1.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
2.
American Kennel Club
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The American Kennel Club is a registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States. Unlike most other countries kennels clubs, the AKC is not part of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the origins of the AKC lay in the National Greyhound Association, which was the first organization to encourage breeders to produce dogs with a goal in mind. In this case, the goal was not beauty but racing speed, in 1882, the National Coursing League, a British organization, began to require that all racing dogs be registered in their studbooks before they were eligible to race. The National Greyhound Association followed suit soon after, in the early 1800s, the English became concerned with the beauty of dogs rather than their function. This fad spread to North America, and in 1877, the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show began, soon after, the need for a regulating body became obvious. The National American Kennel Club, which had founded in 1876, began to publish. In 1884, a group of 13 breed clubs,10 American clubs and 3 Canadian clubs and these 13 clubs pledged to do everything to advance the study, breeding, exhibiting, running and maintenance of purity of thoroughbred dogs. The AKC differed from The Kennel Club in that individuals could not directly join the Kennel Club, they became members of smaller, individual breed clubs, which were themselves members of the AKC. Soon after the AKC, CKC, and KC produced agreements that made any dog eligible to be registered with the club in its home country, in 1909, the group moved to New York and became incorporated. On July 1,2012, the AKC began to recognize certain titles issued by the North American Flyball Association and these titles are Flyball Champion, Flyball Master, and the ONYX title. The AKC is the largest registry of purebred dogs in the U. S. and is the only not-for profit registry, as well as the most well-known, and the most influential. For a purebred dog to be registered with the AKC, the parents must be registered with the AKC as the same breed. Once a determination of eligibility is met, either by application or registry research. As of November 2016, the AKC recognizes 202 breeds, the AKC divides dog breeds into seven groups, one class, and the Foundation Stock Service, consisting of the following, Sporting Group,30 breeds, developed as bird dogs. Includes Pointers, Retrievers, Setters, and Spaniels, hound Group,29 breeds, developed to hunt using sight or scent. Working Group,30 breeds, developed for a variety of jobs, including guarding property, guarding livestock, terrier Group,30 breeds, developed to hunt vermin and to dig them from their burrows or lairs. Toy Group,21 breeds, developed as companion dogs, herding Group,29 breeds, developed to herd livestock. Non-Sporting Group,20 breeds, assorted breeds who do not fit any of the above groups
3.
Canadian Kennel Club
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The Canadian Kennel Club is the primary registry body for purebred dog pedigrees in Canada. The Canadian Kennel Club is a national, member-based, non-profit organization, founded in 1888, it provides registry services for all the 175 dog breeds which it currently recognizes, and provides governance for all CKC approved shows, trial and events. CKC provides news and information to its membership through its association with Dogs in Canada monthly magazine. Once these criteria are met, the dog is eligible to be registered as purebred by the CKC CKC is not the only Canadian registry of purebred dogs, but it is the one most Canadians are familiar with. CKC members may only breed CKC recognized breeds and are required to sign a pledge not to engage in the buying, selling or breeding of dogs not purebred. As with almost all breed registries, the registration specifies only that the dog is purely of one recognized breed—it does not guarantee that the dog comes from healthy or show-quality bloodlines, neither is it a reflection on the quality of the breeder or how the puppy was raised. Registration basically provides tracking for known canine ancestry as stated by the breeder of each dog registered, purebred pedigrees can often be followed back for as much as a century and for perhaps thirty or more generations of registered ancestry. Registration is necessary for dogs who will participate in purebred conformation shows or who will be used for purebred breeding, breeders that are CKC members are required to register all of their puppies, even if they are not of show quality. List of dog recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club Official website A new direction for kennel club regulations
4.
The Kennel Club
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The Kennel Club is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world and its role is to act as governing body for various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also operates the national register of pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom and its headquarters are located on Clarges Street in Mayfair, London, with business offices in Aylesbury. The Kennel Club registration system divides dogs into seven breed groups, the Kennel Club Groups are, Hound, Working, Terrier, Gundog, Pastoral, Utility and Toy. As of 2011, the Kennel Club recognised 210 breeds of dog and this was increased to 211 breeds with the addition of the Turkish Kangal dog in 2013. The Kennel Club licenses dog shows throughout the UK but the dog show actually run by the KC is the Crufts conformation show. The show has held since 1928 and attracts competitors from all over the world. Crufts is held every March at the NEC, Birmingham, the Kennel Club also holds the dog event Discover Dogs in London every November, featuring the Scruffts dog show for crossbreed and mixed breed dogs. The Kennel club was founded in 1873 after Sewallis E Shirley became frustrated by trying to dog shows without a consistent set of rules to work with. Since the first dog show held in 1859, shows had become popular during the Victorian era. Shirley is listed as an exhibitor of Fox Terriers at the Birmingham Dog Show Society show in 1865, together with a group of other gentlemen he organised the First Grand Exhibition of Sporting and Other Dogs held at Crystal Palace in June 1870. The show was not a success and the gentlemen of the committee had to make up the loss. This seems to have been the trigger for Shirley calling a meeting with others who had deep seated interests in judging and exhibiting pedigree dogs. The Meeting was held at 2 Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, London, all business was conducted from there until a move to Pall Mall in May 1877. It was decided they would be responsible for publishing a Stud Book, the Kennel Club saw particular change under the chairmanship of John MacDougall during the period 1981 to 1996. It was also under his stewardship that the system became computerised. The Kennel Club acquired Crufts dog show after the widow of Charles Cruft was unable to devote the time to running such a large undertaking, no shows were held during the Second World War. The first Crufts show held by the Kennel Club was in 1948 at Olympia, the show was first televised by the BBC in 1950
5.
Sighthound & Pariah Group
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Sighthound & Pariah Group is the name of a breed Group of dogs, used by the United Kennel Club to classify a defined collection of dog breeds. Other kennel clubs place most hounds together in the Hound Group, two different types of dogs are listed in this article. Hounds are hunting dogs that hunt by endurance, following the scent of an animal, or by speed. There are a few breeds of the type, and many breeds of the scent hound type. Pariah dogs refers to a class of specific types of feral dogs and dogs that may be of another subspecies. Any of these animals, if a breed club develops and if the dogs are sufficiently documented according to club rules. Kennel clubs assign breeds of dogs to Groups, which are based on breed types. The Sighthound & Pariah Group is a Group category used by the United Kennel Club, placing together sighthounds and pariah or primitive type dogs, for breeds not yet recognised by one of the major kennel clubs, there are usually numerous competing breed clubs for each individual breed. A breed that is not recognised by a kennel club means that it has not been sufficiently vetted according to that particular kennel clubs rules and it does not mean that the breed is not a breed. Breed Groups Dog type Sighthound Pariah Dog Subspecies of Canis lupus Lure coursing
6.
Dog
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The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, the dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be attuned to human behavior. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours, dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on society has given them the sobriquet mans best friend. The term domestic dog is used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, the term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce. The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga frog, picga pig, stagga stag, wicga beetle, worm, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. In 14th-century England, hound was the word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound. It is believed this dog type was so common, it became the prototype of the category hound. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, the word hound is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, dog. This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam, the process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, the modern English word whelp is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, doll. The term dog typically is applied both to the species as a whole, and any male member of the same. An adult female is a bitch, in some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud, an adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females are pups or puppies, a group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter
7.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
8.
Dog breed
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The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes over 400 pure dog breeds. Other uses of the breed when referring to dogs may include pure breeds, cross-breeds, mixed breeds. Mastiff-type dogs were kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs were also bred, by Roman times, most of the breed-types known today were well-defined and their qualities and functions recorded. Dog breeds proliferated in Europe during the Middle Ages 700 years ago, for early depictions of dogs in art, see early history. Ancient breed of dogs was a term used for a group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club. These breeds were referred to as ancient breeds, as opposed to modern breeds, in 2004, a study looked at the microsatellites of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. These 9 breeds had been referred to as ancient breeds, as opposed to the modern breeds, see further, Dog type The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era. In 2010, a study looked at 48,000 Single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave a genome-wide coverage of 912 dogs representing 85 breeds, the study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to phenotype or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, there were 17 breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other phenotypes. Results also indicated that the Basenji had recent admixture with Middle Eastern wolves, the study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs. The three groups were an Asian group that showed past admixture with Chinese wolves, a Middle Eastern group, and a northern group. The study referred to these 16 as Basal breeds, as opposed to ancient breeds, as they exhibited genetic divergence, the study found that modern breeds only emerged in the 19th century and that claims of their antiquity are based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. Of the basal breeds, the American Eskimo Dog and Eurasier were the recent product of cross-breeding other basal breeds. Most basal breeds have hybridized with other lineages in the past, if those other lineages were other basal breeds then a basal genetic signature remains. In 2014, a study indicated that some breed-temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, other temperaments may be due to the legacies of ancient ancestry. Groups of owners that have dogs of the breed and have an interest in dog breeding can form national Kennel clubs. Kennel Clubs maintain breed standards, record pedigrees in a breed registry and they often serve as registries, which are lists of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents. A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations, dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics
9.
