1.
Royal Academy
–
The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner
Royal Academy
–
Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Academy
–
Satiric drawing of Sir William Chambers, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the Incorporated Society of Artists
Royal Academy
–
Study for
Henry Singleton 's painting The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing, which hangs in the Royal Academy. Ca. 1793.
Royal Academy
–
An early
RA Summer Exhibition at the Academy's original home in
Somerset House
2.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
–
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
–
The BAFTA award, designed by Mitzi Cunliffe
3.
Carlton House Terrace
–
Carlton House Terrace is a street in the St Jamess district of the City of Westminster in London. Its principal architectural feature is a pair of terraces of white stucco-faced houses on the side of the street overlooking St. Jamess Park. These terraces were built on Crown land between 1827 and 1832 to overall designs by John Nash, but with detailed input by other architects including Decimus Burton and they took the place of Carlton House, and the freehold still belongs to the Crown Estate. The land on which Carlton House Terrace was built had once been part of the grounds of St Jamess Palace, known as the Royal Garden, the latter was at one time in the possession of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, and was later called Upper Spring Garden. From 1700 the land was held by Henry Boyle, who spent £2,835 on improving the house in the Royal Garden. Queen Anne issued letters patent granting Boyle a lease for a term of 31 years from 2 November 1709 at £35 per annum, Boyle was created Baron Carleton in 1714, and the property has been called after him since then, although at some point the e was dropped. She died in 1772 and the house devolved to her son, the property was granted by George III to his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales on the latters coming of age in 1783. The Prince spent enormous sums on improving and enlarging the property and he was at loggerheads with his father, and the house became a rival Court, and was the scene of a brilliant social life. When the Prince became King George IV in 1820 he moved to Buckingham Palace, by 1829 the Commissioners reported that the site was completely cleared and that part of it had already been let on building leases. Materials from the demolition were sold by auction, with some fixtures transferred to Windsor Castle and to The Kings House. After Carlton House was demolished the development of its site was originally intended to be part of a scheme for improving St Jamess Park. For this John Nash proposed three terraces of houses along the north of the Park, balanced by three along the side, overlooking Birdcage Walk. None of the three terraces and only two of the three northern ones were built, the latter being the west and east sections of Carlton House Terrace. These two blocks were designed by Nash, with James Pennethorne in charge of the construction. Nash planned to link the two blocks with a large domed fountain between them, but the idea was vetoed by the King, the present-day Duke of Yorks Steps took the place of the fountain. In 1834 the Duke of Yorks Column was erected at the top of the steps and it consists of a granite column designed by Benjamin Wyatt topped with a bronze statue by Richard Westmacott of Frederick, Duke of York. The houses are unusual among expensive London terraces in having no mews to the rear, the reason for this was that Nash wanted the houses to make the best possible use of the view of the park, and also to present an attractive façade to the park. The service accommodation was placed underneath the podium and in two storeys of basements, according to the architectural historian Sir John Summerson Nashs designs were inspired by Ange-Jacques Gabriels buildings in the Place de la Concorde, Paris
Carlton House Terrace
–
The East Terrace soon after completion, 1831
Carlton House Terrace
–
Clockwise from top left:
Carleton,
Burlington,
the Prince Regent and
John Nash
Carlton House Terrace
–
The terrace seen from the south, with the squat Doric columns at ground level and the Corinthian columns and pediment above
Carlton House Terrace
–
An end block of Carlton House Terrace and the Duke of York's Steps
4.
Royal Charter
–
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities, Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum, the British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence, the earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities. The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is founded, at one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally used nowadays instead. In the period before 1958,32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter and these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education status or university status. A Royal Charter is granted by Order in Council, either creating an incorporated body and this is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organisations under Royal Charters. Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters. Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen-in-Council, however, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issuance of a Royal Charter. Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a Royal Charter include, Royal Charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres, cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, the Universitys Pontifical Charter was granted by Pope Leo XIII in 1889. Several Canadian private schools were founded or reconstituted under Royal Charter, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office was granted Royal Charter in 2005. The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club obtained Royal Charter in 1959 and it is one of the three banknote-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch Chartered originally in 1847, disbanded 1859, the Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935. A number of Irish institutions retain the Royal prefix, even though Republic of Ireland severed all remaining connections between the state and the British monarch in 1949, the University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877
Royal Charter
–
King's College, now the
University of Toronto, was founded with the issuance of this royal charter
Royal Charter
–
The
Hudson's Bay Company building in
Montreal
Royal Charter
–
The emblem of the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong
5.
Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford
–
Nicholas Herbert Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford, FRS, FBA is a British economist and academic. Since 2013, he has been President of the British Academy and he was the Chief Economist and Senior Vice-President of the World Bank from 2000 to 2003, and was recently a civil servant and government economic advisor in the United Kingdom. In June 2007, Stern became the first holder of the I. G. Patel Chair at the London School of Economics. In 2008, he was also appointed Chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and he is Chair of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy at Leeds University and LSE. He was a lecturer at University of Oxford from 1970 to 1977, economics of climate change and he taught from 1986 to 1993 at the London School of Economics, becoming the Sir John Hicks Professor of Economics. From 1994 until 1999 he was the Chief Economist and Special Counsellor to the President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and his research focused on economic development and growth, and he also wrote books on Kenya and the Green Revolution in India. Since 1999, he is a member of the International Advisory Council of the Center for Social, from 1999 until 2000 Stern was Chairman of the consultancy London Economics founded by John Kay. M. Treasury, initially with responsibility for public finances, and head of the Government Economic Service. At the time, he ceased to be a permanent secretary at the Treasury though he retained the rank until retirement in 2007. He subsequently lacked a real role and spent most of his working on major international reports on global warming and alleviating poverty in Africa. The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change was produced by a led by Stern at HM Treasury. In the Review, climate change is described as an economic externality, Stern has subsequently referred to the climate change externality as the largest ever market failure, Climate change is a result of the greatest market failure the world has seen. Regulation, carbon taxes and carbon trading are recommended to reduce gas emissions. It is argued that the economy can lower its greenhouse gas emissions at a significant. The Review concludes that immediate reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are necessary to reduce the worst risks of climate change, the Reviews conclusions were widely reported in the press. Sterns relatively large cost estimates of climate change damages received particular attention. These are the damages that might occur should no further effort be made to cut greenhouse gas emissions. There has been a reaction to the Stern Review from economists
Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford
–
Nicholas Stern in 2014, portrait via the
Royal Society
Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford
–
Nicholas Stern, at
World Economic Forum annual meeting in
Davos, January 2009
6.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
7.
