1.
Weimar Republic
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Weimar Republic is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place, the official name of the state was still Deutsches Reich, it had remained unchanged since 1871. In English the country was known simply as Germany. A national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the Deutsches Reich was written, in its fourteen years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism, and contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War. The people of Germany blamed the Weimar Republic rather than their leaders for the countrys defeat. However, the Weimar Republic government successfully reformed the currency, unified tax policies, Weimar Germany eliminated most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles, it never completely met its disarmament requirements, and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations. Under the Locarno Treaties, Germany accepted the borders of the republic. From 1930 onwards President Hindenburg used emergency powers to back Chancellors Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen, the Great Depression, exacerbated by Brünings policy of deflation, led to a surge in unemployment. In 1933, Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor with the Nazi Party being part of a coalition government, the Nazis held two out of the remaining ten cabinet seats. Von Papen as Vice Chancellor was intended to be the éminence grise who would keep Hitler under control, within months the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act of 1933 had brought about a state of emergency, it wiped out constitutional governance and civil liberties. Hitlers seizure of power was permissive of government by decree without legislative participation and these events brought the republic to an end, as democracy collapsed, a single-party state founded the Nazi era. The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar, Germany from 6 February 1919 to 11 August 1919, but this name only became mainstream after 1933. To the right of the spectrum the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model, the Catholic Centre party, Zentrum favoured the term Deutscher Volksstaat while on the moderate left the Chancellors SPD preferred Deutsche Republik. Only during the 1930s did the term become mainstream, both within and outside Germany, after the introduction of the republic, the flag and coat of arms of Germany were officially altered to reflect the political changes. The Weimar Republic retained the Reichsadler, but without the symbols of the former Monarchy and this left the black eagle with one head, facing to the right, with open wings but closed feathers, with a red beak, tongue and claws and white highlighting. If the Reichs Eagle is shown without a frame, the charge and colors as those of the eagle of the Reichs coat of arms are to be used. The patterns kept by the Federal Ministry of the Interior are decisive for the heraldic design, the artistic design may be varied for each special purpose. The achievements and signs of movement were mostly done away with after its downfall
2.
West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
3.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
4.
British Army
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The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. As of 2017 the British Army comprises just over 80,000 trained Regular, or full-time, personnel and just over 26,500 trained Reserve, or part-time personnel. Therefore, the UK Parliament approves the continued existence of the Army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years, day to day the Army comes under administration of the Ministry of Defence and is commanded by the Chief of the General Staff. Repeatedly emerging victorious from these decisive wars allowed Britain to influence world events with its policies and establish itself as one of the leading military. In 1660 the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were restored under Charles II, Charles favoured the foundation of a new army under royal control and began work towards its establishment by August 1660. The Royal Scots Army and the Irish Army were financed by the Parliament of Scotland, the order of seniority of the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons, after William and Marys accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance, primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Marys father, James II. Spain, in the two centuries, had been the dominant global power, and the chief threat to Englands early transatlantic ambitions. The territorial ambitions of the French, however, led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. From the time of the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, Great Britain was the naval power. As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought the Kingdoms of Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years War, the British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada. The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars and served in campaigns across Europe. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington, the English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the Pope in 1171. The campaign of the English republican Protector, Oliver Cromwell, involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War, the English Army stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. Having learnt from their experience in America, the British government sought a political solution, the British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster in the 1798 rebellion. The Haldane Reforms of 1907 formally created the Territorial Force as the Armys volunteer reserve component by merging and reorganising the Volunteer Force, Militia, Great Britains dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, in the 20th century, most notably Germany
5.
JHQ Rheindahlen
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JHQ Rheindahlen was a military base in Mönchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany active from 1954 to 2013. It functioned as the headquarters for British forces in Germany. Latterly it was known as the Rheindahlen Military Complex, part of Rheindahlen Garrison. In 1952, work began on the British Forces Maintenance Area West of the Rhine, part of the project included the construction of a joint British Army and Royal Air Force headquarters for the British Army of the Rhine in Rheindahlen. Colonel Henry Grattan was Chief Engineer of the construction project, HQ BAOR moved from Bad Oeynhausen to Rheindahlen in October 1954, centralising headquarters functions previously located across several towns in Northern Germany. It was originally the HQ of the Northern Army Group, Second Allied Tactical Air Force, British Army of the Rhine, some 12,000 military personnel moved to the town within a town in a few weeks. There were separate full British Army and RAF Medical & Dental Centres, four British primary schools, there was one secondary school (initially Queens upper & lower until the senior school moved to Hostert Waldniel, later returning to JHQ and recombining as Windsor School. JHQ was first bombed by the Provisional IRA in 1973, the car bomb was planted in the Globe cinema car park and timed to go off as the film ended. In the event the film ended early and the car park was largely empty when the bomb exploded, no one was injured, but a couple of cars were damaged. A Dutch man and a woman from Belfast were arrested but their leader, reported to be James McCann, thirty-one people were injured on 23 March 1987 after a 300 lb car bomb exploded near the visitors officers mess at the top of Queens Avenue. The Provisional IRA later stated it had carried out the bombing, during the 1990s and 2000s, JHQ housed the Headquarters United Kingdom Support Command, later Headquarters British Forces Germany, which was the administrative HQ of the British Army in Europe. It was also home to the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, which relocated to Imjin Barracks in Gloucestershire in 2010, there was an Army Garrison HQ on Collingwood Road to administer the Army element and an RAF HQ on Queens Avenue to administer the RAF element. HQ British Forces Germany moved to Bielefeld in July 2013, the Rheindahlen military complex was handed back to German federal authorities on 13 December 2013. In July 2015 some Arab investors submitted proposals to convert the site to a leisure park, British Army of the Rhine Windsor School
6.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
7.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
8.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
9.
Marienberg
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Marienberg is a town in Germany. It was the capital of the Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis in the southern part of Saxony. As of 2007, the town had 14,181 inhabitants, the town is situated on a plateau north of the Ore Mountain ridge, at an elevation between 460 and 891 metres above sea level. It is approximately 31 kilometres south of Chemnitz, to which it is connected via the Flöha Valley Railway, the historical town centre follows a rectangular plan, imitating Italian renaissance. The centre is the square, a square of 1.7 hectares in area. Marienberg and Pobershau were merged into the unit of Marienberg. The first documented evidence relating to Marienberg is a mention of the village of Wüstenschletta as Sletyn in 1323, but by 1481 it was being referred as wüste Schlette. The owner of the glassworks in 1486 was Barthol Preußler. On 17 July 1519, silver was first discovered as the entrance to the Hüttengrund by Clemens Schiffel and, on 11 May 1520, the town was founded on 27 April 1521 by Henry the Pious, Duke of Saxony. The town plan was designed by Ulrich Rülein von Calw, Marienberg was granted town rights in 1523 and was given its own mining office in 1525. A grammar school was first mentioned in 1530, the village of Wüstenschletta was subordinated to the jurisdiction of the town in 1533. With the Protestant Reformation reaching the town in 1536/37, Marienberg became an independent parish, mining reached its peak in 1540. From 1541 to 1566, the walls were erected. In 1555, there were more than a thousand pits in the Marienberg mining area, the Late Gothic hall church of St. Marys was built from 1558 to 1564. On 31 August 1610, the town suffered in a fire in which almost all its 550 houses were destroyed. Following the end of mining, the extraction of copper. In 1696 troops were first quartered in the town, and from 1753 to 1858, around 1755, Gelobtland was mentioned for the first time in the records. In the wake of an epidemic, an orphanage was founded in 1772
10.
18th Royal Hussars
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The 18th Royal Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, first formed in 1759. It saw service for two centuries, including the First World War before being amalgamated with the 13th Hussars to form the 13th/18th Royal Hussars in 1922. The regiment was first raised by Charles, Marquess of Drogheda as the 19th Regiment of Dragoons in 1759 and it was renumbered the 18th Regiment of Dragoons in 1763, and briefly the 4th Regiment of Light Dragoons in 1766 before reverting to the 18th in 1769. Arthur Wesley was briefly an officer in the regiment between October 1792 and April 1793. The regiment undertook a tour in Saint-Domingue between February 1796 and February 1797. It was in action at the Battle of Bergen in September 1799 during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, in 1805 it took the title of the 18th Regiment of Dragoons, named for George III, and redesignated as hussars in 1807, becoming the 18th Regiment of Dragoons. The regiment landed at Lisbon in July 1808 for service in the Peninsular War, the regiment was ordered to support Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army on the Iberian Peninsula and landed at Lisbon in February 1813. It saw action at the Battle of Morales in June 1813, the Siege of Burgos in September 1812 and it returned home in July 1814. The regiment took part in the Hundred Days landing at Ostend in April 1815 and it charged the centre of the French position at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. It then remained in France as part of the Army of Occupation brigaded with the 12th Royal Lancers under the command of Major-General Sir Hussey Vivian. It was disbanded in Ireland in 1821, the regiment was reformed in Leeds in 1858, as the 18th Regiment of Dragoons from a nucleus taken from the 15th Hussars, and was renamed the 18th Hussars in 1861. The regiment was to deployed to South Africa in 1899 for service in the Second Boer War, in 1903 it was named the 18th Hussars, for Princess Mary, being retitled the 18th Hussars in 1905 and the 18th Hussars in 1910 to mark her coronation as Queen Consort. The regiment was retitled as the 18th Royal Hussars in 1919 and it amalgamated with the 13th Hussars to form the 13th/18th Royal Hussars in 1922. Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Somme 191618, Flers-Courcelette, Arras 1917, Scarpe 1917, Cambrai 191718, St. Historical records of the Eighteenth Hussars
11.
Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer
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Field Marshal Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, GBE was a senior British Army officer of the First World War. He joined his regiment in India and became adjutant of his battalion on 29 April 1879, promoted to captain on 29 May 1882, he accompanied his battalion to the Sudan in 1884 as part of the Nile Expedition. Plumer was present at the battle of El Teb in February 1884 and the battle of Tamai in March 1884 and he spent from 1886 to 1887 attending the Staff College, Camberley, before being appointed Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General in Jersey on 7 May 1890. He became deputy assistant adjutant-general at Aldershot with promotion to lieutenant colonel on 8 May 1897. He was promoted to colonel on 29 November 1900 and was given command of a mixed force which captured General Christiaan de Wets wagon train at Hamelfontein in February 1901. Plumer arrived back in the United Kingdom in April 1902, few officers have rendered better service. Promoted to major general on 22 August 1902, he was appointed Commander of the 4th Brigade within I Army Corps later the same year and he became General Officer Commanding 10th Division within IV Army Corps and General Officer Commanding Eastern District in December 1903. He became Quartermaster-General to the Forces in February 1904, General Officer Commanding 7th Division in April 1906, promoted to lieutenant general on 4 November 1908, he went on to be General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Northern Command in November 1911. Plumer was sent to France in February 1915 and given command of V Corps which he led at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915. He took command of the Second Army in May 1915 and, having promoted to full general on 11 June 1915. The battle started with the explosion of a series of mines placed by the Royal Engineers tunnelling companies beneath German lines. The detonation created 19 large craters and was described as the loudest explosion in human history, after the mines were fired, Plumers soldiers left their trenches and advanced 3,000 yards. In November 1917 Plumer was given command of the British Expeditionary Force sent to the Italian Front after the disaster at Caporetto. Early in 1918, Plumer was sought by Lloyd George for the position of Chief of the Imperial General Staff as a replacement for William Robertson, Plumer instead commanded Second Army during the final stages of the war, during the German Spring Offensive and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive. Plumer became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief the British Army of the Rhine in December 1918 and he was promoted to field marshal on 31 July 1919 and was created Baron Plumer of Messines and of Bilton on 18 October 1919. In October 1925 he became High Commissioner of the British Mandate for Palestine and he resisted Arab pressure to reverse commitments made by the British in the Balfour Declaration and dealt firmly with both the Zionists and the Arab Nationalists. On 24 July 1927 he conducted the ceremony for the Menin Gate memorial at Ypres in Belgium. Plumer was created Viscount Plumer for his long and distinguished services on 3 June 1929
12.
Aylmer Haldane
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General Sir James Aylmer Lowthorpe Haldane, GCMG, KCB, DSO was a senior British Army officer with a long and distinguished career. In September 1882, after attending the Edinburgh Academy and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, on 18 February 1886, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and on 8 April 1892 to the rank of captain. Between 1894 and 1895, Haldane was part of the Waziristan Field Force, Haldane fought in the Second Boer War in South Africa, where he was taken a war prisoner. While imprisoned in Pretoria, he planned the escape which made Winston Churchill famous, Haldane failed to escape at the same time and later complained of Churchills lack of regard for those who should have escaped with him. However, Haldane later managed his own escape and he was military attaché with the Imperial Japanese Army from July 1904 to September 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War, and accompanied Japanese forces into Manchuria. Promoted to brevet colonel, Haldane was appointed a CB on 16 March 1906, from 1906 to 1909, he served as assistant director of military intelligence. On 1 October 1909, Haldane was promoted to temporary brigadier-general, Haldane fought in World War I initially as General Officer Commanding 3rd Division, then part of the British Expeditionary Force. He was given command of 6th Army Corps in France in 1916, after the end of the war, Haldane was appointed General Officer Commanding Mesopotamia 1920 remaining in that post until 1922, he retired in 1925. Haldane died on 19 April 1950, at his home in London and was buried at Brookwood Cemetery, order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan,1905. Haldanes published writings encompass 6 works in 8 publications in 1 language and 311 library holdings, a brigade of the old army,1914, relating to operations of 10 Infantry Bde, France, Aug–Nov 1914. Haldane, Lieutenant General Sir Aylmer The Insurrection in Mesopotamia, a soldiers saga, the autobiography of General Sir Aylmer Haldane. A Soldiers Saga, the Autobiography of General Sir Alymer Haldane, London, William Blackwood & Sons,1922. Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
13.
Allied occupation of the Rhineland
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The Allied occupation of the Rhineland took place following the armistice that brought the fighting of World War I to a close on 11 November 1918. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British and French forces, the terms of the armistice provided for the immediate evacuation of German troops from Belgium, France, and Luxembourg as well as Alsace-Lorraine within 15 days. French forces continued to occupy German territory in the Rhineland until the end of 1930, the British Army entered German territory on 3 December 1918. The British Army of the Rhine was established as the force in March 1919. Based at Cologne, they published The Cologne Post, the French Eighth Army and Tenth Army originally constituted the French forces involved in the occupation. On 21 October 1919, they were combined to form the French Army of the Rhine, in 1919 France stationed between 25,000 and 40,000 French colonial soldiers in the Rhineland. The events resulted in a campaign by the German right-wing press. Furthermore, some German women married African soldiers from the occupying forces, many Germans were killed during civil disobedience protests. E. g. against dismissal of German officials, the American forces originally provided around 240,000 men in nine veteran divisions, nearly a third of the total occupying force. General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force on the Western Front, established the Third Army for the purpose, Third Army was assigned to occupy the northern sector of the Coblenz bridgehead. By July 1919, Third Army was disbanded, having been reduced to about 8,400 men, on 24 January 1923, the US Army withdrew from the occupation of the Rhine, vacating the Ehrenbreitstein Fortress, which was promptly occupied by the French. Occupation of the Ruhr Free State Bottleneck Rhenish Republic Edmonds, J. E, the Occupation of the Rhineland 1918–29. The Watch on the Rhine, The Military Occupation of the Rhineland, Black Shame – the campaign against racial degeneration and female degradation in interwar Europe. The French Occupation of the Rhineland, 1918–1930 Map of Europe during the Occupation of the Rhineland at omniatlas. com
14.
Knight
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A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country, especially in a military capacity. Historically, in Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors, during the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, often, a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback, since the early modern period, the title of knight is purely honorific, usually bestowed by a monarch, as in the British honours system, often for non-military service to the country. The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame, furthermore, Geoffroi de Charnys Book of Chivalry expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knights life. This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes world, in the late medieval period, new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many nations. Some orders of knighthood, such as the Knights Templar, have become the subject of legend, each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry, cavalier, the special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world, and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity. The word knight, from Old English cniht, is a cognate of the German word Knecht and this meaning, of unknown origin, is common among West Germanic languages. Middle High German had the phrase guoter kneht, which also meant knight, the Anglo-Saxon cniht had no connection to horsemanship, the word referred to any servant. A rādcniht, riding-servant, was a servant delivering messages or patrolling coastlines on horseback, a narrowing of the generic meaning servant to military follower of a king or other superior is visible by 1100. The specific military sense of a knight as a warrior in the heavy cavalry emerges only in the Hundred Years War. The verb to knight appears around 1300, and, from the same time, an Equestrian was a member of the second highest social class in the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. This class is often translated as knight, the medieval knight, both Greek ἳππος and Latin equus are derived from the Proto-Indo-European word root ekwo-, horse. In the later Roman Empire, the classical Latin word for horse, equus, was replaced in common parlance by the vulgar Latin caballus, sometimes thought to derive from Gaulish caballos. From caballus arose terms in the various Romance languages cognate with the English cavalier, Italian cavaliere, Spanish caballero, French chevalier, Portuguese cavaleiro, the Germanic languages have terms cognate with the English rider, German Ritter, and Dutch and Scandinavian ridder. These words are derived from Germanic rīdan, to ride, in turn derived from the Proto-Indo-European root reidh-, in ancient Rome there was a knightly class Ordo Equestris from which European knighthood may have been derived. Some portions of the armies of Germanic peoples who occupied Europe from the 3rd century AD onward had been mounted, in the Early Medieval period any well-equipped horseman could be described as a knight, or miles in Latin
15.