Greyhound
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The Greyhound is a breed of dog, a sighthound which has been bred for coursing game and Greyhound racing. Since the rise in adoption of retired racing Greyhounds, the breed has seen a resurgence in popularity as a family pet. It is a gentle and intelligent breed whose combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest, flexible spine and slim build allows it to reach average race speeds exceeding 64 kilometres per hour. The Greyhound can reach a speed of 70 kilometres per hour within 30 metres, or six strides from the boxes. Males are usually 71 to 76 centimetres tall at the withers, females tend to be smaller, with shoulder heights ranging from 68 to 71 centimetres and weights from less than 27 to 34 kilograms. Greyhounds have very short fur, which is easy to maintain, there are approximately thirty recognized color forms, of which variations of white, brindle, fawn, black, red and blue can appear uniquely or in combination. Greyhounds are dolichocephalic, with a skull which is long in comparison to its breadth. Greyhounds can be aloof and indifferent to strangers, but are affectionate with their own pack and they are generally docile, lazy, easy-going, and calm. Greyhounds wear muzzles during racing, which can lead some to believe they are aggressive dogs, contrary to popular belief, adult Greyhounds do not need extended periods of daily exercise, as they are bred for sprinting rather than endurance. Greyhound puppies that have not been taught how to utilize their energy, however, can be hyperactive and destructive if not given an outlet, Greyhound owners and adoption groups consider Greyhounds wonderful pets. Greyhounds are quiet, gentle and loyal to owners and they are very loving, and enjoy the company of their humans and other dogs. Whether a Greyhound will enjoy the company of other animals, such as cats. Greyhounds will typically chase small animals, those lacking a high prey drive will be able to coexist happily with toy dog breeds and/or cats, many owners describe their Greyhounds as 45-mile-per-hour couch potatoes. Greyhounds live most happily as pets in quiet environments and they do well in families with children, as long as the children are taught to treat the dog properly with politeness and appropriate respect. Greyhounds have a nature, and gentle commands work best as training methods. A very common misconception regarding Greyhounds is that they are hyperactive and this is usually not the case with retired racing Greyhounds. Greyhounds can live comfortably as apartment dogs, as they do not require much space, due to their calm temperament, Greyhounds can make better apartment dogs than smaller, more active breeds. At most race tracks, Greyhounds are housed in crates, most such animals know nothing other than being in a crate for the majority of the day
10.
Sighthound
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Sighthounds, also called gazehounds, primarily hunt by sight and speed, rather than by scent and endurance as scent hounds do. These dogs specialize in pursuing prey, keeping it in sight and they must be able to detect motion quickly, so they have keen vision. The typical sighthound type has a light, lean head, which is dolichocephalic in proportion and this shape can create the illusion that their heads are longer than usual. Wolves and other dogs are dolichocephalic or mesaticephalic, but some domesticated dogs have become brachycephalic due to artificial selection by humans over the course of 12,000 years. There is no science-based evidence to confirm the belief that sighthounds have a higher visual acuity than other types of dogs. The earliest description of a sighthound in European recorded history comes from Arrians Cynegeticus, although today most sighthounds are kept primarily as pets, they have been bred for thousands of years to detect movement, chase, capture, and kill prey primarily by speed. Some have mellow personalities, others are watchful or even hostile towards strangers, apart from coursing, open-field coursing, and hunting, various dog sports are practiced with purebred sighthounds, and sometimes with Lurchers and Longdogs. Such sports include racing, lure coursing, and other events and this is partially because most Anglophone kennel clubs, The Kennel Club and American Kennel Club, do not have a Sighthound group per se, where they are included in the larger Hound group. While this debate may simply appear to be a matter of semantics, it is of importance when classifying breeds through a thorough understanding of their true history. The original, authentic and documented use of a breed is paramount in deciding its category as a hound, sighthound, the Basenji is far from alone in this. The Rhodesian Ridgeback, was classified as a gun dog by its founding parent club for several decades. Since that time the Ridgeback has been mired in a perpetual classification conundrum, many hunting dog types capable of hunting by speed and sight are not recognized as sighthounds, either informally or formally by a major kennel club. The Functional Saluki, Lessons from the Coursing Field, Sighthound Review, Charter Issue May–June 1984. Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and the Question of What is a Sighthound, the Complete Book of Coursing, Hounds, Hares & Other Creatures, rev. & expanded 2nd ed. Wheat Ridge, Colo. Hounds, Hares & Other Creatures, The Complete Book of Coursing, london, Popular Dogs Publishing Co. Ltd.1992. London, J. Bohn,1831 Grant-Rennick, Richard, Coursing, The Pursuit of Game with Gazehounds. Saul, Gloucestershire, The Standfast Sporting Library,1977, Sighthounds Their Form, Their Function and Their Future, Ramsbury, The Crowood Press Ltd,2012. The Performance Sighthound Journal, July–September 2007, Hounds and Hunting in Ancient Greece
11.
Hortaya borzaya
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The hortaya borzaya is an old Asian sighthound breed originating in the former Kievan Rus, later Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russian Empire. It is a dog of large size, of lean but at the same time robust build, in its everyday life the hortaya is quiet and balanced. It has a sight, capable of seeing a moving object at a very far distance. In spite of its calm temperament the dog has a very active reaction to running game, hortaya are excellent, enduring hunting dogs endowed with a good, basic obedience and completely lacking aggression towards humans. The hortaya is a hound of a large to very large size depending on breed type. The breed has five types, with at least as many subtypes to each main type. The result of this is a broad variability, adapting the breed to the variety of geography, climate. The legs are long, the flexible, and the chest disproportionately deep in comparison to the waist, in order to accommodate large. Small ears and a long, narrow skull are typical, hortaya males range from 26 to 30 inches, females from 24 to 28 inches. The weight depends largely on type and can range from 18 kilograms up to 35 kilograms, in general, the hortaya is heavier than it looks. When not hunting, the gait of the breed is a fluid, limber. When chasing the prey, hortaya gallop in fast leaps of great length, the short, dense fur can come in any color, as the only breed standards for the hortaya are health and skill. Dark coloured dogs typically have a nose, while light coloured dogs typically have a brown nose. Eyes may be any color, and typically have a black or very dark rim, starting in the 2000s, some hortaya were exported to parts of Europe and North America, where a breed standard for a new, as-yet unnamed subtype was established. Among these dogs, coat colour and colour combinations are restricted to a few types, white, black, cream of all shades, red, sable and brindle, a black overlay and black mask, grey or red tan markings are normal. Atypical colours and markings, like brown or chocolate, a saddle or dapple pattern and this subtype is still being defined, and further restrictions may be implemented, but it should be noted that the standard of the original hortaya remains unchanged. The hortaya borzaya is of a friendly, but distinctly Asian character and it is never aggressive or fierce towards humans, even though occasionally quite vigilant. Due the rigorous selection on hunting in a team with its owner and it is very close to wolves in its pack behaviour
12.
