1.
Carji Greeves
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Edward Goderich Carji Greeves, Junior was an Australian rules footballer for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League. He was the winner of the inaugural Brownlow Medal in 1924, Greeves played with the Geelong Football Club from 1923–31 and wore jumper number 20. In the 1860s, Greeves grandmother Julie was briefly engaged to Tom Wills, historian Col Hutchinson noted that If Tom Wills had married Julie, we wouldnt have had Carji Greeves. Greeves was honoured with having the Geelong Football Clubs best and fairest award named after him, in 1996 Greeves was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. Greeves also attended The Geelong College
2.
Australian Football League
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The Australian Football League is the pre-eminent professional competition in the sport of Australian rules football. Through the AFL Commission, the AFL also serves as the governing body. The league was founded as the Victorian Football League as a breakaway from the previous Victorian Football Association, the league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australias six states. Matches have been played in all states and territories of Australia. The AFL season currently consists of a competition, followed by a 23-round regular season. The top eight teams play off in a four-round finals series, culminating in the AFL Grand Final. The winning team in the Grand Final is termed the premiers, the current premiers are the Western Bulldogs. The six clubs invited two more VFA clubs – Carlton and St Kilda – to join the league for its season in 1897. In 1908, the league expanded to ten teams, with Richmond crossing from the VFA, Port Adelaide was the most successful club of the competition winning three titles during the period along with an earlier victory. In 1925, the VFL expanded from nine teams to twelve, with Footscray, Hawthorn, North Melbourne and Hawthorn remained very weak in the VFL for a very long period. Between the years of 1927 and 1930, Collingwood became the first, in 1952, the VFL hosted National Day, when all six matches were played outside of Melbourne. Matches were played at the Sydney Cricket Ground, Brisbane Exhibition Ground, North Hobart Oval, Albury Sports Ground and Victorian country towns Yallourn, Footscray became the first of the 1925 expansion teams to win the premiership in 1954. Melbourne became a powerhouse during the 1950s and early 1960s under coach Norm Smith, the club contested seven consecutive grand finals from 1954 to 1960, winning five premierships, including three in a row from 1955 to 1957. Television coverage began in 1957, with telecasts of the final quarter permitted. At first, several channels competed through broadcasting different games, however, when the VFL found that television was reducing crowds, it decided that no coverage was to be allowed for 1960. In 1961, replays were introduced although direct telecasts were rarely permitted in Melbourne, in 1959, the VFL planned the first purpose built mega-stadium, VFL Park, to give it some independence from the Melbourne Cricket Club, which managed the Melbourne Cricket Ground. VFL Park was planned to hold 155,000 spectators, which would have made it one of the largest stadiums in the world – although it would ultimately be built with a capacity of 78,000. Land for the stadium was purchased at Mulgrave, then farmland, the VFL Premiership Trophy was first awarded in addition to a pennant flag in 1959, essentially the same trophy design has been in use since
3.
Crown Melbourne
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Crown Melbourne is a casino and resort located on the south bank of the Yarra River, in Melbourne, Australia. Crown Casino is a unit of Crown Limited, and the first casino of the now–international Crown brand, initially having opened in 1994 on the north bank of the Yarra, Crown Melbourne relocated and re–opened on the south bank of the Yarra, in 1997. It remains one of the features of the Southbank precinct of the Melbourne central business district. The entire complex has a space of 510,000 m² —the equivalent to 2 city blocks— making it the largest casino complex in the Southern Hemisphere and one of the largest in the world. The complex also hosts four hotels, Crown Towers, Crown Promenade, Crowns casino complex opened in 1997, after moving from a temporary location that opened in 1994 on the north bank of the Yarra. It is one of the features of the Southbank area in the central business district. Children under 18 are permitted into the entertainment and shopping section of complex, the entire complex has a space of 510,000 m², making it the largest casino complex in the Southern Hemisphere and one of the largest in the world. Crown Casino opened in 1994 at the World Trade Centre on the bank of the Yarra River. This location was a temporary, and training, setup while construction of the complex occurred. The Casino complex opened in its planned location at Southbank in 1997. Actress Rachel Griffiths infamously ran through the casino topless on its opening night and it is open 24 hours a day,7 days a week except on Christmas Day, Good Friday and Anzac Day when it is closed from 4 am to midday. It was founded, owned and run by Lloyd Williams until the Packer takeover by PBL in 1999, Crown Casino is the largest casino in the southern hemisphere and has a licence for 500 table games and 2,500 poker machines. There is also Bigwheel, the electronic Vegas Star Roulette and Rapid Baccarat, all lower denomination Blackjack tables only offer a proprietary variant of the game called BlackJack Plus, which has been described as the worst game of Blackjack in Australia. This variation enormously increases the house advantage from around 0. 5% in the higher denomination tables, to around 5%, as well as Three card poker on the main gaming floor, Crown has also offers varieties of poker including Texas Holdem. The Crown Poker Room encompasses a large space in the Crown basement. The Crown is also one of the centres for competitive poker in the Asia-Pacific region. It annually hosts the Aussie Millions, currently the Southern Hemispheres richest poker event, starting in 2013, it became home to the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific, the latest expansion of the World Series of Poker. Crown Casino has 3,500 poker machines on the floor, with values ranging from one cent to one dollar
4.
Richmond Football Club
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The Richmond Football Club, nicknamed the Tigers, is an Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League. The club has won ten premierships since joining the competition in 1908, the club is currently ranked sixth in the competition for premierships won. Prior to 1965 the club played games at Punt Road Oval. Based in a traditionally working-class area, Richmond has long-standing rivalries with cross-town Melbourne-based clubs, Collingwood, the club has been home to four AFL Hall of Fame Legends, Ian Stewart, Kevin Bartlett, Royce Hart and Jack Dyer. A team of playing as Richmond is mentioned by the newspapers in the first years of Australian football. Tom Wills, one of the founders, was the clubs inaugural secretary and captain. This loosely organised group has no continuity to the present club, a number of teams formed in the Richmond area during the games rapid expansion of the 1870s and early 1880s. However, all played at a level and it was considered an anomaly that Richmond, one of Melbournes biggest locales. The wait ended when the Richmond Football Club was officially formed at the Royal Hotel in Richmond on 20 February 1885, a successful application for immediate admission to the Victorian Football Association followed. The club shared the Punt Road Oval with the Richmond Cricket Club, at first the team wore a blue uniform. One of the most important features of a nineteenth-century footballers uniform was his headgear, and Richmond opted for yellow and black striped caps, after a couple of years, yellow and black stripes replaced blue as the colours of the teams guernseys. The team was called the Richmondites, the Wasps or, most commonly. During the late 1880s, the VFA expanded rapidly, a booming economy and large numbers of immigrants made Melbourne the largest city in the Australian colonies. The city was mad with football and many tried to get admission to the VFA. Richmond struggled to make an impression and after a promising season in 1888. As the local economy slipped into depression in the early 1890s and the crowds began to dwindle. Richmond were not considered part of elite group, who usually voted together as a block at VFA meetings. A lack of commitment and focused effort was holding the Tigers back, in 1896, Richmond walked off the field in a match with South Melbourne at half time when they were a long way behind on a very wet day to protest the umpiring. Later in the season, the Tigers had their score annulled against Essendon when it was discovered that they had too many men on the ground, in the closing three weeks of the season, Richmonds gate takings amounted to just five pounds
5.