Claud Jacob
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Field Marshal Sir Claud William Jacob, GCB, GCSI, KCMG was a British Indian Army officer. He served in the First World War as commander of the Dehra Dun Brigade, as General Officer Commanding 21st Division and he remained in command of II Corps for the Battle of Passchendaele in Autumn 1917. After the War he commanded a corps of the British Army of the Rhine during the occupation there and he went on to be General Officer Commanding Northern Command in India before temporarily becoming Commander-in-Chief, India and then taking over as Military Secretary to the India Office. Jacob was born on 21 November 1863, at Mahidpur in the Bombay Presidency of British India, to Major-General William Jacob, from Sherborne School he passed into Sandhurst and was commissioned into the Worcestershire Regiment on 9 September 1882. He first saw action with the Zhob Valley expedition of 1890 after which he was posted to the 24th Regiment of Bombay Infantry in 1891 and he took part in the blockade of the Mahsud Waziri tribe at the end of 1901. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 1 October 1904, he was given command of the 106th Hazara Pioneers, promoted to brevet colonel on 1 October 1908 and to full colonel on 1 January 1911, he was appointed GSO1 of the Meerut Division on 2 September 1912. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Jacob went with the Meerut division, part of the Indian corps and he saw action at the closing stages of the Battle of La Bassée in October 1914. Promoted to temporary major-general on 7 September 1915, he became General Officer Commanding the Meerut division, with the Indian Corps was preparing to leave the Western front, he was appointed to take over the 21st Division of the New Armies on 18 November 1915. He remained in command of II Corps, having promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 3 June 1917. Jacob commanded a corps of the British Army of the Rhine during the occupation there and he became Chief of the General Staff in India in January 1920 and was then both promoted to full general and appointed Aide-de-Camp to King George V on 31 May 1920. He returned home to England in 1924, and in November of that year was given the Northern Command in India. When Lord Rawlinson died in March 1925, he acted temporarily as Commander-in-Chief, India, until Sir William Birdwood took over that role in August 1925, in retirement Jacob became Constable of the Tower of London. He was also Colonel of 2nd Battalion The Baluch Regiment, Colonel of the 106th Hazara Pioneers, in January 1936 he attended the funeral of King George V and in May 1937 he attended the coronation of King George VI. He died at Kings College Hospital in London on 2 June 1948 at the age of eighty-four, the couple had one son, Edward Ian Claud Jacob, who later became Assistant Military Secretary of the War Cabinet and Director-General of the BBC. Inside the BBC, British Broadcasting Characters, images of Claud Jacob Profile on Worcestershire Regiment site
16.
2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)
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The 2nd Infantry Division was a Regular Army infantry division of the British Army, with a long history. The division was associated with the north of England, the divisional insignia, the Crossed Keys of Saint Peter, were originally part of the coat of arms of the Diocese of York, and were adopted before or during the First World War. It was disbanded on 1 April 2012, the first commander of the 2nd Division was Major General Rowland Hill. Under his command, the took part in the Second Battle of Porto. In 1811, Major General the Hon. William Stewart became commander of the division, Stewart was apparently a magnificent Lieutenant Colonel, but a disastrous General. The division suffered casualties at the Battle of Albuera. For the rest of 1812, the division was part of a detachment under Rowland Hill which covered the flank of Wellingtons main army. It thus acquired the nickname of the Observing Division, but was known as the Surprisers, after taking the French by surprise in engagements at Arroyo Molinos. In 1813 and 1814, the division remained part of Hills detachment and it contained three British brigades and one Portuguese brigade. It took part in the Battle of Vitoria on the flank of Wellingtons army. 3/95th Regiment of Foot 2nd Brigade, Major General Byng 1/3rd Regiment of Foot 1/57th Regiment of Foot 1st Provisional Battalion 2 Coys, 5/60th Regiment of Foot 3rd Brigade, Major General Wilson 2/28th Regiment of Foot 2/34th Regiment of Foot 1/39th Regiment of Foot 2 Coys. It consisted at Waterloo of a brigade of British light infantry and riflemen, a brigade of the Kings German Legion, the division began the day in reserve behind Wellingtons right flank, but took part in the defeat of Napoleons attacks later in the day. Commander, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton 3rd British Brigade Major-General Frederick Adam 52nd Regiment of Foot Lt-Colonel, a. Symphers Horse Battery Kings German Legion The division formed part of the British army under Lord Raglan which landed in the Crimea and attempted to capture the port of Sebastopol. It was commanded by Lieutenant General Sir George de Lacy Evans, and fought at the battles of the Alma and Inkerman, during the subsequent 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War, the division was commanded by Major General Edward Bruce Hamley. The divisions commander was Lieutenant General Sir Francis Clery, the division, or parts of it, suffered defeats at the Battle of Colenso and the Battle of Spion Kop before gaining victory at the Battle of the Tugela Heights during the Relief of Ladysmith. It subsequently took part in operations which drove the Boers from Natal, when the First World War broke out, in August 1914, the BEF was sent to support the French and Belgian armies. The divisions commander at this point was Major General Charles Monro, the division took part in the Battle of Mons and the subsequent retreat, and, along with most of the rest of the original BEF, suffered heavy casualties in the First Battle of Ypres in November. The division served on the Western Front for the duration of the war, although most of the divisions regulars became casualties or were transferred to other formations, the division never lost its standing and reputation as a Regular Army formation
17.
29th Division (United Kingdom)
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Under the command of Major-General Aylmer Hunter-Weston, the division fought throughout the Gallipoli Campaign, including the original landing at Cape Helles. From 1916 to the end of the war the division fought on the Western Front in Belgium, according to the published divisional history, The total casualties of the 29th Division amounted to something like 94,000. This must be, if not a record, among the highest totals in any division … The number of Victoria Crosses won by members of this division was 27. The 29th Division served on the Gallipoli peninsula, a point in the strategic Dardanelles straits between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea, the division was there for the duration of the ill-fated campaign. It made the first landings as part of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force in April 1915 and was among the last to leave in January 1916, the division suffered through the worst of the fighting at Cape Helles before being moved to fight on the Suvla front as well. Three of the landings faced little or no opposition but were not exploited, the two main landings, at V and W Beaches on either side of the cape, met with fierce Turkish resistance and the landing battalions were decimated. The original objectives of the first day of the campaign had been the village of Krithia, the first concerted attempt to capture these was made by the division three days after the landings on 28 April. In this First Battle of Krithia an advance up the peninsula was made but the division was halted short of its objective, the attack was resumed on 6 May with the launch of the Second Battle of Krithia. On this occasion the 88th Brigade attacked along Fig Tree Spur and, on 24 May Major-General Beauvoir De Lisle took over command of the Division. On 4 June the 88th Brigade was once required to make an advance along Fig Tree Spur in the Third Battle of Krithia. In the subsequent counter-attacks, Second Lieutenant G. R. D Moor of the 2nd Hampshires was awarded the Victoria Cross for shooting four of his own men who attempted to retreat. The division finally saw successful fighting at Helles during the Battle of Gully Ravine on 28 June when the 86th Brigade managed to advance along Gully Spur. As a prelude to the launch of the August Offensive, a diversion was carried out at Helles on 6 August to prevent the Turks withdrawing troops. In what became known as the Battle of Krithia Vineyard, the 88th Brigade made another costly, at Suvla, the Battle of Scimitar Hill on 21 August was the final push of the failed August Offensive. The 29th Division had been moved from Helles to Suvla to participate, the 87th Brigade was briefly able to capture the summit of the hill but was soon forced to retreat. The division was evacuated from Gallipoli on 2 January 1916 and moved to Egypt before being sent to France in March, passing through the Mediterranean port of Marseilles the 29th Division arrived in the rear of the Somme battle front from 15 to 29 March 1916. From this time the Division was put into the British Front in the north of the Ancre River. Following a 7-day artillery bombardment of the German Front and Rear areas, at 07.20 hours the huge Hawthorn mine was blown on the left of the divisions position
18.
William Heneker
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William Heneker was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec on 22 August 1867, the son of Richard William Heneker and Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Edward Tuson R. N. Assigned student #168, he graduated from RMC on 28 June 1888 with the rank of sergeant, during the first several decades of RMCs existence it was common practice for the War Office in London to offer commissions in the British Army to the best Canadian graduates. Heneker accepted an Imperial commission with the 1st Battalion, Connaught Rangers as a lieutenant on 5 September 1888. At the time the unit was serving in India and Heneker joined the regiment there and he was promoted to lieutenant 12 February 1890, and later received his promotion to captain on 10 March 1897. Soon after he was seconded to the Niger Coast Protectorate, and he served in the 1899 Benin Territories Expedition as Intelligence and Survey Officer, and was Mentioned in Despatches for his services. Heneker commanded the Ulia and Ishan Expeditions, the Ibeku-Olokoro operations, Afikpo operations and he became brevet major on 31 July 1901, for services during operations in Esan and Ulia country. The following year he served as second-in-command of the Southern Nigeria Regiment, in Southern Nigeria, Heneker also waged a notable campaign against Chief Adukukaiku of Iggara, for which he again received a Mention in Despatches. Heneker was promoted to lieutenant colonel 21 August 1903. He was later awarded the Brevet of full colonel on 24 October 1907, Heneker was eventually posted to Southern Africa where he was Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quarter-master-General, Orange River Colony District from 21 April 1906 to 20 April 1910. He then served briefly in India and the North-West Frontier, as lieutenant colonel, he commanded the 2nd Battalion North Staffordshire Regiment at Peshawar, India 10 April 1912. He served as brigade commander, 1st Peshawar Infantry Brigade in 1912. He was finally appointed commander, 1st Infantry Brigade, Quetta, during this time Heneker continued to serve as one of the Kings Aide-de-Camps, an appointment he received in October 1907 and held until June 1917. William Heneker was a resourceful and skilled soldier as well as an exceptional tactician, for his military services in West Africa he was invested by King Edward VII on 18 December 1903 with the Distinguished Service Order. In 1907 Heneker published a book examining tactical innovation in small wars titled Bush Warfare, in 2007, Canadian military historian Andrew Godefroy edited a new edition of Bush Warfare in honour of the centenary of its original publication. Temporary Brigadier General William Heneker was assigned to duty in Europe at the outbreak of the First World War. He commanded the 54th Infantry Brigade, British Expeditionary Force from 13 March to 14 December 1915, during this period, he was severely wounded, but managed to recover well enough from his injuries to return to front line service. Heneker received his promotion to colonel on 10 April 1916. Anxious to return to command, he was appointed to lead the 190th Infantry Brigade, Royal Naval Division, Henekers next appointment was to the command of the 8th Infantry Division, which he led from 9 December 1916 until the end of the war
19.
