1.
Buddy Holly (song)
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Buddy Holly is a song by the American rock band Weezer, written by Rivers Cuomo. It was released as the single from the bands debut album Weezer in 1994. The single was released on what would have been Buddy Hollys 58th birthday, the lyrics reference the songs 1950s namesake and actress Mary Tyler Moore. It reached #2 and #34 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and it also reached #12 in the United Kingdom. Rolling Stone ranked Buddy Holly #499 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the single was certified gold by the RIAA in 2006. VH1 ranked it as one of the 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s at #59 in December 2007, Rivers Cuomo stated that he remembers questioning whether or not to include this song on Weezer. He almost kept it off the track list, but encouragement from producer Ric Ocasek soon changed his mind. In the book Rivers Edge, Ocasek is quoted as saying, I remember at one point he was hesitant to do Buddy Holly and I was like, Rivers, do it anyway, and if you dont like it when its done, we wont use it. But I think you should try and you did write it and it is a great song. Cuomo said that he felt the song was too cheesy and didnt know if the song represented the sound he was going for with the bands music, matt Sharp recalls. Ric said wed be stupid to leave it off the album. Wed come into the studio in the morning and find little pieces of paper with doodles on them, WE WANT BUDDY HOLLY. An early demo of Buddy Holly recorded by Cuomo in 1993 has a different feel, as the song is played at a slower tempo. This version appeared on Alone, The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo, the liner notes for Alone explain that the chorus, in its most primitive form, originally was sung as, Oo-wee-oo you look just like Ginger Rogers/Oh, oh, I move just like Fred Astaire. The rest of the chorus stayed the same as the Blue Album version, the music video for Buddy Holly was directed by Spike Jonze and filmed at Charlie Chaplin Studios in Hollywood over the course of one full day of shooting. The video portrayed Weezer performing at the original diner Arnolds Drive-In from the popular 1970s television show Happy Days, the video combined contemporary footage of the band with clips from the show. Happy Days cast member Al Molinaro made a appearance in the video. Al plugs his hometown, Kenosha, Wisconsin, as the hometown of Weezer in the introduction, in the climax, the videos stylist Casey Storm body doubled, and this allowed Fonzie to dance to the bands performance. The video also features cameos by some members of the band as dancers at Arnolds
Buddy Holly (song)
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"Buddy Holly"
2.
Lubbock, Texas
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Lubbock is a city in and the county seat of Lubbock County, Texas, United States. The city is located in the part of the state. According to a 2015 Census estimate, Lubbock had a population of 249,042, making it the 83rd most populous city in the United States of America and the 11th most populous city in the state of Texas. The city is the center of the Lubbock metropolitan area. The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is dependent on water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation. Lubbock was selected as the 12th best place to start a business by CNNMoney. com. CNN mentioned the traditional business atmosphere, low rent for commercial space, central location. Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University, the sixth-largest college by enrollment in the state, Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States based in part on its international baccalaureate program. Lubbock County was founded in 1876 and it was named after Thomas Saltus Lubbock, former Texas Ranger and brother of Francis Lubbock, governor of Texas during the Civil War. As early as 1884, a federal post office existed in Yellow House Canyon, a small town, known as Old Lubbock, Lubbock, or North Town, was established about three miles to the east. In 1890, the original Lubbock merged with Monterey, another small town south of the canyon, the new town adopted the Lubbock name. The merger included moving the original Lubbocks Nicolett Hotel across the canyon on rollers to the new townsite, Lubbock became the county seat in 1891, and was incorporated on March 16,1909. In the same year, the first railroad train arrived, Texas Technological College was founded in Lubbock in 1923. A separate university, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, opened as Texas Tech University School of Medicine in 1969, both universities are now overseen by the Texas Tech University System, after it was established in 1996 and based in Lubbock. Lubbock Christian University, founded in 1957, and Sunset International Bible Institute, South Plains College and Wayland Baptist University operate branch campuses in Lubbock. At one time, Lubbock was home to Reese Air Force Base located 6 miles west of the city, the bases primary mission throughout its existence was pilot training. The base was closed 30 September 1997 after being selected for closure by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission in 1995 and is now a research, the city is home to the Lubbock Lake Landmark, part of the Museum of Texas Tech University. The landmark is an archaeological and natural preserve at the northern edge of the city
Lubbock, Texas
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Downtown
Lubbock Skyline
Lubbock, Texas
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The
Wells Fargo Building is the second-tallest building in Lubbock.
Lubbock, Texas
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Cone grain elevator, north side of Lubbock
Lubbock, Texas
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Panhandle-South Plains Fairgrounds
3.
Clear Lake, Iowa
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Clear Lake is a city in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,777 at the 2010 census, the city is named for the large lake on which it is located. It is the home of a number of marinas, state parks, Clear Lake is also a major stop on Interstate 35 with many restaurants, hotels and truck stops. The region around the lake that would later be called Clear Lake was a home to the Dakota. During a land survey of northern Iowa done in 1832 by Nathan Boone, the son of the explorer, Daniel Boone. In 1851, Joseph Hewitt and James Dickirson brought their families to camp on the east side of Clear Lake, soon building a cabin, by 1853, many more white settlers had also came to settle in the area. By the year 1855, the first Clear Lake school was built, in 1855, a hotel was built by James Crow. By 1870, the town had 775 residents and by 1871 the streets were graded and sidewalks were made of raised boards, the city of Clear Lake was incorporated on May 26,1871. The first bandstand built in Clear Lake was in 1877 at the City Park, the town grew and built its first library in 1889. In 1909, Bayside Amusement park opened for the first time, the first North Iowa Band Festival was organized by John Kopecky and others in 1932 In 1933, the Surf Ballroom open up on the site of the old Tom Tom ballroom that had been destroyed by fire. The opening dance night had approximately 700 couples attending, in 1947, the Surf Ballroom burned down and a new Surf Ballroom was built across the street in 1948. The Bayside Amusement park closed down in 1958, the plane crashed soon after takeoff, killing all aboard. In June 1988, around 600 people gathered to witness the dedication of the monument to the deceased rock, Clear Lake also replaced street signs officially changing 2nd Place North to Buddy Holly Place in honor of the late singer. Clear Lake is located at 43°8′11″N 93°22′48″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.44 square miles, of which,10.80 square miles is land and 2.64 square miles is water. Clear Lake, Iowa has a summer humid continental climate. Clear Lake is part of the Mason City Micropolitan Statistical Area, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,777 people,3,507 households, and 2,087 families residing in the city. The population density was 720.1 inhabitants per square mile, there were 4,423 housing units at an average density of 409.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 3% White,0. 5% African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 2% of the population
Clear Lake, Iowa
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Historic Downtown Clear Lake
Clear Lake, Iowa
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Monument at crash site
Clear Lake, Iowa
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Downtown Clear Lake Rowhouses
4.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock and roll
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Sign commemorating the role of
Alan Freed and
Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll
Rock and roll
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Chuck Berry in 1957
Rock and roll
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Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm
Rock and roll
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
5.
Rockabilly
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Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, dating back to the early 1950s in the United States, especially the South. As a genre it blends the sound of Western musical styles such as country with that of rhythm and blues, leading to what is considered classic rock, some have also described it as a blend of bluegrass with rock and roll. The term rockabilly itself is a portmanteau of rock and hillbilly, other important influences on rockabilly include western swing, boogie woogie, jump blues, and electric blues. An interest in the genre endures even in the 21st century, Rockabilly has left a legacy, spawning a variety of sub-styles and influencing other genres such as punk rock. There was a relationship between blues and country music from the very earliest country recordings in the 1920s. The first nationwide country hit was Wreck of the Old 97, backed with Lonesome Road Blues, during the 1930s and 1940s, two new sounds emerged. Recordings of Willss from the mid 1940s to the early 1950s include two beat jazz rhythms, jazz choruses, and guitar work that preceded early rockabilly recordings, wills is quoted as saying Rock and Roll. Why, man, thats the kind of music weve been playin since 1928. But its just basic rhythm and has gone by a lot of different names in my time and its the same, whether you just follow a drum beat like in Africa or surround it with a lot of instruments. The Maddox Brothers and Rose were at the edge of rockabilly with the slapped bass that Fred Maddox had developed. Maddox said, Youve got to have somethin they can tap their foot, or dance to, after World War II the band shifted into higher gear leaning more toward a whimsical honky-tonk feel, with a heavy, manic bottom end - the slap bass of Fred Maddox. They played hillbilly music but it sounded real hot and they played real loud for that time, too. The Maddoxes were also known for their antics and stuff. I mean it just wasnt us up there pickin and singing, there was something going on all the time. The demonstrative Maddoxes, helped release white bodies from traditional motions of decorum, more and more younger white artists began to behave on stage like the lively Maddoxes. Others believe that they were not only at the leading edge, Bill Monroe is known as the Father of Bluegrass, a specific style of country music. Many of his songs were in form, while others took the form of folk ballads, parlor songs. Bluegrass was a staple of music in the early 1950s
Rockabilly
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Carl Perkins pictured around 1955
Rockabilly
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Bill Haley and His Comets during a TV appearance.
Rockabilly
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Gazzguzzlers use the classic instruments associated with rockabilly: a hollow-body guitar, and upright bass, and a pared-down drum kit.
6.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
Country music
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Jimmie Rodgers
Country music
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Vernon Dalhart
Country music
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Roy Acuff
Country music
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Publicity photo of Roy Rogers and Gail Davis, 1948
7.
