1.
Novelist
–
A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. However, the OED attributes the primary meaning of a writer of novels as first appearing in the 1633 book East-India Colation by C. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, 000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words, Novelists dont usually publish their first novels until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention. Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author
2.
Screenwriter
–
One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
3.
Playwright
–
A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes plays. The term is not a variant spelling of playwrite, but something quite distinct, hence the prefix and the suffix combine to indicate someone who has wrought words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form - someone who crafts plays. The homophone with write is in this case entirely coincidental, the term playwright appears to have been coined by Ben Jonson in his Epigram 49, To Playwright, as an insult, to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre. Jonson described himself as a poet, not a playwright, since plays during that time were written in meter and this view was held as late as the early 19th century. The term playwright later lost this negative connotation, the earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks. These early plays were written for annual Athenian competitions among playwrights held around the 5th century BC, such notables as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts. For the ancient Greeks, playwriting involved poïesis, the act of making and this is the source of the English word poet. In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle wrote his Poetics, the first play-writing manual, in this famous text, Aristotle established the principle of action or praxis as the basis for all drama. He then included a hierarchy of elements for the beginning with plot, character, thought, diction, music. The ends of drama were plot, character, and thought, the means of drama were language and music, since the myths, upon which Greek tragedy were based, were widely known, plot had to do with the arrangement and selection of existing material. Character was equated with choice as rather than psychology, so that character was determined by action, in tragedy, the notion of ethical choice determined the character of the individual. Thought had more to do and the imitation of an action that is serious, thus, he developed his notion of hamartia, or tragic flaw, an error in judgment by the main character or protagonist. It provides the basis for the play, a term still held as the sine qua non of dramaturgy. The Poetics, while very brief and highly condensed, is studied today. Perhaps the most Aristotelian of contemporary playwrights is David Mamet, who embraces the idea of character as agent of the action, and emphasizes causality in the structure of his plays. His recently revived, Speed-the-Plow, is quintessentially Aristotelian, in that it observes the unities and builds its plot through a causal stream of discoveries and reversals. The Italian Renaissance brought about a stricter interpretation of Aristotle, as this long-lost work came to light in the late 15th century. The neoclassical ideal, which was to reach its apogee in France during the 17th century, dwelled upon the unities, of action, place, and time
4.
American Jews
–
American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans, are Americans who are Jews, either by religion, ethnicity, or nationality. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their US-born descendants, Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term and this constitutes between 1. 7% and 2. 6% of the total U. S. population. Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America since the mid-17th century, however, they were small in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. The majority were Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry, until after 1720 when Ashkenazi Jews from Central, after passage of the Plantation Act of 1740, Jews were specifically permitted to become British citizens and immigrate to the colonies. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America and they primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution, many Jews also emigrated from Romania. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration, most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the worlds major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, in addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture,500,000 American Jews fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage, more recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields. Scholars debate whether the historical experience for Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate American exceptionalism. Korelitz shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the ‘’Menorah Journal’’ between 1915 and 1925, siporin uses the family folklore of ethnic Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed, many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the more in charge of his life
5.
Bronx
–
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
6.
DeWitt Clinton High School
–
DeWitt Clinton High School is a public high school located in New York City. Opened in 1897 and all boys at first, it became co-ed in 1983. From its original building on West 13th Street in Manhattan, it moved in 1906 to its home on 59th Street and Tenth Avenue. After more than a century in existence and a raft of famous alumni, DeWitt Clinton High School has recently faced serious problems involving student performance and security. Clinton opened in 1897 at 60 West 13th Street at the end of Greenwich Village under the name of Boys High School. This school was renamed for New York politician DeWitt Clinton in 1900, the schools H-shaped building, designed by Charles B. J. Snyder, was said to be the biggest high school building in the United States at the time. After the school moved to the Bronx it became Haaren High School and it is now Haaren Hall on the campus of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Until a high school became compulsory in the early 1930s, Clinton, like all other public schools in the city, had a Classics Department. Perhaps its most famous teacher was history teacher Dr. Irwin Guernsey and he came to Clinton in the fall of 1914 and retired in the spring of 1959, due to illness. A cripple with two Irish canes, he taught from the chair and won twice in his lifetime the title of Master Teacher in New York City and he was also head of the Honors Association, Arista. The school moved to a new building on a 21-acre campus at 100 West Mosholu Parkway South and East 205th Street in the Bedford Park section of the Bronx in 1929, where it has remained. Paul Avenue, which runs to the side of the school from Mosholu Parkway to Lehman College, is named after a DeWitt Clinton High School principal and it was under this principal that the school moved to its current location in the Bronx. In the 1930s its enrollment peaked at 12,000 and it was said to be the largest high school in the world, enrollment by 1999 was about 4,000. It remained the last gender-segregated public school in New York City until 1983, in 1996, Clinton was selected by Redbook magazine as one of the five most improved schools in America. In 1999, US News and World Report designated Clinton as one of 96 outstanding schools in America, in 1999, Geraldine Ambrosio became the first woman to hold the principals post at the school. The school receives government aid because of the low status of its students. As of 2006, the school has a large Hispanic population, caucasians, primarily Albanians, comprise a tiny minority. Recently, DeWitt Clinton High School has received poor evaluations from the New York City Department of Education, in the latest Progress Report the school received a grade of F with the worst marks in school environment and closing the achievement gap
7.
