1.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
–
Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
2.
National Historic Landmark
–
A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
National Historic Landmark
–
USS Constitution
National Historic Landmark
–
Frank Lloyd Wright 's
Taliesin is a National Historic Landmark
National Historic Landmark
–
The
American Legation in Tangiers, Morocco, was the first National Historic Landmark on foreign soil.
National Historic Landmark
–
Navajo Nation Council Chamber, the seat of government for the
Navajo Nation,
Window Rock, Arizona.
3.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
–
State Street, 1801
Boston
–
View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
–
Scollay Square in the 1880s
4.
Augustus St. Gaudens
–
Augustus Saint-Gaudens was an American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts generation who most embodied the ideals of the American Renaissance. In his later years he founded the Cornish Colony, a colony that included notable painters, sculptors, writers. His brother Louis Saint-Gaudens was also a sculptor with whom he occasionally collaborated. Born in Dublin to a French father and an Irish mother, Saint-Gaudens was raised in New York, in 1861, he became an apprentice to a cameo-cutter, Louis Avet, and took evening art classes at the Cooper Union. Two years later, he was hired as an apprentice of Jules Le Brethon, another cameo cutter, at age 19, his apprenticeship completed and he traveled to Paris in 1867, where he studied in the atelier of François Jouffroy at the École des Beaux-Arts. In 1870, he left Paris for Rome, to art and architecture. Pierrepont, a phrenologist, proved to be a demanding client insisting that Saint-Gaudens make his head larger, in 1876, he won a commission for a bronze David Farragut Memorial. He rented a studio at 49 rue Notre Dame des Champs and it was unveiled on May 25,1881, in Madison Square Park. The statue stood on a 300-foot-high tower, making Diana the highest point in the city and it was also the first statue in that part of Manhattan to be lit at night by electricity. The statue and its tower was a landmark until 1925 when the building was demolished, in New York, he was a member of the Tilers, a group of prominent artists and writers, including Winslow Homer, William Merritt Chase and Arthur Quartley. He was also a member of the Salmagundi Club in New York, two grand equestrian monuments to Civil War generals are outstanding, to General John A. For the Lincoln Centennial in 1909, Saint-Gaudens produced another statue of the president, a seated figure, Abraham Lincoln, The Head of State, is in Chicagos Grant Park. Saint-Gaudens completed the work and had begun casting the statue at the time of his death—his workshop completed it. The statues head was used as the model for the postage stamp issued on the 100th anniversary of Lincolns birth. Saint-Gaudens also created the statue for the monument of Charles Stewart Parnell, with minor modifications, this medallion was reproduced for the Stevenson memorial in St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh. Stevensons cousin and biographer, Graham Balfour, deemed the work the most satisfactory of all the portraits of Stevenson, Balfour also noted that Saint-Gaudens greatly admired Stevenson and had once said he would gladly go a thousand miles for the sake of a sitting with him. Such pieces stand testament to both his appeal and the respect that was given to him by his contemporaries. His medals have been sold at auction for varying sums, a statue of philanthropist Robert Randall stands in the gardens of Sailors Snug Harbor in New York
Augustus St. Gaudens
–
Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1905
Augustus St. Gaudens
–
Standing Lincoln in
Lincoln Park (1887)
Augustus St. Gaudens
–
The
Robert Gould Shaw Memorial,
Boston Common (1884-1897), commemorates
Shaw and the Afro-American
54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.
Augustus St. Gaudens
–
Parnell Memorial, Dublin
5.
Public park
–
The design, operation and maintenance is usually done by government, typically on the local level, but may occasionally be contracted out to a private sector company. A park is an area of space provided for recreational use. Grass is typically kept short to discourage insect pests and to allow for the enjoyment of picnics, trees are chosen for their beauty and to provide shade. An early purpose-built public park, although financed privately, was Princes Park in the Liverpool suburb of Toxteth and this was laid out to the designs of Joseph Paxton from 1842 and opened in 1843. The land on which the park was built was purchased by Richard Vaughan Yates, the creation of Princes Park showed great foresight and introduced a number of highly influential ideas. First and foremost was the provision of space for the benefit of townspeople. Nashs remodelling of St Jamess Park from 1827 and the sequence of processional routes he created to link The Mall with Regents Park completely transformed the appearance of Londons West End. Liverpool had a presence on the scene of global maritime trade before 1800. The latter was commenced in 1843 with the help of public finance, frederick Law Olmsted visited Birkenhead Park in 1850 and praised its qualities. Indeed, Paxton is widely credited as having one of the principal influences on Olmsted. Another early public park is the Peel Park, Salford, England opened on 22 August 1846, in The Politics of Park Design, A History of Urban Parks in America, Professor Galen Cranz identifies four phases of park design in the U. S. As time passed and the area grew around the parks, land in these parks was used for other purposes, such as zoos, golf courses. These parks continue to draw visitors from around the region and are considered regional parks, because they require a higher level of management than smaller local parks. According to the Trust for Public Land, the three most visited parks in the United States are Central Park in New York, Lincoln Park in Chicago. In the early 1900s, according to Cranz, U. S. cities built neighborhood parks with swimming pools, playgrounds and civic buildings and these smaller parks were built in residential neighborhoods, and tried to serve all residents with programs for seniors, adults, teens and children. Green space was of secondary importance, as urban land prices climbed, new urban parks in the 1960s and after have been mainly pocket parks. One such example of a park is Chess Park in Glendale. This award-winning park was given an award by the American Society of Landscape Architects and these small parks provide greenery, a place to sit outdoors, and often a playground for children
Public park
–
Central Park, the most visited urban park in the
United States, is surrounded by the
skyscrapers of
New York City.
Public park
–
The Dinosaurs Valley (reconstructions of prehistoric reptiles) within
Silesian Culture and Recreation Park in
Poland's Upper-Silesian Metropolis.
Public park
–
Parque Tres de Febrero, in
Buenos Aires,
Argentina, has a lake, a rose garden and a
planetarium, among other attractions.
Public park
–
The Meadow of
Atlanta, Georgia's Piedmont Park.
6.
Downtown Boston
–
Downtown Boston is the central business district of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The city of Boston was founded in 1630, similar to other central business districts in the U. S. Downtown has recently undergone a transformation that included the construction of new condos and lofts, renovation of historic buildings and it is represented in the Boston City Council by District 2s Bill Linehan. Downtown is bound by the Back Bay, North End, Beacon Hill, and it includes Government Center and the Financial District. The area that is now Downtown Boston constituted much of the town/city proper prior to the dramatic expansion in the 1860s and 1870s. The Great Boston Fire of 1872 destroyed much of the neighborhood, in the 1950s the Central Artery highway began operating, until the Big Dig relocated it underground. In the 1960s and 1970s the enormous new Government Center complex replaced Scollay Square, educational institutions located downtown include Emerson College and Suffolk University. The four MBTA subway lines converge in the area at the Downtown Crossing, Park Street, Government Center. South Station is a hub with subway, commuter rail, intercity bus. Financial District, Boston List of tallest buildings in Boston Boston Redevelopment Authority
Downtown Boston
–
Aerial view of Downtown Boston, 2006
7.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
Massachusetts
–
A portion of the north-central
Pioneer Valley in
Sunderland
Massachusetts
–
Flag
Massachusetts
–
Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the
piping plover
Massachusetts
–
The
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by
William Halsall (1882). The
Pilgrims were a group of
Puritans who founded
Plymouth in 1620.