Decca Records
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Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U. S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Deccas first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil. In 1937, as a result of anticipating Nazi aggression leading to World War II, Lewis sold American Decca, the British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre. Both wings are now part of the Universal Music Group, which is owned by Vivendi, the US Decca label was the foundation company that evolved into UMG. The name Decca was coined by Wilfred S. Samuel by merging the word Mecca with the initial D of their logo Dulcet or their trademark Dulcephone, Samuel, a linguist, chose Decca as a brand name as it was easy to pronounce in most languages. The name dates back to a gramophone called the Decca Dulcephone patented in 1914 by musical instrument makers Barnett Samuel. That company was renamed the Decca Gramophone Co. Ltd. Within years, Decca Records Ltd. was the second largest record label in the world, Decca bought the UK branch of Brunswick Records and continued to run it under that name. In the 1950s the American Decca studios were located in the Pythian Temple in New York City, in classical music, Decca had a long way to go from its modest beginnings to catch up with the established HMV and Columbia labels. The pre-war classical repertoire on Decca was not extensive, but was select, heinrich Schlusnus made important pre-war lieder recordings for Decca. John Culshaw, who joined Decca in 1946 in a junior post and he revolutionised recording – of opera, in particular. Hitherto, the practice had been to put microphones in front of the performers, Culshaw was determined to make recordings that would be a theatre of the mind, making the listeners experience at home not second best to being in the opera house, but a wholly different experience. To that end he got the singers to move about in the studio as they would onstage, used sound effects and different acoustics. His skill, coupled with Decca engineering, took Decca into the first flight of recording companies and his pioneering recording of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Georg Solti was a huge artistic and commercial success. In the wake of Deccas lead, artists such as Herbert von Karajan, Joan Sutherland, however, Culshaw was, strictly speaking, not the first to do this. Far from being a mere rendering of the score, the 3-LP album set used sound effects to recreate the production as if the listener were watching a stage performance of the work. Until 1947, American Decca issued British Decca classical music recordings, afterwards, British Decca took over distribution through its new American subsidiary London Records. American Decca actively re-entered the classical music field in 1950 with distribution deals from Deutsche Grammophon, American Decca began issuing its own classical music recordings in 1956 when Israel Horowitz joined Decca to head its classical music operations
Decca Records
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Original 1929 Decca release of Sea Drift by
Delius, first published recording of the work, but deleted by 1936
Decca Records
–
Decca Records
8.
Brunswick Records
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Brunswick Records is an American record label founded in 1916. The company first began producing phonographs in 1916, then began marketing their own line of records as an after-thought and these first Brunswick records used the vertical cut system like Edison Disc Records, and were not sold in large numbers. They were recorded in the US but sold only in Canada, in January 1920, a new line of Brunswick Records was introduced in the US and Canada that employed the lateral cut system which was becoming the default cut for 78 discs. Brunswick started its standard popular series at 2000 and ended up in 1940 at 8517, however, when the series reached 4999, they skipped over the previous allocated 5000s and continued at 6000. Also, when they reached 6999, they continued at 7301, the parent company marketed them extensively, and within a few years Brunswick became one of the USAs Big Three record companies, along with Victor and Columbia Records. The Brunswick line of home phonographs were commercially successful, Brunswick had a hit with their Ultona phonograph capable of playing Edison Disc Records, Pathé disc records, and standard lateral 78s. In late 1924, Brunswick acquired the Vocalion Records label, audio fidelity of early-1920s, acoustically-recorded Brunswick discs is above average for the era. They were pressed into good quality shellac, although not as durable as that used by Victor, in the spring of 1925 Brunswick introduced its own version of electrical recording using photoelectric cells, which Brunswick called the light-ray process. Then based in Chicago, many of the citys best orchestras, the labels jazz roster included Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, King Oliver, Johnny Dodds, Andy Kirk, and Red Nichols. Brunswick initiated a 7000 race series as well as the Vocalion 1000 race series and these race records series recorded hot jazz, urban and rural blues, and gospel. Brunswick also had a successful business supplying radio with sponsored transcriptions of popular music, comedy. Few orchestra records were approved for issue and those that did appear on the often combined excellent performances with execrable sound. Brunswick found it expedient and ultimately cheaper to contract with European companies to fill their electrical classical catalogue, some of these recordings have been reissued on CD. Brunswick itself switched to a conventional microphone recording process in 1927. Prior to this, however, they had introduced the Brunswick Panatrope and this phonograph met with critical acclaim, and composer Ottorino Respighi selected the Brunswick Panatrope to play a recording of bird songs in his composition The Pines of Rome. Jack Kapp became the company executive of Brunswick in 1930. In April 1930, Brunswick-Balke-Collender sold Brunswick Records to Warner Bros. Warner Bros. hoped to make their own soundtrack recordings for their sound-on-disc Vitaphone system. A number of interesting recordings were made by actors during this period, actors who made recordings included Noah Beery, Charles King, and J. Harold Murray
Brunswick Records
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The Brunswick Records logo
Brunswick Records
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Brunswick Records
Brunswick Records
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A Brunswick record label from 1922
Brunswick Records
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Jackie Wilson's
debut single was the first release of the current Brunswick Records
9.
Coral Records
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Coral Records was a subsidiary of Decca Records formed in 1949. It recorded pop artists the McGuire Sisters and Teresa Brewer, in addition to Buddy Holly, jazz and swing music was issued on Coral in the 1940s. After Bob Thiele became the head of the label in 1954, it produced pop and rock musicians such as Buddy Holly, Jackie Wilson, Lawrence Welk and he also produced hit songs by his wife, Teresa Brewer. In the 1950s, the label recorded Debby Reynoldss hit song Tammy, in 1954 Coral became known as Vogue Coral in the UK. Coral stopped issuing new material in 1971 and this version of Coral lasted into the 1980s
Coral Records
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This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)
10.
The Crickets
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The Crickets were an American rock and roll band from Lubbock, Texas, formed by singer-songwriter Buddy Holly in the 1950s. Their first hit record, Thatll Be the Day, released in 1957, was a hit single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 23. The Crickets helped set the template for subsequent rock bands, such as the Beatles, with their guitar-bass-drums lineup, after Hollys death in 1959 the band continued to tour and record with other band members into the 21st century. Holly had been making demo recordings with local musician friends since 1954, Sonny Curtis, Jerry Allison, and Larry Welborn participated in these sessions. Holly had already recorded for another label under his own name, as the Crickets recalled in John Goldrosens book The Buddy Holly Story, they were inspired by other groups named after birds. They were then considering insect-centered names, apparently unaware of the Bronx R&B vocal group the Crickets and they almost chose the name Beetles, years later, the Beatles chose their name partly in homage to the Crickets. The Crickets were lead guitarist and vocalist Buddy Holly, drummer Jerry Allison, Mauldin, and rhythm guitarist Niki Sullivan. Sullivan dropped out after a more than one year to resume his education. The Crickets, now a trio, continued to stage and TV appearances and recorded more songs. In 1957 Norman Petty arranged for the Crickets recordings to be marketed under two separate names, the solo vocals were released as being by Buddy Holly, and the songs with dubbed backing vocals were issued as being by the Crickets. Petty reasoned correctly that disc jockeys might be reluctant to program a single artist too heavily, some disc jockeys referred to the band as Buddy Holly and the Crickets, but record labels never used this wording until after Hollys death. In 1958, Holly broke with producer Petty and moved to New York to be involved with the publishing and recording businesses. Allison and Mauldin chose not to move and returned to Lubbock, Holly now recorded under his own name with the studio musicians Tommy Allsup and Carl Bunch. Waylon Jennings toured with him shortly after the Crickets folded, Allison and Mauldin looked forward to rejoining Holly after he returned from a winter tour through the northern Midwest. In the meantime, Mauldin, Allison, and Sonny Curtis began recording new songs as the Crickets, while they were recording, it was announced that Holly had died in a plane crash while on tour. The Crickets, now with vocalist Earl Sinks, went on performing after Hollys death, Curtis was not in the band at the time, as he was completing military service. Box, who had left the group in 1960, died in a plane crash on October 23,1964. In April 1960 the Crickets backed the Everly Brothers on their first UK concert tour but were not billed as their backing group, by 1962, the Crickets consisted of Curtis, Allison, Glen D. Hardin and Jerry Naylor
The Crickets
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The Crickets in 1957 (top to bottom):
Jerry Allison,
Buddy Holly, and
Joe B. Mauldin
The Crickets
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Norman Petty Recording Studios.
The Crickets
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Trading card photo of the Crickets in 1957: Buddy Holly, Jerry Alison, Niki Sullivan, and at front Joe Mauldin. Topps gum cards issued a series of movie stars, television stars and recording stars. They were part of their recording stars cards.
The Crickets
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The Crickets in 1962.
Sonny Curtis, Jerry Allison,
Glen D. Hardin,
Jerry Naylor
11.
