Botulinum toxin
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Botulinum toxin, botulinum neurotoxin, or botox is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species, and it is considered the deadliest known natural substance
Botulinum toxin being injected in the human face
Doctor performing botulinum toxin injection
Plastic surgery
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Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery.
Botulinum toxin
…biological agent by the Soviet, United States, and Iraqi biological weapons programs. In strongly diluted form, the toxin is also used for medical and cosmetic purposes. The seven main types of botulinum toxin are named types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G). New types are occasionally found. Types A and B are…
Engraving from De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem "(On the Surgery of Mutilation by Grafting)" (1597) by Gaspare Tagliacozzi
Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine
The Roman scholar Aulus Cornelius Celsus recorded surgical techniques, including plastic surgery, in the 1st century AD.
Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach established many modern techniques of reconstructive surgery.