8.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
9.
Tremont Street
–
Tremont Street is a major thoroughfare in Boston, Massachusetts. Tremont Street begins at Government Center in Bostons city center as a continuation of Cambridge Street, continuing in a roughly southwesterly direction, it passes through Bostons Theater District, crosses the Massachusetts Turnpike, and becomes a broad boulevard in the South End neighborhood. It then turns to the west as a narrower four-lane street, running through Mission Hill and terminating at Brigham Circle, the street name zigzags across several physical roads, often requiring a sharp turn to remain on the street. The name is a variation of one of the appellations of the city, Trimountaine. Beacon Hill, with its peak, is all that remains of the Trimountain. Much of the Trimountain was removed, and the used as fill to expand the Shawmut Peninsula. The two smaller peaks, Cotton Hill and Mt. Whoredom no longer exist, the central peak, Sentry Hill, now called Beacon Hill, is smaller than the original peak, which reached approximately to the height of the top of the State House. A British military map of Boston from 1775, prepared by a Lieut, sir Thomas Hyde Page of His Majestys Corps of Engineers, shows Beacon Hill, Mount Whoredom, and another unnamed hill all just above Beacon Street. Opened in 1897, it was the first subway tunnel in North America, the Green Line stops in three places under Tremont Street, Government Center Park Street Boylston Notes Further reading Tremont Street. Bulletin of the Boston Public Library,1894, connollys Bar Study Report,1997 Tremont Street in the Rain, Boston, Massachusetts, undated. Photo of elevated railroad on Tremont St. at Granary, c. early 20th century
Tremont Street
–
Tremont Street in front of
King's Chapel
Tremont Street
–
Tremont Street with view of Park St. Church (1915)
Tremont Street
–
Gleason's Publishing Hall, corner of Tremont and Bromfield St., 1851
Tremont Street
–
Horticultural Hall, 19th century, photo by
John P. Soule
10.
Park Street, Boston
–
Park Street is a small but historic road in the center of Boston, Massachusetts. It begins at the top of Beacon Hill, at the intersection of Beacon Street and it then spills down the hill toward Tremont Street, with Boston Common to its west. Park Street was laid out in 1804, initially as Park Place, in the 1880s, the feminist Womans Journal was published on Park Street. Houghton Mifflin was also headquartered here beginning in the late 19th century, amory-Ticknor House Union Club of Boston Fox 25 News studios, built to include the State House as its backdrop Paulist Center & Chapel
Park Street, Boston
–
Park Street, Boston, 19th-century Boston Common (at left), Massachusetts State House (at top)
Park Street, Boston
–
Park St., c. 1860, looking towards Tremont St.; Amory Ticknor house (on left, behind fountain)
Park Street, Boston
–
Winter scene, 19th century
Park Street, Boston
–
Amory Ticknor house, 1935, at corner of Beacon St. and Park St.
11.
Beacon Street
–
Beacon Street is a major thoroughfare in Boston, Massachusetts and several of its western suburbs. It goes through Boston, Brookline, Brighton, and Newton and it is not to be confused with the Beacon Street in nearby Somerville or others elsewhere. Beacon Street begins as a street from the intersection of Tremont Street. From this point, it rises up Beacon Hill for a block where it meets Park Street in front of the Massachusetts State House, from that intersection it descends Beacon Hill as a two-lane, bi-directional street until it reaches Charles Street. At Charles Street, it becomes an avenue that runs through the Back Bay neighborhood until it reaches Kenmore Square. It ends at Washington Street near Bostons circumferential highway, Route 128, the part of Beacon Street west of Kenmore Square was originally laid out in 1850. Railroad tracks were first laid in 1888 for what would become the modern Green Line C Branch. Robert McCloskeys 1941 childrens book Make Way for Ducklings features a mother duck leading her eight ducklings across Beacon Street, the Beacon Street Girls series of preteen books is set around Beacon Street in Brookline. Nanci Griffiths 1987 album Lone Star State of Mind has a song called Beacon Street, Beacon Street is the location of the fictional pizza parlor Beacon Street Pizza during the first season of the sitcom Two Guys and a Girl. 112½ is the address of the fictional bar Cheers, the Unitarian Universalist Association managed to confuse the numbers on this street. In 1927, moving from 25 Beacon Street down the street, they wanted to keep the number 25, media related to Beacon Street at Wikimedia Commons New York Public Library. Postcard of Unitarian Building,25 Beacon Street Boston, Headquarters American Unitarian Association, also shows State House, Hotel Bellevue, early 20th century
Beacon Street
–
Stereoscopic image of Beacon Street by
Joseph L. Bates
Beacon Street
–
Beacon Street c. 1897
Beacon Street
–
Beacon Street, Boston, 1850s
Beacon Street
–
Beacon St., Back Bay, c. 1870s
12.
Charles Street (Boston)
–
Charles Street is the name of a north-south street in the city center of Boston, Massachusetts. It begins in the north at Leverett Circle, where it connects with Nashua Street, science Park station on the MBTA Green Line is located there. This segment is a street, with traffic heading northwards. From Charles Circle, the street heads further south as a southbound thoroughfare. As it crosses Beacon Street, the direction of one-way traffic reverts to northbound, beyond Boylston Street, which forms the southern boundary of the parks, the street continues as Charles Street South, terminating at Tremont Street just south of the Theatre District. The street is the start and finish point for the annual B. A. A, 10K race, first organised by the Boston Athletic Association in 2011. John Albion Andrew lived on Charles St. Boston Common Boston Public Garden Charles Street Jail Charles Street Meeting House Library of Congress, 20th-century photos of house, one of the last single-family bow-fronted rowhouses to be built in Boston. This structure is included in the South End Historic District
Charles Street (Boston)
–
Charles Street in bloom.
Charles Street (Boston)
–
View of Charles St., Public Garden and Common, from State House, 19th century
Charles Street (Boston)
–
Charles Street Mall on the Common, 19th century
Charles Street (Boston)
–
Charles Street Jail
13.