Fender Stratocaster
–
The Fender Stratocaster is a model of electric guitar designed in 1954 by Leo Fender, Bill Carson, George Fullerton, and Freddie Tavares. The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has continuously manufactured the Stratocaster from 1954 to the present and it is a double-cutaway guitar, with an extended top horn shape for balance. Along with the Gibson Les Paul, it is one of the most often emulated electric guitar shapes, Stratocaster and Strat are trademark terms belonging to Fender. The Fender Stratocaster was the first guitar to feature three pickups and a spring tension tremolo system, as well as being the first Fender with a contoured body, the Stratocasters sleek, contoured body shape differed from the flat, slab-like design of the Telecaster. The Stratocasters double cutaways allowed players access to higher positions on the neck. Starting in 1954, the Stratocaster was offered with a solid, deeply contoured ash body, a 21-fret one-piece maple neck with black dot inlays, the color was originally a two color sunburst pattern, although custom color guitars were produced. In 1956, Fender began using alder for sunburst and most custom color Stratocaster bodies, in 1960, the available custom colors were standardized, many of which were automobile lacquer colors from DuPont available at an additional 5% cost. A unique single-ply, 8-screw hole white pickguard held all electronic components except the recessed jack plate—facilitating easy assembly, in this floating position, players could move the bridge-mounted tremolo arm up or down to modulate the pitch of the notes being played. Hank Marvin, Jeff Beck and Ike Turner used the Strats floating tremolo extensively in their playing, as string gauges have changed, players have experimented with the number of tremolo springs, and modern Stratocasters ship with three springs. Some Strats have a bridge in place of the tremolo assembly. There is considerable debate about the effects on tone and sustain of the used in the tremolo systems inertia bar. The Stratocaster features three single coil pickups, with the originally selected by a 3-way switch. In 1977 Fender introduced a 5-way selector making such pickup combinations more stable, dick Dale is a prominent Stratocaster player who also collaborated with Leo Fender in developing the Fender Showman amplifier. In the early 1960s, the instrument was also championed by Hank Marvin, guitarist for the Shadows, in 1965, George Harrison and John Lennon acquired Stratocasters and used them for Help. Rubber Soul and later recording sessions, the double unison guitar solo on Nowhere Man is played by Harrison and Lennon on their new Stratocasters, after the introduction of the Fender Stratocaster Ultra series in 1989, ebony was officially selected as a fretboard material on some models. In December 1965 the Stratocaster was given a broader headstock with altered decals to match the size of the Jazzmaster, during the CBS era, particularly the 1970s, the perceived quality of Fender instruments fell. During this time, vintage instruments from the era became popular. Dan Smith, with the help of John Page, proceeded to work on a reissue of the most popular guitars of Leo Fenders era
Fender Stratocaster
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Fender Stratocaster
Fender Stratocaster
–
Buddy Holly 's Stratocaster
Fender Stratocaster
–
Stratocaster headstock
Fender Stratocaster
–
John Frusciante Squier guitar
12.
Great Depression
–
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
Great Depression
–
Dorothea Lange 's
Migrant Mother depicts destitute
pea pickers in
California, centering on
Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in
Nipomo, California, March 1936
Great Depression
–
USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
Great Depression
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Crowd gathering at the intersection of
Wall Street and Broad Street after the
1929 crash
Great Depression
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Crowds outside the
Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931
13.
Gospel music
–
Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
Gospel music
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Mahalia Jackson in the
Concertgebouw concert hall, The Netherlands
Gospel music
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Exemplification of gospel music: an open Bible and a CD, which represent the gospel in written and musical forms
14.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
Rhythm and blues
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T-Bone Walker, American Folk Blues Festival 1972 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 46)
Rhythm and blues
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Louis Jordan, New York, N.Y., ca. July 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 04721).
Rhythm and blues
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Big Joe Turner, Hamburg 1974 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 86)
Rhythm and blues
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The habanera rhythm shown as tresillo (lower notes) with the backbeat (upper note).
15.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
Elvis Presley
–
Presley in a publicity photograph for the 1957 film
Jailhouse Rock
Elvis Presley
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Presley's birthplace in
Tupelo, Mississippi
Elvis Presley
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Presley in a
Sun Records promotional photograph, 1954
Elvis Presley
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The "iconic cover" of
Presley's 1956 debut album featuring a photo taken July 31, 1955, in Tampa, Florida
16.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
Nashville, Tennessee
–
From top left: 2nd Avenue, Kirkland Hall at
Vanderbilt University, the
Parthenon, the Nashville skyline,
Nissan Stadium,
Dolly Parton performing at the
Grand Ole Opry, and
Ryman Auditorium
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Nashville riverfront shortly after the
Civil War
Nashville, Tennessee
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A satellite image of Nashville
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Downtown Nashville
17.
Owen Bradley
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A native of Westmoreland, Tennessee, Bradley learned piano at an early age, and began playing in local nightclubs and roadhouses when he was a teenager. At 20, he got a job at WSM-AM radio, where he worked as an arranger and that same year he co-wrote Roy Acuff’s hit “Night Train to Memphis. He kept the band up until 1964, although in the intervening decades, in 1947, Bradley took a position as a music arranger and songwriter at Decca Records. He worked for Paul Cohen on recordings by some of the biggest talents of the day, including Ernest Tubb, Burl Ives, Red Foley, learning from Cohen, he eventually began to produce records on his own. When his mentor left the label in 1958, Bradley became vice president of Deccas Nashville division, Country music had long been looked on as unsophisticated and folksy, and was largely confined to listeners in the less affluent small towns of the American South and Appalachia. In the late 1950s, Bradleys home base of Nashville was positioning itself to be a center of the recording industry, in fact, the Nashville sound began in a Quonset hut attached to a house Bradley owned with his brother Harold at 804 16th Avenue South in Nashville. The Quonset Hut is commonly recognized as the birthplace of a commercial country music that often crossed over into pop. This distinct genre of American music was developed primarily by Owen Bradleys crew of hand picked musicians, Grady Martin, Bob Moore, Hank Garland, the success of Bradleys Quonset Hut Studio spurred RCA Victor to build its famous RCA Studio B. A handful of other labels soon followed setting up shop on what would become known as Music Row. Bradley and his contemporaries infused hokey melodies with more refined lyrics and blended them with a pop music sensibility to create the Nashville sound. Light, easy listening piano replaced the clinky honky-tonk piano, lush string sections took the place of the mountain fiddle sound, steel guitars and smooth backing vocals rounded out the mix. Regarding the Nashville sound, Bradley stated, Now weve cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and it always has to keep developing to keep fresh. The singers Bradley produced made unprecedented headway into radio, and artists such as Patsy Cline, Brenda Lee, Loretta Lynn, Lenny Dee, pop singers like Buddy Holly and Gene Vincent also recorded with Bradley in his Nashville studio. Also, he produced Bill Monroe in both bluegrass and decidedly non-bluegrass settings, many older artists recognized they needed to change as they saw former pure honky tonk singer Jim Reeves blend his own style with the newer styles with great success. However, not everyone was as successful as Reeves or Patsy Cline in these transformations, in addition to his production, Bradley released a handful of instrumentals under his own name, including the minor 1958 hit Big Guitar. In the late 1950s, Bradley produced a radio and TV series with his brother Harold, Country Style, USA, for distribution to local radio and TV stations as a recruiting tool for the US Army. Bradley sold The Quonset Hut to Columbia and bought a farm outside of Nashville in 1961, within a few years, the new Bradleys Barn became a legendary recording venue in country music circles. The Beau Brummels paid tribute to the studio, through titling their 1968 album Bradleys Barn, the studio burned to the ground in 1980, but Bradley rebuilt it within a few years in the same location
Owen Bradley
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Owen Bradley's Quonset Hut Studio console
Owen Bradley
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Owen Bradley's final studio
18.
Norman Petty
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Norman Petty was an American musician and record producer who is best known for his association with Buddy Holly and the Crickets, who recorded in his studio. Petty was born in the town of Clovis, New Mexico. He began playing piano at an young age. While in high school, he regularly performd on a show on a local radio station. Petty and his wife, Vi, founded the Norman Petty Trio with the guitarist Jack Vaughn and they landed a recording contract and were voted Most Promising Group of 1954 by Cashbox magazine. In 1956, their hit, Mood Indigo, had sold a half million copies. In 1957, their song Almost Paradise hit number 18, despite the success of his own records, Petty is most famous for his recording studio in Clovis. Sugar Shack and Bottle of Wine by Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs and Wheels by the String-A-Longs were recorded at Pettys studio. Petty produced a number of Canadian recording artists, including Wes Dakus & the Rebels, Barry Allen, Gainsborough Gallery, Petty served as Buddy Hollys recording engineer and also as his first manager until late 1958. Many of Hollys best and most polished efforts were produced at the Clovis studio, after Hollys death, Petty was put in charge of overdubbing unfinished Holly recordings and demos. Petty purchased the Mesa Theater on Main Street in Clovis in 1960, in 1963, he launched the FM radio station KTQM starting as an easy-listening station, later switching to country-and-western music, and then in 1968 to Top 40 rock. The country genre had appeal, so he applied for a new station license and started KWKA680 AM in 1971. Petty ran both stations until 1979, the stations were sold by Curry County Broadcasting to Zia Broadcasting in 2010. Petty died in Lubbock, Texas, in August 1984, of leukemia, later in 1984 he was posthumously named Clovis Citizen of the Year. His wife, Vi, died in March 1992 and she helped start the Norman and Vi Petty Music Festival in Clovis in 1987, which ran until 1991. It featured many artists who had recorded at the Clovis studio, robert Linville requested the name from the Chamber and started the festivals again from 1998 until his death in 2001. Norman and Vi were given awards for Outstanding Graduate Accomplishment by the Clovis Municipal Schools Foundation, the plaques were given to Vis relative Nick Brady, who turned them over to Kenneth Broad of the Petty estate to display during studio tours. The original 7th Street Studio is available for tours by appointment only, the King of Clovis, a book about Petty by Frank Blanas, was published in 2014
Norman Petty
–
Norman Petty with wife Vi
Norman Petty
–
Norman Petty Recording Studios in
Clovis, New Mexico
Norman Petty
–
NorVaJak Music, Inc. in Clovis, New Mexico
19.