Humanities
–
Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture. In the Middle Ages, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, today, the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural, and sometimes social, sciences as well as professional training. The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, religion, art, scholars in the humanities are humanity scholars or humanists. The term humanist also describes the position of humanism, which some antihumanist scholars in the humanities refuse. The Renaissance scholars and artists were also called humanists, some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of English literature, global studies and art. Human disciplines like history and cultural anthropology study subject matters that the method does not apply to—and instead mainly use the comparative method. Anthropology is the science of humans, a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the sciences, humanities. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been divided into three broad domains. The natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments, the humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. Anthropology does not easily fit into one of these categories, within the United States, anthropology is divided into four sub-fields, archaeology, physical or biological anthropology, anthropological linguistics, and cultural anthropology. It is an area that is offered at most undergraduate institutions, the word anthropos is from the Greek for human being or person. Eric Wolf described sociocultural anthropology as the most scientific of the humanities, the goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological and it is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. Archaeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture, the archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a science and a branch of the humanities. It has various goals, which range from understanding culture history to reconstructing past lifeways to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time
Humanities
–
The philosopher
Plato – Roman copy of a work by
Silanion
Humanities
–
Bust of
Homer, a Greek poet
Humanities
–
A trial at a criminal court, the
Old Bailey in
London
Humanities
–
Shakespeare wrote some of the most acclaimed works in
English literature.
8.
Social science
–
Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. It in turn has many branches, each of which is considered a social science, the social sciences include economics, political science, human geography, demography, psychology, sociology, anthropology, archaeology, jurisprudence, history, and linguistics. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology. A more detailed list of sub-disciplines within the sciences can be found at Outline of social science. Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the sciences as tools for understanding society. In modern academic practice, researchers are often eclectic, using multiple methodologies, the term social research has also acquired a degree of autonomy as practitioners from various disciplines share in its aims and methods. Social sciences came forth from the philosophy of the time and were influenced by the Age of Revolutions, such as the Industrial Revolution. The social sciences developed from the sciences, or the systematic knowledge-bases or prescriptive practices, the beginnings of the social sciences in the 18th century are reflected in the grand encyclopedia of Diderot, with articles from Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other pioneers. The growth of the sciences is also reflected in other specialized encyclopedias. The modern period saw social science first used as a distinct conceptual field, Social science was influenced by positivism, focusing on knowledge based on actual positive sense experience and avoiding the negative, metaphysical speculation was avoided. Auguste Comte used the term science sociale to describe the field, taken from the ideas of Charles Fourier, following this period, there were five paths of development that sprang forth in the social sciences, influenced by Comte on other fields. One route that was taken was the rise of social research, large statistical surveys were undertaken in various parts of the United States and Europe. Another route undertaken was initiated by Émile Durkheim, studying social facts, a third means developed, arising from the methodological dichotomy present, in which social phenomena were identified with and understood, this was championed by figures such as Max Weber. The fourth route taken, based in economics, was developed and furthered economic knowledge as a hard science, the last path was the correlation of knowledge and social values, the antipositivism and verstehen sociology of Max Weber firmly demanded this distinction. In this route, theory and prescription were non-overlapping formal discussions of a subject, around the start of the 20th century, Enlightenment philosophy was challenged in various quarters. The development of social science subfields became very quantitative in methodology, examples of boundary blurring include emerging disciplines like social research of medicine, sociobiology, neuropsychology, bioeconomics and the history and sociology of science. Increasingly, quantitative research and qualitative methods are being integrated in the study of action and its implications. In the first half of the 20th century, statistics became a discipline of applied mathematics
Social science
–
Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in
Chichicastenango Market,
Guatemala.
Social science
–
A depiction of world's oldest university, the
University of Bologna, in Italy
Social science
–
This article is about the science studying social groups. For the integrated field of study intended to promote civic competence, see
Social studies.
Social science
–
A trial at a criminal court, the
Old Bailey in
London
9.
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
–
It was disbanded on the creation of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on 14 July 2016. Following the departments dissolution, it no longer has ministers responsible, the Permanent Secretary was Sir Martin Donnelly. Economic policy is devolved but several important policy areas are reserved to Westminster. Further and higher education policy is mostly devolved, reserved and excepted matters are outlined below. Official website bis. gov. uk/ Archived Website Precursor departments, Department for Business and Regulatory Reform Archived Website Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills Archived Website
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
–
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Welsh: Yr Adran Fusnes, Arloesi a Sgiliau
10.
Clio
–
CLIO is the Cryogenic Laser Interferometer Observatory, a prototype detector for gravitational waves. It is testing cryogenic mirror technologies for the future Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector, CLIO is an optical interferometer with two perpendicular arms each of 100 m length. The mirrors are cooled to 20 K, this reduces various thermal noise sources which trouble other gravity observatories, CLIO is situated 1000 m underground in the Kamioka Observatory, Gifu Prefecture. CLIO is one of the facilities for physics of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research of the University of Tokyo
Clio
Clio
11.
