Punjab has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are located in Steel Town—Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district. The word Punjab is a compound of the Persian words panj, thus Panjāb roughly means the land of five rivers. The five rivers are the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, traditionally, in English, there used to be a definite article before the name, i. e. The name is sometimes spelled as Panjab. During the period when the epic Mahabharata was written, around 800–400 BCE, Punjab was known as Trigarta, the Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of the Punjab region with cities such as Rupar. The Vedic Civilization spread along the length of the Sarasvati River to cover most of northern India including Punjab and this civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in the Indian subcontinent. The Punjab region was conquered by many ancient empires including the Gandhara, Nandas, Mauryas, Shungas, Kushans, Guptas, Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, the furthest eastern extent of Alexander the Greats exploration was along the Indus River. Agriculture flourished and trading cities such as Jalandhar, Sangrur and Ludhiana grew in wealth, due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from both west and east. Punjab faced invasions by the Achaemenids, Greeks, Scythians, Turks and this resulted in the Punjab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its culture combines Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Sikh and British influences, the regions of Azad Kashmir and Jammu have also been historically associated with the Punjab. The Punjab is the Sapta Sindhu region mentioned in the Rig Veda, among the classic books that were wholly or partly composed in this region are the following. The Brahmins of this region are called Saraswata after the legendary Saraswati river region, Hinduism has been prevalent in Punjab since historical times before the arrival of Islam and birth of Sikhism in Punjab. Some of the influential Sikh figures such as Guru Nanak, Banda Singh Bahadur, Bhai Mati Das, many of Punjabs Hindus converted to Sikhism. Punjabi Hindus can trace their roots from the time of the Vedas, many modern day cities in Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab are still named from that period like Lahore, Jalandhar, Chandigarh and so on
25.
Rajasthan
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Rajasthan is Indias largest state by area. Elsewhere it is bordered by the other Indian states, Punjab to the north, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, and Gujarat to the southwest. Rajasthan is also home to two national reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur and Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar. The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana – the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region – was merged into the Dominion of India. Its capital and largest city is Jaipur, also known as Pink City, other important cities are Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Kota and Ajmer. Parts of what is now Rajasthan were partly part of the Vedic Civilisation, kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Matsya Kingdom of the Vedic civilisation of India, is said to roughly corresponded to the state of Jaipur in Rajasthan. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar, which is said to have named after its founder king Virata. Bhargava identifies the two districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar and parts of Jaipur district along with Haryana districts of Mahendragarh, bhargava also locates the present day Sahibi River as the Vedic Drishadwati River, which along with Saraswati River formed the borders of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta. Manu and Bhrigu narrated the Manusmriti to a congregation of seers in this area only, the Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era, marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state. Gurjars ruled for many dynasties in this part of the country, up to the tenth century almost the whole of North India, acknowledged the supremacy of the Gurjars with their seat of power at Kannauj. The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century, the chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Majumdar says that this was acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the progress of Muslim invaders in India. Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, REBARI, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali, all these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land, a number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Meenas were rulers of Bundi, Hadoti and the Dhundhar region, hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu Emperor, was born in the village of Machheri in Alwar District in 1501. Hem Chandra was killed in the battlefield at Second Battle of Panipat fighting against Mughals on 5 November 1556, maharana Pratap of Mewar resisted Akbar in the famous Battle of Haldighati and later operated from hilly areas of his kingdom
26.
Tamil Nadu
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Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹13,842 billion in gross domestic product after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. About 60 per cent of the epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD300. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur. The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur, All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country
27.