Alexander Godley
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General Sir Alexander John Godley, GCB, KCMG was a senior British Army officer. He is best known for his role as commander of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, born in Chatham, Godley joined the British Army in 1886. He fought in the Boer War and afterwards served in a number of positions in England. In 1910 he went to New Zealand as Commandant of the New Zealand Military Forces, promoted to temporary major general, he reorganised the countrys military establishment. Following the outbreak of the First World War, the New Zealand government appointed him as commander of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, promoted to lieutenant general, he had a brief period in command of I Anzac Corps before being given command of the II Anzac Corps. He led the corps for most of its service on the Western Front and his corps suffered heavy losses in the ensuing battle. In 1918, II Anzac Corps was re-designated as British XXII Corps, after the war, Godley spent time in occupied Germany as commander of firstly the IV Corps and then, from 1922 to 1924, the British Army of the Rhine. In 1924 he was promoted to general and was made General Officer, Commanding and he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1928 and was Governor of Gibraltar for five years until his retirement in 1933. During the Second World War he commanded a platoon of the Home Guard and he died in 1957 at the age of 90. Alexander Godley was born in Chatham, Kent, England, on 4 February 1867, the eldest son of William Godley and his fathers brother was John Robert Godley, the founder of Canterbury, New Zealand. When Godley was 13, his father died leaving the family in financial straits. Godley intended to enter the Royal Navy but changed his mind, with the aid of his familys connections, he was educated at Haileybury College and entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1885. He was commissioned into the Royal Dublin Fusiliers the following year as a lieutenant, an enthusiastic horseman, Godley engaged in hunting and polo, becoming extremely proficient in the latter sport. He later played in the first international match between England and Argentina at the Hurlingham Club in Buenos Aires. To supplement his pay, he trained polo ponies, Godley remained with the Fusiliers until 1896, at which time he was promoted to captain and appointed adjutant of the Mounted Infantry at Aldershot. Later that year he volunteered for service in Mashonaland, where he assisted in the suppression of a rebellion in the province, after serving with the Special Service Battalion of the Mounted Infantry, he returned to England the following year and was promoted brevet major. In 1898 Godley attended Staff College at Camberley but, following the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899, along with other officers of the Special Service Battalion, he helped to raise irregular mounted regiments. Godley was later adjutant to Colonel Robert Baden-Powell and was present during the Siege of Mafeking and he was also chief staff officer to Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Plumer and later commanded the Rhodesian Brigade
20.
9th (Scottish) Division
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After the 1st South African Infantry Brigade Group joined in early 1916, the division was known colloquially as the Jock and Springboks. The 9th Division took part in fighting during the Somme offensive. Notably it relieved the 30th Division at Montauban and later attacked German positions at Bernafay Wood, the History of the Ninth Division 1914–1919
21.
3rd Division (United Kingdom)
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The 3rd Division, known at various times as the Iron Division, 3rd Division, Montys Iron Sides or as Iron Sides, is a regular army division of the British Army. The division is sometimes referred to as the Iron Division. The divisions other battle honours include, the Battle of Waterloo, the Crimean War, the Second Boer War and it was commanded for a time, during the Second World War, by Bernard Montgomery. The division was to have part of a proposed Commonwealth Corps, formed for a planned invasion of Japan in 1945–46. During the Second World War, the became the pattern of three — a black triangle trisected by an inverted red triangle, created by Bernard Montgomery to instil pride in his troops. The 3rd held their ground and pushed on with other divisions to capture the village of Arinez. The 3rd Division was also present at the Battle of Quatre Bras, 5/390 5x9lb guns 1x5.5 inch Howitzer Cleeves Field Brigade Kings German Legion 6/209 5x9lb guns 1x5. The 3rd Division served on the Western Front in France and Belgium for four years, during this time, it was nicknamed The Iron Division. Its first commander during the war, Major-General Hubert Hamilton, was killed by shellfire near Béthune in October 1914, 2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment 4th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment The following battalions joined the brigade for periods in 1915 and 1916. After the end of the First World War, the division was stationed in southern England where it formed part of Southern Command, in 1937, one of its brigades, the 9th Infantry Brigade, was commanded by Brigadier Bernard Montgomery. He assumed command of the 3rd Division shortly before Britain declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. The 3rd Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Bernard Montgomery, was sent overseas to France in late September 1939, there the division became part of Lieutenant General Alan Brookes II Corps of the British Expeditionary Force. However, unlike in the First World War, where the division was almost immediately engaged in desperate fighting, Montgomery instantly began training the men of his division in a tough training regime. As with most of the rest of the BEF, training was hampered by a shortage of modern equipment. In May 1940, after months of relative inactivity, the German Army launched its attack in the west which resulted in the BEF being split up from the French Army. Due to Montgomerys strict training regime, the 3rd Division suffered comparatively few casualties, the 3rd British Infantry Division was the first British formation to land at Sword Beach on D-Day,6 June 1944, as part of the invasion of Normandy, part of the larger Operation Overlord. For the assault landing, 3rd British Division was organised as a Division Group and these included 27th Armoured Brigade and 22nd Dragoons, 1st Special Service Brigade and No. The divisions own artillery were all self-propelled and the SP field guns, after D-Day the 3rd Infantry Division fought through the Battle for Caen, in Operation Charnwood and Operation Goodwood
22.
Walter Braithwaite
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General Sir Walter Pipon Braithwaite, GCB was a British Army officer who held senior commands during the First World War. After being dismissed from his position as Chief of Staff for the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, after the war, he was commissioned to produce a report analysing the performance of British staff officers during the conflict. Braithwaite was born in Alne, the son of the Reverend William Braithwaite and he was the youngest of twelve children. He was educated at Victoria College between 1875 and 1880, and at Bedford School between 1880 and 1884, Braithwaite studied at the Royal Military Academy, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Somerset Light Infantry in 1886. In 1895, he married Jessie Ashworth, with whom he had a son and he served in the Second Boer War, seeing action at Ladysmith, Spion Kop, Vaal Krantz and Tugela Heights. He was mentioned in three times. After the war, he returned to England and was posted to Southern Command on the staff of Evelyn Wood, in 1906, Braithwaite was promoted to major, and transferred to The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel, and served as an instructor at the Staff College, in 1909, he was assigned to the staff of Douglas Haig at the War Office, and promoted to colonel. He was subsequently named commandant of the Staff College, Quetta, at this point, the college was closed, and he was again transferred to the War Office, this time as Director of Staff Duties. In 1915, during the First World War, he was appointed Chief of Staff for the Mediterranean Expedition and he was regarded by many of the Australians involved in that effort as arrogant and incompetent. After the failure of the Mediterranean expedition, Braithwaite was recalled to London and he was later assigned to the 62nd Division, a Territorial Force formation, which was posted to France in January 1917. Although the division struggled to make headway during the Battle of Arras, it proved a solid, following success in repelling German advances at Bullecourt and Cambrai, he was given command of IX Corps on 13 September 1918 and later XII Corps. On 29 September 1918 Braithwaites IX Corps was on the front line at the village of Bellenglise facing the canal. The assault was more successful than earlier American efforts, encountering as they did. The spearhead was led by the 46th Division, marshall, a divisional staff officer, recorded they were not expected to advance far, leaving that to the Americans and Australians to their left. If they could not get a foothold they were had orders to swim across the canal in ice cold water, but divisional HQ had spared no effort to find all necessary equipment to achieve the objective. They advanced one hour later than the Americans under a hail of machine gun bullets, a thick fog cae down helping to mask them from German sight. 5,000 German prisoners of war were taken, for almost the first time in the war the attack had been an outstanding success
23.