Boylston Street
–
Boylston Street is the name of a major east-west thoroughfare in the city of Boston, Massachusetts. The Boston street was known as Frog Lane in the early 18th century and was known as Common Street. It was later renamed for Ward Nicholas Boylston, a man of wealth and refinement, an officer of the Crown. Boylston, who was a descendent of Zabdiel Boylston, was born in Boston, the Boylston Market was named after him as was the town of Boylston, Massachusetts. Another Boylston Street runs through Bostons western suburbs, Newton and Brookline, traffic traveling west on Boylston here cannot continue on Boylston Street, and must use Ipswich Street to continue west. Then, Boylston Street enters the Back Bay neighborhood where it becomes a commercial artery carrying three lanes of one way traffic eastbound after Dalton Street. After Tremont Street, Boylston returns to carrying one way traffic east before ending at Washington Street in the area where it changes to Essex Street. The MIT Rogers Building was at 497 Boylston Street when MIT had its campus in Boston. A plaque on the building serves as a commemoration, on April 15,2013, Boylston Street was the scene of two explosive detonations that occurred during the running of the 117th Boston marathon, which killed 3 people and wounded at least 264. John The Tannery As part of plans to re-develop the stretch of Boylston between Ipswich Streetand Brookline Avenue, a Guitar Center went under construction and relocated to 1255 Boylston Street and this location is convenient due to the proximity of Berklee College of Music and Landsdowne Street. Other properties had also purchased in an effort to improve the area. It begins as the continuation of Route 9 at the Wellesley/Newton line and serves Newton and Brookline before ending at the border of the city of Boston, from there, the street continue east into central Boston as Huntington Avenue. MBTA Green Line D Branch stations along route include, Brookline Village Eliot Media related to Boylston Street at Wikimedia Commons
Boylston Street
–
Street signs at Boylston and Hereford Streets
Boylston Street
–
Boylston Street in 1911
Boylston Street
–
Berklee College of Music at
Massachusetts Avenue and Boylston Street
Boylston Street
–
Streets
14.
Emerald Necklace
–
The Emerald Necklace consists of a 1, 100-acre, or 445-hectare chain of parks linked by parkways and waterways in Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts. It gets its name from the way the planned chain appears to hang from the neck of the Boston peninsula, in 1989 the Emerald Necklace Parks was designated as Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission. The Necklace comprises half of the City of Bostons park acreage, parkland in the Town of Brookline, more than 300,000 people live within its watershed area. From Boston Common to Franklin Park it is seven miles by foot or bicycle through the parks. This linear system of parks was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to connect Boston Common, dating from the colonial period, the project began around 1878 with the effort to clean up and control the marshy area which became the Back Bay and The Fens. In 1880, Olmsted proposed that the Muddy River, which flowed from Jamaica Pond through the Fens, the current was dredged into a winding stream and directed into the Charles River. The corridor encompassing the river became the park still in existence today. Olmsteds vision of a park of walking paths along a gentle stream connecting numerous small ponds was complete by the turn of the century. The parks conceived by Olmsted, from Storrow Drive south to Franklin Park, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Olmsted Park System. Over the past decade, almost $60 million in expenditures for parks and waterway improvements have been made in the Emerald Necklace by the City of Boston. These efforts have included improved pathways, plantings and signage, bridge repairs, in some areas these efforts have only begun to address the over 50 years of neglect the Emerald Necklace has suffered. The Emerald Necklace begins near Bostons Downtown Crossing, proceeds along the Boston/Brookline border, at the south border of Arnold Arboretum, at the point most distant from its beginning, the Emerald Necklace is in Roslindale. It then hooks back up into Roxbury and Dorchester, olmsteds original plan called for a U shaped necklace which terminated at Boston Harbor. The final link, the Dorchesterway, was never realized, Arnold Arboretum is leased to and managed by Harvard University. The west banks of Olmsted Park and the Riverway are under the jurisdiction of Brookline Parks & Open Space, the majority of the Emerald Necklace is maintained by Boston Parks and Recreation with a small portion belonging to the Department of Conservation and Recreation. The Conservancys programs and funding support and complement initiatives by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, City of Boston, a public-private partnership, the Conservancy was formed in 1996 and incorporated in 1998 as a non-profit organization. President Julie Crockford and the work closely with the Board of Directors, the Park Overseers, the Stewardship Council. The Emerald Necklace Parks Master Plan was completed in 1989, the parks have long been subject to flooding from the Muddy River
Emerald Necklace
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Boston Public Garden, the second "jewel" of the Emerald Necklace
Emerald Necklace
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Emerald Necklace
Emerald Necklace
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Ward's Pond in Olmsted Park
Emerald Necklace
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Fens from footbridge opposite Forsyth Dental building, looking north. Prudential building in background
15.
Franklin Park, Boston
–
It is Bostons biggest park and the site of Franklin Park Zoo. It was designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1980, considered a country park when it was formed in the 19th century, Franklin Park is the largest and last component of the Emerald Necklace created by Frederick Law Olmsted. Although often neglected in the past, it is considered the jewel of Olmsteds work in Greater Boston. The park brings together rural scenery, a preserve, and areas for active recreation. Franklin Park also has six miles of roads and fifteen miles of pedestrian, much of Franklin Park is scenic and devoted to the general use and enjoyment of the public. Scarboro Pond and Ellicott Arch are popular sites within the park, the park also has picnic areas, stone bridges, outcroppings of Roxbury Puddingstone, and old stone ruins, specifically the Long Crouch Woods of Roxbury—also known as the Bear Dens. Franklin Park Zoo is located within the park grounds, founded in 1912, the 72-acre zoo has such exotic animals as lions, tigers, pygmy hippos, Masai giraffes, budgerigars, Amur leopards, western lowland gorillas, and Grevys zebra. One of its most popular attractions, the Tropical Forest. The zoo is the second largest zoo in New England, after the Southwicks Zoo in Mendon, the Long Crouch Woods, the location of the historic Bear Dens, is also located within the park. Once the focus of the zoo, the Bear Dens were designed and built in 1912, the original grounds featured a grand staircase leading to a large courtyard, framed by several large iron bear cages. One of these featured a detailed stone sculpture of bears. Plans of expanding the Long Crouch Woods section of the zoo never came to fruition, as the grounds deteriorated, and as the Parks Department neglected many of the landscapes most basic management needs, the Bear Dens became too expensive to maintain. The exhibit area was closed in 1954. It was later lobbed off of the zoo property permanently in 1958, efforts have been made since 1980 to make Long Crouch Woods into a nature preserve with a snack bar and theatre facility, however, plans have continued to stall. Today, it continues to be an area that is not well maintained or cleaned by the city, the project will be completed with labor from summer youth crews comprising at-risk teens from the surrounding area. Franklin Park contains the eighteen-hole William J. Devine Memorial Golf Course as well as courts, baseball fields. The Boston Rugby Football Club plays their matches at the park, there are large open areas used for lacrosse and soccer. One area of the park is used for cricket on Sunday afternoons, the park is a famed cross country course, hosting a number of high school and collegiate meets throughout the year
Franklin Park, Boston
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Franklin Park, Boston, 19th-20th century
Franklin Park, Boston
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An existing 1912 sculptural stone crest of bears and city of Boston located in the Long Crouch Woods in Franklin Park.