John Maynard Keynes
–
John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes CB FBA, was a British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics and he instead argued that aggregate demand determined the overall level of economic activity and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment. According to Keynesian economics, state intervention was necessary to moderate boom, Keynes advocated the use of fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. He and other economists had disputed the ability of government to regulate the business cycle favorably with fiscal policy. When Time magazine included Keynes among its Most Important People of the Century in 1999, the Economist has described Keynes as Britains most famous 20th-century economist. In addition to being an economist, Keynes was also a servant, a director of the Bank of England. John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England and his father, John Neville Keynes, was an economist and a lecturer in moral sciences at the University of Cambridge and his mother Florence Ada Keynes a local social reformer. Keynes was the first born, and was followed by two more children – Margaret Neville Keynes in 1885 and Geoffrey Keynes in 1887, Geoffrey became a surgeon and Margaret married the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Archibald Hill. According to the economist and biographer Robert Skidelsky, Keyness parents were loving and they remained in the same house throughout their lives, where the children were always welcome to return. Keyness mother made her childrens interests her own, and according to Skidelsky, because she could grow up with her children, they never outgrew home. In January 1889, at the age of five and a half and he quickly showed a talent for arithmetic, but his health was poor leading to several long absences. He was tutored at home by a governess, Beatrice Mackintosh, in January 1892, at eight and a half, he started as a day pupil at St Faiths preparatory school. By 1894, Keynes was top of his class and excelling at mathematics, in 1896, St Faiths headmaster, Ralph Goodchild, wrote that Keynes was head and shoulders above all the other boys in the school and was confident that Keynes could get a scholarship to Eton. In 1897, Keynes won a scholarship to Eton College, where he displayed talent in a range of subjects, particularly mathematics, classics. At Eton, Keynes experienced the first love of his life in Dan Macmillan, despite his middle-class background, Keynes mixed easily with upper-class pupils. In 1902 Keynes left Eton for Kings College, Cambridge, after receiving a scholarship for this also to read mathematics, Alfred Marshall begged Keynes to become an economist, although Keyness own inclinations drew him towards philosophy – especially the ethical system of G. E. Moore. Keynes joined the Pitt Club and was an member of the semi-secretive Cambridge Apostles society. Like many members, Keynes retained a bond to the club after graduating, before leaving Cambridge, Keynes became the President of the Cambridge Union Society and Cambridge University Liberal Club
John Maynard Keynes
–
Keynes in 1933
John Maynard Keynes
–
King's College, Cambridge. Keynes's grandmother wrote to him saying that, since he was born in Cambridge, people will expect him to be clever.
John Maynard Keynes
–
Keynes's colleague, David Lloyd George. Keynes was initially wary of the "Welsh Wizard," preferring his rival
Asquith, but was impressed with Lloyd George at Versailles; this did not prevent Keynes from painting a scathing picture of the then-Prime Minister in his
Economic Consequences of the Peace.
John Maynard Keynes
–
Keynes argued against a return to the
gold standard at parity with pre-war sterling valuation after the
Great War.
12.
Isaiah Berlin
–
Sir Isaiah Berlin OM CBE FBA was a Russian-British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas. He was an essayist, conversationalist, raconteur, and lecturer, born in Riga, Latvia in 1909, he moved to Petrograd, Russia at the age of six, where he witnessed the revolutions of 1917. In 1921 his family came to England, and he was educated at St Pauls School, London and Corpus Christi College, in 1932, at the age of 23, Berlin was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. He translated works by Ivan Turgenev from Russian into English and, during the war, from 1957 to 1967 he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1963 to 1964, in 1966, he played a crucial role in founding Wolfson College, Oxford, and became its first President. Berlin was appointed a CBE in 1946, knighted in 1957 and he was President of the British Academy from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979 Jerusalem Prize for his writings on individual freedom, an annual Isaiah Berlin Lecture is held at the Hampstead Synagogue, at Wolfson College, Oxford, at the British Academy, and in Riga. Berlins work on theory and on value pluralism has had a lasting influence. Berlin was the surviving child of a prosperous Jewish family, the son of Mendel Berlin, a timber trader and direct descendant of Shneur Zalman. He spent his first six years in Riga, and later lived in Andreapol and Petrograd, in London, the family first stayed in Surbiton, then within the year they bought a house in Holland Park, and six years later in Hampstead. Berlins English was virtually nonexistent at first, but he became fluent within a year, Berlin was educated at St Pauls School, then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he studied Greats. In his final examinations, he took a First, winning The John Locke Prize for his performance in the philosophy papers and he subsequently took another degree at Oxford in PPE, winning another First after less than a year on the course. He was appointed a tutor in philosophy at New College, Oxford, and soon afterwards was elected to a fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. While still a student, he befriended Ayer, Stuart Hampshire, Richard Wollheim, Maurice Bowra, Stephen Spender, J. L. Austin, in 1940, he presented a philosophical paper on other minds to a meeting attended by Ludwig Wittgenstein at Cambridge University. Wittgenstein rejected the argument of his paper in discussion but praised Berlin for his honesty and integrity. Prior to this service, however, Berlin was barred from participation in the British war effort as a result of his being born in Latvia, for his services, he was appointed a CBE in the 1946 New Year Honours. Berlin was fluent in Russian and English, spoke French, German and Italian, meetings with Anna Akhmatova in Leningrad in November 1945 and January 1946 had a powerful effect on both of them, and serious repercussions for Akhmatova. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and he was instrumental in the founding, in 1966, of a new graduate college at Oxford University, Wolfson College
Isaiah Berlin
–
Sir Isaiah Berlin
CBE
Isaiah Berlin
–
Plaque marking what was once Berlin's childhood home in Riga, engraved in Latvian, English and Hebrew with the tribute "The British philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin lived in this house 1909–1915"
Isaiah Berlin
–
The Berlin Quadrangle,
Wolfson College.
13.