Seven Network
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The Seven Network is an Australian commercial free-to-air television network. It is owned by Seven West Media Limited, and is one of five main television networks in Australia. In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the season for total viewers. Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001, as of 2014, it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach. In 2016, the network had its biggest lead in total people over the Nine Network since the current OzTAM ratings system began, in Melbourne,30 of the 40 ratings weeks were won and all ratings weeks were won in Adelaide and Perth. Sevens administration headquarters are based in a warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney. The networks main playout centre is located in Docklands, Melbourne, National news and current affairs programming are based between flagship station ATN-7 in Sydney and HSV-7 in Melbourne. In 2009, Seven moved its Sydney-based production operations from Epping to a purpose-built high-definition television production facility at the Australian Technology Park in Eveleigh, the present Seven Network began as a group of independent stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. HSV-7 Melbourne, licensed to The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, was launched on 4 November 1956, ATN-7 Sydney, licensed to Amalgamated Television Services, a subsidiary of Fairfax, was launched on 2 December 1956. BTQ-7 Brisbane followed on 1 November, signing on as Brisbanes second commercial television station, ADS-7 Adelaide was launched on 24 October 1959 as the final capital city VHF7 station. In the early 1960s, coaxial cable links, formed initially between Sydney and Melbourne, allowed the sharing of programmes and simultaneous broadcasts of live shows, left without their original partners, ATN-7 and HSV-7 joined to form the Australian Television Network in 1963. The new grouping was soon joined by other capital-city channel 7 stations, ADS-7 Adelaide, however, it was not until 1970 that a national network logo was adopted, albeit still with independently owned and operated stations with local advertising campaigns. Colour television was introduced across the network in 1975, when a new logo was adopted. Rupert Murdoch made a bid for the Herald and Weekly Times, owners of HSV-7, in 1979. Fairfax, however, successfully bought a 14. 9% share of the later in the same year. The 1980s saw the introduction of sound, as well as a number of successful shows, most notably A Country Practice in 1981, and Sons and Daughters. Wheel of Fortune began its 25-year run in July 1981, produced from ADS-7s studios in Adelaide, the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow were shown live on the network the year before. Perth based businessman Robert Holmes à Court, through his business the Bell Group, bought TVW-7 from its original owners, the Herald and Weekly Times, owner of HSV-7 and ADS-7, was sold to Rupert Murdoch in December 1986 for an estimated A$1.8 billion
6.
Fox Footy
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Fox Footy is an Australian rules football subscription television channel dedicated to screening Australian rules football matches and related programming. It is owned by Fox Sports Pty Limited, operated out of their Melbourne based studios and available throughout Australia on Foxtel, the channel is a revival of the former Fox Footy Channel, which was in operation between 2002–2006. The channel recommenced prior to the 2012 AFL season after a new broadcast agreement was reached between the former Premier Media Group, Austar, Foxtel and the Australian Football League, Fox Footy is currently the most watched channel on Foxtel. The 2016 AFL Preliminary Final between Greater Western Sydney & the Western Bulldogs was the highest-rating AFL game ever on Foxtel and it also became the 5th most watched program in Foxtel history. It was announced on 28 April 2011 that the channel would be revived for the 2012 AFL season, the channel returned exclusively on Foxtel and its broadcasting partners, under the proposed new name of Fox Sports AFL, which was later changed back to its original name Fox Footy. The channel relaunched at 5,00 pm AEDT on Friday 17 February 2012 with the first NAB Cup round-robin match between Hawthorn, Richmond and North Melbourne, Fox Footy has live broadcast rights to selected NAB Challenge matches, all home and away matches and all finals matches. All matches are broadcast live to air in both Standard and High Definition with no breaks during play. When two live matches are being played simultaneously, Fox Sports 3 broadcasts one of the matches, from the start of the 2012 AFL season, Fox Footy had become the most watched Pay-TV network in Australia. Coverage of certain matches including Friday nights and public holidays is picked up from the Seven Network, the pre-match and post-match show, are removed from the Fox Footy broadcast, and the official Seven logo is concealed. Fox League List of sports television channels Official website Fox Footy on Twitter Fox Footy on Facebook Fox Footy on Instagram
7.
Network Ten
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Network Ten is an Australian commercial broadcasting network owned by Ten Network Holdings, and is headquartered in Pyrmont, New South Wales. It first aired on August 1,1964 in Melbourne, Network Ten is the one of five national free-to-air networks in Australia. Its owned-and-operated stations can be found in the capital cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. In the early 1960s, the government began canvassing the idea of licensing a third commercial television station in each capital city. This decision was seen by some as a way for the government to defuse growing public dissatisfaction with the dominance of imported overseas programming, the first of these third licences was granted to United Telecasters Sydney was granted on 4 April 1963. Structurally, the Australian television industry was modelled on the two-tiered system that had been in place in Australian radio since the late 1930s. One tier consisted of a network of publicly funded television stations run by the ABC, the second tier consisted of the commercial networks and independent stations owned by private operators, whose income came from selling advertising time. The network was launched as ATV-0 in Melbourne opened on 1 August 1964 and was owned by the Ansett transport and media group, which at the time owned one of Australias two domestic airlines. TEN-10 in Sydney, which opened on 5 April 1965, was owned by United Telecasters Sydney Ltd. Also opened that month was SAS-10, serving the city of Adelaide in South Australia, for its first five years, the 0/10 Network led a hand-to-mouth existence. By the beginning of the 1970s the network was in a financial position. In 1971, the 0/10 network first aired Young Talent Time, which was a ratings success. However, the true financial reprise came about due to the adult soap opera serial Number 96. The series broke new ground for Australian television and captured the imagination of viewers like few programs before or since and this began when Murdochs News Ltd purchased the Wollongong station WIN Television in the early 1960s, around the same time he bought Festival Records. In 1977, frustrated by regulatory blocks that prevented him from expanding into the Sydney market, Murdoch sold WIN, in 1979, Murdoch made an unsuccessful takeover bid for the Melbourne-based The Herald and Weekly Times media group. Although the bid failed, he gained a 50% stake in Ansett, in 1979, 0/10 first aired soap opera Prisoner, which was a huge ratings success. In 1987 Adelaides Network Ten affiliate and Seven Network affiliate successfully negotiated to exchange affiliation rights and channel frequencies due to ownership problems. On 27 December 1987, the exchange came into effect and ADS-7, owned by the owners as the main Network Ten stations, became ADS-10 with SAS-10 converting to SAS-7
8.
Nine Network
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The Nine Network is one of three main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia. The Nine Network is one of the two highest-rating television networks in Australia, along with the Seven Network and ahead of Network Ten, ABC, and SBS. The Nine Network was overtaken in the ratings in 2007 by its rival, the Seven Network, as a result, Nines slogan Still the One was discontinued. Since 2009, the slogan has been Welcome Home. After a few years in decline, with a period plagued by mass sackings, programme cancellations, and budget cuts. TCN-9 launched on 16 September 1956, john Godson introduced the station and Bruce Gyngell presented the first programme, This Is Television. Before its formation, TCN-9 was then affiliated with HSV-7, by the late 1960s, the network had begun unofficially calling itself the National Nine Network, and became simply the Nine Network in 1989. In 1967, the New South Wales Rugby Football League grand final became the first football final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The Nine Network paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights, in the late 1980s, STW-9 Perth, which opened in 1965, became a Nine Network owned-and-operated station when Bond Media purchased the network. In 2011 GTV9 Melbourne moved from 22 Bendigo Street, Richmond, to 717 Bourke Street,22 Bendigo Street started out as the Wertheim Piano Factory, then became the Heinz Soup Factory, then GTV9. The building in Bendigo Street still stands, now as luxury apartments, Nine began using the slogan Let Us Be The One in 1977 and became the number-one free-to-air network in Australia, its National Nine News became the most-watched news service. In 1978, Nine switched its slogan to Still the One, during the 1980s, Nines ratings peaked. From 1999 to 2001, the network began losing ground to the Seven network in news and entertainment, the death of CEO Kerry Packer in 2005 triggered more problems for the network. Digital terrestrial television was introduced on 1 January 2001, Nine stayed strong throughout 2004, but was hit hard when Seven introduced a new line-up in 2005, though Nine finished ahead of Seven that year. Meanwhile, National Nine News was overtaken by Seven News, while Today was beaten by Sevens Sunrise, in 2006, Nine continued on its downward trend, losing most news weeks to Seven News and just winning the year thanks to its coverage of the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. To try to revitalise the network in its 50th anniversary, Nine adopted a new, but critically received, logo removed the nine dots. In May 2007, Nine partially reintroduced the Nine dots, which resulted in the square logo changing into a cube that rotates. After a period of declining ratings, David Gyngell returned to the job of executive officer in October 2007
9.