Franklin Park, Boston
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The ruins of the Bear Dens from the original Franklin Park Zoo from 1912 located in the Long Crouch Woods in Franklin Park.
16.
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
–
Jamaica Plain is a neighborhood of 4.4 square miles in Boston, Massachusetts, US. Founded by Boston Puritans seeking farm land to the south, it was part of the town of Roxbury. The community seceded from Roxbury as a part of the new town of West Roxbury in 1851, and became part of Boston when West Roxbury was annexed to Boston in 1874. In the 19th century, Jamaica Plain became one of the first streetcar suburbs in America and home to a significant portion of Bostons Emerald Necklace of parks, according to the 2010 Census, it had a population of 37,468. Shortly after the founding of Boston and Roxbury in 1630, William Heaths family, later, for services rendered during the Pequot War, Joseph Weld received a grant of 278 acres of land between South Street and Centre Street. His son John later built a home along South Street in what is now the Arnold Arboretum, in the late 17th century, the name Jamaica first appears for the area of Roxbury between Stony Brook and the Great Pond. There are a number of theories regarding the origin of the name Jamaica Plain, a well-known theory traces the origin to Jamaica rum, a reference to Jamaican cane sugars role in the Triangle Trade of sugar, rum, and slaves. However, a likely explanation is that Jamaica is an Anglicization of the name of Kuchamakin. On some maps, until the mid-19th century, the area was marked as Jamaica Plains, John Ruggles and Hugh Thomas donated land in 1676 for the building of the communitys first school. A gift of 75 acres of south of the Great Pond by John Eliot provided financial support for the school. During the 18th century, the farms of the Jamaica section of Roxbury transitioned from subsistence to market orientation, at the same time, wealthy men bought land and built estates in the bucolic countryside. In 1740, Benjamin Faneuil, nephew of Boston merchant Peter Faneuil, in 1752, Commodore Joshua Loring bought the old Polley farm and built a home to which he retired. At Jamaica Pond, the governor, Francis Bernard, built a summer home on 60 acres. In 1775, troops from Rhode Island and Connecticut were quartered with residents of Jamaica Plain, general Washington stationed troops on Weld Hill, todays Bussey Hill in the Arnold Arboretum. The units protected the south to Dedham, where the American arsenal was kept. With the American Revolution, many of the Tory estate owners fled the country, in 1777, John Hancock purchased an estate near the pond. The widow Ann Doane bought the estate owned by Loyalist Joshua Loring. She soon was remarried, to attorney David S. Greenough, when Samuel Adams became governor of Massachusetts, he bought the former Peacock Tavern at todays Centre and Allandale streets, near the Faulkner Hospital
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
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Soldier's Monument and First Church in Jamaica Plain Unitarian Universalist
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
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Milestone marks five miles (8 km) from the Boston Town House (now the site of the Old State House in downtown Boston) placed at the current day Soldier's Monument by Paul Dudley in 1735
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
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Section of 1832 map of Roxbury showing Jamaica Plain written as "Jamaica Plains"
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
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Skating On Jamaica Pond. Winslow Homer, 1859
17.
Roxbury, Massachusetts
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The city asserts that it serves as the heart of Black culture in Boston. Roxbury was one of the first towns founded in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, the original boundaries of the Town of Roxbury can be found in Drakes History of Roxbury and its noted Personages. OBryant School of Mathematics & Science, Y. M. C. A, harvard Medical School and many hospitals and schools in the area. This side of the Muddy River is Roxbury, the side is Brookline. Here, Walnut Avenue changes its name to Sigourney Street, indicating the area is now Jamaica Plain, one side of Columbia Road is Roxbury, the other Dorchester. Melnea Cass Boulevard is located approximately over the Roxbury Canal that brought boats into Roxbury, the neighborhood has recently added a new police station improving response time assisting its residents. This facility opened in 2011, and is energy efficient, also assisting the community are programs such as the Child Services of Roxbury, the youth build Boston programs, and many more. New initiatives by the city of Boston have propelled the neighborhood of Boston to become eco-friendly, there has been development of new E+ buildings. Along with the move into a community, each building is now mandated to provide accessibility to people with handicaps. The high density population leads to large amounts of crime, 1/4 of the population are immigrants and half of the population is under 25 years old. Many of the adults are young professionals, many jobs in Roxbury are office and retail oriented. There are also many emergency response facilities who help underprivileged people in the area, such as youth centers, the Massachusetts Bay Colony found the coastline largely empty, and quickly founded a group of six towns, among them Boston, Cambridge, and Roxbury. For more than 200 years, Roxbury also encompassed West Roxbury, three miles south the only land route to the capital led through Roxbury, which made the town important for both transportation and trade. Roxbury in the 1600s also held many of the resources English colonists prized, potentially arable land, timber, the settlers of Roxbury originally comprised the congregation of the First Church in Roxbury, established in 1632. During this time the church served not only as a place of worship, the congregation had no time to raise a meeting house the first winter and so met with the neighboring congregation in Dorchester. One of the leaders of this church was Amos Adams. The first meeting house was built in 1632, and the building pictured here is the meeting house. The town is located where Boston was previously connected to mainland Massachusetts by an isthmus called Boston Neck or alternately
Roxbury, Massachusetts
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First Church of Roxbury
Roxbury, Massachusetts
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Munroe House, built in 1683, as seen in 1905
Roxbury, Massachusetts
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Fort Hill Tower (also known as the Cochituate Standpipe), designed by
Nathaniel J. Bradlee and built in 1869 on the site of Revolutionary War fortifications
Roxbury, Massachusetts
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The building where the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative organization is located.
18.