Clovis, New Mexico
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Clovis is the county seat of Curry County, New Mexico, United States, with a population of 37,775 as of the 2010 census, and a 2014 estimated population of 39,860. Clovis is located in the New Mexico portion of the Llano Estacado, a largely agricultural community, closely bordering Texas, it is noted for its role in early rock music history and for nearby Cannon Air Force Base. Clovis people are considered to be the ancestors of most of the cultures of the Americas. The Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railway system helped to establish Clovis over a hundred years ago, also notable is the Southwest Cheese Company, the largest cheddar cheese producer in North America. It is the city of the Clovis Micropolitan Statistical Area. The eastern New Mexico region was home to the prehistoric Clovis culture, several remains have been found at the Blackwater Draw site, which remains a historical and tourist site. Clovis began in 1906, when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway was being constructed through the area and railway engineers were ordered to choose a town site. At first known as Rileys Switch, it was renamed Clovis by the masters daughter, who was studying about Clovis. The settlement built up quickly and in 1909 was incorporated, Clovis had first attracted human beings and then was able to persuade them to remain in this area over 12,000 years ago. The earliest residents are known as Clovis Man, named after an arrow-head or spear-point found near present-day Clovis. Since the most recent ice age retreated north, these nomadic hunters known as the Clovis Man remained in the Southwestern part of New Mexico, on August 24,2008, eight prisoners escaped from the Clovis Jail by shimmying up plumbing pipes. The escape was highlighted on the television show Americas Most Wanted, Clovis celebrated its centennial in 2009. Clovis is located in southeastern Curry County at 34°24′45″N 103°12′17″W,9 miles west of the Texas border, the citys geographic center is at an elevation of 4,281 feet above sea level. Routes 60,70, and 84 pass through the city, US60 and 84 lead west 60 miles to Fort Sumner, while US70 leads southwest 19 miles to Portales and 110 miles to Roswell. The three highways lead east together to the line at Texico, New Mexico, and Farwell. Cannon Air Force Base is 7 miles west of the center of Clovis, as of the census of 2000, there were 32,667 people,12,458 households, and 8,596 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,458.9 people per square mile, there were 14,269 housing units at an average density of 637.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 71. 3% White,7. 32% Black,1. 02% Native American,1. 62% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,14. 98% from other races, Hispanic or Latino were 33. 44% of the population
Clovis, New Mexico
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Norman Petty 's NorVaJak Music, Inc.
Clovis, New Mexico
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Seal
Clovis, New Mexico
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the
talk page.
Clovis, New Mexico
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The
Hotel Clovis
20.
Peggy Sue
–
Peggy Sue is a rock-and-roll song written by Buddy Holly, Jerry Allison, and Norman Petty, recorded and released as a single by Holly in early July of 1957. The Crickets are not mentioned on label of the single, mauldin and Jerry Allison played on the recording. This recording was released on Hollys eponymous 1958 album. The song was originally entitled Cindy Lou, after Hollys niece, the title was later changed to Peggy Sue in reference to Peggy Sue Gerron, the girlfriend of Jerry Allison, the drummer for the Crickets, after the couple had temporarily broken up. Initially, only Allison and Petty were listed as the songs authors, at Allisons insistence, Holly was credited as a co-writer after his death. Mauldin and Allison played on the recording, Peggy Sue went to number three on the Billboard Top 100 chart in 1957. It is ranked number 194 on Rolling Stone magazines 2004 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and it is ranked as the 106th greatest song of all time and the third best song of 1957 by Acclaimed Music. In 1999, National Public Radio included the song on the NPR100, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum included the song on its list of the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. Holly wrote a sequel, Peggy Sue Got Married, and recorded a version in his New York City apartment on December 5,1958. The rarely heard original version was released on a vinyl collection and it was later played over the opening credits of the 1986 Kathleen Turner film Peggy Sue Got Married. After Hollys death, the Crickets released their own version as a single in 1960 and they followed the original arrangements, with David Box, a Holly soundalike, as the lead vocalist. In The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll, list of Holly covered songs, including this one BBC interview with Peggy Sue Gerron Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Peggy Sue
–
"Peggy Sue"
21.
UK Albums Chart
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The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts Company on Fridays and it is broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and published in Music Week magazine, and on the OCC website. To qualify for the Official Albums Chart the album must be the correct length and it must be more than three tracks or 20 minutes long and not be classed as a budget album. A budget album costs between £0.50 and £3.75, additionally, various artist compilations – which until January 1989 were included in the main album listing – are now listed separately in a compilations chart. Full details of the rules can be found on the OCC website. In the 1970s the new chart was revealed at 12,45 pm on Thursdays on BBC Radio 1. Since October 1993 it has included in The Official Chart show from 4,00 –5,45 pm on Fridays. A weekly Album Chart show was licensed out to BBC Radio 2 and presented by Simon Mayo,2005 saw a record number of artist album sales with 126.2 million sold in the UK. In February 2015, it was announced that, due to the sales of albums and rise in popularity of audio streaming. Under the revised methodology, the Official Charts Company takes the 12 most streamed tracks from one album, the total of these streams is divided by 1000 and added to the pure sales of the album. This calculation was designed to ensure that the chart continues to reflect the popularity of the albums themselves. The final number one album on the UK Albums Chart to be based purely on sales alone was Smoke + Mirrors by Imagine Dragons, on 1 March 2015, In the Lonely Hour by Sam Smith became the first album to top the new streaming-incorporated Official Albums Chart. The most successful artists in the charts depends on the criteria used, as of February 2016, Queen albums have spent more time on the British album charts than any other musical act, followed by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, U2 and ABBA. By most weeks at one, however, The Beatles lead with a total of 174 weeks. The male solo artist with the most weeks at one is Presley with a total of 66 weeks. Presley also holds the record for the most number one albums by a solo artist and most top ten albums by any artist. Madonna has the most number one albums by a female artist in the UK, though this includes the Evita film soundtrack which was a cast recording, Adele is the female solo artist with the most weeks at number one, with a total of 37 weeks. Queens Greatest Hits is the album in UK chart history with 6 million copies sold as of February 2014
UK Albums Chart
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The Official Albums Chart logo, as introduced by the Official Charts Company in October 2011
UK Albums Chart
22.
The Ed Sullivan Show
–
The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20,1948, to Sunday June 6,1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, in 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No.31 in TV Guide Magazines 60 Best Series of All Time, the format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. The last original Sullivan show telecast was on March 28,1971, with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, repeats were scheduled through June 6,1971. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia. For many years, Ed Sullivan was an event each Sunday evening. In those days, we had six acts. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so, Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much, I look up at me talking away and I say You fool. But I just keep on talking, Ive learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s and he was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The shows iconic status is illustrated by the song Hymn for a Sunday Evening from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, in the song, a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCAs compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway. One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22,1954, from the new studio, CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally colorized in 1965, the 1965–66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12, which was the last episode to air in black and white. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on and he realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher age for the average viewer as the seasons went on
The Ed Sullivan Show
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Ed Sullivan
The Ed Sullivan Show
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Carmen Miranda and
Ed Sullivan on Toast of the Town, 1953.
The Ed Sullivan Show
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Sullivan and The Beatles, February 1964
The Ed Sullivan Show
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Elvis Presley performing "Ready Teddy"
23.
Waylon Jennings
–
Waylon Arnold Jennings was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. Jennings began playing guitar at eight and began performing at 14 on KVOW radio and his first band was The Texas Longhorns. Jennings worked as a DJ on KVOW, KDAV, KYTI, in 1958, Buddy Holly arranged Jenningss first recording session, of Jole Blon and When Sin Stops. Holly hired him to play bass, in Clear Lake, Iowa, Jennings gave up his seat on the ill-fated flight that crashed and killed Holly, J. P. Richardson, Ritchie Valens, and pilot Roger Peterson. Jennings then worked as a DJ in Coolidge, Arizona, and he formed a rockabilly club band, The Waylors. He recorded for independent label Trend Records and A&M Records before succeeding with RCA Victor after achieving creative control, during the 1970s, Jennings joined the Outlaw Country movement. He released critically acclaimed albums Lonesome, Onry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes followed by hit albums Dreaming My Dreams as well as Are You Ready for the Country, in 1976, he released the album Wanted. The Outlaws with Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser, and Jessi Colter and that success was followed by Ol Waylon and the hit song Luckenbach, Texas. Jennings was featured in the 1978 album White Mansions performed by various artists documenting the lives of people in the Confederacy during the Civil War. The songs on the album were written by Paul Kennerley, by the early 1980s, Jennings was struggling with a cocaine addiction, which he quit in 1984. Later, he joined the country supergroup The Highwaymen with Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, and Johnny Cash, during that period, Jennings released the successful album Will the Wolf Survive. He toured less after 1997 to spend time with his family. Between 1999 and 2001, his appearances were limited by health problems, on February 13,2002, Jennings died from complications of diabetes. Jennings also appeared in films and television series and he was the balladeer for The Dukes of Hazzard, composing and singing the shows theme song and providing narration for the show. In 2001, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, in 2007, he was posthumously awarded the Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music. Waylon Arnold Jennings was born on June 15,1937, on the G. W and he was the son of Lorene Beatrice and William Albert Jennings. The Jennings family line descended from Irish and Black-Dutch, meanwhile, the Shipley family moved from Tennessee and settled in Texas. The Shipley line descended from Cherokee and Comanche families, the name on his birth certificate was Wayland, meaning land by the highway
Waylon Jennings
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Waylon Jennings
Waylon Jennings
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Jennings during a broadcast of his show on KLLL in 1958
Waylon Jennings
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Jennings featured on a publicity portrait for RCA Victor in 1965
Waylon Jennings
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L-R:
Kris Kristofferson,
Willie Nelson, and Waylon Jennings at the
Dripping Springs Reunion, in 1972
24.