Telangana
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Telangana is one of the 29 states in India, located in southern India. Formed in June 2014 as the newest state in India, from the part of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana has an area of 112,077 square kilometres. It is the twelfth largest state in India, and the twelfth most populated state in India and its major cities include Hyderabad, Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north and north west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Karnataka to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south. Telangana had a history as the Telugu-speaking region of the state of Hyderabad. It joined the Union of India in 1948, in 1956, the Hyderabad state was dissolved as part of the linguistic reorganisation of states and Telangana was merged with former Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh. Following a movement for separation, Telangan was awarded separate statehood on 2 June 2014, Hyderabad will continue to serve as the joint capital city for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for a period of not more than ten years. After Asaf Jahis ceded the Seemandhra region to the British, the rest of the Telugu region retained the name Telingana and the other parts were called Madras Presidencys Circars and Ceded. One of the earliest uses of a similar to Telangana can also be seen in a name of Malik Maqbul, who was called the Tilangani. He was the commander of the Warangal Fort, the Satavahana dynasty became the dominant power in this region. It originated from the lands between the Godavari and Krishna rivers and was based at Amaravathi and Dharanikota, after the decline of the Satavahanas, various dynasties, such as the Vakataka, Vishnukundina, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta and Western Chalukya, ruled the area. The Telangana area experienced its golden age during the reign of the Kakatiya dynasty, rudrama Devi and Prataparudra II were prominent rulers from the Kakatiya dynasty. The dynasty weakened with the attack of Malik Kafur in 1309 and was dissolved after the defeat of Prataparudra by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1323, the area came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century, followed by the Bahmani Sultanate. Quli Qutb Mulk, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate, on 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. In 1712, Qamar-ud-din Khan was appointed by emperor Farrukhsiyar as the viceroy of Deccan with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk and he was later recalled to Delhi, with Mubariz Khan appointed as the viceroy. In 1724, Qamar-ud-din Khan defeated Mubariz Khan to reclaim the Deccan suba and he took the name Asif Jah, starting what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. He named the area Hyderabad Deccan, subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were called Asif Jahi nizams or nizams of Hyderabad. The Medak and Warangal divisions of Telangana were part of their realm, when Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces
28.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
29.
Clonmel
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Clonmel is the county town and largest settlement of County Tipperary in Ireland. The town is noted in Irish history for its resistance to the Cromwellian army which sacked both Drogheda and Wexford and it is in the former barony of Iffa and Offa East. The name Clonmel is derived from the anglicisation of the Irish name Cluain Meala meaning honey meadow or honey vale. It is not clearly known when it got this name, many suppose that it came from the fertility of the soil, Clonmel grew significantly in medieval times, and many remainders of this period can be found in the town. A small section of the walls remain in place near Old St. Marys Church. This building is one of the architectural features of the town. It was originally built in the 14th century or earlier but has been reconstructed or renovated on numerous occasions, the church was fortified early in its history, the town being strategically important, initially for the Earls of Ormonde, and later the Earl of Kildare. There were originally three gates in the town, North, East and West – with the South being protected by the river Suir. The West Gate is now an open arched entrance on to OConnell street, the present sword and two silver maces date only from Cromwellian times. The sword, of Toledo manufacture, was donated by Sir Thomas Stanley in 1656 and displays the Arms, the larger mace is stamped 1663. Oliver Cromwell laid siege to Clonmel in May 1650, the walls were eventually breached, but Hugh Dubh ONeill, the commander of the towns garrison, inflicted heavy losses on the New Model Army when they tried to storm the breach. That night, ONeill, deciding that further resistance was due to a lack of ammunition, led his soldiers. The story is told that Cromwell became suspicious of ONeills desperate situation when a bullet was discharged by the townspeople at his troops outside the walls. The following morning,18 May 1650, mayor John White was able to surrender the town on good terms as Cromwell was still unaware of the garrisons escape just hours before, although feeling deceived, he did not put the inhabitants to the sword as occurred elsewhere. A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of Kickham Barracks in 1805, following the failed attempt at rebellion near Ballingarry in 1848, the captured leaders of the Young Irelanders were brought to Clonmel for trial. The event was followed with great interest internationally and for its duration brought journalists from around the country, standing in the dock in the image opposite are Thomas Francis Meagher, Terence MacManus and Patrick ODonoghue. Their co-defendant, William Smith OBrien was also sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered, when delivering the guilty verdict, the foreman of the Grand Jury, R. M. The sentences of OBrien and other members of the Irish Confederation were eventually commuted to transportation for life to Van Diemens Land
30.