C. S. Lewis
–
Clive Staples Lewis was a British novelist, poet, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian, broadcaster, lecturer, and Christian apologist. He held academic positions at both Oxford University and Cambridge University, Lewis and fellow novelist J. R. R. Tolkien were close friends. They both served on the English faculty at Oxford University, and were active in the informal Oxford literary group known as the Inklings, according to Lewiss memoir Surprised by Joy, he was baptised in the Church of Ireland, but fell away from his faith during adolescence. Lewis returned to Anglicanism at the age of 32, owing to the influence of Tolkien and other friends and his faith profoundly affected his work, and his wartime radio broadcasts on the subject of Christianity brought him wide acclaim. In 1956, he married American writer Joy Davidman, she died of cancer four years later at the age of 45, Lewis died on 22 November 1963 from renal failure, one week before his 65th birthday. In 2013, on the 50th anniversary of his death, Lewis was honoured with a memorial in Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey, Lewiss works have been translated into more than 30 languages and have sold millions of copies. The books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia have sold the most and have been popularised on stage, TV, radio and his works entered the public domain in 2014 in countries where copyright expires 50 years after the death of the creator, such as Canada. Clive Staples Lewis was born in Belfast, Ireland, on 29 November 1898 and his father was Albert James Lewis, a solicitor whose father Richard had come to Ireland from Wales during the mid-19th century. His mother was Florence Augusta Lewis, née Hamilton, known as Flora and he had an elder brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis. When he was four, his dog Jacksie was killed by a car, at first, he would answer to no other name, but later accepted Jack, the name by which he was known to friends and family for the rest of his life. When he was seven, his family moved into Little Lea, as a boy, Lewis was fascinated with anthropomorphic animals, he fell in love with Beatrix Potters stories and often wrote and illustrated his own animal stories. He and his brother Warnie created the world of Boxen, inhabited, Lewis loved to read, his fathers house was filled with books, and he felt that finding a book to read was as easy as walking into a field and finding a new blade of grass. Lewis was schooled by tutors before being sent to the Wynyard School in Watford, Hertfordshire, in 1908. Lewiss brother had enrolled there three years previously, the school was closed not long afterwards due to a lack of pupils, the headmaster Robert Oldie Capron was soon after committed to a psychiatric hospital. Lewis then attended Campbell College in the east of Belfast about a mile from his home and he was then sent to the health-resort town of Malvern, Worcestershire, where he attended the preparatory school Cherbourg House, which Lewis calls Chartres in his autobiography. It was during this time that Lewis abandoned his childhood Christian faith and became an atheist, becoming interested in mythology, in September 1913, Lewis enrolled at Malvern College, where he remained until the following June. He found the school socially competitive, after leaving Malvern, he studied privately with William T. Kirkpatrick, his fathers old tutor and former headmaster of Lurgan College. As a teenager, Lewis was wonder-struck by the songs and legends of what he called Northernness and these legends intensified an inner longing he later called joy
C. S. Lewis
–
C.S. Lewis aged 50
C. S. Lewis
–
Little Lea, home of the Lewis family from 1905 to 1930
C. S. Lewis
–
Plaque on a park-bench in
Bangor, County Down
C. S. Lewis
–
Magdalen College, Oxford
14.
Henry Moore
–
Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA was an English artist. He is best known for his monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. As well as sculpture, Moore produced many drawings, including a series depicting Londoners sheltering from the Blitz during the Second World War and his forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moores works are usually suggestive of the body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces, many interpreters liken the undulating form of his reclining figures to the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire. Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a coal miner and he became well-known through his carved marble and larger-scale abstract cast bronze sculptures, and was instrumental in introducing a particular form of modernism to the United Kingdom. His ability in later life to fulfill large-scale commissions made him exceptionally wealthy, despite this, he lived frugally, most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation, which continues to support education and promotion of the arts. Henry Moore was born in Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Mary Baker and his father was of Irish origin and became pit deputy and then under-manager of the Wheldale colliery in Castleford. He was an autodidact with an interest in music and literature, determined that his sons would not work in the mines, he saw formal education as the route to their advancement. Henry was the seventh of eight children in a family often struggled with poverty. He attended infant and elementary schools in Castleford, where he began modelling in clay and he professed to have decided to become a sculptor when he was eleven after hearing of Michelangelos achievements at a Sunday School reading. On his second attempt he was accepted at Castleford Grammar School, which several of his siblings had attended, where his headmaster soon noticed his talent and interest in medieval sculpture. His art teacher broadened his knowledge of art and, with her encouragement, he determined to make art his career, despite his early promise, Moores parents had been against him training as a sculptor, a vocation they considered manual labour with few career prospects. After a brief introduction as a student teacher, Moore became a teacher at the school he had attended, upon turning eighteen, Moore volunteered for army service. He was the youngest man in the Prince of Wales Own Civil Service Rifles regiment and was injured in 1917 in a gas attack, on 30 November at Bourlon Wood, during the Battle of Cambrai. After recovering in hospital, he saw out the remainder of the war as a training instructor. He recalled later, for me the war passed in a haze of trying to be a hero. And I still have that feeling, after the Great War Moore received an ex-servicemans grant to continue his education and in 1919 he became a student at the Leeds School of Art, which set up a sculpture studio especially for him
Henry Moore
–
Moore in 1975
Henry Moore
–
A replica in Mexico City of the [Chac Mool] stone statue at
Chichen Itza,
Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. This reclining
Toltec -
Maya figure influenced Moore's sculpture.
Henry Moore
–
West Wind, 1928–29; Moore's first public commission was carved from
Portland stone and shows the influence of
Michelangelo 's figures for the
Medici Chapel and the
Chac Mool figure.
Henry Moore
–
Women and Children in the Tube (1940) (Art.IWM ART LD 759)
15.
6 Burlington Gardens
–
6 Burlington Gardens is a Grade II*-listed building in Mayfair, London. The Italianate building was designed by Sir James Pennethorne between 1867 and 1870 as headquarters for the University of London and it occupied the northernmost section of the former garden of Burlington House. It was a building, but not especially large. The university vacated Burlington Gardens in 1900 for the Imperial Institute building in South Kensington, briefly the headquarters of the National Antarctic Expedition, in 1902 it was given to the Civil Service Commission. Between 1970 and 1997, the building, as the Museum of Mankind, hosted around 75 exhibitions, including famous ones such as Nomad and City,1976. It was created by Keeper of Ethnography Adrian Digby in the 1960s, Fagg was succeeded by Malcolm Mcleod in 1974, and by John Mack in 1990. The museum ceased exhibiting at Burlington Gardens in 1997 and the Department of Ethnography moved back to the British Museum in Bloomsbury in 2004, after the ethnography collection’s return to Bloomsbury the building was purchased by the Royal Academy. In 1998 an architectural competition was held to connect it with Burlington House and this was abandoned as the Heritage Lottery Fund was not persuaded that there was sufficient need for the project, which would have cost £80 million. In about 2005 the building was back into use by the Royal Academy, the tenant of the original wing of Burlington House. It was used mainly by the Royal Academy Schools, on 29 August 2006, the building was damaged by a fire, but there was no loss of Academy artworks as it was being prepared for a future exhibition. In 2006 Colin St John Wilson drew up a masterplan for the whole complex, however, Wilson died the following year, which led to another competition being held in 2008, won by David Chipperfield Architects. In 2012 space in the building was lent to the Pace Gallery, a second application to the HLF for £12. 7m to go towards a £36 million project, was successful in 2013. It is hoped that redevelopment will be complete in time for the Academy’s 250th anniversary in 2018
6 Burlington Gardens
–
6 Burlington Gardens in 2005
6 Burlington Gardens
–
Elevation and plan, 1867
6 Burlington Gardens
6 Burlington Gardens
–
Giampietrino’s copy of Leonardo’s Last Supper, which will be housed in the building after redevelopment
16.