Umpire (Australian rules football)
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An umpire is an official in the sport of Australian rules football who adjudicates the game according to the Laws Of The Game, the official handbook of Australian Rules Football. Unlike many other codes of football, where the official is called a referee, tom Wills, one of the founders of the Australian game, was the earliest known umpire of a football match in Australia. At first the captains of both shared the duty of officiating games, however as the game became more professional in the 1880s. The field umpire is the type of umpire permitted to award free kicks or initiate stoppages in play. Since 1993, professional level Australian Football League matches are policed by three field umpires, amateur, suburban and semi-professional matches can be policed by any number from one to three field umpires. Goal umpire - Goal umpires are responsible for all adjudications relating to the goal-line, to whether or not a ball has scored a goal, behind. Goal umpires also serve as the official score-keepers for the match, after each quarter, the umpires check their scores, and confirm that the ground scoreboard matches the official score. There are generally two goal umpires in each game at all levels, one at end of the ground, occasionally. Goal umpires traditionally wore a jacket, black trousers and a broad-brimmed hat, however caps. Boundary umpire - the boundary umpire is responsible for determining when the ball has left the field of play, in the professional level Australian Football League, there are four boundary umpires in each match with two umpires sharing control of each side of the ground. At lower levels, there are only two or three boundary umpires. Emergency umpire - particularly in matches, an emergency umpire may be provided specifically to be used as a replacement if an umpire is injured. Like field umpires, they have the ability to report players, oversees other officials, such as club runners, and interchanging of players. Interchange stewards - although they are not officially an umpire, there are two of these at a match and they oversee the interchanging of players, and make sure no more than 18 players per team are on the field at any one time. Where league rules permit, stewards can report to the umpire to allow free kicks to be paid for interchange infringements. At the professional level, and at high levels of the game, all umpires. At lower levels, it is common for the clubs to each provide one goal umpire and one boundary umpire to the match. The game of Australian rules contains some areas where application of the laws is subject to interpretation
10.
Australian rules football
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The main way to score points is by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the two tall goal posts. The team with the score by the end of the match wins unless a draw is declared. During general play, players may position themselves anywhere on the field, the primary methods are kicking, handballing and running with the ball. There are rules on how the ball can be handled, for example, throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball. A distinctive feature of the game is the mark, where players anywhere on the field who catch a ball from a kick are awarded possession, possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid. Players can tackle using their hands or use their body to obstruct opponents. The game features frequent physical contests, spectacular marking, fast movement of players and the ball and high scoring. The sports origins can be traced to matches played in Melbourne, Victoria in 1858. Its annual Grand Final is the highest attended club championship event in the world, the sport is also played at amateur level in many countries and in several variations. The games rules are governed by the AFL Commission with the advice of the AFLs Laws of the Game Committee, there is evidence of football being played sporadically in the Australian colonies in the first half of the 19th century. The earliest such match, held in St Kilda on 15 June, was between Melbourne Grammar and St Kilda Grammar. Born in Australia, Wills played a nascent form of rugby football whilst a pupil at Rugby School in England and his letter is regarded by many historians as giving impetus for the development of a new code of football today known as Australian football. Two weeks later, Wills friend, cricketer Jerry Bryant, posted an advertisement for a match at the Richmond Paddock adjoining the Melbourne Cricket Ground. This was the first of several kickabouts held that year involving members of the Melbourne Cricket Club, including Wills, Bryant, W. J. Hammersley, trees were used as goalposts and play typically lasted an entire afternoon. Without an agreed code of laws, some players were guided by rules they had learned in the British Isles. Another significant milestone in 1858 was a match played under experimental rules between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College, held at the Richmond Paddock. This 40-a-side contest, umpired by Wills and Scotch College teacher John Macadam, began on 7 August and it is commemorated with a statue outside the MCG, and the two schools have competed annually ever since in the Cordner-Eggleston Cup, the worlds oldest continuous football competition. Since the early 20th century, it has suggested that Australian football was derived from the Irish sport of Gaelic football
11.
Chas Brownlow
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Charles Chas Brownlow was an Australian rules football administrator in the Victorian Football League. He went to the Geelong College for his schooling and he captained the club in 1883, leading it to a premiership in that season. Following his playing career, Brownlow spent many years as an administrator and he began as the Geelong Football Club secretary from 1885 and ending in 1923, a year before his death. In addition to this, he was president of the VFL in 1918 and 1919. He became president of the Australasian Football Council in 1919, Brownlow married Matilda Jane Barber and they had four children, Daisy, Ruby, Elsie and Charles junior. He earned his living as a watchmaker, operating a store in Geelong. He is known for having the Brownlow Medal named in his honour, the Medal is engraved, Chas Brownlow Trophy. In 1997, Brownlow was inducted as an administrator into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, Brownlow was also secretary of the Geelong Cricket Association between 1896-97 to 1912-13 and treasurer from 1899-1900 to 1912-13
12.
Geelong Football Club
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The Geelong Football Club, nicknamed the Cats, is a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong, Australia and playing in the Australian Football League. The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times, with three in the AFL era and they have also won nine McClelland Trophies, a record shared with Essendon. The club was formed in 1859, making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world. Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a club of both the Victorian Football Association in 1877 and the Victorian Football League in 1897. The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships, the club won a further six premierships by 1963, before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership—an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final. Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011, the clubs home ground is Kardinia Park, currently also known by its sponsorship name Simonds Stadium. However, the club also hosts matches at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Geelongs traditional guernsey colours are blue and white hoops. The clubs nickname, The Cats, was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck, the clubs official team song and anthem is We Are Geelong. Geelong Football Club was formally established at a meeting held in the Victoria Hotel on 18 July 1859, the club contested its first match of Australian rules football against Melbourne at Argyle Square in 1860, which finished as a scoreless draw. In 1863, Geelong travelled to Melbourne to contest the Caledonian Challenge Cup, although the competition was played under compromised rules, Geelong reached the final and defeated Melbourne to become the second winners of the cup. The club continued to contest the cup in the following years, during this time, Tom Wills—one of the founders of Australian football—played exclusively for the club from 1865 until his retirement from football in 1874. Following the formation of the Victorian Football Association in 1877, Geelong joined the association as one of its foundation clubs. The club relocated to Corio Oval as its home ground in time for the 1878 season. In 1924, following the death of VFL and Geelong administrator Charles Brownlow, the first player to win the award was Geelongs Edward Greeves. Having been one of the dominant clubs in the old VFA and it wasnt until 1925 that the club won its first VFL premiership. Geelong followed up with further wins in 1931 and 1937. In 1941, the club was forced to relocate from its Corio Oval base due to the oval being required for training during World War 2
13.
Illuminated manuscript
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An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders and miniature illustrations. Comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as painted, islamic manuscripts may be referred to as illuminated, illustrated or painted, though using essentially the same techniques as Western works. This article covers the technical, social and economic history of the subject, for an art-historical account, the earliest surviving substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period 400 to 600, produced in the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire. The significance of these works lies not only in their inherent artistic and historical value, had it not been for the monastic scribes of Late Antiquity, most literature of Greece and Rome would have perished in Europe. As it was, the patterns of textual survivals were shaped by their usefulness to the severely constricted literate group of Christians, the majority of surviving manuscripts are from the Middle Ages, although many survive from the Renaissance, along with a very limited number from Late Antiquity. The majority of manuscripts are of a religious nature. However, especially from the 13th century onward, a number of secular texts were illuminated. Most illuminated manuscripts were created as codices, which had superseded scrolls, a very few illuminated manuscript fragments survive on papyrus, which does not last nearly as long as vellum or parchment. Most medieval manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on parchment, beginning in the late Middle Ages manuscripts began to be produced on paper. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century, Manuscripts are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages, many thousands survive. They are also the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, indeed, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting. There are a few examples from later periods, the type of book that was most often heavily and richly illuminated, sometimes known as a display book, varied between periods. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be Gospel Books, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, the Romanesque period saw the creation of many huge illuminated complete Bibles – one in Sweden requires three librarians to lift it. Many Psalters were also illuminated in both this and the Gothic period. Finally, the Book of Hours, very commonly the personal book of a wealthy layperson, was often richly illuminated in the Gothic period. Other books, both liturgical and not, continued to be illuminated at all periods, the Byzantine world also continued to produce manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. See Medieval art for other regions, periods and types, reusing parchments by scraping the surface and reusing them was a common practice, the traces often left behind of the original text are known as palimpsests. The Gothic period, which saw an increase in the production of these beautiful artifacts, also saw more secular works such as chronicles
14.