County Tipperary
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County Tipperary is a county in Ireland. Tipperary County Council is the government authority for the county. It is located in the province of Munster, the county is named after the town of Tipperary, and was established in the early thirteenth century, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland. The population of the county was 160,441 at the 2016 census. The largest towns are Clonmel, Nenagh and Thurles, Tipperary is the sixth largest of the 32 counties by area and the 12th largest by population. It is the third largest of Munsters 6 counties by size and it is also the largest landlocked county in Ireland. The region is part of the plain of Ireland, but the diverse terrain contains several mountain ranges, the Knockmealdown, the Galtee, the Arra Hills. Most of the county is drained by the River Suir, the part by tributaries of the River Shannon, the eastern part by the River Nore. No part of the county touches the coast, the centre is known as the Golden Vale, a rich pastoral stretch of land in the Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork. Parishes were delineated after the Down Survey as a subdivision, with multiple townlands per parish. The civil parishes had some use in local taxation and were included on the nineteenth century maps of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, for poor law purposes, District Electoral Divisions replaced the civil parishes in the mid-nineteenth century. There are 199 civil parishes in the county, townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland, there are 3,159 townlands in the county. Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the Kingdom of Munster was claimed as a lordship, by 1210, the sheriffdom of Munster shired into the shires of Tipperary and Limerick. In 1328, Tipperary was granted to the Earls of Ormond as a county palatine or liberty, the grant excluded church lands such as the archiepiscopal see of Cashel, which formed the separate county of Cross Tipperary. The county was divided again in 1838. When the Local Government Act 1898 established county councils to replace the grand jury for civil functions and their names were changed from Tipperary North/South Riding to North/South Tipperary by the Local Government Act 2001, which redesignated all administrative counties as simply counties. The Local Government Reform Act 2014 has amalgamated the two counties and restored a single county of Tipperary, following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Tipperary County Council is the local government authority for the county. The authority is a merger of two separate authorities North Tipperary County Council and South Tipperary County Council which operated up until June 2014
31.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
32.
Brendan Behan
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Brendan Francis Aidan Behan was an Irish Republican, poet, short story writer, novelist, and playwright who wrote in both English and Irish. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Irish writers and he was also an Irish republican and a volunteer in the Irish Republican Army. Born in Dublin into a republican family, he became a member of the IRAs youth organisation Fianna Éireann at the age of fourteen. However, there was also an emphasis on Irish history and culture in the home. Behan eventually joined the IRA at sixteen, which led to his time in a borstal youth prison in the United Kingdom. During this time, he took it himself to study. In 1954, Behans first play The Quare Fellow, was produced in Dublin and it was well received, however, it was the 1956 production at Joan Littlewoods Theatre Workshop in Stratford, London, that gained Behan a wider reputation. This was helped by a famous drunken interview on BBC television, in 1958, Behans play in the Irish language An Giall had its debut at Dublins Damer Theatre. Later, The Hostage, Behans English-language adaptation of An Giall, Behans autobiographical novel, Borstal Boy, was published the same year and became a worldwide best-seller. He married Beatrice Ffrench-Salkeld in 1955 and he developed diabetes, which ultimately contributed to his death on 20 March 1964. He was given an IRA guard of honour, which escorted his coffin and it was described by several newspapers as the biggest funeral since those of Michael Collins and Charles Stewart Parnell. Behan was born in the city of Dublin at Holles Street Hospital on 9 February 1923 into an educated working-class family. He lived in a house on Russell Street near Mountjoy Square owned by his grandmother, Christine English, if Behans interest in literature came from his father, his political beliefs came from his mother. She remained politically active all her life and was a friend of the Irish republican Michael Collins. Brendan Behan wrote a lament to Collins, The Laughing Boy, the title was from the affectionate nickname Mrs. Behan gave to Collins. Kathleen published her autobiography, Mother of All The Behans, a collaboration with her son Brian, Behans uncle Peadar Kearney wrote the Irish national anthem The Soldiers Song. Following Brendans death, his widow had a child with Cathal Goulding called Paudge Behan, a biographer, Ulick OConnor, recounts that one day, at age eight, Brendan was returning home with his granny and a crony from a drinking session. Isnt it terrible maam to see such a child deformed
33.