Burlington House
–
Burlington House is a building on Piccadilly in London. It was originally a private Palladian mansion, and was expanded in the century after being purchased by the British government. The house was one of the earliest of a number of large private residences built on the north side of Piccadilly, previously a country lane. The first version was begun by Sir John Denham about 1664 and it was a red-brick double-pile hip-roofed mansion with a recessed centre, typical of the style of the time, or perhaps even a little old fashioned. In 1704 the house passed to the ten-year-old Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, who was to become the patron of the Palladian movement in England. The colonnade separated the house from increasingly urbanized Piccadilly with a cour dhonneur, inside, Baroque decorative paintings in the entrance hall and staircase by Sebastiano Ricci and Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini resulted in some of the richest interiors in London. In between his two Grand Tours of Italy young Lord Burlingtons taste was transformed by the publication of Giacomo Leonis Palladio. In 1717 or 1718, Colen Campbell was appointed to replace Gibbs, the ground floor became a rusticated basement, which supported a monumental piano nobile of nine bays. This had no centrepiece, but was highlighted by venetian windows in the end bays. Other alterations included a monumental screening gateway to Piccadilly and the reconstruction of most of the principal interiors, with typical Palladian features such as rich coved ceilings. The Saloon, constructed immediately after William Kents return from Rome in December 1719, has survived in the most intact condition and its plaster putti above the pedimented doorcases were probably by Giovanni Battista Guelfi. Lord Burlington transferred his energies to Chiswick House after 1722. On Burlingtons death in 1753, Burlington House passed to the Dukes of Devonshire, the 4th Dukes younger son Lord George Cavendish and a Devonshire in-law, the 3rd Duke of Portland, each used the house for at least two separate spells. Portland had some of the interiors altered by John Carr in the 1770s. Eventually Lord George, who was a man in his own right due to a marriage to an heiress. Like Carrs work Wares was sympathetic with the Palladian style of the house, providing an example of the Kent Revival. In 1819 the Burlington Arcade was built along the part of the grounds. In 1854, Burlington House was sold to the British government for £140,000 and this plan, however, was abandoned in the face of strong opposition and in 1857 Burlington House was occupied by the Royal Society, the Linnean Society and the Chemical Society
Burlington House
–
Facade of Burlington House on Piccadilly, 2010
Burlington House
–
One of
James Gibbs 's colonnades at Burlington House, in a watercolour of c.1806–08
Burlington House
–
Engraving of the façade designed by
Colen Campbell, in
Vitruvius Britannicus, iii, 1725
17.
John Nash (architect)
–
John Nash was a British architect responsible for much of the layout of Regency London under the patronage of the Prince Regent, and during his reign as George IV. Nash was also a pioneer in the use of the Picturesque in architecture and his best-known buildings are the Royal Pavilion, Brighton, and Buckingham Palace. Many of his buildings were built by the property developer James Burton, in return, Nash promoted the career of Burtons son, Decimus Burton, who assisted him with several of his designs and later became a famous architect in his own right. Nash was born during 1752 in Lambeth, south London, the son of a Welsh millwright also called John, from 1766 or 67, John Nash trained with the architect Sir Robert Taylor, the apprenticeship was completed in 1775 or 1776. On 28 April 1775, at the now demolished church of St Mary Newington, Nash married his first wife Jane Elizabeth Kerr, initially he seems to have pursued a career as a surveyor, builder and carpenter. This gave him an income of around £300 a year, the couple set up home at Royal Row Lambeth. He established his own practice in 1777 as well as being in partnership with a timber merchant. The couple had two children, both were baptised at St Mary-at-Lambeth, John on 9 June 1776 and Hugh on 28 April 1778. The claim that Jane had faked her pregnancies and then passed babies she had acquired off as her own was brought before the Consistory court of the Bishop of London. His wife was sent to Aberavon to lodge with Nashs cousin Ann Morgan, in an attempt at reconciliation Jane returned to London in June 1779, but she continued to act extravagantly so he sent her to another cousin, Thomas Edwards of Neath. She gave birth just after Christmas, and acknowledged Charles Charles as the father, in 1781 Nash instigated action against Jane for separation on grounds of adultery. The case was tried at Hereford in 1782, Charles who was guilty was unable to pay the damages of £76. The divorce was finally read 26 January 1787 and his career was initially unsuccessful and short-lived. After inheriting £1000 in 1778 from his uncle Thomas, he invested the money in building his first known independent works, 15–17 Bloomsbury Square, but the property failed to let and he was declared bankrupt on 30 September 1783. His debts were £5000, including £2000 he had been lent by Robert Adam, a blue plaque commemorating Nash was placed on 66 Great Russell Street by English Heritage in 2013. Nash left London in 1784 to live in Carmarthen, to where his mother had retired, in 1785 he and a local man Samuel Simon Saxon re-roofed the towns church for 600 Guineas. Nash and Saxon seem to have worked as building contractors and suppliers of building materials, Nashs London buildings had been standard Georgian terrace houses, and it was in Wales that he matured as an architect. He went on to design the prisons at Cardigan and Hereford and it was at Hereford that Nash met Richard Payne Knight, whose theories on the picturesque as applies to architecture and landscape would influence Nash
John Nash (architect)
–
John Nash
John Nash (architect)
–
17 Bloomsbury Square
John Nash (architect)
–
Llanerchaeron
John Nash (architect)
–
Nash's own house, East Cowes Castle, on the Isle of Wight, (demolished)
18.
Prime Minister
–
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
Prime Minister
–
The prime ministers of five members of the
Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944
Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference.
Prime Minister
–
Statue of
John A. Macdonald (1815–1891), first Canadian prime minister.
19.