Dorchester, Boston
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Dorchester is a historic neighborhood comprising over 6 square miles in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Originally, Dorchester was a town, founded by Puritans who emigrated in 1630 from Dorchester, Dorset. Founded in 1630, just a few months before the founding of the city of Boston and it was still a primarily rural town and had a population of 12,000 when it was annexed to Boston in 1870. Railroad and streetcar lines brought rapid growth, increasing the population to 150,000 by 1920, in the 2010 United States Census, the population was 92,115. Dorchester as a municipality would rank among the top five Massachusetts cities. Most of the people over the age of 25 have completed high school or obtained a GED, nearly 60% of the population earns less than $40,000 per year and a majority of them live in rental units. Currently, there is a crisis occurring and, as a result. The original settlement founded in 1630 was at what is now the intersection of Columbia Road and Massachusetts Avenue. Most of the early Dorchester settlers came from the West Country of England, and some from Dorchester, Dorset, on October 8,1633, the first Town Meeting in America was held in Dorchester. Today, each October 8 is celebrated as Town Meeting Day in Massachusetts, Dorchester is the birthplace of the first public elementary school in America, the Mather School, established in 1639. The school still stands as the oldest elementary school in America, the Blake House was constructed in 1661, as was confirmed by dendrochronology in 2007. In 1695, a party was dispatched to found the town of Dorchester, South Carolina and they soon after opened Americas first chocolate mill and factory in the Lower Mills section of Dorchester. The Walter Baker Chocolate Factory, part of Walter Baker & Company, before the American Revolution, The Sons of Liberty met in August 1769 at the Lemuel Robinson Tavern, which stood on the east side of the upper road near the present Fuller Street. Lemuel Robinson was a representative of the town during the Revolution and was appointed a colonel in the Revolutionary army, Dorchester was also the site of the Battle of Dorchester Heights in 1776, which eventually resulted in the British evacuating Boston. In Victorian times, Dorchester became a country retreat for Boston elite. The mother and grandparents of John F. Kennedy lived in the Ashmont Hill neighborhood while John F, honey Fitz Fitzgerald was mayor of Boston. In 1845, the Old Colony Railroad ran through the area and connected Boston and Plymouth, the station was originally called Crescent Avenue or Crescent Avenue Depot as an Old Colony Railroad station, then called Columbia until December 1,1982, and then again changed to JFK/UMASS. It is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority rail line station for both the Red subway and the Plymouth/Kingston, Middleborough/Lakeville and Greenbush commuter rail lines
Dorchester, Boston
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Neponset River at Lower Mills (2009). Dorchester on the left, Milton on the right (south) side of the river.
Dorchester, Boston
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Seal
Dorchester, Boston
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Old Blake House in c. 1905
Dorchester, Boston
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Baker's Cocoa Advertisement in Overland Monthly, January 1919. The manufacture of chocolate had been introduced in the United States in 1765 by John Hannon and Dr. James Baker in Dorchester.
Walter Baker & Company was located in Dorchester.
19.
Central Burying Ground (Boston, Massachusetts)
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The Central Burying Ground is a cemetery in Boston, Massachusetts. It was established on the Boston Common in 1756 and it is located on Boylston Street between Tremont Street and Charles Street. Also buried there are Samuel Sprague and his son, Charles Sprague, Samuel Sprague was a participant in the Boston Tea Party and fought in the American Revolutionary War. When the Tremont Street Subway was under construction in the 1890s and these were reinterred in a mass grave within the bounds of the burying ground. A topographical and historical description of Boston, Part 1, 2nd ed. Boston, articles about the Central Burying Ground
Central Burying Ground (Boston, Massachusetts)
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Central Burying Ground, Boston Common, 2008
Central Burying Ground (Boston, Massachusetts)
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Marker of Chow Manderien, died 1798 (photo from 2008)
Central Burying Ground (Boston, Massachusetts)
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Marker of William Raymond (2004 photo)
Central Burying Ground (Boston, Massachusetts)
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"Here were interred the remains of persons found under the Boylston St. Mall during the digging of the
subway, 1895" (photo from 2008)
20.
Gilbert Stuart
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Gilbert Charles Stuart was an American painter from Rhode Island. Gilbert Stuart is widely considered one of Americas foremost portraitists and his best known work is the unfinished portrait of George Washington that is sometimes referred to as The Athenaeum, begun in 1796 and never finished. Stuart retained the portrait and used it to paint 130 copies which he sold for $100 each, throughout his career, Gilbert Stuart produced portraits of over 1,000 people, including the first six Presidents of the United States. C. The National Portrait Gallery, London, Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts, Gilbert Stuart was born on December 3,1755 in Saunderstown, Rhode Island, a village of North Kingstown, and baptized at Old Narragansett Church on April 11,1756. Stuarts father worked in the first colonial snuff mill in America, Gilbert Stuart moved to Newport, Rhode Island at the age of six, where his father pursued work in the merchant field. In Newport, Stuart first began to show promise as a painter. In 1770, Stuart made the acquaintance of Scottish artist Cosmo Alexander, a visitor of the colonies who made portraits of local patrons and who became a tutor to Stuart. Under the guidance of Alexander, Stuart painted the famous portrait Dr. Hunters Spaniels when he was fourteen years old, the painting is also referred to as Dr. Hunters Dogs by some accounts. In 1771, Stuart moved to Scotland with Alexander to finish his studies, Stuart tried to maintain a living and pursue his painting career, but to no avail, so he returned to Newport in 1773. Stuarts prospects as a portraitist were jeopardized by the onset of the American Revolution, Stuart departed for England in 1775 following the example set by John Singleton Copley. He was unsuccessful at first in pursuit of his vocation, the relationship was beneficial, with Stuart exhibiting at the Royal Academy as early as 1777. By 1782, Stuart had met with success, largely due to acclaim for The Skater, Stuart said that he was suddenly lifted into fame by a single picture. At one point, the prices for his pictures were exceeded only by those of renowned English artists Joshua Reynolds, despite his many commissions, however, Stuart was habitually neglectful of finances and was in danger of being sent to debtors prison. In 1787, he fled to Dublin, Ireland where he painted and accumulated debt with equal vigor, Stuart ended his 18-year stay in Britain and Ireland in 1793, leaving behind numerous unfinished paintings. He returned to the United States and settled briefly in New York City, in 1795, he moved to Germantown, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia, where he opened a studio. It was here that he gained a foothold in the art world, Stuart painted George Washington in a series of iconic portraits, each of them leading in turn to a demand for copies, and keeping Stuart busy and highly paid for years. The most famous and celebrated of these likenesses is known as The Athenaeum and is portrayed on the United States one dollar bill. Stuart, along with his daughters, painted a total of 130 reproductions of The Athenaeum, however, he never completed the original version, after finishing Washingtons face, he kept the original version to make the copies
Gilbert Stuart
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Gilbert Stuart portrait miniature by Sarah Goodridge, 1825
Gilbert Stuart
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The
Gilbert Stuart Birthplace in
Saunderstown, Rhode Island
Gilbert Stuart
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Self-Portrait, painted in 1778
Gilbert Stuart
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The Skater, 1782, a portrait of
William Grant
21.