Borstal Boy
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Borstal Boy is a 1958 autobiographical book by Brendan Behan. The book was banned in Ireland for unspecified reasons in 1958, in 1967, the story debuted as a play, adapted by Frank McMahon and staged at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, with Frank Grimes as the young Behan. The play was a success, winning McMahon a Tony Award for his adaptation. The play remains popular with both Irish and American audiences, a film adaptation, Borstal Boy, was released in 2000, directed by Peter Sheridan and starring Shawn Hatosy and Danny Dyer. The Irish band Hothouse Flowers song The End of the Road appeared in the soundtrack of the movie, in 1973, the English rock band The Faces recorded a song about the book, which was included on their album Ooh La La. The UK electropop group Chew Lips take their name from a character in the book, the novel was reissued by David R. Godine, Publisher in 2000. Borstal Boy at the Internet Broadway Database Borstal Boy at the Internet Movie Database
34.
Borstal Boy (film)
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Borstal Boy is a 2000 British/Irish romantic drama film adaptation of the Brendan Behan autobiographical novel of the same name. The film is written and directed by Irish playwright Peter Sheridan, in 1941, 16-year-old IRA volunteer Brendan Behan is going on a bombing mission from Ireland to Liverpool during the Second World War. His mission is thwarted when he is apprehended, charged and imprisoned in Borstal, events take an unexpected turn and Brendan is thrown into a complete spin. In the emotional vortex, he faces up to the truth
35.
Alan Sillitoe
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Alan Sillitoe was an English writer and one of the so-called angry young men of the 1950s. He disliked the label, as did most of the writers to whom it was applied. He is best known for his debut novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and early short story The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, Sillitoe was born in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, to working class parents Christopher Sillitoe and Sabina. Like Arthur Seaton, the anti-hero of his first novel, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and his father was illiterate, violent, and unsteady with his jobs, and the family was often on the brink of starvation. Sillitoe left school at the age of 14, having failed at the examination to grammar school. He worked at the Raleigh factory for the four years, spending his free time reading prodigiously. He then joined the Air Training Corps in 1942 then the Royal Air Force and he served as a wireless operator in Malaya during the Emergency. After returning to Britain, he was planning to enlist in the Royal Canadian Air Force discovered to have tuberculosis, pensioned off at age 21 on 45 shillings a week, he lived in France and Spain for seven years in an attempt to recover. Influenced in part by the prose of Ernest Hemingway, the book conveys the attitudes. As with John Osbornes Look Back in Anger and John Braines Room at the Top, the real subject was the disillusionment of post-war Britain. It was adapted as a film by Karel Reisz in 1960, with Albert Finney as Arthur Seaton, Sillitoes story The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, which concerns the rebellion of a borstal boy with a talent for running, won the Hawthornden Prize in 1959. It was also adapted into a film, in 1962, this time directed by Tony Richardson, with Fainlight he had a child, David. He lived at times in Kent, London and Montpellier. In London he was friendly with bookseller Bernard Stone, and became one of the Bohemian crowd that congregated at Stones Turret Bookshop on Kensington Church Walk, in the 1960s, he was celebrated in the Soviet Union as a spokesman for the oppressed worker in the West. Invited to tour the country, he visited several times in the 1960s, to honour him, he was asked to address the 1968 Congress of Soviet Writers Unions, where he denounced Soviet human rights abuses, many of which he himself had witnessed. In 1990, Sillitoe was awarded a degree from Nottingham Trent University. Sillitoe wrote many novels, and several volumes of poetry and his 1995 autobiography, Life Without Armour, was critically acclaimed on publication, and offers a view into his squalid childhood. In an interview Sillitoe claimed, A writer, if he manages to earn a living at what hes doing – even if its a poor living
36.