Walter Baldwin Spencer
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Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer KCMG, commonly referred to as W. Baldwin Spencer or Baldwin Spencer, was an English-Australian biologist and anthropologist. Baldwin was born in Stretford, Lancashire, Baldwin was educated at Old Trafford school, and on leaving entered the Manchester School of Art. He stayed only one year but never forgot his training in drawing, after leaving the school of arts Spencer went to Owens College where Milnes Marshall guided him in his study of biology. He gained a scholarship at Exeter College, Oxford, before going to Oxford he won the Dalton Prize for natural history. Spencer began his studies at Oxford in 1881, in June 1884 he qualified for his BA degree, obtaining first-class honours in biology. His association with these men in this task no doubt largely helped to develop his interest in anthropology. In January 1886 he obtained a fellowship at Lincoln College, Oxford, a few days later he was married to Mary Elizabeth Bowman and left for Australia where he arrived in March. He immediately set about organising his new school and succeeded in getting a grant of £8000 to begin building his lecture rooms and he showed much capability as a lecturer and organiser, and also took a full part in the general activities of the university. In 1894 a new field was opened up for Spencer when he joined the W. A, horn scientific expedition which left Adelaide in May 1894 to explore Australia. In July he met Francis James Gillen at Alice Springs with whom he was to be so much associated in the study of the Aborigines. The expedition covered some 2000 miles in three months and on his return Spencer busied himself with editing the report to which he also largely contributed. He continued this work with Gillen during the vacations of the two following years, a large amount of material relating to tribal customs was accumulated, and the book appeared with the names of both Gillen and Spencer on the title page. Spencer was recruited as science writer for the Australasian by its editor, Spencer had been appointed a trustee of the public library in 1895. When Sir Frederick McCoy died in May 1899 he became director of the national museum. He was to do an amount of work in the following years. In this year Spencer became president of the board, an office he was to hold for seven years. There was then no paid vice-chancellor at Melbourne university and much administrative work fell on Spencers shoulders, outside of these duties, he took an interest in the sporting activities of the undergraduates. The story of this will be found in Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia, in 1914 Spencer was honorary secretary for the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Melbourne
15.
South Australian National Football League
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The South Australian National Football League, or SANFL, is an Australian rules football league based in the Australian state of South Australia. It is also the body for the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia. Consisting of a single competition, the season is an 18-round home-and-away season from April to September. The top five teams play-off in a final series culminating in the final for the Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy. The league is responsible for the management of all levels of football in the state. This includes junior football, country football, amateur football and specific programs rolled out across schools, indigenous communities, the SANFL owns the 51,240 seat AAMI Stadium, formerly the largest stadium in South Australia. The stadium, which opened in 1974, was used for Australian Football League matches up until 2013. The stadium was the headquarters for the league from 1974–2013, the SANFL competition is the second highest attended Australian rules football league behind the AFL. The earliest recorded football club in South Australia was Adelaide Football Club, the early years of football were poorly organised and dogged by argument over which set of rules to adopt. In fact, after a match between Port Adelaide and Kensington in 1873, it was remarked that neither side understood the rules clearly, however, as the years progressed, there became a growing push for uniformity and structure in South Australian football. In 1877,12 of South Australias football clubs met to develop a set of rules. The inaugural 1877 season was contested by 8 clubs, South Park, Willunga, Port Adelaide, Adelaide, North Adelaide, Gawler, Bankers, Woodville, South Adelaide, Norwood joined the Association the following season in 1878, and went on to win the next six premierships. Norwood, South Adelaide and Port Adelaide together won 23 of the first 24 premierships, South Park, Willunga, North Adelaide, Prince Alfred College, Gawler, Kapunda, Bankers, Woodville, and Victorian all left the Association within the first 10 years. By 1886, the Association had been reduced from 12 to four clubs, the Association experienced a resurgence in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The addition of North Adelaide, West Adelaide and West Torrens and only the demise of Adelaide, in 1898, the Magarey Medal was awarded to the fairest and most brilliant player for the first time. Sturt joined the Association in 1901, but performed poorly initially, in 1902, Port Adelaide adopted its now famous black and white colours. In 1907, the Association changed its name to the South Australian Football League, Norwood and Port Adelaide continued their domination of the league, and were joined by West Adelaide and North Adelaide, between them, the four clubs won all premierships between 1901 and 1913. West Adelaide followed three straight wooden spoons from 1904–06 with four out of the five premierships from 1908–1912, the most successful period in West Adelaides history, Sturt won the first premiership of the post-World War I era, beating North Adelaide in the Challenge Final replay
16.
West Australian Football League
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You may be looking for AFLW, the Australian Football League Womens competition. The West Australian Football League is an Australian rules football based in Perth. The WAFL is the third-most popular league in the nation, behind the nationwide Australian Football League, the league also runs reserves and colts competitions. The WAFL was founded in 1885 as the West Australian Football Association, although payments are made to players, it is generally considered to be a semi-professional competition. A salary cap of A$200,000 per club is in place, the league is currently affiliated with the two Western Australia-based AFL clubs. Players who are not selected to play with their respective AFL clubs instead play for allocated clubs in the WAFL, the competition is governed by the West Australian Football Commission, and based at Subiaco Oval. B East Fremantle played at Fremantle Oval from 1898 to 1952, C East Perth played at Wellington Square from 1902 to 1909, at Perth Oval from 1910 to 1987 and from 1990 to 1999, and at the WACA Ground during 1988 and 1989. D Perth played at the WACA Ground from 1899 to 1958, E Subiaco played at Shenton Park between 1901 and 1905, at Mueller Park in 1906 and 1907, and at Subiaco Oval from 1908 to 1987, and occasional home games at Subiaco Oval from 1988 onwards. F West Perth played at Leederville Oval from 1915 to 1993, as such, the Esplanade Park, Fremantle and Fremantle Park in Fremantle, and the Old Recreation Ground and the New Recreation Ground in Perth were all used as home grounds by the above teams. B The High School withdrew from the due to lack of players two rounds into the inaugural season. C Rovers were a wandering team – they had no home ground, D West Australian Football Club merged with Victorians in 1889 to form the Metropolitan Football Club, which in turn became the West Perth Football Club. The WAFL is a competition and has a salary cap in place. In 2016 the Total Player Payments cap is $294,000 for the non-AFL aligned clubs, while the cap for East Perth, in January 2015, the WAFL executive announced a new deal was struck with the Seven Network. Under the arrangement, Seven agreed to a deal involving the telecast of 18 home and away matches as well as all Finals matches. Previously, the WAFL match of the round was broadcast on ABC throughout Western Australia every Saturday afternoon during the regular home, matches were replayed nationwide on-demand from the ABC iView service and re-broadcast on the ABC2 channel early Friday morning at 2.30 am local time. Radio stations which cover the competition include 720 ABC Perth, ABC Grandstand Digital,91.3 SportFM,107.3 HFM, since 2015, the current major sponsor of the WAFL Premiership is fast food chain McDonalds. Prior to that, AAMI were major sponsors of the league, attendance at WAFL matches dropped when each of the two Western Australian based AFL teams entered the league. In recent years, however the attendances have increased slightly, with 2009 recording the first combined annual attendance of more than 200,000 since 1994, a largest recent crowd was 24,638 at the 2010 WAFL Grand Final between Swan Districts and Claremont at Subiaco Oval
17.
Victorian Football League
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The Victorian Football League is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria. The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association, and has been known by its current name since 1996. The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league, initially serving a primarily administrative function, the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896. The VFA became the level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL. From 1897 until 1995, the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victorias secondary senior club competition and it presently comprises 14 teams from throughout Victoria, eight of which have a continuous VFA heritage. The Victorian Football Association was founded on 17 May 1877 at the meeting of club secretaries immediately preceding the 1877 season. Decisions were made based on a vote of the Board of Management, the five foundation senior clubs in the Melbourne metropolitan area were Albert-park, Carlton, Hotham, Melbourne and St Kilda. There was no system of promotion and relegation between the senior and junior levels, with it largely at a clubs discretion whether or not it joined the Association as a paying senior member. The affiliation fee for senior clubs was initially set at one guinea, through the first decade of the VFAs existence, the structure of the football season did not change significantly from the informal system which had evolved over previous years. Premierships won under this method are now considered official. Three Ballarat-based clubs – Ballarat, Ballarat Imperial and South Ballarat – were also voting members of the VFA through this time, the two new competitions competed in parallel from their respective 1897 seasons. Because the VFA was independent from the VFL, the VFA had the power to set its own rules, the VFA reduced the number of on-field players from twenty to eighteen in 1897, a move followed by the VFL two years later. The VFA tried reducing the number of players further to 17 in 1908, then to 16 in 1912, the VFA went into recess during World War I, with the 1916 and 1917 seasons cancelled and the 1915 and 1918 seasons shortened. Over first thirty years of the VFAs independence, its relationship with the VFL was, in general, the loss of the VFAs strongest three clubs to the VFL in 1925 firmly cemented the VFA as the second tier competition in the state. Between 1925 and 1929, the addition of outer suburban clubs in Coburg, Camberwell, the relationship with the VFL improved, and a new permit reciprocity agreement was established in 1931. In 1938, the VFA made a rule change by legalising throwing of the football in general play. The change helped to speed up the game, and introduced more run-and-carry play in an era which had previously dominated by a long-kicking style. Additionally, the VFA ended its agreement with the VFL
18.