William Gladstone
–
William Ewart Gladstone, FRS, FSS was a British Liberal and earlier conservative politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person, Gladstone was also Britains oldest Prime Minister, he resigned for the final time when he was 84 years old. Gladstone first entered Parliament in 1832, beginning as a High Tory, Gladstone served in the Cabinet of Sir Robert Peel. After the split of the Conservatives Gladstone was a Peelite – in 1859 the Peelites merged with the Whigs, as Chancellor Gladstone became committed to low public spending and to electoral reform, earning him the sobriquet The Peoples William. Gladstones first ministry saw many reforms including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, after his electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, but from 1876 began a comeback based on opposition to Turkeys reaction to the Bulgarian April Uprising. Gladstones Midlothian Campaign of 1879–80 was an example of many modern political campaigning techniques. The government also passed the Third Reform Act, Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proposed Irish home rule but this was defeated in the House of Commons in July. The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep out of office, with one short break. In 1892 Gladstone formed his last government at the age of 82, the Second Home Rule Bill passed the Commons but was defeated in the Lords in 1893. Gladstone resigned in March 1894, in opposition to increased naval expenditure and he left Parliament in 1895 and died three years later aged 88. Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as The Peoples William or the G. O. M, Gladstone is consistently ranked as one of Britains greatest Prime Ministers. Born in 1809 in Liverpool, at 62 Rodney Street, William Ewart Gladstone was the son of the slave-owning merchant Sir John Gladstone. Although born and brought up in Liverpool, William Gladstone was of purely Scottish ancestry, in 1814 young Willy visited Scotland for the first time, as he and his brother John travelled with their father to Edinburgh, Biggar and Dingwall to visit their relatives. William and his brother were both made freemen of the burgh of Dingwall, in 1815 Gladstone also travelled to London and Cambridge for the first time with his parents. In London he attended a service of thanksgiving with his family at St Pauls Cathedral following the Battle of Waterloo, William Gladstone was educated from 1816 to 1821 at a preparatory school at the vicarage of St Thomass Church at Seaforth, close to his familys residence, Seaforth House. In December 1831 he achieved the double first-class degree he had long desired, Gladstone served as President of the Oxford Union debating society, where he developed a reputation as an orator, which followed him into the House of Commons. At university Gladstone was a Tory and denounced Whig proposals for parliamentary reform, following the success of his double first, William travelled with his brother John on a Grand Tour of Europe, visiting Belgium, France, Germany and Italy. On his return to England, William was elected to Parliament in 1832 as Tory Member of Parliament for Newark, partly through the influence of the local patron, the Duke of Newcastle
William Gladstone
–
The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone
FRS FSS
William Gladstone
–
Gladstone in the 1830s
William Gladstone
–
A pensive Gladstone, from the book Great Britain and Her Queen, by Anne E. Keeling
William Gladstone
–
Gladstone ca. 1859
20.
Mary Beard (classicist)
–
Winifred Mary Beard, OBE, FSA, FBA is an English scholar and classicist. She is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge, a fellow of Newnham College and she is the Classics editor of The Times Literary Supplement, where she also writes a regular blog, A Dons Life. Her frequent media appearances and sometimes controversial public statements have led to her being described as Britains best-known classicist, Mary Beard was born, an only child, on 1 January 1955 in Much Wenlock, Shropshire. Her mother, Joyce Emily Beard, was a headmistress and an enthusiastic reader and her father, Roy Whitbread Beard, worked as an architect in Shrewsbury. She recalled him as a raffish public-schoolboy type and a complete wastrel, Beard was educated at Shrewsbury High School, a private school for girls. During the summer she would join archaeological excavations, though the motivation was, in part, at eighteen she sat the then-compulsory entrance exam and interview for Cambridge University, to win a place at Newnham College. She had considered Kings, but rejected it when she learned the college did not offer scholarships to women and she also developed feminist views that remained hugely important in her later life, although she later described modern orthodox feminism as partly cant. Beard graduated with a BA, which was, in due course and she remained at Cambridge for her 1982 Ph. D. thesis entitled, The state religion in the late Roman Republic, a study based on the works of Cicero. From 1979 to 1983, Beard lectured in Classics at Kings College London and she returned to Cambridge in 1984 as a Fellow of Newnham College and the only woman lecturer in the Classics faculty. Rome in the Late Republic, which she co-wrote with Cambridge historian Michael Crawford, was published the same year, Beard became Classics editor of The Times Literary Supplement in 1992. In 1994 she made an television appearance on an Open Media discussion for the BBC, Weird Thoughts, alongside Jenny Randles and James Randi. Shortly after the 11 September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, Beard was one of several authors invited to contribute articles on the topic to the London Review of Books. She opined that people, once the shock had faded, thought the United States had it coming. In 2004, Beard became Professor of Classics at Cambridge and she was elected Visiting Sather Professor of Classical Literature for 2008–2009 at the University of California, Berkeley, where she delivered a series of lectures on Roman Laughter. Beard is a contributor to the BBC Radio 4 series, A Point of View, delivering essays on a broad range of topics including Miss World. Beard received considerable online abuse after she appeared on BBCs Question Time from Lincolnshire in January 2013, Beard quoted abusive comments that she had received on her blog as a result, and reasserted her right to express unpopular opinions and to present herself in public in an authentic way. On 4 August 2013, she received a threat on Twitter. Beard said she did not think she was in physical danger, in April 2013, she was named as Royal Academy of Arts professor of ancient literature
Mary Beard (classicist)
–
Mary Beard being filmed in
Rome
21.
Rome, Italy
–
Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
Rome, Italy
Rome, Italy
Rome, Italy
Rome, Italy
22.