The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner
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The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner is a short story by Alan Sillitoe, published in 1959 as part of a short story collection of the same name. The work focuses on Smith, a poor Nottingham teenager from a home in a working class area. The boy turns to long-distance running as a method of both an emotional and an escape from his situation. The story was adapted for a 1962 film of the title, with Sillitoe writing the screenplay. The part of Smith was played by Tom Courtenay, when he is caught by the police for robbing a bakery, Smith is sentenced to be confined in Ruxton Towers in Essex, a borstal for delinquent youths. For Ruxton Towers to win the race would be a major PR boost for the establishment. Seconds tick by as Smith stands there, in view of the amazed race spectators who shout at him to finish the race. In deliberately losing the race, Smith demonstrates his free spirit, the response of the Borstal authorities to Smiths action is heavy-handed. With the prospect of a light workload gone, Smith resigns himself to the drudgery of the manual labour he is forced to do. However, looking back on his actions he has no regrets and this helps show independence in his life as he breaks away from the thoughts of the borstal. The creation of the state after the Second World War gave the working class full employment. The Labour Party was in power during Sillitoes work on The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner. The Second World War had destroyed many of the most populated and industrialised centres of Britain and in the fifteen years following the war 300,000 homes were built a year by the government, in the UK home ownership became a right in the 1950s rather than a luxury. This was due to the housing projects, the state sought to maintain gender roles and they did so by mass marketing material commodities and making them available to the working class population. The post-war period allowed for the class to work hard while leading a life of consumption that was unknown in pre-war Britain. This widespread availability of consumption and material wealth had the Labour party concerned that it would lose votes in future elections, due to this factor the Labour party continued to want to maintain a division of labour in Britain. The working class found themselves in higher living standards in the 1950s, many of the working class jobs were automated and standardised. Factory jobs give the class no room for freedom and continued to keep the political power in the hands of the upper classes
37.
The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (film)
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The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner is a 1962 film based on the short story of the same name. The screenplay, like the story, was written by Alan Sillitoe, the film was directed by Tony Richardson, one of the new young directors emerging from documentary films, a series of 1950s filmmakers known as the Free Cinema movement. It tells the story of a youth, sentenced to a borstal for burgling a bakery. The film posters byline is you can play by the rules. or you can play it by ear - WHAT COUNTS is you play it right by YOU, the notion is echoed by other contemporary films such as a rapid series of three contemporary Lone Ranger films. The film has characters entrenched in their social context, much of the screenplay takes place in and around Ruxley Towers, Claygate, Surrey – a Victorian mock castle built by Lord Foley. The building had used as a NAAFI base in the war. The original trumpet theme to the film was performed by Fred Muscroft, the film opens with Colin Smith running, alone, along a bleak country road somewhere in rural England. Colin is then shown with a group of young men. They are being taken to Ruxton Towers, a centre for juvenile offenders. It is overseen by the Governor, who believes that the hard work, Colin, sullen and rebellious, immediately catches his eye as a test of his beliefs. An important part of the Governors rehabilitation programme is athletics, and he notices that Colin is a talented runner. The Governor sees the invitation as an important way to demonstrate the success of his rehabilitation programme, the Governor takes Colin under his wing, offering him outdoor gardening work and eventually the freedom of practice runs outside Ruxtons barbed wire fences. A series of shows how Colin came to be incarcerated, his difficult. Without a job, Colin indulges in petty crime in the company of his best friend, meanwhile, at home, his fathers long years of toil in a local factory have resulted in a terminal illness for which he refuses treatment. Colin rebels by refusing a job offered to him at his fathers factory and his fathers company has paid £500 in insurance money, and he watches with disdain as his mother spends it on clothes, a television and new furniture. When his mother moves her lover into the house and after an argument when she tells him to leave, Colin and she eventually extracts a half-hearted promise from Colin that he might look for work, indicating a mutual lasting affection. But one night, while prowling the streets of Nottingham with Mike, there is nothing worth stealing except the cashbox, which contains about £70. Mike is all for another outing to Skegness with the girls, soon the police call, accusing Colin of the robbery
38.