J. J. Liston Trophy
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The J. J. Liston Trophy is awarded annually to the best and fairest senior player in the Victorian Football League. The first award for the Association best and fairest player was the Woodham Cup, named after North Melbourne committeeman Alf Woodham, the Woodham Cup was renamed the Recorder Cup, named after the Associations official match-day publication, in 1926. Starting from 1933, an award, the V. F. A. From 1933 until 1939, both the Recorder Cup and the V. F. A, Medal were presented annually based on the votes of the umpires, but the two awards were given based on different voting systems. The two best and fairest awards were combined into one in 1940, when the Association dispensed with the Recorder Cup voting system, in 1940 and 1941, Medal and the Recorder Cup were awarded as trophies to the same player based on the same set of votes. From 1961 until 1988, when the Association operated in two divisions, the Liston Trophy was awarded to the best and fairest in Division 1, a separate award, known as the J. Field Medal, was awarded for the second division. The current voting system for the J. J. Liston Trophy is the same as for the Australian Football Leagues Brownlow Medal, a player is ineligible to win the award if he is suspended for a reportable offence during the season. If more than one player ties for the highest number of votes and this was amended in 1933, such that the umpire awarded a single vote to the overall best player on the ground, this voting system was used from 1933 until 1939. Medals were combined in 1940, and was used for Liston Trophy voting until 1980. This system was used only in 1981, and the present day 3-2-1 voting system, during the 1930s, multiple players could win the V. F. A. Medal if they were tied on number of votes. J. J. Liston Trophy † denotes the award was won retrospectively, Recorder Cup/Woodham Cup * Awarded under V. F. A. Medal From 1961 until 1988, the J. Field Medal was awarded to the best and fairest in the Associations second division, the award was originally known simply as the Division 2 Best and Fairest until 1968, then was named after former secretary Jack Field in 1969. J. Field Medal JJ Liston Trophy Winners
19.
Des Fothergill
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Desmond Hugh Des Fothergill was an Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League, and briefly in the Victorian Football Association. From Collingwood Tech, Fothergill was a sportsman who made his VFL debut aged 16. Fothergill was a small midfielder/half-forward who seemed too small at the start, at 172 cm and 73 kg, but his brilliance as a footballer was something that over-shadowed his liabilities. In his sole season with Williamstown, he won the Recorder Cup and VFA Medal as best and fairest in the VFA, polling a record 62 votes and winning by a huge margin of 29 votes. He had signed with Williamstown until the end of 1944, but when VFA competition was suspended from 1942 until 1944 due to World War II and he joined the army in 1942, and was forced to move on after a knee injury when in Darwin, Northern Territory. In 1945, Fothergill returned to the VFL – back at Collingwood and he dominated at half-forward for the club again, despite being slower and having injury problems. He was forced to retire in 1947 due to a leg injury, Fothergill was named in the Collingwood Team of the Century, and was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2000. The award for the best young player in the modern Victorian Football League is named the Fothergill-Round Medal in honour of Fothergill, Fothergill was also an accomplished cricketer, playing cricket in the summer throughout his football career. He played 27 first-class cricket matches for Victoria, making 1404 runs at 39.00 with one century and he made his hundred against South Australia in 1947 and once made 99 against the Australian Services XI. After retiring from football, Fothergill moved to England and played for the Enfield Cricket Club in the Lancashire League in 1949 and 1950, Des Fothergills profile from AustralianFootball. com Profile, CricketArchive. com, accessed 26 October 2014
20.
Herbie Matthews
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For his family members of the same name, see Herb Matthews. Herbie Matthews was an Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League and he was recruited to South Melbourne from suburban club Fairfield under the VFLs father–son rule. His father, Butcher Matthews, partnered the great Roy Cazaly in South Melbournes ruck combination of the early 1920s, although he was smaller and slighter in build than his ruckman father, he was a strong mark and showed a ferocious drive for possession of the football. He was recruited by South Melbourne at the age of 17 in the face of determined approaches from Collingwood and his local Victorian Football Association club, Northcote. A centreman and wingman with great pace, stamina and skills and he won his clubs best and fairest award five times and captained them from 1938 until 1945. Matthews crossed to Victorian Football Association club Oakleigh in 1946 as playing coach, in 1997 Matthews was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame and in 2003 was named on the wing in South Melbournes official Team of the Century. The Australian Football Hall of Fame, AFL Hall of Fame Herbie Matthewss statistics from AFL Tables
21.
James Hird
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James Albert Hird is a retired professional Australian rules football player and the former senior coach of the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League. Hird played as a midfielder and half-forward, but was given free rein by then-Essendon coach Kevin Sheedy to play wherever he thought necessary. Hird was a highly decorated footballer, with including the 1996 Brownlow Medal. In 2008, he was listed by journalist Mike Sheahan as the 20th greatest player of all time in the AFL-commissioned book, Hird was appointed as the coach of the Essendon Football Club in September 2010. He returned to the following the 2014 season, but resigned in August 2015. Hird is the son of Allan and Margaret Hird and he was born in Canberra where his father worked in the public service and his mother was a teacher. After first living in the Canberra suburb of Ainslie, his family moved to Latham, when Hird was in high school, the family moved to the suburb of Reid. Hird participated in league and soccer in his youth. Due to injury Hird missed out on playing for most of 1991, at the end of the season, a vote was held on whether to delist him. The majority voted in favour of Hird being delisted, although coach Kevin Sheedy voted to keep him, eventually Hird remained with the club. He made his debut against St Kilda in 1992 at Waverley Park. Hird spent most of the season in the Essendon Reserves which, under Denis Pagan and he achieved regular selection in the Essendon senior team during the 1993 season. In that season he was a member of what was referred to as the Baby Bombers, in 1994, Hird won the first of three consecutive best and fairests, culminating in his 1996 season, when he won the Brownlow Medal. A series of injuries restricted Hirds appearances during the remainder of the 1990s and he played only seven games in 1997 and although he was named captain in 1998, he was restricted to thirteen games that year. An even worse year followed in 1999, when stress fractures in his foot kept him to two games. Both Hird and the Essendon Football Club experienced a successful year in 2000. Injury free, he received honours, including selection to the All-Australian team. The Essendon team also won the Ansett Cup pre-season competition, the team only lost one game – against the Western Bulldogs – in the entire calendar year
22.
Michael Voss
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Michael Voss is a Brisbane Lions triple premiership captain, brownlow medalist and the former senior coach of the Brisbane Lions Australian Football League. He is currently serving as the coach of the Port Adelaide Football Club. He captained the Brisbane Lions in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals with three straight premierships, additionally, he represented Australia in the 2006 International Rules Series and the state of Queensland in State of Origin. As a player he was noted for his fearless play, inspirational leadership, Voss has been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. Voss was born in Traralgon, Victoria and lived as a child in Orbost until the age of 11, Voss attended Trinity College during his high school years in Queensland. His younger brother Brett also played for the Brisbane Lions before transferring to St Kilda Football Club to enhance his opportunities to play senior football, Voss football skills were excellent from an early age. He made his debut for Morningside in the QAFL at the age of 15 years. A year later he kicked 14 goals for Queensland in a representative match. The following week, at 17 years and 11 days of age, he debuted for the Brisbane Bears against Fitzroy at Princes Park in Melbourne, although highly skilled, he was also slight, but worked as hard as any veteran in getting the most out of his body. By 1996 he was one of the most accomplished players in the competition, and at the end of the season he shared the Brownlow Medal, the games highest individual honour, with James Hird. His early form was patchy as he grew into the role, in 1998 Voss suffered his first major career setback. Contesting a mark at Subiaco Oval in Perth in a match against Fremantle, he collided with Shane Parker, the subsequent operation was at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and it was a year before he was fit and in training to play again. Brisbane finished 16th and with a spoon that year with a 5-1-16 record. Voss captained the Brisbane Lions in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals, in early 2004, Voss kicked a career best seven goals against a struggling Adelaide at AAMI Stadium as coach Leigh Matthews looked to play him in the forward line during the latter part of his career. However, a heavy injury toll to the Lions meant that Voss continued his career in the midfield, in 2005, Voss suffered a badly cut calf before Round 2 whilst renovating his home. He recovered to play his 250th game the week. Prior to this, Voss had suffered from tendinitis of the knee but had been able to curtail the problem, the calf injury affected his performances, with the four games after the injury yielding a high possession count of only 16. Voss later improved and in Round 21 picked up 35 possessions against Port Adelaide, despite losing badly, the Lions received a long standing ovation from a sold out home crowd after the game for their premiership efforts and farewell to several other players
23.