Tommy Allsup
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Tommy Douglas Allsup was an American rockabilly and swing musician. Allsup was born near Owasso, Oklahoma in 1931 and was an member of the Cherokee Nation. Allsup had a son, Austin, who is also a musician, Allsup worked with entertainers such as Buddy Holly and Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys. Allsup was touring with Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P, the Big Bopper Richardson when he lost a fateful coin toss with Valens for a seat on the plane that crashed, killing Valens, Holly, Richardson, and the pilot on February 3,1959. Allsup moved to Los Angeles, played with bands, and did session work, including a songwriting credit for The Ventures. He returned to Odessa, Texas, where he worked with Ronnie Smith, Roy Orbison, in 1968, he moved to Nashville, where he did session work and produced Bob Wills,24 Great Hits by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys. In the mid-1970s Tommy served as the producer for a pair of Asleep at the Wheel albums, in 1979, he started a club, Tommys Heads Up Saloon, in Dallas. The club was named for Allsups coin toss with Valens 20 years beforehand, the Day the Music Died Lehmer, Larry. The day the music died, the last tour of Buddy Holly, take a Walk on the Dark Side, Rock and Roll Myths, Legends, and Curses. Online biography Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame—Tommy Allsup Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Allsup, first person interview conducted on September 8,2011, with Tommy Allsup. Tommy Allsup - MyBestYears. com INTERVIEW SPOTLIGHT
Tommy Allsup
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Allsup in 2009
25.
Moorhead, Minnesota
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Moorhead is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States, and the largest city in northwest Minnesota. The population was 42,005 according to the 2015 United States Census estimates and it is the county seat of Clay County. The city was named for William Garroway Moorhead, an official of the Northern Pacific railroad, Moorhead is bordered on the west by the Red River of the North and the city of Fargo, North Dakota. On the east, Moorhead is bordered by Dilworth, Minnesota, Moorhead is located next to the Red River in the Red River Valley. The land around the Fargo–Moorhead area is some of the flattest and richest in the world and this is because it lies on the lake bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, which drained between 9,900 and 11,000 years ago. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 19.80 square miles. Highways 10 and 75 are three of the routes in the city. Other nearby routes in the Fargo–Moorhead area include Interstate 29 and Minnesota State Highway 336, the population density was 1,922.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 15,274 housing units at a density of 771.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 7% White,2. 0% African American,1. 5% Native American,2. 0% Asian,1. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 1% of the population. 29. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age in the city was 28.3 years. 20. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,23. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 4% were from 25 to 44,20. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 32,177 people,11,660 households, and 7,030 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,394.3 people per square mile, there were 12,180 housing units at an average density of 906.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 08% White,0. 77% African American,1. 94% Native American,1. 27% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 10% from other races, and 1. 79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 47% of the population,29. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 3.04
Moorhead, Minnesota
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Moorhead City Hall
Moorhead, Minnesota
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Moorhead, Minnesota
Moorhead, Minnesota
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Replica of Norwegian stave church at the Hjemkomst Center
Moorhead, Minnesota
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Weld Hall on the campus of Minnesota State University Moorhead
26.
Ritchie Valens
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Richard Steven Valenzuela, known as Ritchie Valens, was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. A rock & roll pioneer and a forefather of the Chicano rock movement, Valens recording career lasted eight months, during this time, he had several hits, most notably La Bamba, which he had adapted from a Mexican folk song. Valens transformed the song one with a rock rhythm and beat. On February 3,1959, on what has become known as the Day the Music Died, Valens died in a crash in Iowa. The Big Bopper Richardson, as well as pilot Roger Peterson, Valens was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001. Valens was born Richard Steven Valenzuela in Pacoima, a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, Ritchie Valenzuela was brought up hearing traditional Mexican mariachi music, as well as flamenco guitar, R&B, and jump blues. Valenzuela expressed an interest in making music of his own by the age of five, and he was encouraged by his father to take up guitar and trumpet, and later taught himself the drums. Though Valenzuela was left handed, he was so eager to learn the guitar that he mastered the traditionally right-handed version of the instrument. When he was 16 years old, he was invited to join a band, the Silhouettes, as a guitarist. On October 19,1957, he made his debut with the Silhouettes. Valenzuela attended Pacoima Junior High School, by the time Valenzuela was attending junior high school, he brought the guitar to school and would sing and play songs to his friends on the bleachers. A self-taught musician, Valenzuela was a singer and guitarist. At his appearances, he often improvised new lyrics and added new riffs to popular songs while he was playing, kids knew the performer as the Little Richard of San Fernando. Swayed by the Little Richard comparison, Keane went to see Valenzuela play a Saturday morning matinée at a theater in San Fernando. Impressed by the performance, he invited the youth to audition at his home in the Silver Lake area of Los Angeles, an early stereo recorder and a pair of Neumann U-47 condenser microphones comprised his recording equipment. After this first audition, Keane signed Ritchie to Del-Fi on May 27,1958, at this point, the musician took the name Ritchie because, as Keane said, There were a bunch of Richards around at that time, and I wanted it to be different. Similarly, Keane recommended shortening his surname to Valens from Valenzuela to widen his appeal beyond any obvious ethnic group, Valens demonstrated several songs in Keanes studio that he later recorded at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The demos primarily consisted of Valens singing and playing guitar, and these originals can be heard on the Del-Fi album, Ritchie Valens – The Lost Tapes
Ritchie Valens
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Ritchie Valens
Ritchie Valens
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Grave of Ritchie Valens at San Fernando Mission Cemetery
Ritchie Valens
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Monument at Crash Site, September 16, 2003.
27.
The Big Bopper
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He is best known for his 1958 recording of Chantilly Lace. On February 3,1959, Richardson died in a crash in Clear Lake, Iowa, along with music stars Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens. The accident was referred to as The Day the Music Died in Don McLeans 1971 song American Pie. J. P. Richardson was born in Sabine Pass, Texas, Richardson had two younger brothers, Cecil and James. The family soon moved to Beaumont, Texas, Richardson graduated from Beaumont High School in 1947 and played on the Royal Purple football team as a defensive lineman, wearing number 85. Richardson later studied prelaw at Lamar College, and was a member of the band, Richardson worked part-time at Beaumont, Texas radio station KTRM. He was hired by the station full-time in 1949 and quit college, Richardson married Adrianne Joy Fryou on April 18,1952, and their daughter Debra Joy was born in December 1953, soon after Richardson was promoted to supervisor of announcers at KTRM. In March 1955, he was drafted into the United States Army and did his training at Fort Ord. He spent the rest of his service as a radar instructor at Fort Bliss in El Paso. Richardson returned to KTRM radio following his discharge as a corporal in March 1957, one of the stations sponsors wanted Richardson for a new time slot, and suggested an idea for a show. Richardson had seen college students doing a dance called The Bop and his new radio show ran from 3,00 to 6,00 pm, and he soon became the stations program director. In May 1957, he broke the record for continuous on-air broadcasting by 8 minutes, Richardson is credited for creating the first music video in 1958, and recorded an early example himself. Richardson, who played guitar, began his career as a songwriter. George Jones later recorded Richardsons White Lightning, which became Jones first #1 country hit in 1959, Richardson also wrote Running Bear for Johnny Preston, his friend from Port Arthur, Texas. The inspiration for the song came from Richardsons childhood memory of the Sabine River, Richardson sang background on Running Bear, but the recording was not released until August 1959, seven months after his death. The song become a #1 hit for three weeks in January 1960, the man who launched Richardson as a recording artist was Harold Pappy Daily from Houston. Daily was promotion director for Mercury and Starday Records and signed Richardson to Mercury, Richardsons first single, Beggar to a King, had a country flavor, but failed to gain any chart action. He soon cut Chantilly Lace as The Big Bopper for Pappy Dailys D label, Mercury bought the recording and released it at the end of June,1958
The Big Bopper
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The Big Bopper
The Big Bopper
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Monument at crash site, September 16, 2003
28.
Don McLean
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Donald Don McLean III is an American singer-songwriter best known for the 1971 album American Pie, containing the songs American Pie and Vincent. McLeans grandfather and father were also named Donald McLean, the Buccis, the family of McLeans mother, Elizabeth, came from Abruzzo in central Italy. They left Italy and settled in Port Chester, New York and he has another extended family in Los Angeles and Boston. Though some of his musical influences included Frank Sinatra and Buddy Holly, as a teenager, McLean became interested in folk music. Childhood asthma meant that McLean missed long periods of school, particularly music lessons, by age 16 he had bought his first guitar and began making contacts in the music business, becoming friends with folk singers Erik Darling and Fred Hellerman, both members of the Weavers. Hellerman said, He called me one day and said, Id like to come and visit you and we became good friends - he has the most remarkable music memory of anyone Ive ever known. When McLean was 15, his father died, fulfilling his fathers request, McLean graduated from Iona Preparatory School in 1963, and briefly attended Villanova University, dropping out after four months. After leaving Villanova, McLean became associated with famed folk music agent Harold Leventhal for several months before teaming up with personal manager Herb Gart for 18 years and he attended night school at Iona College and received a bachelors degree in business administration in 1968. Later that year, with the help of a grant from the New York State Council on the Arts, McLean began reaching an audience, with visits to towns up. He learned the art of performing from his friend and mentor Pete Seeger, McLean accompanied Seeger on his Clearwater boat trip up the Hudson River in 1969 to raise awareness about environmental pollution in the river. During this time McLean wrote songs that would appear on his first album, McLean co-edited the book Songs and Sketches of the First Clearwater Crew with sketches by Thomas B. Allen for which Pete Seeger wrote the foreword. Seeger and McLean sang Shenandoah on the 1974 Clearwater album, McLean recorded Tapestry in 1969 in Berkeley, California, during the student riots. After being rejected 72 times by labels, the album was released by Mediarts, McLeans major break came when Mediarts was taken over by United Artists Records, thus securing the promotion of a major label for his second album, American Pie. The album spawned two No.1 hits in the song and Vincent. American Pies success made McLean an international star and piqued interest in his first album, which charted more than two years after its initial release. McLeans magnum opus, American Pie, is a sprawling, impressionistic ballad inspired partly by the deaths of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, the song popularized the expression The Day the Music Died in reference to this event. The song was recorded on May 26,1971, and a month later received its first radio airplay on New Yorks WNEW-FM and WPLJ-FM to mark the closing of Fillmore East, the famous New York concert hall. American Pie reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 from January 15-February 5,1972, the single also topped the Billboard Easy Listening survey
Don McLean
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Don McLean at the
Royal Albert Hall in 2012
Don McLean
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Don McLean publicity photo, 1976
Don McLean
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Don McLean at the
NYCB Theatre at Westbury in July 2013
Don McLean
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McLean's autograph from a 1996 concert in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
29.