Ivor Maxse
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General Sir Ivor Maxse KCB CVO DSO was a senior British Army officer who fought during the First World War, best known for his innovative and effective training methods. Maxse was educated at Mr. Lakes Preparatory School in Caterham, Surrey from 1875 to 1877, Rugby School from 1877 to 1880, Maxse was commissioned into the 7th Royal Fusiliers in 1882. He transferred to the Coldstream Guards in 1891, and served in the Egyptian Army where he was present at the Battle of Atbara and the Battle of Omdurman. In November 1899 he was in command of the 13th Sudanese Battalion during the leading to the defeat of the Khalifa at the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat. He then served in the Second Boer War as a Lieutenant-colonel and he later commanded the first battalion of the Coldstream Guards from 1903 to 1907. In 1910, he was promoted to command of the 1st Guards Brigade, in the First World War, as a divisional commander, he led 18th Division when it took all its objectives on the First Day of the Battle of the Somme. He achieved this in part by hiding the division in no mans land before the battle was joined and they were probably the best fighting division possessed by the British Army in September 1916, recruited from volunteers from London and the south-east. In January 1917, Maxse was given command of XVIII Corps, maxses XVIII Corps also took part in Fifth Armys defence against the German Spring Offensive, beginning on 21 March 1918. At 10. 45am on 22 March Gough issued written orders to commanders to retreat, if heavily attacked. Fifth Army staff also informed corps commanders of the impending French reinforcement, on receiving these messages at around noon, Maxse ordered XVIII Corps to withdraw immediately, without cover of artillery fire, and they fell back behind the Somme altogether that evening. Gough attempted to halt Maxse’s withdrawal when he heard of it, watts XIX Corps on Maxse’s left also had to fall back. By 24 March reinforcements - Robillot’s II French Cavalry Corps - were beginning to take their place in Maxse’s line, Fifth Army planned a counterattack by four British brigades and 22nd French Division against a bridgehead which the Germans had made over the Somme at Pargny. The planned counterattack did not take place as General Robillot refused to cooperate, despite a visit from Maxse on the morning of 25 March. On 26 March Maxse was maintaining his place in the line, haig had him to dinner at the start of his appointment. Amongst other reforms, in September he increased the size of platoons from 3 sections back to 4 and his heart is by no means altered. It is no use blaming him for his temperament. His history during four wars proves it – i. e.1864,1866,1870,1914 – covering altogether a period of 64 years, two generations. He had but one objective and said so – world power. To prevent it we must crush, after the War Maxse was still concerned with what he perceived to be the dangerous potential of Germany
24.
1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom)
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The 1st Infantry Division was a regular army infantry division of the British Army with a very long history. The division was present at the Peninsular War, the Crimean War, the First World War, General Officer, Lieutenant General Sir John Hope Maitlands Brigade, Major General Maitland 1/1st Foot Guards 3/1st Foot Guards 1 coy. 5/60th Foot Stopfords Brigade, Major General Stopford 1st Bn, Coldstream Foot Guards 1/3rd Foot Guards 1 coy. 5/60th Foot Hinubers Brigade, Major General von Hinuber 1st Line Bn, kings German Legion 2nd Line Bn. KGL Aylmers Brigade, Major General Lord Aylmer 1/37th Foot 2/62nd Foot 76th Foot 77th Foot 85th Foot Napoleon Bonapartes returned during the Congress of Vienna. 1st Division was involved in the Waterloo Campaign seeing its first action at the Battle of Quatre Bras then at the Battle of Waterloo, on the extreme right was the chateau, garden, and orchard of Hougoumont which was defended by the Divisions 2nd Brigade. The initial attack was by Maréchal de Camp Bauduins 1st Brigade of the 5th Division emptied the wood and park, the British guns were distracted into an artillery duel with French guns and this allowed a second attack by General de Brigade Baron Soyes 2nd Brigade of the 6th Division. They managed a small breach on the side but could not exploit it. An attack by elements of the 1st Brigade of the 6th Division on the side was more successful. This attack lead to one of the most famous skirmishes in the Battle of Waterloo — Sous-Lieutenant Legros, wielding an axe, a desperate fight ensued between the invading French soldiers and the defending Guards. All of the French who entered, apart from a young boy, were killed in a desperate hand-to-hand fight. The French attack in the vicinity of the farm were repulsed by the arrival of the 2nd Coldstream Guards. Fighting continued around Hougoumont all afternoon with its surroundings heavily invested with French light infantry, most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, with additional actions occurring in western Turkey, and the Baltic Sea region. The Crimean War is sometimes considered to be the first modern conflict, the Division which now consisted of the Guards Brigade and the Highland Brigade, was involved in the Battle of Alma, which is considered to be the first battle of the Crimean war. They were next in action during the Battle of Balaclava, The battle started with a successful Russian attack on Ottoman positions and this led to the Russians breaking through into the valley of Balaklava, where British forces were encamped. The Russian advance was intended to disrupt the British base and attack British positions near Sevastopol from the rear, an initial Russian advance south of the southern line of hills was repulsed by the British. A large attacking force of Russian cavalry advanced over the ridgeline, one of these columns drove south towards the town of Balaklava itself, threatening the main supply of the entire British army. That drive was repulsed by the muskets of the 93rd Regiment and this action became known in history as The Thin Red Line, this battle was also well known for the Charge of the Light Brigade. They were also involved in the Battle of Inkerman. J
25.
6th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)
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The modern division was reformed on 1 February 2008, as a deployable two star Headquarters for service in Afghanistan during Operation Herrick. The division was reformed with a parade and flag presentation at York on Tuesday 5 August 2008. Commanding General Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton 1st Brigade, Major General Hulse 1/11th Foot 2/53rd Foot 1/61st Foot 1 coy, 5/60th Foot 1st Brigade, Major General Pack 1/42nd Foot 1/79th Foot 1/91st Foot 1 coy. 5/60th Foot 2nd Brigade, Colonel Hinde 2nd Foot 2/32nd Foot 1/36th Foot 2nd Brigade and it served on the Western Front for the duration of the First World War, first seeing action in the First Battle of Ypres as part of III Corps. In 1915 the division moved into the Ypres Salient to relieve troops that had fought in the Second Battle of Ypres, the Salient was relatively quiet for the rest of the year, except for an attack on the chateau at Hooge on 9 August. It captured this area on 18 September and they then participated in the attacks on Morval and Le Transloy before being withdrawn on 20 October and moved into Corps Reserve. Total casualties on the Somme were 277 officers and 6,640 other ranks, in November the division moved to the relatively quiet La Bassée sector, and in March 1917 it went to the Loos sector where it conducted operations and trench raids around Hill 70. It was withdrawn on 25 July, shortly before the assault on the hill. From reserve, it went to take part in the Battle of Cambrai as part of III Corps. Four days after the battle ended, the division was withdrawn to rest at Basseux, on 25 March the division was withdrawn to the Ypres Salient again as part of the Second Army. The divisions last two major assaults of the war were in October, on the 8th they captured Bohain and on the 18th they took the high ground overlooking the Sambre–Oise Canal that prepared the way for the Battle of the Sambre. The 6th Division embarked for France on 8 and 9 September and it was commanded by Major-General J. L. Keir, with Colonel W. T. Furse as GSO1. Brigadier-General W. L. H. Paget commanded the Royal Artillery, on 3 November 1939 it was formed in Egypt by the redesignation of the British 7th Infantry Division, under the command of Major-General R. N. OConnor. On 17 June 1940 Divisional H. Q. became H. Q, the Division effectively ceased to exist. The Division reformed in Egypt on 17 February 1941, under the command of Major-General John Evetts, from 7 to 19 April it was temporarily under command of Brigadier C. E. N. Two days later the division was joined from Egypt by 16th Infantry Brigade, gentforce force captured Damascus on 21 June. Despite intense efforts Vichy forces maintained control of the position and the allied effort was switched to the advance on the coast. On 29 September 1941 Major-General Evetts left and Brigadier G. N. C, eleven days later on 10 October that year it was redesignated the 70th Infantry Division, and Major-General Ronald Scobie assumed command
26.
