Buddhist cosmology is the description of the shape and evolution of the Universe according to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries.
Buddhist mandala with Mount Meru shown in the center depicting the terrestrial universe divided into four quadrants each containing oceans and continents with the known world of humans, Jambudvīpa, located in the south alongside three other continents named Pūrvavideha, Aparagodānīya and Uttarakuru.
Wat Arun in Bangkok has five pagodas, which were built to simulate Buddhist cosmology.
Buddhist cosmological image of alternate world systems.
Mara, in Buddhism, refers to any form of malicious force hindering enlightenment. Both demonic as well as celestial beings are part of Saṃsāra and hence, considered to be under Māra's influence, if th
Buddhist cosmology
…Yoku-kai; Korean: 욕계; Thai: กามภูมิ) differ in degree of happiness, but they are all, other than Anagamis, Arhats and Buddhas, under the domination of Māra and are bound by sensual desire, which causes them suffering. Birth into these planes takes place as a result of our Karma. The Sense-Sphere (Desire…
The demons of Mara, palm leaf manuscript, Nalanda, Bihar
Mara's assault on the Buddha (an aniconic representation: the Buddha is only symbolized by his throne), 2nd century, Amaravati Stupa, India
Mara, his lustful daughters, and demonic army, attempting to tempt Buddha, on a 10th-century icon from Mogao Caves
Relief fragment of Mara in Gandhara style, found in Swat Valley