Robert Harvey (footballer)
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Robert Jeffrey Harvey is a former Australian rules football player for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League. He is currently serving as the assistant coach and the midfield coach of the Collingwood Football Club. The list was compiled by Herald Sun journalist Mike Sheahan, Harvey was known for his running ability and considered one of the best short passes of 15 to 30 metres in the history of the game. He holds St Kildas record for most career games and he won consecutive Brownlow Medals, the leagues highest individual honour, in 1997 and 1998. He won St Kildas best and fairest award – now called the Trevor Barker Award – in 1992,1994,1997 and 1998 and he was selected in the All-Australian team eight times, with his first All-Australian award being in 1992 and his last in 2003. In 2012 he was inducted in the Australian Football Hall of Fame and his younger brother, Anthony Harvey, played four games for St Kilda in 1994 before captaining Norwood to the 1997 SANFL premiership. Harvey played in the 1991 St Kilda team that qualified for the series for the first time since 1973. He was pa vital player in St Kilda team that qualified for that final series and had the clubs first finals win since 1973. He won St Kildas 1992 award for the best and fairest player and was selected in the Australian Team for the first time, in 1994 he played his 100th premiership season match against North Melbourne in Round 2. He also won his second St Kilda best and fairest award and was selected in the All-Australian Team for a second time, in 1995 he was again selected in the All-Australian Team for a third selection. Harvey played in St Kilda’s 1996 Ansett Australia Cup winning side and he was also selected for the fourth time in the All-Australian Team. St Kilda qualified for the 1997 AFL Grand Final after qualifying and he played in the 1997 AFL Grand Final in which St Kilda were defeated by 31 points. Harvey gained 756 disposals in 1997 which, at the time, was the highest single-season tally on record – an average of 30 possessions per game and he was recognised for his excellent season with numerous awards. He again won St Kildas best and fairest award and was selected again in the 1997 All-Australian Team – his fifth All-Australian award. He also won the 1997 AFL Players Association Most Valuable Player Award, chris Grant gained the most votes however, he was ineligible to win the award due to a one-match suspension for striking Hawthorns Nick Holland. Harvey played in the St Kilda Football Club side that qualified for the 1998 Final Series. He played his 200th premiership season match against West Coast in Round 21 at Waverley Park, St Kilda was eliminated from the 1998 Finals Series after two consecutive Final Series losses. Harvey gained 501 kicks in 1998 which, at the time, was the highest single-season tally on record and he again won the leagues highest individual award the Brownlow Medal for the second consecutive season
24.
2012 AFL season
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The 2012 Australian Football League season was the 116th season of the Australian rules football competition. It was the first season in which the new team Greater Western Sydney competed, the season was opened on 24 March with the inaugural Sydney Derby between Sydney and Greater Western Sydney, and concluded on 29 September with the AFL Grand Final with Sydney defeating Hawthorn. The 2011 National Draft was held on 24 November in Sydney and this is due to the entry of Greater Western Sydney. Adelaide won the 2012 pre season competition following a 34-point win over the West Coast Eagles at AAMI Stadium and it was their second pre season cup premiership. The fixture for this season was announced on 28 October 2011. Some of the features of the included, Each team played twenty-two matches over twenty-three rounds. Each team had one bye, located between Rounds 11 and 13 and this is similar in practice to the split round concept, which saw one of the mid-season rounds played over two weeks, giving each team one week off. Due to concern over one-sided matches featuring the two newest teams, their fixtures were adjusted so that played each of the top five teams from 2011 only once. For the first time, each Victorian team travelled interstate at least five times, blundstone Arena, Blacktown International Sportspark and Škoda Stadium hosted home and away matches for the first time in 2012. As had been the case since 2010, the round of matches was given a floating fixture. Exact dates were determined later in the season with a view to giving likely finalists the longest possible break ahead of their first final, Saturday afternoon matches began at 1,40 pm EST and 1,45 pm/2,10 pm EST. A regular Saturday match was scheduled beginning at 4,40 pm EST – which was either a match on the east coast. Saturday night matches began at 7,40 pm EST instead of 7,10 pm The second Sunday afternoon match began at 3,15 pm instead of the traditional 2,10 pm. This change was to allow the Seven Network to show the match live into Victoria, bold – Home gameX – ByeOpponent for round listed above margin Numbers highlighted in green indicate that the team finished the round inside the top 8. Numbers highlighted in blue indicates the team finished first on the ladder in that round, Numbers highlighted in red indicates the team finished in last place on the ladder in that round. Underlined numbers indicate that the team had a bye during that round, the Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Ryan OKeefe of Sydney, who got 28 disposals. The Brownlow Medal was originally awarded to Jobe Watson of Essendon, on 11 November 2016, Watson relinquished the medal following months of speculation in the wake of the Essendon supplements saga. It was subsequently re-awarded jointly to Sam Mitchell of Hawthorn and Trent Cotchin of Richmond, the AFL Rising Star was awarded to Daniel Talia of Adelaide, who received 43 votes
25.
Trent Cotchin
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Trent Cotchin is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League. He is a Brownlow Medallist and a three-time Jack Dyer Medal winner, Cotchin represented the Victorian Metropolitan side at the 2007 Under 18 National Championships and captained the Vic Metro side at 2006 Under 16 championships. He played for the Northern Knights in the TAC Cup as a junior, Cotchin has served as Richmonds captain since 2013 and has led the club to finals appearances on three occasions. Cotchin spent his years in the Victorian town of Wollert. He played his football with West Preston Lakeside in the Northern Football League before moving on to played with the Northern Knights in the TAC Cup at the age of 16. In 2006, Cotchin captained the Victorian Metro side in the national championships. In January 2007, Cotchin spent time training with the Richmond Football Club senior list as a member of the AIS/AFL Academy, Cotchin later spoke of being taken under the wing of Richmond young gun, Brett Deledio. At the time Deledio was his favourite AFL player, with a poster of the Richmond player hanging on Cotchins bedroom wall in his family home, at the 2007 AFL Under 18 Championships, Cotchin was a member of the runner-up Victorian Metro side. Cotchin suffered a foot while playing with the Northern Knights in the TAC Cup finals in September 2007. Cotchin attended high school at Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School and he was named among the teams best in its 2007 state school championship victory. Prior to the 2007 AFL draft, Cotchin was notable for his class, balance, in October that year, Cotchins father Peter had spoken to the media expressing concern over the possibility that his son may be drafted by West Coast. He cited the clubs then-issues with recreational drug use among its playing list, Cotchin missed most of the AFLs pre-draft camp testing on account of the ankle injury sustained earlier in the year. In the days prior to the draft, Cotchin was heavily linked to Richmond with its second overall selection, the CEO of Carlton, who held the number one pick, confirmed that the club would choose between Cotchin and Northern Knights teammate Matthew Kreuzer with their pick. Cotchin was drafted by Richmond with the clubs first selection and the second overall in the 2007 AFL Draft. He was assigned the number nine guernsey, which had remained unused since the retirement of club captain Wayne Campbell at the end of the 2005 season. Upon joining the club Cotchin began to rehabilitate his injured foot and he missed much of the clubs standard pre-season training, forced instead to stick to swimming and exercise bike sessions to maintain fitness. Cotchin returned to training the week of round 1 but was not was not declared fit to play for a further four weeks. He subsequently played four matches with Richmonds VFL affiliate side Coburg, Cotchin made his senior debut in round 8,2008 in a match against Geelong at the MCG
26.