Tom Courtenay
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He received a knighthood in February 2001 for his service to cinema and theatre. Courtenay was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, the son of Annie Eliza and Thomas Henry Courtenay and he attended Kingston High School and studied drama at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. In 1963, he played that same role in the film version. He said of Albert Finney, We both have the problem, overcoming the flat harsh speech of the North. Courtenays film debut was in 1962 with Private Potter, directed by Finnish-born director Caspar Wrede, for these performances Courtenay was awarded the 1962 BAFTA Award for most promising newcomer and the 1963 BAFTA Award for best actor respectively. For his role as the revolutionary leader Pasha Antipov in Doctor Zhivago, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Despite being catapulted to fame by the films, Courtenay has said that he has not particularly enjoyed film acting. In 1968 Courtenay began an association with Manchester when he played in The Playboy of the Western World for the Century Theatre at Manchester University directed by Michael Elliott. His first roles for the Royal Exchange were as Faulkland in Richard Brinsley Sheridans The Rivals, since then he has played a variety of roles, including in 1999 the leading role in the theatres production of King Lear, and in 2001 Uncle Vanya. Courtenays working relationship with Wrede returned to film when he played the role in the latters 1970 production of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. His best known film role since then was in The Dresser, both Courtenay and Finney received nominations for Best Actor in the 1984 Academy Awards for their roles, losing to Robert Duvall. He played the father of Derek Bentley in the 1991 film Let Him Have It, Courtenays television and radio appearances have been relatively few, but have included She Stoops to Conquer in 1971 on BBC and several Ayckbourn plays. He appeared in I Heard the Owl Call My Name on US television in 1973, in 1994 he starred as Quilp opposite Peter Ustinov in a Disney Channel made for television version of The Old Curiosity Shop. Rather unexpectedly, he had a role as the anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski in the 1995 US TV film Young Indiana Jones. In 1998 he teamed with Albert Finney again for the acclaimed BBC drama A Rather English Marriage and he played the role of God, opposite Sebastian Graham-Jones, in Ben Steiners radio play A Brief Interruption, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2004. In the same year, he played the role of Stanley Laurel in Neil Brands radio play Stan, also for Radio 4, he played the title role in Nick Leathers The Domino Man of Lancashire and Maurice in Richard Lumsdens Man in the Moon, both broadcast in 2007. Courtenay also appeared in the 2008 Christmas special of the BBC show The Royle Family, playing the role of Daves father and it later transferred to the Comedy Theatre in the West End in London. In 2008 he appeared in the BBC adaptation of Little Dorrit by Charles Dickens, playing William Dorrit, in March 2011, he joined the cast of Gambit, a film starring fellow RADA alumnus Alan Rickman that began filming in May
39.
Tony Richardson
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Cecil Antonio Tony Richardson was an English theatre and film director and producer whose career spanned five decades. In 1964 he won the Academy Award for Best Director for the film Tom Jones, Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. Those he cast in his student productions included Shirley Williams, John Schlesinger, Richardson was married to actress Vanessa Redgrave from 1962 to 1967. The couple had two daughters, Natasha and Joely Richardson, both actresses and he left Redgrave for actress Jeanne Moreau, although the marriage he had anticipated never materialised. In 1972 he also had a relationship with Grizelda Grimond, who was a secretary for Richardsons business partner Oscar Lewenstein, Grizelda gave birth to his daughter, Katharine Grimond, on 8 January 1973. Richardson was bisexual, but never acknowledged it publicly until after he contracted HIV and he died of complications from AIDS in 1991. In 1955, in his debut, Richardson produced Jean Giraudouxs The Apollo of Bellac for Television with Denholm Elliott. Around the same time he began to be active in Britains Free Cinema movement, part of the British New Wave of directors, he was involved in the formation of the English Stage Company, along with his close friend George Goetschius and George Devine. He directed John Osbornes play Look Back in Anger at the Royal Court Theatre, then in 1957 he directed Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice in Osbornes next play The Entertainer, again for the Royal Court. In 1964 Richardson received two Academy Awards for Tom Jones and his next film was The Loved One, during which he worked with established stars including John Gielgud, Rod Steiger and Robert Morse working in Hollywood both on location and on the sound stage. In his autobiography he confesses that he did not share the general admiration of Haskell Wexler and his musical composers included Antoine Duhamel, John Addison and Shel Silverstein. His screenwriters were Jean Genet, Christopher Isherwood, Terry Southern, Marguerite Duras, Edward Bond, Richardson and Osborne eventually fell out during production of the film Charge of the Light Brigade. The basic issue was Osbornes unwillingness to go through the rewrite process, Richardson himself had a different version. In his autobiography he writes that Osborne was angry at being replaced, in a small rôle, Osborne took literary revenge by creating a fictionalised and pseudonymous Richardson – a domineering and arrogant character whom everyone hated – in his play Hotel in Amsterdam. Stylistically, Richardsons work was highly varied, mademoiselle was shot noir-style on location in rural France with a static camera, monochrome film stock and no music. The Charge of the Light Brigade was part epic and part animated feature, ned Kelly was what might be called an Aussie-western. Laughter in the Dark and A Delicate Balance were psycho-dramas, joseph Andrews was a return to the mood of Tom Jones. He financed the escape from Wormwood Scrubs prison of the spy, in 1974 he went to Los Angeles to work on a script with Sam Shepard, and took up residence there
40.