William Billings
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William Billings is regarded as the first American choral composer. William Billings was born in Boston, Massachusetts, at the age of 14, the death of his father stopped Billings formal schooling. In order to support his family, young Billings trained as a tanner. He possibly received musical instruction from John Barry, one of the members at the New South Church. Billings had an appearance and a strong addiction to snuff. His contemporary wrote that Billings was a man, of moderate size, short of one leg, with one eye. Still, he spake & sung & thought as a man above the common abilities, Billings died in poverty in Boston on September 26,1800, leaving behind a widow and six children. His funeral was announced in the Columbian Centinel, Died- Mr. William Billings and his funeral will be tomorrow at 4 oclock, PM from the house of Mrs. Amos Penniman, in Chamber-street, West-Boston. Virtually all of Billings music was written for chorus, singing a cappella. Billings music can be at times forceful and stirring, as in his patriotic song Chester, ecstatic, as in his hymn Africa, or elaborate and celebratory, the latter sounds rather like a miniature Handelian chorus, sung a cappella. Jargon, from Singing Masters Assistant, shows his wit, written as an answer to a criticism of his use of harmony, Jargon contains a tongue-in-cheek text, and jarring dissonances that sound more like those of the 20th century than of the 18th. He also wrote several Christmas carols, including Judea in 1778, most of the texts that Billings used in his works come from the poetry of Isaac Watts. Other texts were drawn from Universalist poets and local poets, whereas Billings himself wrote the text to about a dozen of his compositions and his writings reflect his extensive experience as a singing master. In general they are best sung together, viz, Billings was involved in teaching singing schools throughout his life. Where any Person inclining to learn to Sing may be attended upon at said School with Fidelity and he was listed as singing master in the Boston city directory up until 1798. Billings work was popular in its heyday, but his career was hampered by the primitive state of copyright law in America at the time. With changes in the musical taste, Billings fortunes declined. His last tune-book, The Continental Harmony, was published as a project of his friends, in an effort to support the revered
William Billings
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Psalm-Singer's Amusement by Billings, "printed and sold by the author at his house near the
White Horse, Boston," 1781
William Billings
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William Billings grave memorial at the
Central Burying Ground on
Boston Common
22.
Charles Sprague (poet)
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Charles Sprague was an early American poet. He worked for 45 years for the State and Globe Banks and was referred to as the Banker Poet of Boston. His odes and prologues won several prizes and were collected and published in 1841 as The Writings of Charles Sprague. He was born in Boston on October 26,1791 and he was a descendant of some of Americas founding fathers, including his father, Samuel Sprague, Richard Warren and the Reverend Peter Hobart and William Sprague of Hingham. He received an education, beginning at age 10 at the Franklin School in Boston. He was taught by Dr. Asa Bullard and Mr. Lemuel Shaw who later became Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and he lost the use of his left eye by an accident at age 10. His formal education ended at thirteen when he was apprenticed to a dry goods merchant, Messrs Thayer, here he gained his first practical knowledge of business. Later he formed a co-partnership with William B and he married Elizabeth Rand in 1814 and had four children, two dying in childhood. In 1819 be began working for the State Bank as a teller and he remained there, becoming an officer in the institution, until 1865 and was often referred to as the Banker Poet of Boston. He resigned his position, when at 73 years and growing infirm with age. He enjoyed the comforts of life, surrounded by his books, until January 22,1875. His first recognition for poetry came when he won a prize for the best prologue at the opening of the Park Theater in New York City and his first printed efforts were published in the Centennial, Boston Gazette, and The Evening Gazette as early as 1811. Upon the occasion of the entry of Lafayette into Boston, in 1824. Many of Charles Sprague’s poems were delivered at public festivities — major, historical Boston events — including Curiosity and this is his longest and most elaborate work. In the Salem Observer, August 29,1829, it is noted that at the commencement at Harvard an honorary degree of Master of Arts was given to Mr. Charles Sprague, the poet. It goes on to state, We are glad that the distributors of the honors of old Harvard are so discriminating in the selection of the candidates for their favors. This was quite an accomplishment as his formal education ended at thirteen,1818, Fifty Years Ago at the Fourth of July Celebration, and Song at a festival in Faneuil Hall. His children, Charles James Sprague and Mary Anna Sprague both married and had children, the families creative and productive talents continued on through his grandsons
Charles Sprague (poet)
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Daguerreotype of Charles Sprague by
Southworth & Hawes, circa 1850
23.
Boston Tea Party
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The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, on December 16,1773. The demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, in defiance of the Tea Act of May 10,1773 and they boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor. The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution, the Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, which had been passed by the British Parliament in 1773. Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of taxed tea in three colonies, but in Boston, embattled Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain. The Boston Tea Party was a significant event in the growth of the American Revolution, Parliament responded in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, or Intolerable Acts, which, among other provisions, ended local self-government in Massachusetts and closed Bostons commerce. The crisis escalated, and the American Revolutionary War began near Boston in 1775, the North Ministrys attempt to resolve these issues produced a showdown that would eventually result in revolution. As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, in England, Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698. When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain. The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies, by law, British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston. Until 1767, the East India Company paid an ad valorem tax of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain, Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain. To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliaments right to tax the colonies. Controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought, for the first time, some colonists, known in the colonies as Whigs, objected to the new tax program, arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution. Britons and British Americans agreed that, according to the constitution, in Great Britain, this meant that taxes could only be levied by Parliament. Colonists, however, did not elect members of Parliament, according to Whigs, colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies. When new taxes were levied in the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, merchants organized a non-importation agreement, and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea, with activists in New England promoting alternatives, such as domestic Labrador tea. Smuggling continued apace, especially in New York and Philadelphia, where tea smuggling had always been more extensive than in Boston. Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty and this partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770. From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once imported into the colonies in significant amounts
Boston Tea Party
–
Source: W.D. Cooper. "Boston Tea Party.", The History of North America. London: E. Newberry, 1789. Engraving. Plate opposite p. 58. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (40)
Boston Tea Party
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This iconic 1846 lithograph by
Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Native Americans.
Boston Tea Party
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Plaque affixed to side of the Independence Wharf building (2009)
Boston Tea Party
–
This 1775 British cartoon, "A Society of Patriotic Ladies at Edenton in North Carolina", satirizes the
Edenton Tea Party, a group of women who organized a boycott of English tea.
24.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
American Revolutionary War
–
Clockwise from top left:
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the
Siege of Yorktown,
Battle of Trenton,
The Death of General Warren at the
Battle of Bunker Hill,
Battle of Long Island,
Battle of Guilford Court House
American Revolutionary War
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Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper
American Revolutionary War
–
This iconic 1846 lithograph by
Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians.
American Revolutionary War
–
The British marching to
Concord in April 1775
25.