Sam Mitchell (footballer)
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Samuel Sam Mitchell is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League. He previously played for the Hawthorn Football Club between 2002 and 2016, a product of Mooroolbark, in Melbournes outer eastern suburbs, Mitchell played in the under 18 TAC Cup competition with the Eastern Ranges. He was the clubs best and fairest player in 1999 and 2000, disappointed at being overlooked in the 2000 draft, Mitchell joined the Box Hill Hawks. After a couple of games in the development squad he gained promotion to the seniors and he was a member of Box Hills premiership side in 2001. Mitchell was recruited to the Hawthorn Football Club in the AFL in the 2001 AFL draft with selection number 36 and this selection was received by Hawthorn in the deal which saw Trent Croad and Luke McPharlin traded to Fremantle, whilst Hawthorn gained selections one,20 and number 36. The first half of his season in 2002 saw him playing with the Box Hill Hawks. Following some unimpressive performances where he never managed more than 14 disposals and he polled 31 votes in just 11 games to win the VFLs best and fairest award, the J. J. Liston Trophy. A solid season followed in 2004, and in 2005 he played a season until a foot injury sidelined him in round 15. For the 2006 season, Mitchell was named vice-captain of Hawthorn, on 6 October 2007, during the Peter Crimmins Medal Event, he was announced as Hawthorns next captain, taking over the reins from retiring captain Richie Vandenberg. Mitchell was ineligible for 2008s Brownlow Medal following a charge in the match against Melbourne in round nine. On Saturday,27 September, Mitchell captained the Hawks to the 2008 premiership, the first in 17 years, Mitchell was reported for rough conduct against Geelongs Gary Ablett, Jr. in the second quarter, however the report was dismissed at the conclusion of the weekend. At the end of the 2010 season he handed the captaincy over to Luke Hodge, Mitchell polled 30 votes in the 2011 Brownlow Medal, but was ineligible to win after an incident in round 5 of the season, he had the second-most votes, behind Collingwoods Dane Swan. In 2012, Mitchell, along with Richmonds Trent Cotchin, both finished tied for place in the Brownlow to Jobe Watson. On 15 November 2016, Mitchell and Cotchin were both awarded the medal, and, on 13 December 2016, both were formally presented with the Medals in a private ceremony in Melbourne. Mitchell was rewarded with the Peter Crimmins Medal in 2011,2012 and 2016, on 12 October 2016, news broke that Mitchell was considering a move West Coast and he was officially traded to West Coast two days later. On 14 October 2016, Mitchell completed a trade to West Coast in exchange for earlier pick swaps, another kneeing video incident surfaced of Mitchell kneeing North Melbourne defender Scott Thompson. The video shows Mitchell walking up to an unsuspecting Thompson and kneeing him in the left thigh, media reports from 2008 show that an opposition club, Brisbane expressed concerns to the AFL about Sam Mitchells kneeing of opponents. Mitchell is often cited as one of the most ambidextrous players in the AFL and he does however switch to his left foot when he wants to kick longer
27.
Kevin Sheedy (Australian footballer)
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Kevin John Sheedy AM is a former Australian rules football coach and player in the Australian Football League. He played and coached in a total of 929 games over 47 years from 1967 until 2013. Sheedy was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2008, on the field, Sheedy represented Richmond in the Victorian Football League during the 1960s and 1970s, captaining the side in 1978 and winning three premierships. Sheedy conceived the first Anzac Day game in 1995 involving Collingwood, in 2009, Sheedy joined the newly formed Greater Western Sydney as its inaugural AFL coach, and coached there from 2012 until 2013. Sheedy was born in Melbourne to devout Catholic parents and he played junior football with the local Try Boys society team whilst attending De La Salle College, Malvern, where future teammate Kevin Bartlett also spent a brief time. In 1963, he joined Prahran in the Victorian Football Association, the next year, at the age of 16, he played senior football with the Two Blues and was soon a regular with the team. His home was in Melbournes zone, so he took up an invitation to try out with the Demons, but he did not feel comfortable there and returned to Prahran, playing in the clubs Second Division premiership team in 1966. By now, Richmond had shown some interest in the young centreman, for crossing without a transfer, Sheedy was suspended from VFA competition for five years, but he remained free to play in the VFL during this time. Another hurdle to jump was Billy Barrot, Barrot, a star player loved by the Tiger fans, played in Sheedys favoured position of centre. Fortunately for Sheedy, Barrot was somewhat temperamental and prone to miss some matches, when he was injured in the third game of the year, Sheedy was selected in his place for his debut. But Sheedy struggled and after six games in the seniors found himself back in the reserves for the remainder of the year and his season was ended by a serious knee injury that further put his future into doubt. From the sidelines, he watched Richmond win the premiership against Geelong, returned to fitness, Sheedy faced an enormous challenge in 1968. Fortunately coach Tom Hafey saw something in Sheedys willingness to listen, his determination, placed in a back pocket, Sheedy consolidated his place in the senior side and then began to emerge as key player in the teams defence. He won a Victorian guernsey in 1969 and was an out in the Tigers three finals games, which culminated in a second flag in three years. He finished runner-up best and fairest to claim a remarkable turn around in just two years, by now, Sheedys on-field persona marked him as a villain to be watched. He enjoyed niggling his opponents, physically and verbally and seemed to be at the centre of every melee on the ground. Occasionally, his teammates blanched at some of his more theatrical attempts to win free kicks or fifteen-metre penalties, since his injury, Sheedy had lived on the edge knowing that if he failed at Richmond it would be the end of the line because of the impending five-year suspension. But he seemed to have an ability to read how far he could push the envelope and indeed he was never reported during his career
28.
Leigh Matthews
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Leigh Raymond Matthews AM is a former Australian rules footballer and coach. He played for Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League and coached Collingwood, squat, short legged and barrel-chested, Matthews earned the iconic nickname Lethal Leigh due to his physical as well as skillful style of play. He is now an AFL commentator on television with the Seven Network, Matthews played his junior football at the Chelsea Football Club. He joined Hawthorn at the age of sixteen, having played senior suburban football. Part of a family, Matthews brother Kelvin had played 155 games at Hawthorn. Matthews made his debut for the Hawks in round 16 of the 1969 season against Melbourne as a forward pocket, crumbing around the feet of Hawthorn’s champion full forward. Matthews kicked a goal with his first kick and went on to kick at least one goal in each of his five games that year, by midway through 1970, Matthews had earned a regular place in the team as a rover rotating forward. He was immediately impressive, kicking 20 goals from 16 games for the season, though still a teenager, Matthews became one of the most important players in a dominant Hawthorn team in 1971. He developed an ability to win contests, especially near the goals. On 17 July 1971, Matthews notoriously felled one of the games fairest and best rovers, Barry Cable, in round two of 1972, Matthews destroyed North Melbourne, for the first of what would end up being many times. He kicked 8 goals in the absence of Hudson, Matthews kicked another six goals against South Melbourne in round 18 and finished the season with 45 goals at 2.1 per game. He won his second club best and fairest – before his 21st birthday, Matthews made his presence felt early again in 1973 with an amazing 11 goal haul against Essendon in round 3, also amassing 42 possessions in the same game. The rest of his season was quiet, however his total of 51 goals from 19 games was an impressive figure given the increased time he spent in the midfield. By 1974, Matthews had become one of the toughest and most damaging players in the game, strong, quick and almost impossible to tackle, Matthews regularly turned matches with brilliant solo efforts. Against Collingwood in a semi final Matthews proved the difference with 7 goals from 24 disposals and he went on to win his third best and fairest, averaging 21.8 disposals and kicking 52 goals for the season. While 67 goals was an unusually low tally, it was a result for a non-full forward to lead the competition. He started the season brilliantly with 47 goals in the first 12 games and his 6 goals from 28 kicks in round 9 against Footscray was a highlight. He was unable to maintain this pace in the half of the season
29.
Chris Judd
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Christopher Dylan Chris Judd is a former professional Australian rules footballer and captain of both the West Coast Eagles and Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League. He was also a captain, having captained the West Coast Eagles to the 2006 AFL Premiership. Consistently recognised as one of the games premier midfielders, Judd was selected in the All-Australian team six times, at a representative level, he played for Australia in the 2002 International Rules Series and for Victoria in the AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match in 2008. Judd is recognised as a great at two clubs, West Coast and Carlton, during his 134 games with West Coast he captained the club for two seasons and won two Club Champion Awards. Judd was born in Melbourne to Andrew Judd and Lisa Engel and he was raised in Melbournes south-eastern suburbs, where he played for the East Sandringham Junior Football Club before he attended Caulfield Grammar School. Judd was an all round sportsman and junior track and field star, at Caulfield Grammar, he began to focus on Australian rules football and later captained the schools First team. Judd attained an ENTER score of 96.20 on his Victorian Certificate of Education. Judd was a graduate of the 2000 AIS/AFL Academy and participated in the 2000 AFL Under 18 Championships, although due to his age at 17. He played TAC Cup football with the Sandringham Dragons through to 2001, at the 2001 AFL Under 18 Championships, Judd was named captain of the Vic Metro team, despite chronic shoulder problems. Although he missed the 2001 AFL Draft Camp, his performances at the state made him an obvious standout to recruiters. Judd was taken by West Coast with its priority draft pick in what was later to be called the draft due to the standout quality of the players to have developed from that draft year. Judd played only one WAFL match before making his debut for West Coast in Round 2,2002 and he had an impressive debut season, winning the AFLPA Best First Year Player Award. In his second season, he alternated between the midfield and forward line and with several dominant performances he finished runner up in the clubs best and fairest and he was appointed as one of the Eagles four vice-captains prior to the commencement of the 2004 season. 2004 was Judds breakthrough season in which he combined with captain Ben Cousins, midfielder Daniel Kerr, Judd averaged 22 disposals and kicked 24 goals for the season and became West Coasts first Brownlow medallist, polling 30 votes to finish seven ahead of runner-up Mark Ricciuto. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Australian team as a wingman, on 1 March 2006, Judd was named captain of the club, succeeding Ben Cousins who stepped down from the role for disciplinary reasons. He led the Eagles to a one-point victory against Sydney in the 2006 AFL Grand Final, additionally, he won his second club best and fairest award, his second All-Australian selection and the Leigh Matthews Trophy as the AFL Players Associations Most Valuable Player. Judds strong form continued into 2007 and he polled Brownlow votes in each of his first eight games for the season. However, as the year progressed, he was hampered by a groin injury which sidelined him for several weeks
30.