Steppe
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In South Africa they are referred to as Veld. The prairie is an example of a steppe, though it is not usually called such and it may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. The term is used to denote the climate encountered in regions too dry to support a forest. The soil is typically of chernozem type, steppes are usually characterized by a semi-arid and continental climate. Extremes can be recorded in the summer of up to 45 °C and in winter, besides this huge difference between summer and winter, the differences between day and night are also very great. In the highlands of Mongolia,30 °C can be reached during the day with sub-zero °C readings at night, the mid-latitude steppes can be summarized by hot summers and cold winters, averaging 250–510 mm of precipitation per year. Precipitation level alone is not what defines a steppe climate, potential evapotranspiration must also be taken into account, the Eurasian Grass-Steppe of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands had a role in the spread of the horse, the wheel, and the Indo-European languages. The Indo-European expansion and diverse invasions of horse archer civilizations of the steppe eventually led to, the Pannonian Plain is another steppe region in eastern Europe, primarily Hungary. Another large steppe area is located in the central United States, western Canada, the shortgrass prairie steppe is the westernmost part of the Great Plains region. The Channeled Scablands in Southern British Columbia and Washington State is an example of a region in North America outside of the Great Plains. In South America, cold steppe can be found in Patagonia, relatively small steppe areas can be found in the interior of the South Island of New Zealand. In Asia, a subtropical steppe can be found in semi-arid lands that fringe the Thar Desert of the Indian subcontinent, in Australia, subtropical steppe can be found in a belt surrounding the most severe deserts of the continent and around the Musgrave Ranges. Ecology and Conservation of Steppe-land Birds by Manuel B. Morales, Santi Mañosa, Jordi Camprodón, international Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of steppe-land birds
13.
Crimea
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The peninsula is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson and west of the Russian region of Kuban. It is connected to Kherson Oblast by the Isthmus of Perekop and is separated from Kuban by the Strait of Kerch, the Arabat Spit is located to the northeast, a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov. Crimea has historically been at the boundary between the world and the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Crimea and adjacent territories were united in the Crimean Khanate during the 15th to 18th century, in 1783, Crimea was annexed by the Russian Empire. It became the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine in 1991, with Sevastopol having its own administration, within Ukraine, the ex-Soviet Black Sea Fleet and its facilities were divided between Russias Black Sea Fleet and the Ukrainian Naval Forces. The two navies shared some of the harbours and piers, while others were demilitarised or used by either country. Sevastopol remained the location of the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters with the Ukrainian Naval Forces Headquarters also based in the city, most of the international community does not recognize the annexation and considers Crimea to be Ukrainian territory. Russia currently administers the peninsula as two federal subjects, the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. Ukraine continues to assert its right over the peninsula, the classical name Tauris or Taurica is from the Greek Ταυρική, after the peninsulas Scytho-Cimmerian inhabitants, the Tauri. In English usage since the modern period the Crimean Khanate is referred to as Crim Tartary. The Italian form Crimea also becomes current during the 18th century, the omission of the definite article in English became common during the later 20th century. The name Crimea follows the Italian form from the Crimean Tatar name for the city Qırım which served as a capital of the Crimean province of the Golden Horde, the name of the capital was extended to the entire peninsula at some point during Ottoman suzerainty. The origin of the word Qırım is uncertain, suggestions argued in various sources include, a corruption of Cimmerium. A derivation from the Turkic term qirum, from qori-, other suggestions that have not been supported by sources but are apparently based on similarity in sound include, a derivation from the Greek Cremnoi. However, he identifies the port, not in Crimea, no evidence has been identified that this name was ever in use for the peninsula. The classical name was revived in 1802 in the name of the Russian Taurida Governorate, in the 8th century BCE the Cimmerians migrated to the region and subsequently the Scythians as well it being the site of Greek colonies. The most important city was Chersonesos at the edge of todays Sevastopol, the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded to Crimea. Later occupiers included the Romans, Goths, Huns, Bulgars, the Byzantine Empire, Khazars, the Kipchaks, the Golden Horde, consideration of the succeeding residents of the peninsula by their linguistic grouping is also of relevance
14.
Afghan Hound
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The Afghan Hound is a hound that is distinguished by its thick, fine, silky coat and its tail with a ring curl at the end. The breed was bred for its unique features in the cold mountains of Afghanistan. Its local name is Tāžī Spay or Sag-e Tāzī, other names for this breed are Kuchi Hound, Tāzī, Balkh Hound, Baluchi Hound, Barakzai Hound, Shalgar Hound, Kabul Hound, Galanday Hound or sometimes incorrectly African Hound. The Afghan Hound has been identified as a breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th Century. It is most closely related to the Saluki, todays modern purebred breed of Afghan Hound descends from dogs brought to Great Britain in the 1920s which King Amanullah of the Afghan Royal Family gave away as gifts. Some had been kept as hunting dogs, others as guardians, although the breed is demonstrably ancient, verifiable written or visual records that tie todays Afghan Hound breed to specific Afghan owners or places are absent. There is much speculation about the origin and possible connections with the ancient world among fanciers and in non-scientific breed books. Connections with other types and breeds from the area may provide clues to the history. A name for a desert coursing Afghan hound, Tazi, suggests an ancestry with the very similar Tasy breed from the Caspian Sea area of Russia. Other types or breeds of similar appearance are the Taigan from the mountainous Tian Shan region on the Chinese border of Afghanistan, there are at least 13 types known in Afghanistan, and some are being developed into modern purebred breeds. Once out of Afghanistan, the history of the Afghan Hound breed becomes an important part of the history of the very earliest dog shows and they were also called Persian Greyhounds by the English, in reference to their own indigenous sighthound. One dog in particular, Zardin, was brought in 1907 from India by Captain Bariff, Zardin was the basis of the writing of the first breed standard in 1912, but breeding of the dogs was stopped by World War I. Out of the longhaired sighthound types known in Afghanistan, two main strains make up the modern Afghan Hound breed, the first were a group of hounds brought to Scotland from Baluchistan by Major and Mrs. G. Bell-Murray and Miss Jean C. Manson in 1920, and are called the Bell-Murray strain and these dogs were of the lowland or steppe type, also called kalagh, and are less heavily coated. The second strain was a group of dogs from a kennel in Kabul owned by Mrs. Mary Amps and she and her husband came to Kabul after the Afghan war in 1919, and the foundation sire of her kennel in Kabul was a dog that closely resembled Zardin. Her Ghazni strain were the more heavily coated mountain type, most of the Afghans in the United States were developed from the Ghazni strain from England. The first Afghans in Australia were imported from the United States in 1934, the French breed club was formed in 1939. The mountain and steppe strains became mixed into the modern Afghan Hound breed, and a new standard was written in 1948, which is still used today
15.
Saluki
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The Saluki, also known as Persian Greyhound, is a dog originally bred in the Fertile Crescent. The Saluki is classed as a sighthound and is typically deep-chested and long-legged, Salukis are sight hounds—hunting by sight—and run their quarry down to kill or retrieve it. Historically, Salukis were used for hunting by nomadic tribes, typical quarry included the gazelle, hare, fox and jackal. The two ancient Sumerian words Salu-ki translate into plunge-earth, however, there is no evidence the breed was referred to by the Sumerians with this name nor what plunge to earth might have meant in reference to the Saluki. The name of the breed first appeared in writing in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and may have derived from Saluqiyyah, British diplomat Sir Terence Clark wrote that the Arabic word Saluqi describes a person or thing from a place named Saluq. Arab tradition states that Saluq was an ancient town in Yemen not far from modern Taizz, however, the word saluqi might have been derived from reference to several other places, Saluq in Armenia, and three towns called Saluqiyah. One has become modern Silifke, another is near Antioch, Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian Empire, which was located some 30 km to the southeast. Salukis are sight hounds—hunting by sight—and run their quarry down to kill or retrieve it, the normal size range for the breed is 23–28 inches high at the withers and 40–60 pounds in weight. Females Salukis are slightly smaller than males, the head is long and narrow with large eyes and drop ears. The tail of the breed is long and curved and it has the typical deep-chested, long-legged body of sighthounds. The coat comes in a variety of colors including white, cream, fawn, red, grizzle/tan, black/tan, the overall appearance of the Saluki is one of grace and symmetry. Two coat types—smooth and feathered—are evident in the gene pool. The latter variety has light feathering on the back of the legs, the fur on both types is silky and is low-shedding when compared to other breeds. While the Greyhound is credited as being the fastest dog breed up to distances of around 800 metres, in 1996, The Guinness Book of Records listed a Saluki as being the fastest dog, capable of reaching a speed of 68.8 kilometres per hour. Due to its heavily padded feet being able to absorb the impact on its body, historically, Salukis were used for hunting by nomadic tribes. Typical quarry included the gazelle, hare, fox and jackal, while hunting hares, Bedouin hunters would sometimes ride close to their quarry on a camel holding a Saluki, which would be thrown towards the prey while at speed to give the dog a running start. Gazelle hunters also used hawks to gouge out the eyes of the prey so that a Saluki could then bring down the blinded animal, the modern Saluki has retained qualities of hunting hounds and may seem reserved to strangers. The often independent and aloof breed may be difficult to train, training methods should always be gentle and patient
16.