The Day the Music Died
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On February 3,1959, rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. The Big Bopper Richardson were killed in a crash near Clear Lake, Iowa. The event later known as The Day the Music Died. At the time, Holly and his band, consisting of Waylon Jennings, Tommy Allsup, rising artists Valens and Richardson had joined the tour, as well. The long journeys between venues on board the cold, uncomfortable tour buses adversely affected the performers, with cases of flu and even frostbite. After stopping at Clear Lake to perform, and frustrated by such conditions, Holly decided to charter a plane to reach their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota. Richardson, who had the flu, swapped places with Jennings, taking his seat on the plane, the event has since been mentioned in various songs and films. A number of monuments have been erected at the site and in Clear Lake, where an annual memorial concert is also held at the Surf Ballroom. Buddy Holly terminated his association with the Crickets in November 1958, for the start of the Winter Dance Party tour, he assembled a band consisting of Waylon Jennings, Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch, with the opening vocals of Frankie Sardo. The tour was set to cover 24 Midwestern cities in as many days, New hit artist Ritchie Valens, J. P. The Big Bopper Richardson and Dion DiMucci and his band The Belmonts joined the tour to promote their recordings, the tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23,1959. The amount of travel became a logistical problem. It was like they threw darts at a map, the tour from hell -- thats what they named it -- and its not a bad name. Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first 11 days of the tour -- reconditioned school buses, the artists themselves were responsible for loading and unloading equipment at each stop, as no road crew assisted them. Adding to the disarray, the buses were not equipped for the weather which consisted of waist-deep snow in several areas, one bus had a heating system that broke down shortly after the tour began, in Appleton, Wisconsin. The musicians replaced that bus with another bus and kept traveling. After Bunch was hospitalized, Carlo Mastrangelo of The Belmonts took over the drumming duties, when Dion and The Belmonts were performing, the drum seat was taken by either Valens or Buddy Holly. As Hollys group had been the band for all of the acts, Holly, Valens, and DiMucci took turns playing drums for each other at the performances in Green Bay, Wisconsin
The Day the Music Died
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The memorial marking the crash site, 2003
The Day the Music Died
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A V-tailed
Bonanza similar to N3794N, the accident aircraft
The Day the Music Died
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The wreckage of N3794N as found by the authorities on the morning of the accident
The Day the Music Died
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Signpost near the Clear Lake crash site
30.
Popular music
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Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training and it stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or folk music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of music, although since the beginning of the recording industry. Traditional music forms such as blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller. The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States, although popular music sometimes is known as pop music, the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies, in the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have an appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local traditions to create new hybrid styles. Sales of recordings or sheet music are one measure, middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Manuel states that one criticism of music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, moreover, understandings of popular music have changed with time. A societys popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published, david Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values and this allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most common sections being verse, chorus or refrain, other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, chorus form *, and twelve-bar blues. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics, the verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the melody, but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated
Popular music
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The 19th century singer
Jenny Lind depicted performing
La sonnambula
31.
Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan is an American songwriter, singer, painter, and writer. He has been influential in music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when his songs chronicled social unrest, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement. Leaving behind his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone, recorded in 1965, Dylans lyrics incorporate a wide range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture, initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica, backed by a changing lineup of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, since 1994, Dylan has published seven books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. As a musician, Dylan has sold more than 100 million records and he has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a citation for his profound impact on popular music and American culture. In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, in 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Marys Hospital on May 24,1941, in Duluth, Minnesota and he has a younger brother, David. Dylans paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa, in the Russian Empire and his maternal grandparents, Ben and Florence Stone, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902. Dylans father, Abram Zimmerman – an electric-appliance shop owner – and mother, Beatrice Beatty Stone, were part of a small, close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the returned to his mothers hometown, Hibbing. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana, and later and he formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and their performance of Danny & the Juniors Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption Robert Zimmerman, the same year, as Elston Gunnn, he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping
Bob Dylan
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Dylan onstage at Azkena Rock Festival,
Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, June 26, 2010
Bob Dylan
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Zimmerman family home in Hibbing, Minnesota
Bob Dylan
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With
Joan Baez during the civil rights "
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ", August 28, 1963
Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan in November 1963
32.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
The Beatles
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The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
The Beatles
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Abbey Road Studios main entrance
The Beatles
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McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
The Beatles
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The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
33.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones performing at
Summerfest festival in June 2015 Left to right:
Charlie Watts (drums),
Ronnie Wood (rhythm guitar),
Mick Jagger (vocals),
Keith Richards (lead guitar)
The Rolling Stones
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The back room of what was the
Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London where the Rolling Stones had their first residency in 1963
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones performing at Georgia Southern College in Statesboro, Georgia, May 1965
The Rolling Stones
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A trade ad for the 1965 Rolling Stones' North American tour.
34.
Eric Clapton
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Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important, Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time and fourth in Gibsons Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. He was also named number five in Time magazines list of The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players in 2009, in the mid-1960s Clapton left the Yardbirds to play with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Furthermore, he formed rock band Blind Faith with Baker, Steve Winwood. For most of the 1970s Claptons output bore the influence of the style of J. J. Cale. His version of Marleys I Shot the Sheriff helped reggae reach a mass market, two of his most popular recordings were Layla, recorded with Derek and the Dominos, and Robert Johnsons Crossroads, recorded with Cream. Following the death of his son Conor in 1991, Claptons grief was expressed in the song Tears in Heaven, Clapton has been the recipient of 18 Grammy Awards, and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In 2004 he was awarded a CBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music, in 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers. Clapton was born on 30 March 1945 in Ripley, Surrey, England, to 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton and Edward Walter Fryer, Fryer shipped off to war prior to Claptons birth and then returned to Canada. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the belief that Claptons real surname is Clapp. Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany, Clapton received an acoustic Hoyer guitar, made in Germany, for his thirteenth birthday, but the inexpensive steel-stringed instrument was difficult to play and he briefly lost interest. Two years later Clapton picked it up again and started playing consistently, Clapton was influenced by the blues from an early age, and practised long hours to learn the chords of blues music by playing along to the records. He preserved his practice sessions using his portable Grundig reel-to-reel tape recorder and his guitar playing was so advanced that, by the age of 16, he was getting noticed. Around this time, Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, in 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey. When he was seventeen years old, Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group and he stayed with this band from January until August 1963. In October of that year, Clapton did a stint with Casey Jones & the Engineers. In October 1963, Clapton joined the Yardbirds, a rock and roll band
Eric Clapton
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Clapton performing at Hyde Park, London in June 2008
Eric Clapton
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Appearing at the
Royal Albert Hall in London for the first time in 1964, Clapton has since performed at the venue over 200 times.
Eric Clapton
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Clapton (right) with Cream
Eric Clapton
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Clapton's
The Fool guitar (replica shown), with its bright artwork and famous "woman tone", was symbolic of the 1960s psychedelic rock era.
35.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The former Annex in Soho in New York City (now closed)
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (left) sits on the
Lake Erie shore next to the
Great Lakes Science Center (right) in Cleveland's
North Coast Harbor.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, showing
Lake Erie in the foreground
36.
Rolling Stone
–
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
Rolling Stone
–
Cee Lo Green,
Adam Levine,
Christina Aguilera, and
Blake Shelton, on the cover of the February 1, 2012, issue of Rolling Stone
37.
Baptist
–
Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
Baptist
–
Print from Anglican theologian
Daniel Featley 's book, "The Dippers Dipt, or, The Anabaptists Duck'd and Plung'd Over Head and Ears, at a Disputation in Southwark", published in 1645.
Baptist
–
The
First Baptist Church in America. Baptists constitute roughly one-third of
U.S. Protestants.
Baptist
–
(
The Ninety-Five Theses)
38.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
39.