Rowan Williams
–
Rowan Douglas Williams, Baron Williams of Oystermouth, PC, FBA, FRSL, FLSW is a Welsh Anglican bishop, theologian and poet. Williams was the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury, Metropolitan of the Province of Canterbury and Primate of All England, offices he held from December 2002 to December 2012. He was previously the Bishop of Monmouth and Archbishop of Wales, Williams spent much of his earlier career as an academic at the universities of Cambridge and Oxford successively. He speaks three languages and reads at least nine, Williams primacy was marked by speculation that the Anglican Communion was on the verge of fragmentation. Williams worked to keep all sides talking to one another, Williams stood down as Archbishop of Canterbury on 31 December 2012 to take up the position of Master of Magdalene College at Cambridge University in January 2013. Later in 2013 he was appointed Chancellor of the University of South Wales and he also delivered the Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh in 2013. Justin Welby succeeded him in the chair of St Augustine on 9 November 2012, on 26 December 2012,10 Downing St announced Williams elevation to the peerage as a Life Baron, so that he could continue to speak in the Upper House of Parliament. Williams was born on 14 June 1950 in Swansea, Wales and he was the only child of Aneurin Williams by his marriage to Nancy Delphine Morris — Presbyterians who became Anglicans in 1961. He was educated at the state-sector Dynevor School in Swansea, before going on to study theology at Christs College, Cambridge, where he obtained a starred first degree. He then went to Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1975 with a thesis entitled The theology of Vladimir Nikolaievich Lossky, Williams lectured at the College of the Resurrection in Mirfield, West Yorkshire, for two years. In 1977 he was ordained as a deacon at Ely Cathedral, while there, he was ordained a priest in 1978. Williams did not have a formal curacy until 1980, when he served at St Georges, Chesterton until 1983, in 1989 he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity and, in 1990, was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. In 1991 Williams was elected as Bishop of Monmouth in the Church in Wales and was consecrated on 1 May 1992 and he continued to serve as Bishop of Monmouth after he was promoted to be the Archbishop of Wales in 1999. In 2002 he was announced as the successor to George Carey as Archbishop of Canterbury – the senior bishop in the Church of England and the Anglican Communion. As a bishop of the disestablished Church in Wales, Williams was the first Archbishop of Canterbury since the English Reformation to be appointed to office from outside the Church of England. His election by the Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral was confirmed by nine bishops in the ceremony in London, on 2 December 2002. He was enthroned on 27 February 2003 as the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury, the translation of Williams to Canterbury was widely canvassed. The debate had begun to divide the Anglican Communion, however, Williams speaks or reads eleven languages, English, Welsh, Spanish, French, German, Russian, Biblical Hebrew, Syriac, Latin, and both Ancient and Modern Greek
Rowan Williams
–
The Rt Revd and
Rt Hon The Lord Williams of Oystermouth
PC FBA FRSL FLSW
Rowan Williams
–
Williams visiting the
National Assembly for Wales, March 2012
Rowan Williams
–
Williams speaking at the 2010
World Economic Forum in Davos
Rowan Williams
–
Williams visiting Pakistan in 2005
23.
British School at Athens
–
The British School at Athens is one of the 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes in Athens, Greece. The School was founded in 1886 as the fourth institution in Greece. For example, it has made contributions in the fields of epigraphy. Its facilities include one of the most important Classical and archaeological libraries in Greece, and the Fitch laboratory, the BSA also operates a branch at Knossos in Crete, including one of the islands main archaeological libraries. The trip they took to the Balkans during the session was published in 1917 as A Ride Through the Balkans, agnes Conway married architect-archaeologist George Horsfield in 1932. † Died in office British School at Rome Helen Waterhouse, The British School at Athens, London, British School at Athens,1986. Helen Waterhouse and others, Ανασκαφές, A Celebration of the British School at Athens 1886–1986, eleni Calligas and James Whitley, On Site, British Archaeologists in Greece. Elena Korka, Foreign Archaeological Schools in Greece,160 Years, Athens, Hellenic Ministry of Culture,2005. Sifting the Soil of Greece, The Early Years of the British School at Athens, London, Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. British School official website History of the Institute Ambrosia - The BSA/ASCSA libraries Union catalogue Bibliography from WorldCat
British School at Athens
–
The BSA maintains one of the foremost
Classical /
archaeological libraries in
Europe.
British School at Athens
–
The
Heraion of
Perachora, excavated by the British School at Athens during the 1930s.
24.
Economic and Social Research Council
–
The Economic and Social Research Council is one of the seven Research Councils in the United Kingdom. The ESRC was founded in 1965 as the Social Science Research Council, the first chief executive of the SSRC was Michael Young. Subsequent holders of the post have included Michael Posner, later Secretary General of the European Science Foundation, the current Chief Executive of the ESRC is Professor Jane Elliott who took over from Professor Paul Boyle in October 2014. In 1981, the Education Secretary Sir Keith Joseph asked Lord Rothschild to lead a review into the future of the SSRC. It was ultimately decided that the Council should remain, but that its remit should be expanded beyond the social sciences, to reflect this, in 1983 the SSRC was renamed the Economic and Social Research Council. The ESRC is managed by the ESRC Council, which consists of the Chair, Chief Executive and representatives from academia, government, the Council approves the ESRCs policies, strategy, budgets and major funding
Economic and Social Research Council
–
Economic and Social Research Council
25.
Arts and Humanities Research Council
–
In any one year, the AHRC makes approximately 700 research awards and around 1,350 postgraduate awards. Awards are made after a rigorous review process, to ensure that only applications of the highest quality are funded. The Stonehenge Riverside Project is a five year AHRC-funded archaeological research study interested in the development of the Stonehenge landscape in Neolithic. In August 2009 the project discovered a new stone circle, which was named Bluestonehenge by the team, about one mile away from Stonehenge in Wiltshire. The project is run by a consortium of university teams, mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University, with co-directors Dr Josh Pollard, Prof. Julian Thomas, Dr Kate Welham and Dr Colin Richards. The resulting Medieval Soldier online database enables people to search for soldiers by surname, the online database contains 250,000 service records of soldiers who saw active duty in the latter phases of the Hundred Years War. It allows access to over 197,000 trials and biographical details of approximately 2,500 men and women executed at Tyburn, the AHRCs vision is to be a recognised world leader in advancing arts and humanities research. The AHRC receives its funding through the Science and Innovation Group which is part of the Department for Business, Innovation, in 2005 the AHRC replaced the Arts and Humanities Research Board, founded in 1998. The AHRC publish reviews and reports on arts and humanities subjects, Research news and findings are communicated in website features, press releases, and multimedia content such as podcasts. Between 2005 and 2010, the AHRC published a magazine called Podium twice a year, the AHRC is one of seven Research Councils in the UK. Professor Andrew S Thompson is serving as Interim Chief Executive of the AHRC, the previous CE of the AHRC was Professor Rick Rylance who took up the post on 1 September 2009, and was re-appointed in September 2013 to serve until August 2017. The current Council Chair is Sir Drummond Bone, Sir Alan Wilson stepped down in December 2013. AHRC website AHRC Research Centre for Studies in Intellectual Property and Technology Law Research Councils UK Projects funded under AHRCs Resource Enhancement Scheme,2000 -2007
Arts and Humanities Research Council
–
Arts and Humanities Research Council
26.