Boys in Brown
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Boys in Brown is a 1949 British drama film directed by Montgomery Tully. Based on a play by Reginald Beckwith, it depicts life in a borstal for young offenders and it stars Jack Warner, Richard Attenborough, Dirk Bogarde and Jimmy Hanley. Teenager Jackie Knowles drives a car in a robbery. He is captured and sentenced to three years in a borstal institution run by a sympathetic governor
41.
Richard Attenborough
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Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough, Kt, CBE was an English actor, filmmaker, entrepreneur, and politician. He was the President of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, as a film director and producer, Attenborough won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. He also won four BAFTA Awards and four Golden Globe Awards, as an actor, he is perhaps best known for his roles in Brighton Rock, The Great Escape,10 Rillington Place, Miracle on 34th Street and Jurassic Park. He was the brother of David Attenborough, a naturalist and broadcaster, and John Attenborough. He was married to actress Sheila Sim from 1945 until his death, Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and studied at RADA. The sisters moved to the United States in the 1950s and lived with an uncle, during the Second World War, Attenborough served in the Royal Air Force. After initial pilot training he was seconded to the newly formed R. A. F, Film Unit at Pinewood Studios, under the command of Flight Lieutenant John Boulting where he appeared with Edward G. Robinson in the propaganda film Journey Together. Attenboroughs acting career started on stage and he appeared in shows at Leicesters Little Theatre, Dover Street, prior to his going to RADA, in 1949, exhibitors voted him the sixth most popular British actor at the box office. Early in his career, Attenborough starred in the West End production of Agatha Christies The Mousetrap. Both he and his wife were among the original cast members of the production and it was his first appearance in a major Hollywood film blockbuster and his most successful film thus far. His portrayal of the serial killer John Christie in 10 Rillington Place garnered excellent reviews, in 1977, he played the ruthless General Outram, again to great acclaim, in the Indian director Satyajit Rays period piece The Chess Players. He starred in the remake of Miracle on 34th Street as Kris Kringle and he made his only appearance in a film adaptation of Shakespeare when he played the English ambassador who announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead at the end of Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet. His performance in The Angry Silence earned him his first nomination for a BAFTA, seance On A Wet Afternoon won him his first BAFTA award. His feature film debut was the all-star screen version of the hit musical Oh. What a Lovely War, after which his acting appearances became sporadic as he concentrated more on directing and producing. He later directed two epic films, Young Winston, based on the early life of Winston Churchill, and A Bridge Too Far. He had been attempting to get the project made for 18 years and he directed the screen version of the musical A Chorus Line and the anti-apartheid drama Cry Freedom. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Director for both films and his later films as director and producer include Chaplin starring Robert Downey, Jr. as Charlie Chaplin and Shadowlands, based on the relationship between C. S. Lewis and Joy Gresham
42.