Steel guitar
–
Steel guitar is a type of guitar or the method of playing the instrument. The term steel guitar is often used to describe any metal body resophonic guitar. Steel guitar can describe, The slide technique of playing guitar is generally by using a steel bar. Dobro is also a name of one of the leading manufacturers of resonator guitars. A specialized instrument built for playing in steel guitar fashion and these are of several types, Lap steel guitar, which may be, Lap slide guitar, with a conventional wooden guitar box. The square-necked variety of resonator guitar, the technique was invented and popularized in Hawaii. Thus, the lap steel guitar is known as the Hawaiian guitar, particularly in documents from the early 20th century. Steel guitar tunings tend to feature close intervals whereas slack key tunings more often contain 4ths and 5ths, dobro is a brand of resonator guitars, but the word is most often used to describe bluegrass instruments of several different brands. Bottleneck guitar may have developed from Steel guitar technique. The slide is almost never slanted, common bottleneck tunings are open D and E chords. A steel guitar is one designed to be played in steel-guitar fashion, historically, these have been of many types, but two dominate, Resonator guitars, particularly the square-necked variety which can be played only in steel guitar fashion. Electric instruments, starting with electric lap steel guitars and developing through the steel guitar to the pedal steel guitar. The lap steel guitar typically has 6 strings and may have various tunings, originally the standard EBGDAE tuning was changed to allow open i. e. major chord tunings to accommodate using the straight steel bar and not require changing string gauges. Hawaiian tunings evolved from A Major and E Major to E7, C sharp Minor, C sharp Minor 9th, F sharp Minor 9th, B11th and the popular E 13th. Jerry Byrd is credibly the originator of the C6+A7 tuning ECAGEC sharp which allows a wider ranging of chording for Hawaiian and it differs from a conventional or Spanish guitar in having a higher action and often a neck that is square in cross section. The frets, unused in steel style playing, may be replaced by markers, there are three main types, Lap slide guitars, which are acoustic instruments but may have electric pickups for amplification in addition. Resonator guitars, which are acoustic instruments but may have pickups for amplification in addition. Electric lap steel guitars, which are solid body
Steel guitar
–
Resonator guitar played lap steel fashion.
40.
Hank Williams
–
Hiram King Hank Williams, was an American singer-songwriter and musician. Born in Mount Olive, Butler County, Alabama, Williams moved to Georgiana, where he met Rufus Payne, Payne had a major influence on Williams later musical style, along with Roy Acuff and Ernest Tubb. During this time, Williams informally changed his name to Hank and he moved to Montgomery, where he began his music career in 1937, when producers at radio station WSFA hired him to perform and host a 15-minute program. He formed as backup the Drifting Cowboys band, which was managed by his mother, Williams eventually married Audrey Sheppard, who was his manager for nearly a decade. After recording Never Again and Honky Tonkin with Sterling Records, he signed a contract with MGM Records, in 1947 he released Move It on Over, which became a hit, and also joined the Louisiana Hayride radio program. One year later, he released a cover of Lovesick Blues, after an initial rejection, Williams joined the Grand Ole Opry. He was unable to read or notate music to any significant degree, among the hits he wrote were Your Cheatin Heart, Hey, Good Lookin, and Im So Lonesome I Could Cry. Several years of pain, alcoholism, and prescription drug abuse severely damaged Williams health. He divorced Sheppard and was dismissed by the Grand Ole Opry because of his unreliability, Williams died on New Years Day of 1953 at the age of 29, from heart failure exacerbated by pills and alcohol. Despite his short life, Williams had a influence on 20th-century popular music. The songs he wrote and recorded have been covered by artists and have been hits in various genres. He has been inducted into multiple halls of fame, such as the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Williams was born in Butler County, Alabama, the son of Jessie Lillybelle Lillie and his parents married on November 12,1916. Hank Williams was of English ancestry, Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W. T. Smith lumber company. He was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 until June 1919 and he was severely injured after falling from a truck, breaking his collarbone and suffering a severe blow to the head. After his return, the familys first child, Irene, was born on August 8,1922, another son of theirs died shortly after birth. Their third child, Hiram, was born on September 17,1923, in Mount Olive. Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason, and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre, as a child, he was nicknamed Harm by his family and Herky or Poots by his friends
Hank Williams
–
Williams in a WSM Radio publicity photo, 1951
Hank Williams
–
Williams' family house in
Georgiana, Alabama
Hank Williams
–
Hank Williams playing guitar in Montgomery, Alabama in 1938
Hank Williams
–
Hank Williams, Audrey Sheppard Williams and the Drifting Cowboys band
41.
Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)
–
James Charles Jimmie Rodgers was an American country singer in the early 20th century, known most widely for his rhythmic yodeling. Among the first country music superstars and pioneers, Rodgers was also known as The Singing Brakeman, The Blue Yodeler, and The Father of Country Music. In the 1900 Census for Daleville, Lauderdale County, Mississippi, Jimmies mother, Eliza Rodgers, was listed as already having had seven children, Jimmie was next to the youngest at that time, and was probably born sixth of the total of seven children. He eventually returned home to live with his father, Aaron Rodgers, a foreman on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Rodgers affinity for entertaining came at an age, and the lure of the road was irresistible to him. By age 13, he had organized and begun traveling shows. His father found Rodgers his first job working on the railroad as a water boy, here he was further taught to pick and strum by rail workers and hobos. As a water boy, he would have exposed to the work chants of the African American railroad workers known as gandy dancers. In 1924 at age 27, Rodgers contracted tuberculosis, the disease temporarily ended his railroad career, but at the same time gave him the chance to get back to the entertainment industry. He organized a traveling show and performed across the Southeastern United States until, once again. He returned to work as a brakeman in Miami, Florida. He relocated to Tucson, Arizona, and was employed as a switchman by the Southern Pacific Railroad and he kept the job for less than a year, and the Rodgers family settled back in Meridian in early 1927. Rodgers decided to travel to Asheville, North Carolina, later that same year, on April 18,1927, at 9,30 pm, Jimmie, and Otis Kuykendall, performed for the first time on WWNC, Ashevilles first radio station. A few months later, Rodgers recruited a group from Bristol, Tennessee, called the Tenneva Ramblers, in late July 1927, Rodgers bandmates learned that Ralph Peer, a representative of the Victor Talking Machine Company, was coming to Bristol to hold an audition for local musicians. Rodgers and the group arrived in Bristol on August 3,1927, Peer agreed to record them the next day. As the band discussed how they would be billed on the record, an argument ensued, the broke up. However, in an interview, Claude Grant of the Tenneva Ramblers gave a totally different reason for the bands breakup. Rodgers had taken some guitars on consignment and he sold them but did not pay back the music stores which supplied the guitars
Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)
–
Jimmie Rodgers
Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)
–
Marker in Meridian, Miss.
Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)
–
Jimmie Rodgers monument in Meridian, Mississippi
42.
Hank Snow
–
Clarence Eugene Hank Snow was a celebrated Canadian country music artist. In a career spanned more than 50 years, he recorded 140 albums. His number-one hits include the self-penned songs Im Moving On, The Golden Rocket and famous versions of I Dont Hurt Anymore, Let Me Go, Ive Been Everywhere, Hello Love, as well as other top 10 hits. Snow was a songwriter whose clear, baritone voice expressed a wide range of emotions including the joys of freedom. Through it all, his musically talented mother provided the support he needed to pursue his dream of becoming a famous entertainer like his idol. As a performer of traditional music, Snow won numerous awards and is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame. Hank Snow was born in the community of Brooklyn in Queens County, Nova Scotia. He was the fifth of six children, the two eldest died in infancy born to George Snow and Maude Marie Hatt and his parents were married on November 10,1909 in Liverpool, Nova Scotia. After the death of his father Hanks mother married Charles Tanner in 1930, in his autobiography, Snow tells how his parents struggled to feed their four remaining children during hard financial times. George Snow worked for low pay as a foreman in sawmills, often far from home, while Marie helped support the family by washing clothes and she also enjoyed playing her own pump organ, but refused several offers to join travelling shows because of her dedication to the family. One sister moved in with an aunt, while the two were sent to separate foster homes. Snow himself went to live with his grandmother who ordered him never to mention his mothers name. Snows childhood misfortunes continued, however, after his mothers remarriage to a local fisherman and he endured his stepfathers jealous tantrums, beatings and verbal abuse. Why in the hell dont you get out and find a job somewhere and his stepfather would rage even though Jack, as he was then known, was a frail 12-year-old who weighed only 80 pounds. It was at time that his mother ordered a Hawaiian steel guitar advertised in a magazine along with free lessons. At first, she ordered him not to touch the guitar because it was one of her prized possessions, but later, when she finally allowed him to play, she marvelled at the various sounds that I could get from the instrument. Snow adds that after he had mastered some chords and a few songs, his mother would ask him to sing, when he performed for the neighbours, word got around and I was being invited out somewhere just about every night. So it was through mothers mail-order guitar that I became interested in music, in 1926, as the tension continued at home, Snow decided to escape by joining a fishing schooner where he served as a flunky or cabin boy
Hank Snow
–
Hank Snow
Hank Snow
–
Photo of the
Bluenose. Snow painted the schooner on cardboard winning 1st prize at the Lunenburg Fisheries Exhibition
43.