Neil Roberts (Australian footballer)
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For the former North American soccer player from South Africa, see Neill Roberts. Neil E. Roberts is a former Australian rules footballer in the Victorian Football League, Roberts played with St Kilda on the forward line initially but later excelled as a centre half back, winning the Brownlow Medal in 1958. Captained the side from 1959 to 1962 before retiring at 29 years of age, inducted to the Saints inaugural Hall of Fame in 2003. His son, Michael Roberts also played for the Saints and is now a sports broadcaster, neil Roberts was officer in charge of Mawson base, Antarctica 1971–1973. St Kilda Hall of Fame Profile Australia Day ambassador profile
31.
AFL Grand Final
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The winning club of the grand final receives the AFLs premiership cup and the premiership flag. All players in the team receive a gold premiership medallion. Adelaide is the club to have never lost a grand final which it has contested. The concept of a grand final gradually evolved from experimentation by the Victorian Football League in the years of competition following its inception in 1897. During the 19th century, Australian football competition adopted the approach that the team on top of the ladder was declared the premiers. However, the fledgling VFL decided that a series played between the top four teams at the end of the season would generate more interest and gate money. For 1897, the VFL scheduled a round robin tournament whereby the top four played each other once, the winners of these semi finals then met in a final to decide the premiership. The first such final was contested in 1898 between the Essendon Football Club and Fitzroy Football Club at the St Kilda Cricket Ground, which Fitzroy won scoring 5.8 to Essendons 3.5. The new finals system caused problems in 1901 when Geelong finished on top of the ladder but was eliminated when defeated in the semi final. A right of challenge was introduced, giving the team finished on top at the end of the regular season the right to challenge if they lost the semi final or the final. This challenge match came to be called the grand final, the first four grand finals were scattered around various Melbourne venues, one at Albert Park, two at St Kildas Junction Oval and one at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground. The selection of the venue could depend on the portion of the demanded by the grounds landlords. The public remained ambivalent to the concept of football until the VFL pulled off a coup in 1902. Previously, the MCG was unavailable to football in the spring months as it was being prepared for the coming cricket season. The original Argus system had been instituted by the VFL in 1901 and this figure was beaten in the 1912 Grand Final when 54,463 saw Essendon defeat South Melbourne. The big finals crowds prompted the MCC to cut down the eleven fifty-year-old elm trees inside the ground and turn the stadium into a bowl, complete with extra stands. The record fell again in the last grand final before World War I, the war had a considerable effect on the impact of the grand final and attendances plummeted. One critic called for the Carlton team to receive the Iron Cross after they defeated Collingwood in the thrilling 1915 Grand Final, ironically dubbed a glorious contest by famous coach Jack Worrall
32.
Gold 104.3
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Gold 104.3 is a radio station broadcasting in Melbourne, Australia. Gold 104.3 is part of the Pure Gold Network, 3KZ commenced operations on 8 December 1930. Its original frequency was 1350 kHz, moving to 1180 kHz on 1 September 1935, the frequency changed again on 23 November 1978 to 1179 kHz when all Australian AM radio stations were assigned new frequencies as part of the new 9 kHz spacing plan implemented. 3KZ was for years considered one of the old guard of Melbourne radio. In 1989, 3KZ was one of two successful bidders to convert to the FM band, 3KZ bid A$32 million for the right to convert to the FM band, the highest bid made for FM conversion in Australia. The second highest bid - A$20.1 million - was from radio 3AK, as a result, 3KZ moved to 104.3 MHz at 12,00 am on 1 January 1990. The station relaunched as KZFM, despite the official call sign of 3KKZ, carrying over its successful Hits And Memories positioner. KZFM was simulcasted on both 1179 kHz and 104.3 MHz frequencies for one month before the old AM frequency was closed down, to be later reassigned to 3RPH. The KZ switch to FM paid immediate short term dividends, as the new KZFM debuted at one in the first ratings survey of 1990. However KZFMs success was short-lived, with ratings soon taking a dive, on October 7th 1991, the KZFM branding was replaced with a new name of Gold 104 with a revamped playlist predominantly of hit songs from the 1960s and 1970s, under the banner Good Time Oldies. In early 2012, Brigitte Duclos and Anthony Lehmo Lehmann departed Mix Mornings on sister station Mix 101.1 to join Gold 104.3 on breakfast, Brigitte Duclos was announced as departing the station in November 2015, and was replaced by Jo Stanley in 2016. Gold 104.3 and sister station KIIS101.1 now broadcast from shared facilities, the station now predominantly focuses on a smooth variety of songs from the 1980s, while also featuring a selection of songs from the 1960s, 1970s 1990s and early 2000s. Jo and Lehmo Craig Huggins Huggy Gavin Miller Jonesy & Amanda The Vault Totally 80s Party Shuffle Gold 104.3
33.
3AW
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3AW is a talkback radio station based in Melbourne. It is broadcast on 693 kHz AM and it began transmission on 22 February 1932 as Melbournes fifth commercial radio station. The station is owned and operated by Macquarie Radio Network, 3AW was created when a company formed by Allans, J. C. Williamsons and David Syme was granted a radio broadcasting licence, with the first broadcast on 22 February 1932. The AW in 3AW comes from the names of part-owners Allans, 3AWs first studio was situated in His Majesty’s Theatre, Melbourne. 3AWs original broadcast frequency was 1425 kHz and changed to 1280 kHz on 1 September 1935 as part of a reshuffle of the radio broadcasting spectrum. On 23 November 1978 the station changed to 1278 kHz with the introduction of 9 kHz spacing on the AM band. Due to poor reception problems, at 7,15 a. m. on 1 May 2006, the stations broadcast signal originates from a transmitter in Werribee. 3AW studios are located at Media House,655 Collins Street, Docklands, in Melbourne and shares facilities with Magic 1278, Fairfax Digital, The Australian Financial Review, the studios were previously located at Bank Street, South Melbourne from 1991 until March 2010. In April 2007, 3AW introduced cameras into their studio so that fans, via the 3AW website, can watch the program being broadcast. The cameras do not operate during news services, commercial breaks, in August 2009, 3AW went digital, offering a superior quality sound and other features, for those with digital receivers. Stations utilising the digital signal can also offer multi-channels and interactive features, the digital format used in Australia is DAB+, reportedly a superior technology to other digital formats. In October 2011 and mid 2012, 3AW introduced an application for smartphones or tablets, Australia Overnight with Tony Moclair and Alan Pearsall Weekend mornings with Darren James and various personalities/regular segments. Talking Health with Dr Sally Cockburn airs each Sunday evening 6-8 pm all year round except when twilight footy is broadcast, Weekend Break with Peter Grubby Stubbs and Diane Dee Dee Dunleavy. Mike to Midnight with Mike Brady Saturday night, beach & Bay reports with Darren Finkelstein The Boat Guy commenced in 2014 3AW provides news reports every half hour between 6am and 9am each weekday, with hourly bulletins thereafter. Bulletins are produced under the banner of Macquarie National News - part of the Macquarie network that includes 2GB, 4BC, monday to Friday, from 5, 30am to 6, 30pm each hour & weekends, from 6am to 5pm each hour. Nathan Gardiner,5, 30am - 12pm weekdays, caroline Ferguson, 12pm -6, 30pm weekdays. Jeff Cooper, 6am - 5pm weekends, dean Pickering, Fill-in Former traffic reporters include, Andrea McNamara. Started at ATN in QLD in 2000, 3AW Football dates back to before 1960 and legendary commentators such as Norman Banks and Harry Beitzel have spent time calling games at 3AW