Magazine Management
–
It was the parent company of Marvel Comics. Founded by Martin Goodman, who had begun his career in the 1930s with pulp magazines published under a variety of shell companies, by the early 1960s, the company occupied the second floor at 60th Street and Madison Avenue. One division of the company was the Marvel Comics Group, as one-time Marvel editor-in-chief Roy Thomas recalled, I was startled to learn in 65 that Marvel was just part of a parent company called Magazine Management. Goodman remained as publisher until 1972, as writer Dorothy Gallagher reminisced in 1998, At Magazine Management, magazines were produced the way Detroit produced cars. I worked on the fan-magazine line, on the other side of a five-foot partition was the romance-magazine line. Im almost forgetting the comic-book line, where Stan Lee created Spider-Man, E decor was insurance-company blah, grayish white walls and foam-tile ceilings, overhead fluorescent fixtures, gray metal desks. Except for the offices, which faced Madison Avenue and had carpets and windows. Editors got an area in each bullpen. It would be years before he could raise his head at industry cocktail parties, best Cartoons from the Editors of Male & Stag, Magazine Management—published at least from 1973 to 1975) Breezy Cartoon Capers—published at least from vol. 10, #3 Cartoon Laughs—confirmed extant, vol 12, #3 Magazine Managements publications included such mens magazines as For Men Only, Male and Stag. Marvel Comics writers Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Ernie Hart, and artists Wally Wood, Al Hartley, Jim Mooney, action Life — ran 16 issues, Atlas Magazines Complete Man — published June 1965. to April 1967. Atlas Magazines/Diamond For Men Only — confirmed at least from vol,4, #11 through at least vol. 26, #3 Published by Canam Publishers at least 1957), Newsstand Publications Inc, perfect Film Inc. Magazine Management Co. Inc. Male — published at least vol,1, #2 through 1977 Male Home Companion Stag — at least 314 issues published February 1942 – Feb.1976 Published by Official Communications Inc
8.
Men (magazine)
–
Men was an American gay pornographic magazine originally published as Advocate Men from 1984 until 1997, when it was retitled Men. It was published by Los Angeles-based Specialty Publications, the magazine contains explicit nude male photography, often featuring popular stars from the gay adult film industry, erotic fiction, video reviews and other features. Notable models have included Zeb Atlas and Mark Dalton, in late 2009, it was announced that all of Specialty Publications gay porn magazines would be merged into Unzipped. net. The website in question is no longer available and no issues of any of the magazines have been released since, Advocate Men started as a sister publication to The Advocate, a gay and lesbian news monthly, and became a monthly publication from November that year. Starting with the October 1997 issue it changed its name to simply Men, list of gay pornographic magazines Men at Gay Erotic Archives
9.
Another Woman
–
Another Woman is a 1988 American drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. It stars Gena Rowlands as a professor who accidentally overhears the private analysis of a stranger. Another Woman is viewed favorably by modern film critics, Marion Post is a New York philosophy professor past the age of 50 on a leave of absence to write a new book. Due to construction work in their building, she sublets a furnished flat downtown to have peace and her work there is interrupted by voices from a neighboring office in the building where a therapist conducts his analysis. She quickly realizes that she is privy to the sessions of another woman who is disturbed by a growing feeling that her life is false. Her words strike a chord in Marion, who begins to question herself in the same way and she also realizes that her marriage to her second husband, Ken, is unfulfilling and that she missed her one chance at love with his best friend Larry. She finally manages to meet the woman in therapy as she contemplates a Klimt painting called Hope, by the end of the film, Marion resolves to change her life for the better. This film has many of Allens signature features, particularly the New York City stamp of the film, only a few scenes are shot outside the city and it also uses classical music- Gymnopedie No. It also focuses primarily on upper middle class intellectuals, as all of Allens 1980s films do. Another Woman received modest praise from critics and holds a 65% positive Fresh rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph described the film as one of shortest, least funny, and very best films. Variety praised the film as brave, in many ways fascinating, vincent Canby of The New York Times was more critical of the film, however, remarking, Everyone speaks slightly stilted, epistolary dialogue. The rounded sentences sound as if theyd been written in a French influenced by Flaubert and he added, Mr. Allen is becoming an immensely sophisticated director, but this screenplay is in need of a merciless literary editor. Its full of an earnest teen-age writers superfluous words, in addition to flashbacks, modern reception is often more favorable. Another Woman at the Internet Movie Database
10.
The Heartbreak Kid (1972 film)
–
It is based on the short story A Change of Plan, written by Bruce Jay Friedman. Jeannie Berlin was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and it is #91 on AFIs 100 Years. 100 Laughs, a list of the funniest American movies ever made and it was remade in 2007 as The Heartbreak Kid starring Ben Stiller and Malin Åkerman. A black comedy examining love and hypocrisy loosely based on Theodore Dreisers classic novel, while on their honeymoon in Miami Beach, Lenny meets and pursues the beautiful but seductively bitchy Kelly Corcoran, a Midwestern college girl on holiday with her parents. When Lila is severely sunburned, Lenny quarantines her to their room as he engages in a series of rendezvous with Kelly. Lenny impulsively and cruelly ends their marriage to pursue an indifferent Kelly, his false ideal woman. He believes she is the girl he has been waiting for all of his life and just, after leaving Lila, he pursues Kelly to Minnesota, where her justifiably resentful and protective father is a relentless obstacle. Despite Mr. Lenny eventually marries Kelly, whose chief intent appears to be to rile, at the wedding reception, Lennys attempts at mingling with mindless conversation fails, and he is ignored by the guests, his bride, and the new in-laws. It appears his new marriage will be as unfulfilling as his first one, rotten Tomatoes gives the film a critic score of 91% and an audience score of 73%