Taigan
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The Taigan also known as Kyrgyzdyn Taighany is a sighthound breed from Kyrgyzstan, which is not yet recognized by the FCI, but is recognized by a number of kennel clubs on national level. They have medium-length and slightly curly hair and are similar in shape to Greyhounds and they are a member of the sighthound family. Same as Azawakh, Sloughi, Saluki, Afghan Hound and Mid-Asiatic Tazi, the Taigan is a member of the family of Eastern Sighthounds, which can be found from Northern Africa to Central Asia. During most periods of their history, the Kyrgyz have been a nomadic people. Therefore it is unlikely that the origins of the Taigan can be traced back to one single ancestor. However, the Taigan in its present form is a pronounced mountain breed, in the 1930s, Soviet cynologists began to register the existing specimens in the Kyrgyz SSR, but this work had to be stopped after the German invasion of the USSR in 1941. In 1964, the USSR laid down the first standard for the breed, different from many western countries, live coursing has always been legal in the Soviet Union, hunters were organised in kolkhozy and had to deliver certain amounts of fur to the collective farms. After Kyrgyzstan became independent in 1991, the role of the breed underwent a change, the collapse of the collective farms forced many people in the rural areas of Kyrgyzstan to return to the nomadic life of their ancestors. For some of them, hunting with the Taigan became again an occupation which helps them to earn their living, on the other hand, parts of the new urban upper class have discovered the Taigan as a prestigious symbol of national heritage during the past few years. In 1995, the Cinologist Council of the Kyrgyz Republic adopted a new breed standard, a number of breed shows were held in Bishkek, but with only small attendance by hunters from the countryside. During a state visit to Norway in November 2003, the former Kyrgyz president Askar Akayev gave two Taigan puppies as a present to King Harald V and prime minister Kjell Magne Bondevik. Since 2005, a kennel club exists in Kyrgyzstan, which has been admitted to the FCI as a contact partner in 2009. This would now enable Kyrgyzstan to apply for recognition of the Taigan. However, the FCI member clubs in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, the Taigan is a sighthound, which is a bit larger than medium height. The minimal height for male specimens is 65 cm and for females 60 cm, the colours are black, black with white, grey, brown and yellow and white. Areas of dark colored coat may have white marks, the coat is soft, long, and thick. In the winter, undercoat is developed, the ears are drooping, thick and covered with long, soft, wavy fur. A distinguishing mark of the Taigan is the ring on the end of the tail - the base vertebras of the ring are jointed, so that the ring cannot be unrolled
17.
Suburb
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
18.
Hound
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A Hound is a type of dog, used by hunters to track or chase prey. Hounds can be contrasted with gundogs, which assist hunters by identifying the location of prey and/or recovering shot quarry, the hound breeds were the first hunting dogs. They have either a sense of smell or great speed. There are three types of hound, with several breeds within each type, Sighthounds, which follow prey predominantly by speed and these dogs are fast and assist hunters in catching game—fox, hare, deer and elk. Scenthounds, which follow prey or others by tracking its scent and these dogs have endurance but are not fast runners. The remaining breeds of hound follow their prey using both sight and scent, difficult to classify as they are neither sighthound nor scent hound and this may not include all hound-type dogs. Breed Groups Dog type Hound Group Hunting dog Scent hound Sighthound Sighthound & Pariah Group
19.
Stanley Coren
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He also writes for Psychology Today in the award-winning regular feature series Canine Corner. Coren was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1942 and attended classes at the University of Pennsylvania before earning his doctorate at Stanford University. He continues to teach and do research as a professor emeritus, outside of the classroom, Coren is an aficionado of dogs, and has made a long career of research into dog behaviour that has led him to national television and into international media. He is an instructor with the Vancouver Dog Obedience Training Club, in the process his dogs have earned numerous obedience titles. In his career, Coren has produced research papers and published items in a range of psychological areas including sensory processes, neuropsychology. He has published more than 400 papers and articles in journals like Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine and his research has been recognized with numerous awards over the years, including being named as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. One of his publications, Sensation and Perception, has listed as required reading for university coursework. Corens research which has been most influential in psychology can be divided into four distinct areas, Coren began his research career studying vision and visual processes. Much of his work dealt with various visual illusions, and was done in collaboration with Joan. They are credited with reopening the interest of psychologists in these visual phenomena and these tests have been widely disseminated and can be found reprinted in various psychological and sensory textbooks. A body of research that caught the public interest to an extent, was Corens work on left-handedness. With his co-researchers, Diane F. Halpern, Clare Porac, specifically his research led him to believe that left-handedness could be a marker for various psychological and physical problems. The media became interested in this work when findings began to emerge indicating that left-handedness was often associated with difficult or stressful births, the issue of handedness and physical and mental health continues to be an actively researched topic. Many of his books on dogs do contain hithertofore unpublished empirical data and this ranking caused a rather large media stir. His book Why we love the dogs we do looks at the personality of people and it is based on a survey of more than 6000 people who took a personality test and reported on their experiences with the various dogs that they have owned. This book proved to be popular and Corens personality test is now used by some dog shelters to determine whether prospective owners are suitable for a particular breed of dog. Similarly, his book Why does my dog act that way, uses data from approximately a thousand dogs to determine features of the personality of various dog breeds. These books have also been accepted and have been proven to be very popular
20.
The Intelligence of Dogs
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The Intelligence of Dogs is a book on dog intelligence by Stanley Coren, a professor of canine psychology at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Published in 1994, the book explains Corens theories about the differences in intelligence between different breeds of dogs, Coren published a second edition in 2006. Coren defines three aspects of dog intelligence in the book, instinctive intelligence, adaptive intelligence, and working, instinctive intelligence refers to a dogs ability to perform the tasks it was bred for, such as herding, pointing, fetching, guarding, or supplying companionship. Adaptive intelligence refers to an ability to solve problems on its own. Working and obedience intelligence refers to an ability to learn from humans. The books ranking focuses on working and obedience intelligence, assessments were limited to breeds receiving at least 100 judge responses. This methodology aimed to eliminate the excessive weight that might result from a tabulation of obedience degrees by breed. Its use of expert opinion followed precedent, the highest ranked dogs in this category were Border collies, Poodles, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, and Doberman Pinschers. Dogs that are not breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club or Canadian Kennel Club were not included in Corens rankings, when Corens list of breed intelligence first came out there was much media attention and commentary both pro and con. 79 ranks are given, a total of 131 breeds ranked, Understanding of New Commands, obey First Command, 95% of the time or better. Obey First Command, 85% of the time or better, obey First Command, 70% of the time or better. Obey First Command, 50% of the time or better, obey First Command, 30% of the time or better. Obey First Command, 25% of the time or worse, shih Tzu Basset Hound MastiffBeagle Pekingese Bloodhound Borzoi Chow Chow Bulldog Basenji Afghan Hound Dog intelligence Stanley Coren Working dog List of dog breeds
21.
Obedience trial
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An obedience trial is a dog sport in which a dog must perfectly execute a predefined set of tasks when directed to do so by his handler. Training a dog to participate in AKC obedience trials increases a dogs understanding and reliability in responding to such as sit, down, stay, come. At a trial, the dog and handler will perform various predefined obedience exercises, the dog must demonstrate basic proficiency in order to receive a passing score. A handler may choose to train for higher degrees of accuracy, the dog and handler teams with the four highest scores in a given class will receive placement ribbons, and sometimes additional prizes. All dogs that receive a passing, or qualifying score earn a leg towards an obedience title, when a dog has accumulated the requisite number of legs for a given title, the AKC will issue a certificate to the dogs owner recognizing that accomplishment. Obedience competition provides an opportunity for a person and a dog to work as a highly tuned team, training for obedience trials can provide much needed mental stimulation and physical activity for a bored housepet, and provide a fun and challenging hobby for the dogs owner. The exact name and requirements of obedience exercises vary depending on who is sanctioning any given competition, however, the list of exercises below provides a general description of what a dog and handler can expect at most obedience trials. Depending on who has sanctioned the given trial dogs are divided into classes based on their proficiency, age, most organizations break down the dog and handler teams into novice, intermediate, and advanced classes. The American Kennel Club calls these three classes, Novice, Open, and Utility, the AKC then further divides these classes into A and B classes, i. e. Novice A or Open B. The Novice A class is reserved for handlers who have never shown a dog. Other A classes have restrictions on the handlers or dogs experience, Heel Following the judges commands, the dog and handler team walks a predetermined pattern with the dog remaining on the handlers left side and reasonably close and attentive to the handler. The dog also must automatically sit when the judge instructs the team to halt, Heeling is one of the most basic obedience exercises and as such it is often incorporated into other exercises such as the moving stand and the figure 8. It is also how most teams will enter and move about the ring between exercises, Figure 8 The figure 8 exercise requires the team to heel in a figure 8 pattern either on or off leash. Generally two of the stewards will assist the judge with this exercise by acting as posts, standing 8 feet apart. Sit for Exam This exercise is a version of the Stand for Exam. It is generally used in novice level classes and requires the handler to order the dog to sit, the judge will then approach the dog and pet the dogs head. Sit There are many variations of this exercise because it is such a common, generally the handler will order the dog to sit and stay and then the judge will order the handler to walk away from the dog. In the later two cases the length of time before the orders the handler to return, and the time the dog must remain sitting
22.