William Blaxton
–
Reverend William Blaxton was an early British settler in New England and the first European settler of modern-day Boston and Rhode Island. Blaxton was born in Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England and attended Cambridge University, earning a degree in 1617. He then became an Anglican priest, although he had disagreements with the church. This led to his decision to join the failed Gorges expedition to America in 1623 and he arrived in modern-day Weymouth, Massachusetts in 1623 as a chaplain in the Robert Gorges expedition. Most of his fellow travelers returned to England in 1625, and he became the first European to settle in Boston, the Puritans landed in nearby Charlestown in 1629, and in 1630 Blackstone invited them to settle on his land in Boston after they had problems finding potable water. The Puritans then granted him 50 acres of his own land, Blackstone was the first European settler in Rhode Island in 1635, before Roger Williams established Providence Plantation the next year. Blackstones home and farm were located in what is now Cumberland, Blackstone called his home Study Hill, he was said to have the largest library in the colonies at the time. He tended cattle, planted gardens, and cultivated an apple orchard and he cultivated the first variety of American apples, the Yellow Sweeting. The farm was in the Lonsdale area of Cumberland, and the site is now occupied by the Ann & Hope mill. Roger Williams and Blackstone disagreed on theological matters, but both agreed on the right to disagree, and Williams invited Blackstone to regularly preach to his followers in Providence. Blackstone continued preaching in various parts of Rhode Island and is considered to be the pioneer clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States and he preached his brand of tolerant Christianity to American Indians under an oak tree that became an inspiration to Christians worldwide. When he preached in Cumberland, he did it under an oak tree near his home. The tree survived for centuries until the Hurricane of 1938 toppled it, Blackstone briefly returned to Boston in 1659 riding on a bull. At the age of 64, he married widow Sarah Fisher Stevenson, William and Sarah had only one child named John. Sarah died at the age of 48, and Blackstone died in 1675 at the age of 80, the novels protagonist Geoffrey Firmin states, Personally Id like to be buried next to William Blackstone. The man who went to live among the Indians, list of early settlers of Rhode Island Thomas Coffin Amory. William Blackstone, Bostons First Inhabitant, 2nd ed. Boston, William Blackstone in His Relation to Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Google books New England in the Earliest Days, A. L. Rowse, American Heritage, May 22,1959 The story of William Blackstone, with local color, William Blackstone, Sage of the Wilderness, Blackstone Valley Tourism Council
William Blaxton
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William Blaxton plaque on Beacon Street across from
Boston Common, his original farmland
William Blaxton
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Conjectural drawing of Blaxton's house in Boston, 1630-1635 (illustration 1889)
26.
Puritan
–
Puritanism in this sense was founded as an activist movement within the Church of England. The founders, clergy exiled under Mary I, returned to England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, Puritanism played a significant role in English history during the first half of the 17th century. One of the most effective stokers of anti-Catholic feeling was John Pym, Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system and they largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. Consequently, they became a political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War. Almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England after the Restoration of 1660, the nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. Puritans by definition were dissatisfied with the extent of the English Reformation. They formed and identified with various groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology and, in sense, were Calvinists. In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favor of autonomous gathered churches. The Puritans were never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, the Congregationalist tradition, widely considered to be a part of the Reformed tradition, claims descent from the Puritans. Historically, the word Puritan was considered a term that characterized Protestant groups as extremists. According to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, the dates to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that used it and precisian with the sense of the modern stickler. In modern times, the word puritan is often used to mean against pleasure, in this sense, the term Puritan was coined in the 1560s, when it first appeared as a term of abuse for those who found the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 inadequate. The term Puritan, therefore, was not intended to refer to strict morality, a common modern misunderstanding, the word Puritan was applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches from the late 16th century onwards. Puritans did not originally use the term for themselves, the practitioners knew themselves as members of particular churches or movements, and not by a single term. Precise men and Precisians were other early derogatory terms for Puritans, seventeenth century English Puritan preacher Thomas Watson used the godly to describe Puritans in the title of one of his more famous works The Godly Mans Picture
Puritan
–
Gallery of famous 17th-century Puritan theologians:
Thomas Gouge,
William Bridge,
Thomas Manton,
John Flavel,
Richard Sibbes,
Stephen Charnock,
William Bates,
John Owen,
John Howe,
Richard Baxter.
Puritan
–
The
Westminster Assembly in a Victorian history painting by
John Rogers Herbert.
Puritan
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The Snake in the Grass or Satan Transform'd to an Angel of Light, title page engraved by
Richard Gaywood, ca. 1660
Puritan
–
Cotton Mather, influential New England Puritan minister, portrait by
Peter Pelham.
27.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
–
Territory claimed but never administered by the colonial government extended as far west as the Pacific Ocean. The earlier Dutch colony of New Netherlands disputed many of these claims, arguing that they held rights to lands beyond Rhode Island up to the side of Cape Cod. The Massachusetts Bay Colony began in 1628 and was the second attempt at colonization. The colony was successful, with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s, the population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders. Its governors were elected, and the electorate were limited to freemen who had been examined for their religious views, as a consequence, the colonial leadership exhibited intolerance to other religious views, including Anglican, Quaker, and Baptist theologies. The colonists initially had decent relationships with the local Indian populations and these led first to the Pequot War and then to King Philips War, after which most of the Indians in southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists. The colony was successful, engaging in trade with England. A shortage of currency in the colony prompted it to establish a mint in 1652. Political differences with England after the English Restoration led to the revocation of the charter in 1684. King James II established the Dominion of New England in 1686 to bring all of the New England colonies under firmer crown control, Sir William Phips arrived in 1692 bearing the charter and formally took charge of the new province. The political and economic dominance of New England by the state of Massachusetts was made possible in part by the early dominance in these spheres by the Massachusetts Bay colonists. The total Indian population in 1620 has been estimated to be 7,000 with the population of New England at 15–18,000, the land-use patterns of the natives included plots cleared for agricultural purposes, and woodland territories for the hunting of game. Land divisions between the tribes were well understood, during the early 17th century, several European explorers charted the area, including Samuel de Champlain and John Smith. Plans began in 1606 for the first permanent British settlements on the east coast of North America, on April 10,1606, King James I of England granted a charter forming two joint-stock companies. Under this charter, the first Colony and the second Colony were to be ruled by a Council composed of 13 individuals in each colony, the charter provided for an additional council of 13 persons to have overarching responsibility for the combined enterprise. No name was given to either the company or council governing the respective colonies, the first Colony ranged from the 34th- to 41st-degree latitude north, the second Colony ranged from the 38th- to 45th-degree latitude. The London Company proceeded to establish Jamestown, the Plymouth Company under the guidance of Sir Ferdinando Gorges covered the more northern area, including present-day New England, and established the Sagadahoc Colony in 1607 in present-day Maine. The experience proved exceptionally difficult for the 120 settlers, however, Gorges noted that there was no more speech of settling plantations in those parts for a number of years
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony
–
Flag
Massachusetts Bay Colony
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Detail of
sounding board,
Old Ship Church, 1681,
Hingham, Massachusetts, oldest Puritan
meetinghouse in Massachusetts.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
–
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 300th Anniversary Issue of 1930
28.