X Corps (United Kingdom)
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The X Corps was a corps-size formation of the British Army that served in the First World War on the Western Front before being disbanded in 1919. The corps was later re-formed in 1942 during the Second World War and saw service in the North African Campaign, Fifth Army and the British Eighth Army. X Corps was formed in France in July 1915 under Thomas Morland, in the autumn of 1916 the corps took part in the Battle of the Somme where its 36th Division attacked Thiepval. In 1917 X Corps, formed a part of the Second Army, in June 1917 it took part in the Battle of Messines. and participated in the Battles of Ypres 31 July –10 November. In May and June 1918, it was commanded by William Peyton, later in 1918 it came under the command of Reginald Stephens. X Corps was reformed in 1940 as part of Home Forces in the United Kingdom and it was based as Scotch Corner near Darlington within Northern Command. It then comprised two armoured divisions with parts of a third divided between them, and the 2nd New Zealand Division, from 1942, its commander was Lieutenant General Herbert Lumsden, who was not Montgomerys preferred choice. Lumsden was later dismissed because of a reluctance to pursue the retreating Afrika Korps. X Corps were heavily involved at the Second Battle of El Alamein, the original plan was to be simultaneous attacks by XXX Corps and XIII Corps to clear corridors for X Corps armour to exploit. Events affected the plan and on the 5 October, it was decided to attack simultaneously with both XXX and X Corps, the New Zealanders rapidly captured Miteirya Ridge. While XIII Corps pressed forward, X Corps was to strike northwestwards to distract, by November 4, X Corps was in full pursuit, but heavy rain bogged the armour down and Rommel escaped. The corps was active through the remainder of the Tunisian Campaign with the Eighth Army until the Axis forces surrender in Tunisia in May 1943, the Corps was not involved in the Sicily campaign but became part of Lieutenant General Mark W. Clarks U. S. Fifth Army to take part in the landings at Salerno, Italy on 9 September 1943, here it was commanded by Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery. After Salerno it continued to fight on the Fifth Armys left wing, breaching the Volturno Line, in the spring of 1944 the corps was relieved by the French Expeditionary Corps and switched back to the Eighth Army, taking position on the right of British XIII Corps. The corps had a role in the fourth and final battle of Cassino but was involved in the Allied advance north through the summer to the German Gothic Line defences. In September 1944 the corps played a role on the left flank of Eighth Army during Operation Olive. In November 1944 command of X Corps was taken by Lieutenant-General John Hawkesworth, when the Axis forces withdrew from Greece, from October British troops under Lieutenant-General Ronald Scobie were sent there to maintain internal stability. By March 1945 Hawkesworth and his HQ had returned to Italy, X Corps was in a reserve role and not involved in the Allies final offensive in April 1945 culminating with the surrender of Axis forces in Italy in early May
27.
Thomas Morland
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General Sir Thomas Lethbridge Napier Morland KCB KCMG DSO was a British general during the First World War. Born in Montreal, Canada East, Morland was the son of Thomas Morland, educated at Charterhouse School and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Morland was commissioned into the Kings Royal Rifle Corps in 1884. He later served in Nigeria, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel, Morland was wounded by a poisoned arrow during the fighting, but stuck to his command. In a despatch describing the expedition, the acting High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria gives him great credit for the successful issue of this impotent expedition. The following year he was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in recognition of his services, from 1905 to 1909, he was Inspector-General of the West African Field Force. In 1910, he was promoted to general and given command of 2nd Infantry Brigade. He then became General Officer Commanding 47th Division, then GOC of 14th Division and he was promoted to lieutenant general in 1915, and commanded X Corps through to April 1918. During this time, he was one of Plumers corps commanders at the Battle of Messines. At the end of the war, he took command of XIII Corps, a position he held until 1920, two years later, he was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Aldershot Command and promoted to full general. He retired the year, in 1923. Morland died on 21 May 1925 and was buried in the English cemetery at Villeneuve, in 1890, he married Mabel St. John, with whom he had two daughters. Morland was portrayed by Eric Carte in the 2006 BBC docudrama The Somme - From Defeat to Victory
28.
32nd Division (United Kingdom)
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The 32nd Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was raised in 1914, during World War I. The division was raised from volunteers for Lord Kitcheners New Armies, the division was taken over by the War Office in September 1915. It served in France and Belgium in the trenches of the Western Front for the duration of the war, the divisions insignia was four eights arranged in an X shape. 95th Brigade The brigade moved to the 5th Division in December 1915, H. Rycroft September 1915 - May 1918 Major-General Reginald Barnes May 1918 - List of British divisions in World War I The British Army in the Great War, The 32nd Division
29.
Worcestershire Regiment
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The Worcestershire Regiment was a line infantry regiment in the British Army, formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 29th Regiment of Foot and the 36th Regiment of Foot. In September 2007, the regiment amalgamated with the Cheshire Regiment, the regiment was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 29th Regiment of Foot and the 36th Regiment of Foot. The 1st Battalion was initially deployed to India, while the 2nd Battalion was initially deployed to Ireland, the 1st Battalion was based at Ladybrand during the Second Boer War, while the 2nd Battalion saw heavy fighting near the Modder River. As the war dragged on, a number of regiments containing large centres of population formed additional regular battalions, the Worcestershire regiment formed 3rd and 4th regular Battalions in February 1900, when the existing militia battalions were relabeled as the 5th and 6th battalions. Troops from the regiment shot dead two men during the Llanelli railway strike in August 1911, during the First World War, members of the Regiment won nine Victoria Crosses,70 Distinguished Service Orders,288 Military Crosses,227 Distinguished Conduct Medals. The 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 24th Brigade in the 8th Division in November 1914 for service on the Western Front. The 1st Battalion placed an important role at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915 but lost their commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel E. C. F. Wodehouse, who was killed-in-action. The 2nd Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 5th Brigade in the 2nd Division August 1914 also for service on the Western Front. The 3rd Battalion landed at Rouen as part of the 7th Brigade in the 3rd Division in August 1914 also for service on the Western Front, the 3rd Battalion saw action at the Battle of Messines in June 1917. The 4th Battalion then took part in the Battle of Le Transloy in October 1916, the 2/7th and 2/8th Battalions landed in France as part of the 2nd Gloucester & Worcester Brigade in the 2nd South Midland Division in May 1916 for service on the Western Front. The 10th Battalion landed in France as part of the 57th Brigade in the 19th Division in July 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 11th Battalion landed in France as part of the 78th Brigade in the 26th Division in September 1915 for service on the Western Front, in December 1918, the regiment was used to suppress the Taranto Revolt, executing one of the rebels by firing squad. During the Second World War,994 officers and other ranks of the Worcestershire Regiment were killed in action or died of their wounds, however, the regiment was awarded 36 battle honours. The battalion was destined to see service in the Western Desert, in July 1940, the battalion was assigned to the 21st Infantry Brigade, serving alongside the 2nd Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment and the 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment. The brigade was assigned to the 5th Indian Infantry Division and saw service in the East African Campaign. On 22 June 1942, the battalion, still fighting in North Africa, surrendered, along with 30,000 other British Commonwealth troops, of the men of the original battalion, only 68 officers and men remained. The battalion was reformed in England by the redesignation of the 11th Battalion, the 2nd Battalion was also a Regular Army unit. On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, it was stationed in British India, the brigade was part of the 19th Indian Infantry Division, the Dagger Division
30.
Black Watch
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The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland is an infantry battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. The regiment was created as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881 and it was known as The Black Watch from 1881 to 1931 and The Black Watch from 1931 to 2006. Part of the Scottish Division, it was the regiment of Highlanders. The source of the name is uncertain. These were to be employed in disarming the Highlanders, preventing depredations, bringing criminals to justice, the force was known in Gaelic as Am Freiceadan Dubh, the dark or black watch. This epithet may have come from the uniform plaids of dark tartan with which the companies were provided. The regiment was created as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881, the 42nd became the 1st Battalion, and the 73rd became the 2nd Battalion. The 1st Battalion saw action at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in September 1882 during the Anglo-Egyptian War. It was in combat again at the First and Second Battles of El Teb in February 1884, the Battle of Abu Klea in January 1885, the 2nd Battalion suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Magersfontein in December 1899 during the Second Boer War. The 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 1st Brigade in the 1st Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front. The 2nd Battalion landed at Marseille as part of the Bareilly Brigade in the 7th Division in October 1914 for service on the Western Front and it transferred to Palestine in January 1918 and took part in the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. The 1/5th Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 24th Brigade in the 8th Division for service on the Western Front and it also saw action at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915 and the Battle of Festubert in May 1915. The 1/6th Battalion and the 1/7th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 153rd Brigade in the 51st Division in May 1915 for service on the Western Front and they saw action at the Battle of the Ancre Heights in October 1916. The 9th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 44th Brigade in the 15th Division in July 1915 for service on the Western Front. It suffered over 700 wounded or killed-in-action at the Battle of Loos in September 1915, the 10th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 77th Brigade in the 26th Division in September 1915 for service on the Western Front. It moved to Salonika in November 1915 and took part in operations in the Balkans in 1916, a number of authors state that the regiment was given the nickname Ladies from Hell by German troops, allegedly on account of their kilts and fighting qualities. The 1st Battalion landed in France in September 1939 as part of the 12th Brigade in the 4th Infantry Division for service with the British Expeditionary Force, the battalion later transferred to the 153rd Brigade of the 51st Division and was captured at St Valery-en-Caux during the Battle of France. It also took part in the Normandy landings in June 1944, the Battle for Caen later that month and it later saw action at the Battle of the Bulge in January 1945, Battle of the Reichswald in February 1945 and the crossing of the Rhine in March 1945
31.