Dog agility
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Dog agility is a dog sport in which a handler directs a dog through an obstacle course in a race for both time and accuracy. Dogs run off leash with no food or toys as incentives, consequently, the handlers controls are limited to voice, movement, and various body signals, requiring exceptional training of the animal and coordination of the handler. In its simplest form, an agility course consists of a set of standard obstacles laid out by a judge in a design of his or her own choosing in an area of a specified size, the surface may be of grass, dirt, rubber, or special matting. Depending on the type of competition, the obstacles may be marked with numbers indicating the order in which they must be completed, courses are complicated enough that a dog could not complete them correctly without human direction. In competition, the handler must assess the course, decide on handling strategies, many strategies exist to compensate for the inherent difference in human and dog speeds and the strengths and weaknesses of the various dogs and handlers. Because each course is different, handlers are allowed a short walk-through before the competition starts, the handler tends to run a path much different from the dogs path, so the handler can sometimes spend quite a bit of time planning for what is usually a quick run. Printed maps of the agility course, called course maps, are made available to the handlers before they run. The course map contains icons indicating the position and orientation of all the obstacles, course maps were originally drawn by hand, but nowadays courses are created using various computer programs. Each dog and handler team gets one opportunity together to attempt to complete the course successfully, the dog begins behind a starting line and, when instructed by his handler, proceeds around the course. The handler typically runs near the dog, directing the dog with spoken commands and with body language. Because speed counts as much as accuracy, especially at higher levels of competition, scoring of runs is based on how many faults are incurred. The regulations of different organizations specify somewhat different rules and dimensions for the construction of obstacles, however, the basic form of most obstacles is the same wherever they are used. Obstacles include the following, Jump Two uprights supporting a horizontal bar over which the dog jumps, the height is adjusted for dogs of different heights. The uprights can be simple stanchions or can have wings of various shapes, sizes, double and Triple Jump Two uprights supporting two or three horizontal bars spread forward or back from each other. The double can have parallel or ascending horizontal bars, the triple always has ascending bars, the spread between the horizontal bars is sometimes adjusted based on the height of the dog. Broad Jump A set of four or five slightly raised platforms that form an area over which the dog must jump without setting their feet on any of the platforms. The length of the jump is adjusted for the dogs height, tire Jump A torus shape that is roughly the size of a tire and suspended in a frame. The dog must jump through the opening of the tire, like other jumps, the tire is usually wrapped with tape both for visibility and to cover any openings or uneven places in which the dog could catch
23.
Obedience training
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Obedience training usually refers to the training of a dog and the term is most commonly used in that context. Obedience implies compliance with the direction or command given by the handler, for a dog to be considered obedient rather than simply trained in obedience, it must respond reliably each time its handler gives a command. Training a dog in obedience can be an ongoing and lengthy process depending on the dog, the used. The level of obedience the handler wishes to achieve with the dog is also a factor in the time involved. Obedience training is often a prerequisite for or component of other training, the actual training of the dog can be done by anyone, the trainer, owner, or a friend. Typically the individual who is caring for and living with the dog participates and trains the dog, the relationship and trust between the dog and handler are important for success. Basic or beginners obedience is typically a short course ranging from six to ten weeks, with most methods the dog is trained one command at a time. Though there may or may not be a specific word attached to it, walking properly on a leash, in the twentieth century, formalized dog training originated in military and police applications, and the methods used largely reflected the military approach to training humans. In the middle and late part of the century, however, more research into operant conditioning, aquatic mammal trainers used clickers to mark desired behavior, giving food as a reward. The change in training methods spread gradually into the world of dog training, today many dog trainers rely heavily on positive reinforcement to teach new behaviors. At a basic level, owners want dogs with which they can share a house. Some dogs need only an amount of training to learn to eliminate outside, to sit, to lie down. Many other dogs prove more challenging, new dog owners might find training difficult and fail to make progress, because they expect dogs to think and act like humans, and are surprised and baffled when the dogs dont. While not a competitive obedience title, a CGC certification demonstrates that the dog is sociable, well behaved, and reliable in public settings. Dogs that have been bred to one task to the exclusion of all others, or that have been bred to work independently from their handler. Novice dog owners need to consider a dogs trainability as well as its level, exercise requirements. Very high intelligence is not necessarily a good thing in a dog, as smart dogs can require extensive daily mental stimulation if they are not to become bored. No breed is impossible to train, but novice owners might find training some breeds quite difficult
24.
Cat
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The domestic cat is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal. They are often called house cats when kept as pets or simply cats when there is no need to distinguish them from other felids. Cats are often valued by humans for companionship and for their ability to hunt vermin, there are more than 70 cat breeds, though different associations proclaim different numbers according to their standards. Cats are similar in anatomy to the felids, with a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws. Cat senses fit a crepuscular and predatory ecological niche, cats can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small animals. They can see in near darkness, like most other mammals, cats have poorer color vision and a better sense of smell than humans. Cats, despite being solitary hunters, are a species and cat communication includes the use of a variety of vocalizations. Cats have a high breeding rate, under controlled breeding, they can be bred and shown as registered pedigree pets, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control the breeding of pet cats by neutering, as well as the abandonment of former household pets, has resulted in numbers of feral cats worldwide. In certain areas outside cats native range, this has contributed, along with destruction and other factors. Cats have been known to extirpate a bird species within specific regions, a genetic study in 2007 concluded that domestic cats are descended from Near Eastern wildcats, having diverged around 8,000 BC in the Middle East. As of a 2007 study, cats are the second most popular pet in the US by number of pets owned, in a 2010 study they were ranked the third most popular pet in the UK, after fish and dogs, with around 8 million being owned. The domestic cat is believed to have evolved from the Near Eastern wildcat, the felids are a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 10–15 million years ago and include lions, tigers, cougars and many others. Within this family, domestic cats are part of the genus Felis, members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat of southeast Asia, European wildcat, African wildcat, the Chinese mountain cat, and the Arabian sand cat, among others. The domestic cat was first classified as Felis catus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1758, because of modern phylogenetics, domestic cats are usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, F. silvestris. This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the cat can be called by its subspecies name. Wildcats have also referred to as various subspecies of F. catus, but in 2003. The most common name in use for the cat remains F. catus
25.
Hip dysplasia (canine)
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In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints. It is a trait that is affected by environmental factors. It can be found in animals and in humans, but is most commonly associated with dogs. Hip dysplasia is one of the most studied veterinary conditions in dogs, in the normal anatomy of the hip joint, the root is connected to the pelvis at the hip joint. The almost spherical end of the femur head fits into the acetabulum, the bony surfaces of the femur head and of the acetabulum are covered by cartilage. While bones provide the necessary to support body weight, cartilage ensures a smooth fit. Normal hip function can be affected by conditions such as dysplasia, discussed in this article, trauma. In a hip the dog could have major contractions or seizures from dysplasias, the caput is not deeply and tightly held by the acetabulum. Instead of being a fit, it is a loose fit. Secondly, the caput or acetabulum are not smooth and round, the body reacts to this in several ways. First, the joint itself is continually repairing itself and laying down new cartilage, the joint becomes inflamed and a cycle of cartilage damage, inflammation and pain commences. This is a process, in that the more the joint becomes damaged. The bones of the joint may also develop osteoarthritis, visible on an X-ray as small outcrops of bone, osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease marked by the breakdown of cartilage between joints resulting in painful bone-to-bone contact. The underlying deformity of the joint may get worse over time, a dog may have good X-rays and yet be in pain, or may have very poor X-rays and have no apparent pain issues. The hip condition is one factor to determine the extent to which dysplasia is causing pain or affecting the quality of life. In mild to moderate dysplasia it is often the secondary effects of wear and tear or arthritis, rather than dysplasia itself. In canines, it can be caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket, large and giant breeds are most susceptible to hip dysplasia, though, many other breeds can suffer from it. For a list of top 100 breeds affected, by percentage, visit the OFFA Here, http, cats are also known to have this condition, especially Siamese
26.