Overgrazing
–
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves and it can also be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of native or non-native wild animals. The only thing to stop overgrazing is to limit the space to roam around. Cows are the things that causes overgrazing and overgrazing can lead to desertification. It reduces the usefulness, productivity, and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion, Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non-native plants and of weeds. Sustainable grassland production is based on grass and grassland management, land management, animal management, grazing management, with sustainable agriculture and agroecology practices, is the foundation of grassland-based livestock production since it affects both animal and plant health and productivity. In some regions of the United States under continuous grazing, overgrazed pastures are predominated by short-grass species such as bluegrass, in all cases, palatable tall grasses such as orchard grass are sparse or non-existent. Under rotational grazing, overgrazed plants do not have time to recover to the proper height between grazing events. The animals resume grazing before the plants have restored carbohydrate reserves, another indicator of overgrazing in some parts of North America is that livestock run out of pasture, and hay needs to be fed early in the fall. In contrast, most areas of the world do not experience the climatic regime as the continental United States. Overgrazing is also indicated in livestock performance and condition, cows having inadequate pasture immediately following their calfs weaning may have poor body condition the following season. This may reduce the health and vigor of cows and calves at calving, also, cows in poor body condition do not cycle as soon after calving, which can result in delayed breeding. This can result in a long calving season, with good cow genetics, nutrition, ideal seasons and controlled breeding 55% to 75% of the calves should come in the first 21 days of the calving season. Poor weaning weights of calves can be caused by insufficient pasture, when cows give less milk, reduction in soil depth, soil organic matter and soil fertility impair the lands future natural and agricultural productivity. Soil fertility can sometimes be mitigated by applying the appropriate lime, however, the loss of soil depth and organic matter takes centuries to correct. Their loss is critical in determining the soils water-holding capacity and how well pasture plants do during dry weather, native plant grass species, both individual bunch grasses and in grasslands, are especially vulnerable. In the continental United States, to prevent overgrazing, match the forage supplement to the herds requirement and this means that a buffer needs to be in the system to adjust for the fastest growth of forages. Another potential buffer is to plant warm-season perennial grasses such as switchgrass and this reduces the area that the livestock can use early in the season, making it easier for them to keep up with the cool-season grasses
Overgrazing
–
Overgrazed area, by native
fauna in western
New South Wales, in the upper right corner.
Overgrazing
–
Satellite image of the border between
Israel and
Egypt. The Egyptian side, to the left, is overgrazed
Overgrazing
–
Immobilized goat herd inside of a pen in an overgrazed habitation of Norte Chico, Chile
Overgrazing
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Huge herd of migratory Wildebeest in Masai Mara during the Great Migration
29.
Tragedy of the commons
–
The concept became widely known over a century later due to an article written by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968. In this context, commons is taken to any shared and unregulated resource such as atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks. However, the term is used when describing a problem where all individuals have equal. Hence, tragedy of open access regimes or simply the open access problem are more apt terms, the tragedy of the commons is often cited in connection with sustainable development, meshing economic growth and environmental protection, as well as in the debate over global warming. It has also used in analyzing behavior in the fields of economics, evolutionary psychology, anthropology, game theory, politics, taxation. Although commons have been known to due to overuse, abundant examples exist where communities cooperate or regulate to exploit common resources prudently without collapse. In 1833, the English economist William Forster Lloyd published a pamphlet included a hypothetical example of over-use of a common resource. This was the situation of cattle herders sharing a common parcel of land on which they are entitled to let their cows graze. He postulated that if a herder put more than his number of cattle on the common. For each additional animal, a herder could receive additional benefits, if all herders made this individually rational economic decision, the common could be depleted or even destroyed, to the detriment of all. In 1968, ecologist Garrett Hardin explored this social dilemma in his article The Tragedy of the Commons, the essay derived its title from the pamphlet by Lloyd, which he cites, on the over-grazing of common land. Hardin focused on population growth, the use of the Earths natural resources. Hardin argued that if individuals relied on themselves alone, and not on the relationship of society and man, parents breeding excessively would leave fewer descendants because they would be unable to provide for each child adequately. Such negative feedback is found in the animal kingdom, Hardin said that if the children of improvident parents starved to death, if overbreeding was its own punishment, then there would be no public interest in controlling the breeding of families. It follows that any choice and decision with regard to the size of the family must irrevocably rest with the family itself, and cannot be made by anyone else. Overall, Hardin argued against relying on conscience as a means of policing commons, in the context of avoiding over-exploitation of common resources, Hardin concluded by restating Hegels maxim, freedom is the recognition of necessity. He suggested that freedom completes the tragedy of the commons, Hardins article was the start of the modern use of Commons as a term connoting a shared resource. They report that Hardin’s 1968 article was the one having the greatest career impact on biologists and is the most frequently cited, like Lloyd and Thomas Malthus before him, Hardin was primarily interested in the problem of human population growth
Tragedy of the commons
–
Cows on
Selsley Common
Tragedy of the commons
–
Clearing rainforest for agriculture in southern Mexico.
30.
Harrison Gray Otis (politician)
–
Harrison Gray Otis, was a businessman, lawyer, and politician, becoming one of the most important leaders of the United States first political party, the Federalists. He was a member of the Otis family, one of the wealthiest men of Boston during his time, Otis was reportedly worth at least US$800,000 in 1846, which in 2014 would be equivalent to $6.5 Billion. Otis was born in Boston, Massachusetts on October 8,1765 to Elizabeth and his aunt was Mercy Otis Warren, a well-known poet. A descendant was Montgomery Harrison Ritchie, who died in the American Civil War and was the first husband of Cornelia Wadsworth Ritchie Adair. In 1794 he was elected to the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1796 was appointed by President George Washington to be U. S. Attorney for Massachusetts, in 1797, he was elected U. S. Representative from Massachusetts as a Federalist and an advocate for centralized government. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, in subsequent years, Otis was elected U. S. Senator from Massachusetts, and then Mayor of Boston, overall, it led to the demise of the Federalists, and Otiss political ambitions suffered. Otis subsequently defended the convention in his Letters Developing the Character and Views of the Hartford Convention, Otis was involved in a major financial scandal during the site selection for the Massachusetts State House. Boston was determined to remain the state capitol, and appointed Otis to a committee to purchase land. He did so, and also arranged his own private purchase of 18.5 acres adjoining from the agent of John Singleton Copley. After a decade of legal arguments, the sale was upheld, and Otis, Otis was an overseer of Harvard University from 1810 to 1823, and a fellow of the university from 1823 to 1825, as well as one of the original incorporators of the Boston Bank. In 1812, Otis also became a member of the American Antiquarian Society. During the course of his career, he not one. He died in Boston on October 28,1848, and is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Harrison Gray Otis House Timeline of Boston, 1790s-1830s Samuel Eliot Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848, The Urbane Federalist,1913. Rev. ed. Boston, Houghton Mifflin,1969, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Harrison Gray Otis (politician)
–
Harrison Gray Otis
Harrison Gray Otis (politician)
–
2nd Harrison Gray Otis House,
Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts.
Harrison Gray Otis (politician)
–
Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis, by Gilbert Stuart
Harrison Gray Otis (politician)
–
Harrison Gray Otis' grave at
Mount Auburn Cemetery
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