Middlesex Regiment
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The Middlesex Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 until 1966. The latter regiment was, however, short-lived and itself subject to a merger on 9 September 1992 with the Royal Hampshire Regiment to form the Princess of Waless Royal Regiment, the Middlesex Regiment was one of the principal home counties based regiments with a long tradition. They inherited their nickname, the “Die-hards”, from the 57th Regiment of Foot, albuhera was the principal battle honour on the Middlesex Regiments colours. The 4th Volunteer Battalion, Kings Royal Rifle Corps, joined the Middlesex Regiment as the 9th Battalion, the 10th Battalion was formed by a nucleus of 300 officers and men from the disbanded 2nd Volunteer Rifle Corps. The four TF battalions constituted the Middlesex Brigade in the Home Counties Division, on formation in 1881 the regimental title was The Duke of Cambridges Own. The regiment inherited the designation Duke of Cambridges Own from the 77th Foot, the regiment was also permitted to bear the coronet and cypher of Prince George, Duke of Cambridge on its colours and badges. The regiment had earlier granted the plumes and motto of the Prince of Wales in 1810 for twenty years service in India. In 1921, in common with other regiments, the regimental title was effectively reversed to The Middlesex Regiment. The Duke was colonel-in-chief of the regiment from 1898 to his death in 1904 and its regimental marches were Sir Manley Power and Paddys Resource, and Caledonian and Garb of old Gaul. The 1st and 2nd battalions both saw turns in India during the late 19th century, following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899, the 2nd battalion embarked for active service in South Africa in December 1899 and took part in the Relief of Ladysmith the following Spring. The 6th Battalion was embodied in December 1899, and 530 officers, the regiment relocated from Hounslow Barracks to the newly-built Inglis Barracks in 1905. The 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre, as line of communication troops, the 2nd Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 23rd Brigade in the 8th Division in November 1914 also for service on the Western Front. The 4th Battalion land at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 8th Brigade in 3rd Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front, some 400 men of the 4th Battalion were killed at the Battle of Mons later that month. Late in 1917 the 1/9th Bn was assigned to the 18th Indian Division, general Kitchener was not in favour of the Territorials although he and other critics were silenced after the Territorials fought so well with the BEF after Mons. A Third Line battalion, the 3/10th, also landed at Le Havre for service on the Western Front, additional war-formed service battalions were the 11th to 34th and 51st to 53rd. In October 1966 the regiment paid a record sum of £900 for the Victoria Cross awarded to Private Robert Edward Ryder, of the 12th Battalion. In the early 1920s the 3rd and 4th battalions were disbanded, in 1935 the Post Office Rifles and 19th Londons became searchlight regiments, and in 1937 The Kensingtons formally became a territorial battalion of the Middlesex Regiment. In 1938 the two battalions formed duplicates, thus forming the 1/7th, 2/7th, 1/8th and 2/8th battalions
32.
Durham Light Infantry
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The Durham Light Infantry was a light infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 to 1968. It was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 68th Regiment of Foot, the regiment served notably in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II, the Korean War and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. During times of peace it had duty in India, China, West Germany, both already had their depots at Sunderland Barracks in Sunderland, as was the Brigade Depot. The militia battalions – the 1st Durham Fusiliers and 2nd North Durham Militia – became the 3rd and 4th battalions of the new regiment, with their depots in Barnard Castle and Durham City. A new regimental badge was to be worn, a Tudor rose, this was never worn on any article of clothing, instead the light infantry bugle horn was modified with a crown and the regiments abbreviation. The system was designed to permit one regular battalion of a regiment to be stationed at home, on formation of the regiment the 1st Battalion was in India at Meerut and the 2nd Battalion was in Ireland at Dublin. In August 1882 the 2nd Battalion was sent to the garrison the Mediterranean, the move was not popular as it took the Depot out of the County, it was not to return until 1939, when it was transferred to Brancepeth Castle. After the battle, while securing one of the Arabs nuggers, brought back and baptised as James Francis Durham he would enlist with the regiment and become a corporal of buglers before dying in August 1910. In January 1887, the 2nd Battalion sailed from Suez to India, while in India, the 2nd Battalion came to dominate the Indian polo scene, winning 17 tournaments against rich mens regiments and cavalry regiments. In 1897 and 1898, it assisted in combating outbreaks of the plague in Poona, the battalion was in a supporting role for the Relief of Ladysmith and took little part in the offensive that ended with the annexation of the Transvaal in September 1900. The war now became one of guerilla raids by the Boers against the British forces, the battalion was deployed guarding a section of railway line in the Transvaal, while sending two platoon sized units to the mounted infantry. During this time the battalion was joined or reinforced by units from the regiment. One company from the 2nd battalion came from India in January 1900 and formed part of the Burmah Mounted Infantry, the 4th arrived in February 1902 and was split into detachments serving in many places, and a mounted infantry company, which escorted convoys. The 4th returned to Britain in September, the volunteer battalions supplied contingents to form three special service companies, reinforcing the 1st battalion, which served individually between from March 1900 to April 1902. In 1908, as part of the Territorial Forces Act, the 3rd and 4th battalions exchanged numbers and were recast as the 3rd, the 1st to 5th Volunteer battalions were renumbered as the 5th to 9th battalions Durham Light Infantry of the Territorial Force. The 5th formed part of the York and Durham Brigade and the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th battalions forming the Durham Light Infantry Brigade of the Northumbrian Division, in 1911, the 1st battalion took part in the Delhi Durbar, receiving new colours from the King. During the First World War, the D. L. I, some battalions were part of the Army of occupation in Germany after the War. In addition, ten battalions of County Volunteers were raised under the terms of the 1859 Volunteer act, the regiment earned 59 battle honours and won six Victoria Crosses, but at the cost of 12,006 dead NCOs and other ranks
33.
Winston Churchill
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD PC DL FRS RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, in 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough and his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young officer, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns, at the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, during the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government under Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister and he led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured. After the Conservative Party suffered a defeat in the 1945 general election. He publicly warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet influence in Europe, after winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral and his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate amongst writers and historians. Born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy, Churchills brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland
34.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster
35.
Cologne
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Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany. It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan areas, and with more than ten million inhabitants, Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, less than eighty kilometres from Belgium. The citys famous Cologne Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, the University of Cologne is one of Europes oldest and largest universities. Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the first century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Cologne, the French version of the citys name, has become standard in English as well. The city functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior, during the Middle Ages it flourished on one of the most important major trade routes between east and west in Europe. Cologne was one of the members of the Hanseatic League and one of the largest cities north of the Alps in medieval. Up until World War II the city had several occupations by the French. Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II, the bombing reduced the population by 95%, mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed almost the entire city. With the intention of restoring as many buildings as possible. Cologne is a cultural centre for the Rhineland, it hosts more than thirty museums. Exhibitions range from local ancient Roman archeological sites to contemporary graphics, the Cologne Trade Fair hosts a number of trade shows such as Art Cologne, imm Cologne, Gamescom, and the Photokina. The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, in 50 AD, the Romans founded Colonia on the Rhine and the city became the provincial capital of Germania Inferior in 85 AD. The city was named Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium in 50 AD, considerable Roman remains can be found in present-day Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a notable discovery of a 1900-year-old Roman boat was made in late 2007. From 260 to 271 Cologne was the capital of the Gallic Empire under Postumus, Marius, in 310 under Constantine a bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne. Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it one of the most important trade. Cologne is shown on the 4th century Peutinger Map, maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until occupied by the Ripuarian Franks in 462, parts of the original Roman sewers are preserved underneath the city, with the new sewerage system having opened in 1890. Early medieval Cologne was part of Austrasia within the Frankish Empire, Cologne had been the seat of a bishop since the Roman period, under Charlemagne, in 795, bishop Hildebold was promoted to archbishop
36.
The Cologne Post
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The Cologne Post was a daily paper published for the British Armed Forces from 31 March 1919 to 17 January 1926. It then continued as The Cologne Post and Wiesbaden Times from 28 January 1926 -3 November 1929, there was also an Upper Silesian edition published from 17 June to 6 August 1921 in Oppeln for the British Forces in Upper Silesia. William Edward Rolston was the founder and managing editor of The Cologne Post, Rolston was a Captain serving in the Buffs The newspaper was printed in Cologne by Kölnische Volkszeitung. On 1 August 1923 in a reply to a question to the Under-Secretary of State for War
37.
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers
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The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers was an infantry regiment of the British Army. The regiment adopted the title Northumberland Fusiliers when regimental numbers were abolished under the Childers Reforms of 1881, the regiment was originally part of the Dutch service and known as the Irish Regiment, or Viscount Clares Regiment, under the command of Daniel OBrien, 3rd Viscount Clare. In the following year the colonelcy passed to John Fenwick and the Irish designation was discontinued, the regiment was transferred to the British Service on 5 June 1685, establishing its order of precedence as the 5th Regiment of the Line. Like most other regiments, it was known by the names of the colonels who commanded it at the time until it became the 5th Regiment of Foot in 1751. The regiment took part in the Irish campaign of 1690–1691, and was present at the Battle of the Boyne, the Second Siege of Athlone, in 1692 the unit sailed for Flanders where they were to remain for five years. In 1695 they were part of the forces that recaptured Namur. With the ending of the war by the Treaty of Ryswick they returned to England in 1697, the regiment spent the years 1707–1713 in Spain. They were one of four English regiments who fought an action with their Portuguese allies at Campo Maior in 1709. During the Anglo-Spanish War of 1727, the regiment formed part of the garrison of Gibraltar which withheld the Spanish during the four-month-long siege. On 1 July 1751 a royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels names, accordingly, Lieutenant-General Irvines Regiment was redesignated as the 5th Regiment of Foot. The next major conflict in which the 5th foot was involved was the Seven Years War, the regiment took part in the Raid on Cherbourg in 1758, the Battle of Warburg in 1760, the Battle of Kirch Denkern in 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in 1762. The 5th left Monkstown, Ireland on 7 May 1774, for Boston and their presence was necessary because of strong civil unrest in the area. Arriving in July,1774 the 5th camped near the town, on 19 April 1775, the Light Infantry and Grenadier Companies participated in the march to Concord, and the resulting fighting at Lexington, Concord, and the march back to Boston. Casualties were five men killed, three officers and 15 men wounded, and one man captured, on 17 June 1775, after being under siege by American forces for two months, the regiment participated in the attack on the fortifications at Breeds Hill. After spending two months on board ship in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the 5th sailed to New York to participate in the effort to capture the city from the Americans. They took part in the Battle of Long Island and the Battle of White Plains, the capture of Fort Washington, New York and they then spent the winter of 1776-1777 quartered near New York City and were involved in skirmishes with the American forces. They were then part of Howes campaign to capture Philadelphia, being engaged in the Battle of Brandywine Creek, on the retreat through New Jersey, on 28 June 1778, the regiment was involved in the fighting at Monmouth Court House. While in New York, the 5th participated in raids and skirmishes, including a raid on Little Egg Harbor
38.