Elbow dysplasia
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This article pertains to elbow dysplasia in the dog. Elbow dysplasia is a condition involving multiple developmental abnormalities of the elbow-joint in the dog and these abnormalities, known as primary lesions, give rise to osteoarthritic processes. Elbow dysplasia is a condition of certain breeds of dogs. Most primary lesions are related to osteochondrosis, which is a disease of the joint cartilage and specifically Osteochondritis dissecans, other common causes of elbow dysplasia included ununited anconeal process and fragmented or ununited medial coronoid process. Osteochondritis dissecans is difficult to diagnose clinically as the animal may exhibit an unusual gait. Consequently, OCD may be masked by, or misdiagnosed as, other skeletal, the problem develops in puppyhood although often subclinically, and there may be pain or stiffness, discomfort on extension, or other compensating characteristics. Diagnosis generally depends on X-rays, arthroscopy, or MRI scans, while cases of OCD of the stifle go undetected and heal spontaneously, others are exhibited in acute lameness. Surgery is recommended once the animal has been deemed lame, before then non-surgical control is usually used, Elbow Dysplasia is a significant genetically determined problem in many breeds of dog, often manifesting from puppyhood and continuing for life. In elbow dysplasia, the elbow joint suffers from a structural defect. This initial condition, known as a lesion, causes an abnormal level of wear and tear and gradual degradation of the joint. Secondary processes such as inflammation and osteoarthritis can arise from this damage which increase the problem, other common causes of elbow dysplasia included ununited anconeal process and fractured or ununited medial coronoid process. In OCD, the change of cartilage to bone in the development of the joint fails or is delayed. The cartilage continues to grow and may split or become necrotic, the cause is uncertain, but possibly includes genetics, trauma, and nutrition. OCD lesions are found in the elbow at the medial epicondyle of the humerus, specific conditions related to OCD include fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna and an ununited anconeal process of the ulna. All types of OCD of the elbow are most typically found in large breed dogs, males are affected twice as often as females. The disease often affects both elbows, and symptoms include intermittent lameness, joint swelling, and external rotation and abduction of the paw, osteoarthritis will develop later in most cases. UAP is caused by a separation from the ulna of the center of the anconeal process. FMCP is caused by a failure of the process to unite with the ulna
27.
Gastric dilatation volvulus
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Gastric dilatation volvulus, also known as twisted stomach or gastric torsion, is a medical condition in which the stomach becomes overstretched and rotated by excessive gas content. The word bloat is often used as a term to mean gas distension without stomach torsion. GDV is a condition in dogs that requires prompt treatment. It is common in certain dog breeds, deep-chested breeds are especially at risk, mortality rates in dogs range from 10 to 60 percent, even with treatment. With surgery, the mortality rate is 15 to 33 percent, studies have indicated that the risk of bloat in dogs perceived as happy by their owners is decreased, and increased in dogs perceived as fearful. This may be due to the effects of the dogs personality on the function. Alternatively, the dogs may become unhappy/uncomfortable as a consequence of the conditions that lead up to exhibiting bloat, dogs with inflammatory bowel disease may be at an increased risk for bloat. One common recommendation in the past has been to raise the food bowl of the dog when it eats, however, studies have shown that this may actually increase the risk of gastric dilatation volvulus. Eating only once daily and eating food consisting of less than 30 mm in size also may increase the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus. As a general rule, gastric dilatation-volvulus is of greatest risk to deep-chested dogs, the five breeds at greatest risk are Great Danes, Weimaraners, St. Bernards, Gordon Setters, and Irish Setters. In fact, the risk for a Great Dane to develop gastric dilatation-volvulus has been estimated to be close to 37 percent. Standard Poodles are also at risk for this problem, as are Irish Wolfhound, Doberman Pinschers, Rottweilers, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Shepherds. Basset Hounds and Dachshunds have the greatest risk for dogs less than 23 kg/50 lbs, the stomach twists around the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract, also known as volvulus. Gas distension may occur prior to or after the stomach twists, the most common direction for rotation is clockwise, viewing the animal from behind. The stomach can rotate up to 360° in this direction and 90° counterclockwise, if the volvulus is greater than 180°, the esophagus is closed off, thereby preventing the animal from relieving the condition by belching or vomiting. The results of this distortion of normal anatomy and gas distension include hypotension, decreased return of blood to the heart, ischemia of the stomach, and shock. Pressure on the portal vein decreases blood flow to liver and decreases the ability of that organ to remove toxins, at the other end of the stomach, the spleen may be damaged if the twisting interrupts its blood supply. If not quickly treated, bloat can lead to poisoning, peritonitis
28.
Newfoundland dog
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The Newfoundland dog is a large working dog. They can be black, brown, or white-and-black. However, in Canada, the country of their origin, the correct colours are either black or Landseer. They were originally bred and used as a dog for fishermen in the Dominion of Newfoundland. They are known for their giant size, intelligence, tremendous strength, calm dispositions, Newfoundland dogs excel at water rescue/lifesaving because of their muscular build, thick double coat, webbed feet, and innate swimming abilities. The Newfoundlands have webbed feet and a water-resistant coat.8 m from nose to tail and they may grow up to 56–76 cm tall at the shoulder. The American Kennel Club standard colors of the Newfoundland dogs are black, brown, grey, other colors are possible but are not considered rare or more valuable. The Kennel Club permits only black, brown, and white/black, the Landseer pattern is named after the artist, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, who featured them in many of his paintings. Fédération Cynologique Internationale consider the ECT Landseer to be a separate breed and it is a taller, more narrow white dog with black markings not bred with a Newfoundland. The Newfoundlands extremely large bones give it mass, while its large musculature gives it the power it needs to take on rough ocean waves and powerful tides. These dogs have huge lung capacity for swimming extremely long distances, and a thick, oily, the double coat makes the dog hard to groom, and also causes a lot of shedding to occur. The droopy lips and jowls make the dog drool, especially in high heat, in the water, the dogs massive webbed paws give it maximum propulsion. The swimming stroke is not a dog paddle. Unlike other dogs, the Newfoundland moves its limbs in a motion giving more power to every stroke. The Newfoundland dog is known for its calm and docile nature and they are highly loyal and make ideal working dogs. It is for this reason that breed is known as the gentle giant. International kennel clubs describe the breed as having a sweet temper. It typically has a deep bark, and is easy to train if started young and they are wonderfully good with children, but small children can get accidentally leaned on and knocked down
29.