Nayef Al-Rodhan
–
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan is a Saudi philosopher, neuroscientist, geostrategist, and author. He is an Honorary Fellow of St, the Saudi Arabian Professor Nayef Al-Rodhan began his career as a neurosurgeon and neuroscientist. As a medical student, he was mentored and influenced by the renowned neurologist and he trained in neurosurgery and conducted neuroscience research at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota in the United States. He became Chief Resident in neurosurgery and was influenced by Thoralf M. Sundt, David Piepgrass and he obtained a Ph. D. in 1988 for his work on the Characterization of Opioid and Neurotensin Receptor Subtypes in the Brain with Respect to Antinociception. Since 2002, Nayef Al-Rodhan has shifted his focus to the interplay between neuroscience and international relations. In 2006, Nayef Al-Rodhan joined the Geneva Center for Security Policy in Geneva, Switzerland, as a Senior Scholar in geostrategy and Director of the Geopolitics, in 2009, Al-Rodhan became a Senior Member of St. In 2014, he became an Honorary Fellow of St. Antonys College, recipients have been,2015 Neil MacGregor, British Museum 2014 Jonathan Jansen, University of the Free State, South Africa 2013 Karen Armstrong Nayef Al-Rodhans personal webpage
Nayef Al-Rodhan
–
Professor Nayef Al-Rodhan
27.
Donald James Mackay, 11th Lord Reay
–
Donald James Mackay, 11th Lord Reay KT GCSI GCIE PC JP DL was a Dutch-born British administrator and Liberal politician. Maria Boreel, relative of the Boreel baronets, Lord Reay succeeded his father in 1876 and was naturalised as a British subject in 1877. He was created Baron Reay, of Durness in the County of Sutherland, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, in 1885 he was appointed Governor of Bombay, a post he held until 1890. He was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire in 1887, after his return to Britain he served as Under-Secretary of State for India between 1894 and 1895 in Lord Rosebery Liberal administration. He was also a British delegate at the Second Peace Conference which led to the signing of the Hague Convention 1907, other British delegates included Ernest Satow and Eyre Crowe. Reay strongly opposed this act, and gave the warning, Oligarchies are seldom destroyed. He was also Lord Lieutenant of Roxburghshire from 1892 to 1918 and he was sworn of the Privy Council in 1906 and made a Knight of the Thistle in 1911. He received a doctorate from the University of Glasgow during their 450th jubilee celebrations in June 1901. Lord Reay married Fanny Georgiana Jane, daughter of Richard Hasler, of Aldingbourne, Sussex and he died in August 1921, aged 81. Photograph of Lord Reay at the National Portrait Gallery
Donald James Mackay, 11th Lord Reay
–
The Right Honourable Lord Reay KT, GCSI, GCIE, PC, DL, JP
28.
Edward Maunde Thompson
–
Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, GCB was a British palaeographer and Principal Librarian and first Director of the British Museum. He is also noted for his study of William Shakespeares handwriting in the manuscript of the play Sir Thomas More, thompsons father was Edward Thompson, Custos of Clarendon, Jamaica. His mother was Eliza Hayhurst Poole, also of Clarendon and he was educated at Rugby and at University College of Oxford University. In 1864, he married Georgiana Susanna McKenzie from an old Scots-Jamaican family and they had one daughter and three sons. He served as Director and Principal Librarian of the British Museum from 1888 to 1909 and he set high standards for the staff of the museum, and worked hard to improve the accessibility of the collections to the public. He secured premises at Hendon to house the newspaper collection. He was a member of the British Academy in 1901. He received honorary degrees from Oxford, Durham, St. Andrews and Manchester Universities, the photographic facsimile of Codex Alexandrinus was issued under his supervision in 1879 and 1880. In 1916, he published his study of the three-page addition to the manuscript of Sir Thomas More. In 1923, he contributed to the definitive study Shakespeares Hand in the Play of Sir Thomas More, with Alfred W. Pollard, W. W. Greg, John Dover Wilson and he is buried in Brookwood Cemetery. English illuminated manuscripts An Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography, Oxford, facsimiles of Ancient Manuscripts, London, Oxford University Press, 1913–30. Shakespeares Handwriting, A Study, Oxford, Clarendon Press,1916, Shakespeares Handwriting, A Study by Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, G. C. B. Thompsons Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography at the Internet Archive
Edward Maunde Thompson
–
Sir E. M. Thompson in 1899. Photograph by
Alexander Bassano.
29.
Samuel Henry Butcher
–
Samuel Henry Butcher DCL LLD FRSE FBA was an Anglo-Irish classical scholar and politician. Samuel Henry Butcher was born in Dublin to Samuel Butcher, Bishop of Meath and he was educated at Marlborough College in Wiltshire and then received a place at Trinity College, Cambridge, attending between 1869 and 1873 where he was Senior Classics and Chancellors medalist. Elected fellow of Trinity in 1874, he left the college on his marriage, in 1876, from 1876 to 1882 he was a fellow of University College, Oxford, and tutored there From 1882 to 1903 he was Professor of Greek at Edinburgh University. He was one of the two Members of Parliament for Cambridge University, between 1906 and his death, representing the Unionist Party and he was President of the British Academy, 1909-1910. He died in London on 29 December 1910, but was returned to Scotland and interred at the Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh with his wife and his grave has a pale granite Celtic cross and is located near the northern path of the north section in the original cemetery. John Butcher, 1st Baron Danesfort was his younger brother and he married Rose Julia Trench in 1876. His many publications included, in collaboration with Andrew Lang, a translation of Homers Odyssey which appeared in 1879. Works related to Samuel Butcher at Wikisource Works by Samuel Butcher at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Samuel Butcher at Internet Archive Archival material relating to Samuel Butcher
Samuel Henry Butcher
–
Prof Samuel Butcher's grave, Dean Cemetery