Dirk Bogarde
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Sir Derek Jules Gaspard Ulric Niven van den Bogaerde, known as Dirk Bogarde, was an English actor and writer. Initially a matinée idol in films such as Doctor in the House for the Rank Organisation, in a second career, he wrote seven best-selling volumes of memoirs, six novels and a volume of collected journalism, mainly from articles in The Daily Telegraph. Bogarde came to prominence in films including The Blue Lamp in the early 1950s and he twice won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, for The Servant and Darling. His other notable roles included Victim, Accident, The Damned, Death in Venice, The Night Porter, A Bridge Too Far. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters in 1990, Bogarde was the elder of two sons born to Ulric van den Bogaerde and Margaret Niven. He had a sister, Elizabeth. Ulric was born in Perry Barr, Birmingham, of Flemish ancestry and he was Art Editor of The Times. Margaret Niven was Scottish, from Glasgow and was a former actress, Dirk Bogarde was born in a nursing home at 12 Hemstal Road, West Hampstead, London. He was baptised on 30 October 1921 at St. Marys Church and his brother, Gareth Ulric Van Den Bogaerde, an advertising film producer, was born in July 1933, in Hendon. Conditions in the home in North London became cramped and Bogarde was moved to Glasgow to stay with relatives of his mother. He stayed there for three years, returning at the end of 1937. He attended University College School, and the former Allan Glens Technical School in Glasgow, from 1937 to 1938 he studied at the Chelsea School of Art. He served in both the European and Pacific theatres, principally as an intelligence officer.8 airfield at Sommervieu, near Bayeux. In a 1986 Yorkshire Television interview with Russell Harty Bogarde said, I went to see quite a lot of them, I mean I went back to the villages, and saw what I had done. I can talk about it now at 65 because its sort of, dispassionate about it, and Ive seen worse things since, a row of kids heads that you thought were footballs and you kick one and it wasnt, and it rolled away down the rubble. I mean nothing could be worse than that, the gates were opened and then I realised that I was looking at Dantes Inferno, I mean. I still havent seen anything as dreadful, and a girl came up who spoke English, because she recognised one of the badges, and she. Her breasts were like, sort of, empty purses, she had no top on, and a pair of mans pyjamas, you know, the prison pyjamas, but I knew she was girl because of her breasts, which were empty
43.
Jack Warner (actor)
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Jack Warner, OBE was an English film and television actor. Warner was born Horace John Waters, in Bromley, Poplar, London, the third child of Edward William Waters, master fulling maker and undertakers warehouseman, and Maud Mary Best. His sisters Elsie and Doris Waters were well-known comedians who performed as Gert. Warner attended the Coopers Companys Grammar School for Boys in Mile End, the three children were choristers at St. Leonards Church, Bromley-by-Bow, and for a time, Warner was the choirs soloist. Frederick William Berwick became a partner in the Anglo-French automobile manufacturing company Sizaire-Berwick, during the First World War he served in France as a driver in the Royal Flying Corps and was awarded the meritorious service medal in 1918. He returned to England and the trade in 1919, graduating from hearses to occasional car racing at Brooklands. He was over thirty before he became a professional entertainer, Warner first made his name in music hall and radio. By the early years of the Second World War, he was known and starred in a BBC radio comedy show Garrison Theatre, invariably opening with. He became known to audiences as the patriarch in a trio of popular post-Second World War family films beginning with Here Come the Huggetts. He also co-starred in the 1955 Hammer film version of The Quatermass Xperiment and it was in 1949 that Warner first played the role for which he would be remembered, PC George Dixon, in the film The Blue Lamp. One observer predicted, This film will make Jack the most famous policeman in Britain, although the police constable he played was shot dead in the film, the character was revived in 1955 for the BBC television series Dixon of Dock Green, which ran until 1976. In later years though, Warner and his character were confined to a less prominent desk sergeant role. The series had a slot on Saturday evenings, and always opened with Dixon giving a little soliloquy to the camera, beginning with the words, Good evening. Warner was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1965, in 1973, he was made a Freeman of the City of London. Warner commented in his autobiography that the honour entitles me to a set of 18th century rules for the conduct of life urging me to be sober, Warner added, Not too difficult with Dixon to keep an eye on me. He died of pneumonia in London in 1981, aged 85, the characterisation by Warner of Dixon was held in such high regard that officers from Paddington Green Police Station bore the coffin at his funeral. Warner is buried in East London Cemetery, for a number of years, British film exhibitors voted him among the top ten local stars at the box office via an annual poll in the Motion Picture Herald. 1948 – 7th most popular British star 1949 – 10th most popular British star 1950 – 3rd 1952 – 8th most popular British star 1953 – 7th most popular British star Sydney-Smith, beyond Dixon of Dock Green, Early British Police Series