St. Bernard (dog)
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The St. Bernard or St Bernard is a breed of very large working dog from the western Alps in France, Switzerland and Italy. They were originally bred at the Great and Little St Bernard Pass for rescue, the breed has become famous through tales of alpine rescues, as well as for its enormous size. The St. Bernard is a giant dog, with the largest individuals reaching over 140 kg, the average weight of the breed is between 65 and 120 kg or more, and the approximate height at the withers is 70 to 90 cm. The coat can be smooth or rough, the smooth coat being close and flat while the rough is dense, flat. The colour is typically a red shade with white, or a mahogany brindle with white, black shading is usually found on the face and ears. The tail is long and heavy, hanging low, eyes are usually brown, but sometimes can be icy blue, and should have naturally tight lids, with haws only slightly visible. The ancestors of the St. Bernard share a history with the Sennenhunds and these dogs are thought to be descendants of molosser type dogs brought into the Alps by the ancient Romans, and the St. Bernard is recognized internationally today as one of the Molossoid breeds. The earliest written records of the St. Bernard breed are from monks at the hospice at the Great St. Bernard Pass in 1707, the most famous St. Bernard to save people at the pass was Barry, who reportedly saved somewhere between 40 and 100 lives. There is a monument to Barry in the Cimetière des Chiens, another famous dog was Rutor, the faithful companion of the priest fr, Pierre Chanoux named after the peak Tête du Rutor located above the Little St Bernard pass. The classic St. Bernard looked very different from the St. Bernard of today because of cross-breeding, severe winters from 1816 to 1818 led to increased numbers of avalanches, killing many of the dogs used for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St, the dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded in Basel on 15 March 1884, the St. Bernard was the very first breed entered into the Swiss Stud Book in 1884, and the breed standard was finally approved in 1888. Since then, the breed has been a Swiss national dog, the dogs at the St Bernard hospice were working dogs that were smaller than todays show St Bernards dogs. An open stud book would have allowed breeders to correct such errors by breeding in Working dog of other dog breeds. The name St. Bernard originates from the Great and Little St. Bernard Hospice two travelers hospices on the often treacherous Great and Little St. Bernard Passes in the Western Alps. Between Switzerland and Italy and between France and Italy in the Graian Alps, south of the one, and few miles away from the Mont-Blanc. The passes, the lodges, and the dogs are named for Bernard of Menthon, St. Bernard wasnt in widespread use until the middle of the 19th century
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Alaskan Malamute
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The Alaskan Malamute /ˈmæləˌmjuːt/ is a large breed of domestic dog originally bred for hauling heavy freight because of their strength and endurance, and later a sled dog. They are similar to other breeds, such as the Greenland dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog, the Siberian Husky. Malamutes were thought to be created by the Malemiut Inupiaq people of Alaskas Norton Sound region, the Malamute has been identified as a basal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th Century. They were separate to the two Inuit dogs, the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland dog. The American Kennel Club breed standard describes a range of size. Heavier individuals and dogs smaller than 75 pounds are commonly seen, there is often a marked size difference between males and females. Weights upwards of 100 pounds are also seen, the coat of the Alaskan Malamute is a double coat. The undercoat has an oily and woolly texture and can be as thick as two inches, the outer guard coat is coarse and stands off the body—longer at the withers but not more than one inch off the sides of the body. Ears are small in proportion to the head and stand erect when at attention. The Alaskan Malamute is a dog, with a more formidable nature and structure than the Siberian Husky. The Alaskan Malamute is bred for power and endurance, which is its original function, the usual colors are various shades of gray and white, sable and white, black and white, seal and white, red and white, or solid white. There are a range of markings in the breed including face markings, blazes, a splash at the nape of the neck. In terms of color variants, some Malamutes exhibit a dark grey to buff-colored undertone around their trimmings and white areas, the eyes of the Alaskan Malamute are almond-shaped and are varied shades of brown, however, the darker eye is preferred. The physical build of the Malamute is compact and strong with substance, bone, according to the AKC breed standard, the Malamutes tail is well furred and is carried over the back like a waving plume. Corkscrew tails are seen but are faulted in the AKC breed standard. The Malamutes well-furred tails aid in keeping them warm when they curl up in the snow and they are often seen wrapping the tail around their nose and face, which presumably helps protect them against harsh weather such as blowing snow. Their ears are upright, wedge-shaped, small in proportion to the head. The muzzle is deep and broad, tapering slightly from the skull to the nose, nose and gums are black but some Malamutes have a snow nose, which is black with a pink undertone that can get darker or lighter, depending on the season
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Raw feeding
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Raw feeding is the practice of feeding domestic dogs, cats and other carnivores a diet primarily of uncooked meat, edible bones, and organs. Supporters of raw feeding believe that the diet of raw meat, bones. They argue that a plan of a raw diet gives the animal numerous health benefits, including a healthier coat and cleaner teeth. Critics of raw feeding assert that the risk of nutritional imbalance, intestinal perforations and foodborne illnesses posed by the handling and feeding of raw meat, the assertion that raw feeding is inherently better because it is natural has also been criticized by proponents of commercial pet foods. There are now considerable numbers of veterinary surgeons who advocate species-appropriate diets including raw feeding dogs, the Raw Feeding Veterinary Society was founded in the UK in 2014 and organises conferences and discussions regarding raw feeding and related issues for Veterinary Surgeons and Nurses. Commercial pet foods, dry foods in particular, often contain an amount of grains. Because cats are carnivores, it is believed that a switch to a predominantly meat based raw diet would be especially beneficial due to cats relative inability to digest grains. Studies comparing the source of protein in dry cat food concluded that the digestibility of meat-based protein is superior to corn-based protein. Because commercial pet foods are assumed to be the primary or exclusive element of a diet, manufacturers enrich their product by supplementing the food with vitamins. As the heat used to process commercial pet foods may reduce the level of naturally occurring nutrients, critics argue that there may be elements to pet nutrition yet to be discovered or that are not understood well enough to be supplemented. There is skepticism over the efficacy of supplements vs the natural absorption of naturally occurring nutrients, the same rationale is used by some to reject supplemented home cooked pet food. A study involving rats has suggested that the digestibility of the acids in cat food is altered during heat processing. Raw food proponent Dr Ian Billinghurst argues in his books that the dog has evolved over many years on a natural raw diet and logically. Katie Merwick, who runs a rescue sanctuary cautions against making a fetish out of what animals eat in the wild. One study used to back up the claims of raw food being superior to cooked food is Francis M. Pottenger, in a study on feline maternal taurine deficiency, the group of taurine-deficient cats exhibited symptoms similar to the Pottengers cats on a cooked diet. There are various differences in opinion within the raw feeding community, issues include the question of whether dogs are omnivores or carnivores. Also, whether cats and dogs need plant material in their diet, and if so, the safety of whole bones is also a frequent topic of discussion. Veterinary Surgeon, Tom Lonsdale, was one of the earliest advocates of feeding pet carnivores a species-appropriate diet best approximated by the Raw meaty Bones diet, the BARF diet, an acronym for Biologically Appropriate Raw Food or Bones And Raw Food was created by Billinghurst
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Sarah Bernhardt
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Sarah Bernhardt was a French stage and early film actress. She was referred to as the most famous actress the world has ever known, Bernhardt made her fame on the stages of France in the 1870s, at the beginning of the Belle Epoque period, and was soon in demand in Europe and the Americas. She developed a reputation as a dramatic actress and tragedienne. In her later career she starred in some of the earliest films ever produced, Sarah Bernhardt was born in Paris as Rosine Bernardt on October 23,1844. She was the daughter of a Dutch-Jewish courtesan, or upper-class prostitute, Judith Bernard. Four different addresses in Paris are claimed as her birthplace,125 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré,5 rue de lEcole-de-Medicine,22 rue de la Michodière and 265 rue Saint-Honoré. The father, whoever he was, left a sum of one hundred francs for her future dowry when she came of age. Sarah lived for months with the nurse and her husband in the tiny apartment of the concierge. While there, the child showed the first signs of tuberculosis. Sarah was discovered on the street by her aunt Rosine, who was passing by, when Sarahs mother finally returned to Paris, Sarah was taken to her apartment at 265 rue Saint-Honoré, where she lived, attended by servants, rarely ever seeing her mother. At the age of eight, Sarah could neither read or writer and her mother sent her away to a school for young ladies in Auteuil run by a Madame Fressard, where for the first time she was with other children her own age. The other children made fun of her appearance and curly hair. During the two years she attended the school, her mother came to see her only twice and she completely forgot all of her lines and fled the stage in tears. At the age of ten, by obtaining the sponsorship of the Duc de Morny, her mother sent Sarah to Grandchamp, at the convent, she was soon on the stage again, performing the part of the Archangel Raphael in the story of Tobias and the Angel. She received her first communion as a Roman Catholic in 1856, however, she never forgot her Jewish heritage. When asked years later by a reporter if she were a Christian, she replied, No, Im a Roman Catholic, Im waiting until Christians become better. At the age of fifteen, her mother withdrew her from the school and her mother summoned a family council, which also included the Duc de Morny, one of her friends. Morny proposed that Sarah should become an actress, an idea which horrified the young girl, Morny arranged for her to attend her first theater performance at the Comedie Française in a party which included her mother, the Duc de Morny, and his friend Alexandre Dumas
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Tsar