West Yorkshire Regiment
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The West Yorkshire Regiment was an infantry regiment of the British Army. The regiment was raised by Sir Edward Hales in 1685, by order of King James II, one of the nine new regiments of foot, raised to meet the Monmouth Rebellion it was termed Haless Regiment. The regiment served in Flanders between 1693 and 1696 and gained its first battle honour at Namur in 1695,1715 saw the regiment moved to Scotland to fight the Jacobite risings. In 1727 the regiment played a part in defending Gibraltar against the Spanish. 1745 saw the regiment in Flanders fighting at Fontenoy before being recalled to Scotland by Cumberland to fight the 45 Rebellion, fighting at Falkirk and Culloden, it became the 14th of Foot in 1751. The regiment returned to Gibraltar in 1751 for another 8-year stay, in 1765, when stationed at Windsor, it was granted royal permission for the grenadiers to wear bearskin caps with the White Horse of Hanover signifying the favour of the King. In 1766, the regiment left Portsmouth for North America and was stationed in Nova Scotia, the 14th although at the ready in their barracks did not play a part in the Boston Massacre. Captain Thomas was the officer of the day in charge of the duty detail that faced the crowds outside of the Customs House. The crowd that gathered began taunting the detail until a shot, then volley was fired into the crowd, captain Preston and the detail went to trial and were successfully defended by Lawyer John Adams thus ending tensions between the crown and the citizens of Boston for the time being. The 14th would remain part of the Boston Garrison until 1772, in 1772, the 14th arrived in St Vincent as part of the force to subjugate the maroons. Due to bush fighting and disease the regiment was depleted in numbers, at dawn on 1 January 1776, the fleet opened fire on Norfolk. Between the firing of the buildings and the firing on the town. After the fleet left, the rebels reoccupied what remained of the town, after all was said and done,1,298 buildings were destroyed and the 5th largest city in colonial America ceased to exist. After Norfolk, the left for Turkey Point near Portsmouth where it would base operations. While at Turkey Point there were a series of small raids, the fleet would stay at Turkey point only until late May when it would leave for Gwynns Island. In August, the fleet withdrew from the Chesapeake and headed to New York, the 14th was withdrawn from service, it being severely under strength from disease and battle in both the Caribbean and Virginia. In New York the remaining men of the regiment were used to supplement other regiments in the area, the officers were sent back to Britain to recruit a new regiment. The rifle companies fought well at the battle of Brandywine in Pennsylvania on 11 September, after the experimental rifle companies returned to England they were made the light companies of their respective regiments, thus ended the 14th Regiments participation in the American Revolution
39.
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
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The Queens Own Cameron Highlanders or 79th Regiment of Foot was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1793. It amalgamated with the Seaforth Highlanders to form the Queens Own Highlanders in 1961, the regiment was raised as the 79th Regiment of Foot on 17 August 1793 at Fort William from among the members of the Clan Cameron by Sir Alan Cameron of Erracht. On its return to England the 79th Foot was listed for disbandment, in the end the regiment was reprieved, being instead posted to the West Indies in 1795, after a two-year tour the 79th returned to England again. The regiment was again in action against the French at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 during the Helder Campaign, in 1800 the 79th was part of a force that took part in a failed assault on the Spanish coast at Ferrol. The 79th Foot landed in Egypt as part of a force to prevent French control of the land route to India. After victories at Battle of Mandora and Battle of Alexandria later that month, along with other regiments that took part in the Egyptian campaign the 79th Foot were henceforth permitted to bear a sphinx superscribed EGYPT on its colours and badges. The 79th spent the two years in Minorca and a second battalion was formed in 1804. Originally on the Irish establishment, the regiment became part of the British Army in 1804 and was renamed the 79th Regiment of Foot, the 1st Battalion took part in the Battle of Copenhagen in August 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars. In July 1808 the 79th Foot was deployed to Portugal for service in the Peninsular War, the regiment took part in the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 and were evacuated by to England. The regiment returned to Portugal in January 1810 and saw action at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810, the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 and the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812. It went to take part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, the occupation of Madrid in August 1812, following the abdication of Napoleon in April 1814, the regiment moved to Cork, Ireland. However, with the return of Napoleon from exile, the 79th Foot travelled to Belgium in May 1815, the regiment took part in the final battles of the Napoleonic Wars at Quatre Bras and Waterloo in June 1815. The regiment sailed from Portsmouth to Scutari as part of the Highland Brigade for service in the Crimean War in June 1854 and it fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854, the Battle of Balaclava in October 1854 and the Battle of Sevastopol in Winter 1854. After briefly returning to the UK, the regiment sailed to India to take part in the suppression of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment took part in the Capture of Lucknow in March 1858 and the Battle of Bareilly in May 1858. Queen Victoria presented the regiment with new colours at Parkhurst, Isle of Wight on 17 April 1873, consequently, they became the 79th Regiment, The Queens Own Cameron Highlanders. On 1 July 1881 the 79th Foot was redesignated as 1st Battalion, Queens Own Cameron Highlanders, the Camerons were the only infantry regiment to have a single regular battalion. The 1881 reforms also combined the militia and rifle volunteers of the county with the 79th Foot, becoming the 2nd Battalion, in 1897 a 2nd regular battalion was raised, and the Militia battalion was renumbered to 3rd. In 1886, the new depot for the regiment, Cameron Barracks, was completed in Inverness by the Royal Engineers
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York and Lancaster Regiment
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The York and Lancaster Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that existed from 1881 until 1968. The regiment was created in the Childers Reforms of 1881 by the amalgamation of the 65th Regiment of Foot and this reflected the fact that the regimental district included an area of West Riding of Yorkshire known as Hallamshire. The proposed title was unpopular with the units, who sought a more suitable title. Which at the time would identify the Regiment with the county. Four different titles were proposed, and following a vote of the officers of all four battalions, the regiment inherited the title York and Lancaster from the 84th Foot to which had been awarded in 1809. The new regiment saw service in both Egypt and Sudan immediately after its formation, and also during the Second Boer War, the 1st battalion of the new regiment had spent 11 years in India 1871-1882. They were moved to Aden to be held in reserve for the Egyptian Campaign, after 18 months they shipped on The Serapis to Trinkitat, Sudan, arriving 28 Feb 1884. The next day they came under gun fire and made a bayonet charge, later that day seven were killed and 35 wounded at the battle of El Teb. The 1st battalion was reported 421 strong when at Souakim,14 March and they embarked on troopship HMS Jumna 29 March, arriving Dover 22 April 1884. The regiment raised 22 battalions for service in the Great War, losing 8,814 officers, the 22 battalions consisted of the two regular battalions, the depot battalion, six Territorial Force battalions, nine Service, two Reserve, one Transport and one Labour battalion. 17 of the 22 battalions saw service overseas, during the Battle of the Somme the Yorks and Lancs eight battalions that went over the top on the first day,1 July 1916, suffering huge casualties. Eleven battalions of the regiment fought during the Somme offensive, the regular 1st Battalion returned from service in British India to be formed up as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division. The 28th Division consisted of regular battalions returning from service and was shipped to France in January 1915. The 1st Battalion saw action in the Second Battle of Ypres, the battalion was then shipped to the Balkans as part of the British Salonika Army where it would remain until the end of the war. While the battalion was still in France Private Samuel Harvey won the York, the 2nd Battalion was stationed in Ireland with the 16th Brigade when war broke out. The battalion arrived on the Western Front in September 1914 with the 6th Division as part of the original British Expeditionary Force, the 2nd Battalion fought its first battle at Radinghem south of Armentières during the Race to the Sea. The 2nd Battalion fought in most of the battles of the war including the Battle of the Somme and spent the entire war serving in France. Private John Caffrey, 2nd battalion, won the Victoria Cross in 1915, the 1/4th Battalion and the 1/5th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 3rd West Riding Brigade in the West Riding Division in April 1915 for service on the Western Front
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