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Tsar /zɑːr/ or /tsɑːr/, also spelled tzar, csar, or czar, is a title used to designate certain Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, it is known as Tsarist autocracy, occasionally, the word could be used to designate other secular supreme rulers. Simeon II, the last Tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to have borne the title Tsar, the title Tsar is derived from the Latin title for the Roman emperors, Caesar. In the history of the Greek language, basileus had originally meant something like potentate and it gradually approached the meaning of king in the Hellenistic Period, and it came to designate emperor after the inception in the Roman Empire. Thus, tsar was not only used as an equivalent of Latin imperator but was used to refer to Biblical rulers. From this ambiguity, the development has moved in different directions in the different Slavic languages, thus, the Bulgarian language and Russian language no longer use tsar as an equivalent of the term emperor/imperator as it exists in the West European tradition. Currently, the term refers to native sovereigns, ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales. The title of king is sometimes perceived as alien and is by some Russian-speakers reserved for European royalty, foreign monarchs of imperial status, both inside and outside of Europe, ancient as well as modern, are generally called imperator, rather than tsar. Biblical rulers in Serbian are called цар and in Croatian kralj, in the Polish language however tsar is always used as imperator, never as king. The term tsar is very used to refer to the Russian rulers after Peter the Great. In 705 Emperor Justinian II named Tervel of Bulgaria Caesar, the first foreigner to receive this title, the sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was converted to Christianity. However, the tsar was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for two emperors, Eastern and Western, the Bulgarian ruler was crowned basileus as a spiritual son of the Byzantian basileus. In Latin sources the Emperor of Bulgaria is sometimes designated Emperor of Zagora, various additional epithets and descriptions apart, the official style read Emperor and autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks. During the five-century period of Ottoman rule in Bulgaria, the sultan was referred to as tsar. This may be related to the fact that he had claimed the legacy of the Byzantine Empire or to the fact that the sultan was called Basileus in medieval Greek, after Bulgarias liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince. With the declaration of independence, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted the traditional title tsar in 1908. However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of emperor any longer, in the Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted
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Russian Revolution
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The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II, in the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a communist state. The February Revolution was a revolution focused around Petrograd, then capital of Russia, in the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, the February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during the First World War, which left much of the Russian Army in a state of mutiny. During this chaotic period there were frequent mutinies, protests and many strikes, when the Provisional Government chose to continue fighting the war with Germany, the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions campaigned for stopping the conflict. The Bolsheviks turned workers militias under their control into the Red Guards over which they exerted substantial control, the Bolsheviks appointed themselves as leaders of various government ministries and seized control of the countryside, establishing the Cheka to quash dissent. To end Russia’s participation in the First World War, the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, soon after, civil war erupted among the Reds, the Whites, the independence movements and the non-Bolshevik socialists. It continued for years, during which the Bolsheviks defeated both the Whites and all rival socialists. In this way, the Revolution paved the way for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, the Russian Revolution of 1905 was said to be a major factor to the February Revolutions of 1917. The events of Bloody Sunday triggered a line of protests, a council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in all this chaos, and the beginning of a communist political protest had begun. World War I prompted a Russian outcry directed at Tsar Nicholas II and it was another major factor contributing to the retaliation of the Russian Communists against their royal opponents. However, the problems were merely administrative, and not industrial as Germany was producing great amounts of munitions whilst constantly fighting on two major battlefronts, the war also developed a weariness in the city, owing to a lack of food in response to the disruption of agriculture. Food scarcity had become a problem in Russia, but the cause of this did not lie in any failure of the harvests. As a result, they tended to hoard their grain and to revert to subsistence farming, thus the cities were constantly short of food. At the same time rising prices led to demands for wages in the factories. The outcome of all this, however, was a criticism of the government rather than any war-weariness. The original fever of excitement, which had caused the name of St. Heavy losses during the war also strengthened thoughts that Tsar Nicholas II was unfit to rule, the Liberals were now better placed to voice their complaints, since they were participating more fully through a variety of voluntary organizations
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Foxhound
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A foxhound is a type of large hunting hound bred for strong hunting instincts, great energy, and, like all scent hounds, a keen sense of smell. Old Drum - said to have been the inspiration for the phrase Mans Best Friend which arose from an 1870 court case regarding him, Mountain and Muse - In 1814 the Duke of Leeds gave two Irish foxhounds, Mountain and Muse, to a visiting guest, Bolton Jackson. This famous pair of hounds changed hands several times going to Charles Carroll at his Homewood estate. Descendants of Mountain and Muse still hunt territories in Maryland that were hunted by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Charles Carroll. Anglo-Français and Français Masters of Foxhounds Association of America, US Masters of Foxhounds Association, UK International Foxhound Association Fox hound
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Alfred A. Knopf
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Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is a New York publishing house that was founded by Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915. The publisher had a reputation for a pursuit of perfection and elegant taste and it was acquired by Random House in 1960 and is now part of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. The Knopf publishing house is associated with its borzoi colophon, which was designed by co-founder Blanche Knopf in 1925, Knopf was founded in 1915 by Alfred A. Knopf, Sr. with a $5,000 advance from his father. The first office was located in New Yorks Candler Building, the publishing house was officially incorporated in 1918, with Alfred Knopf as president, Blanche Knopf as vice-president, and Samuel Knopf as treasurer. Blanche and Alfred traveled abroad regularly and were known for publishing European, Asian, william A. Koshland joined the company in 1934, and worked with the firm for more than fifty years, rising to take the positions of President and Chairman of the Board. Blanche became President in 1957 when Alfred became Chairman of the Board, Alfred Knopf retired in 1972, becoming chairman emeritus of the firm until his death in 1984. Alfred Knopf also had a home in Purchase, New York. Beginning in 1920, Knopf also produced a chapbook, for the purpose of promoting new books, the Borzoi was published periodically over the years, the first being a hardback called the Borzoi and sometimes quarterly as the Borzoi Quarterly. In 1923 Knopf also started publishing periodicals, beginning with The American Mercury, founded by H. L. Mencken and George Jean Nathan, following the Good Neighbor policy, Blanche Knopf visited South America in 1942, so the firm could start producing texts from there. She was one of the first publishers to visit Europe after World War II and her trips, and those of other editors, brought in new writers from Europe, South America, and Asia. Alfred traveled to Brazil in 1961, which spurred a corresponding interest on his part in South America and their son, Alfred Pat Jr. was hired on as secretary and trade books manager after the war. In a 1957 advertisement in the Atlantic Monthly, Alfred A. Knopf published the Borzoi Credo, the credo includes a list of what Knopfs beliefs for publishing including the statement that he never published an unworthy book. Among a list of beliefs listed is the final one--I believe that magazines, movies, television, in 1960 Random House acquired Alfred A. Knopf. It is believed that the decision to sell was prompted by Alfred A. Knopf, Jr. leaving Knopf to found his own book company, Atheneum Books in 1959. While there have many notable editors at Knopf there have only been three editors-in-chief-- Alfred A. Knopf, Sr. Robert Gottlieb and Sonny Mehta. Knopf also employed literary scouts to good advantage, at least 17 Nobel Prize and 47 Pulitzer Prize winning authors have been published by Knopf, though they have also passed at times on subsequently notable books. Knopf books conclude with a page titled A Note on the Type. In addition, Knopf books date the year of the current printing on the title page
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Buster Lloyd-Jones
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William Llewelyn Buster Lloyd-Jones was a British veterinary practitioner. In his early years, he developed a passion for animals, Buster contracted Polio as a young child, which affected him later in his life. As Buster grew up he was determined to become a vet, though it meant a complete break with his father, he enrolled for training with a well-known animal society as a trainee in animal husbandry. Shortly afterwards he was appointed as lethalist to the dispensary at Wimbledon. Buster cared for sick, injured and abandoned animals during the Second World War, Buster was a very kind man with a passion for animals, and during the war, kept a menagerie of abandoned animals. Cats, dogs, rabbits, goats, bush babies, parrots, monkeys and even snakes, were just a few of his wartime residents at his house, many people brought their animals because they had to leave due to the war. When the war ended five years later, he tried to contact with many people to return their pets. Many did not want them back, causing Buster to have to care of all of them. Buster was passionate about natural health for all the animals he kept and he founded Denes in 1951, which produces herbal veterinary products for animals. Buster wrote an autobiography entitled The Animals Came in One by One and he also wrote two instructional books, Love on a Lead and Natural Health For Your Pets. Buster was forced into a retirement after he was diagnosed as terminally ill. He said his main regret about his loss of health was that it made it impractical to keep many animals during his final years, the Animals Came in One by One Come into my World Love on a Lead Natural Health For Your Pets Our History. 50 year milestone for Denes Clymping Dene, Feltham
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