Bob Wills
–
James Robert Bob Wills was an American Western swing musician, songwriter, and bandleader. Considered by music authorities as the co-founder of Western swing, he was known as the King of Western Swing. The band played regularly on a Tulsa, Oklahoma radio station and added Leon McAuliffe on steel guitar, pianist Al Stricklin, drummer Smokey Dacus, and a horn section that expanded the bands sound. Wills and the Texas Playboys recorded with several publishers and companies, including Vocalion, Okeh, Columbia, in 1950, he had two Top 10 hits, Ida Red Likes The Boogie and Faded Love, which were his last hits for a decade. Throughout the 1950s, he struggled with health and tenuous finances. Wills had an attack in 1962 and a second one the next year. The Country Music Hall of Fame inducted Wills in 1968 and the Texas State Legislature honored him for his contribution to American music, in 1972, Wills accepted a citation from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in Nashville. He was recording an album with fan Merle Haggard in 1973 when a stroke left him comatose until his death in 1975, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Wills and the Texas Playboys in 1999. He was born on a farm near Kosse, Texas, in Limestone County near Groesbeck, to Emma Lee Foley and John Tompkins Wills. His father was a champion fiddle player and the Wills family was either playing music, or someone was always wanting us to play for them. In addition to picking cotton, the young Jim Bob learned to play the fiddle, both a sister and several brothers played musical instruments, while another sister played piano. The Wills family frequently held country dances in their home, while living in Hall County, Texas, they also played at ranch dances which were popular in both North Texas and eastern New Mexico. African Americans were his playmates, and his father enjoyed watching him jig dance with black children, the family moved to Hall County in the Texas Panhandle in 1913, and in 1919 they bought a farm between the towns of Lakeview and Turkey. At the age of 16, Wills left the family and hopped a freight train. In his 20s he attended school, got married, and moved first to Roy, New Mexico. He alternated barbering and fiddling even when he moved to Fort Worth after leaving Hall County in 1929, there he played in minstrel and medicine shows, and, as with other Texas musicians such as Ocie Stockard, continued to earn money as a barber. He wore blackface makeup to appear in comedy routines, something that was common at the time and he was playing his violin and singing. There were two guitars and a player with him
Bob Wills
–
Wills circa 1946
Bob Wills
–
Bob Wills and his
Texas Playboys
44.
Carter Family
–
The Carter Family was a traditional American folk music group that recorded between 1927 and 1956. Their music had a impact on bluegrass, country, Southern Gospel, pop. They were the first vocal group to become music stars. Their recordings of such as Wabash Cannonball, Can the Circle Be Unbroken, Wildwood Flower, Keep On the Sunny Side. The original group consisted of Alvin Pleasant A. P. Delaney Carter, his wife Sara Dougherty Carter, Maybelle was married to A. P. s brother Ezra Carter, and was also Saras first cousin. All three were born and raised in southwestern Virginia, where they were immersed in the harmonies of mountain gospel music. Maybelles distinctive guitar playing became a hallmark of the group. The Carter Family made their first recordings on August 1,1927, a. P. had persuaded Sara and Maybelle the day before to make the journey from Maces Spring, Virginia, to Bristol, Tennessee, to audition for record producer Ralph Peer. Peer was seeking new talents for the relatively embryonic recording industry, the initial sessions are part of what are now called the Bristol Sessions. The band received $50 for each song recorded, plus half a cent royalty on every copy sold of each song for which they had registered a copyright. On November 4,1927, the Victor Talking Machine Company released a double-sided 78 rpm record of the group performing Wandering Boy, on December 2,1928, Victor released The Storms Are on the Ocean / Single Girl, Married Girl, which became very popular. By the end of 1930 they had sold 300,000 records in the United States. Realizing that he would benefit financially with each new song he collected and copyrighted, A. P. traveled around the southwestern Virginia area in search of new songs, in the early 1930s, he befriended Lesley Esley Riddle, a black guitar player from Kingsport, Tennessee. Lesley accompanied A. P. on his song-collecting trips, in June 1931, the Carters did a recording session in Benton, Kentucky, along with Jimmie Rodgers. In 1933, Maybelle met the Speer family at a fair in Ceredo, West Virginia and she asked them to tour with the Carter Family. In the winter of 1938–39 the Carter Family traveled to Texas, in the fall of 1942 the Carters moved their program to WBT radio in Charlotte, North Carolina, for a one-year contract. They occupied the slot, with the program airing between 5,15 and 6,15 a. m. By 1936 A. P. and Saras marriage had dissolved, Sara married A. P. s cousin, Coy Bayes, moved to California, and the group disbanded in 1944
Carter Family
–
A.P., Maybelle, and Sara Carter (L–R) in 1927
45.
Louvin Brothers
–
The Louvin Brothers were an American musical duo composed of brothers Ira Lonnie Loudermilk and Charlie Elzer Loudermilk, better known as Ira and Charlie Louvin. The brothers are cousins to John D. Loudermilk, a Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame member, the brothers wrote and performed secular country music, as well as fire and brimstone Gospel music. Ira played virtuoso mandolin and generally sang lead vocal in the range, while Charlie played rhythm guitar. They helped popularize the technique of close harmony in country. Ira died in a accident in 1965. They were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001, the brothers adopted the name Louvin Brothers in the 1940s as they began their career in gospel music. Their first foray into music was the minor hit The Get Acquainted Waltz. Other hits included Cash on the Barrelhead and When I Stop Dreaming and they joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1955 and stayed there until breaking up in 1963. Their songs were influenced by their Baptist faith and warned against sin. Nevertheless, Ira Louvin was notorious for his drinking, womanizing, when performing and drinking, Ira would sometimes become angry enough on stage to smash his mandolin when he was unable to tune it, and - when sober - glue it back together. Charlie strummed a guitar, grinned like a vaudevillian and handled the bottom register and this was more than close-harmony singing, each instance was an act of transubstantiation. In 1963, fed up with Iras drinking and abusive behavior, Charlie started a solo career, Ira died on June 20,1965, at the age of 41. A drunken driver struck their car head-on, and both Ira and Anne were killed instantly, at the time, a warrant for Iras arrest had been issued on a DUI charge. Charlie died of cancer in January,2011 at age 83. Country-rock band The Byrds recorded the Louvin-penned The Christian Life for their 1968 release Sweetheart of the Rodeo, in 2001, The Louvin Brothers were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. The tribute CD Livin, Lovin, Losin, Songs of the Louvin Brothers, produced by Carl Jackson and Kathy Louvin and released in 2003, won the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Country Album. Although the brothers are still remembered today for their talent, they are also remembered for the unusual cover used for their 1959 album. While some reviewers count this as being one of the greatest iconic album covers of all time, the cover can also be found today on several Web sites celebrating unusual or bizarre album covers
Louvin Brothers
–
Charlie (left) and Ira Louvin
Louvin Brothers
–
Satan Is Real album cover
46.
Grand Ole Opry
–
The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country-music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee, which was founded on November 28,1925, by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio barn dance on WSM, currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment, it is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history, albeit not the longest-running one on a radio network. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio, the Oprys current primary slogan is The Show that Made Country Music Famous. Other slogans include Home of American Music and Country’s Most Famous Stage, in the 1930s the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours, and WSM, broadcasting by then with 50,000 watts, made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states. In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio, the Opry moved to a permanent home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, the Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that its name is included on the city/county line signs on all major roadways. The signs read Music City|Metropolitan Nashville Davidson County|Home of the Grand Ole Opry, membership in the Opry remains one of country musics crowning achievements. Such country music legends as Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, Marty Robbins, Roy Acuff, since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman since 1999. Performances have been televised in addition to the radio programs. The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28,1925. On October 18,1925, management began a program featuring Dr. Humphrey Bate, on November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28,1925, judge Hay, however, liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with red hot fiddle playing. They were the band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them, in 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star. The phrase Grand Ole Opry was first uttered on the air on December 10,1927, at the time, Barn Dance followed the NBC Red Networks Music Appreciation Hour, a program of classical music and selections from grand opera presented by classical conductor Walter Damrosch. On that particular night, Damrosch had remarked that there is no place in the classics for realism, in response, Opry presenter George Hay said, Friends, the program which just came to a close was devoted to the classics. Doctor Damrosch told us there is no place in the classics for realism. However, from here on out for the three hours, we will present nothing but realism
Grand Ole Opry
–
Decorative brickwork at Opryland Hotel depicting Ryman Auditorium with Minnie Pearl and Roy Acuff
Grand Ole Opry
–
Logo since May 29, 2015
Grand Ole Opry
–
Signs welcoming motorists to Nashville on all major roadways include the phrase "Home Of The Grand Ole Opry"
Grand Ole Opry
–
Roy Acuff
47.
WSM (AM)
–
WSM is a 50, 000-watt AM radio station located in Nashville, Tennessee. It broadcasts a country music format at 650 kHz and is known primarily as the home of The Grand Ole Opry. The stations clear channel signal can reach much of North America and nearby countries and it is one of two clear-channel stations in North America, along with CFZM/740-Toronto, that still primarily broadcast music. Nicknamed The Air Castle of the South, it shares its callsign with WSM-FM, also in Nashville, WSM first signed on in 1925. It is primarily associated with the popularization of music through its weekly Saturday night program, the Grand Ole Opry. In 1932, WSM boosted its power to 50,000 watts, in addition to its vast nighttime coverage area, the station boasts one of the largest daytime coverage areas in the country. It provides at least grade B coverage as far southeast as Chattanooga, as far northwest as Evansville, Indiana, as far west as Jackson, Tennessee and as far south as Huntsville, Alabama. Under the right conditions, it can be heard in all of Tennessee and much of Kentucky. The station traditionally played country music in the hours, when listeners from around the United States would tune in. Before the advent of television, the station broadcast long-form radio programs in addition to music, after television became popular, WSM adopted a MOR music format during the daytime hours, and continued to play country music at night. It was not until about 1979 that WSM adopted the 24-hour country music format of today, WSM is credited with helping shape Nashville into a recording industry capital. Because of WSMs wide reach, musical acts from all across the eastern United States came come to Nashville in the decades of the stations existence. Over time, as acts and recording companies came to Nashville. Disc jockey David Cobb is credited with first referring to Nashville as Music City USA, in 1996, the station was named Radio Station of the Year at the International Bluegrass Music Awards. WSMs unusual diamond-shaped antenna is visible from Interstate 65 just south of Nashville and is one of the areas landmarks and it is located near the I-65 exit 71 interchange with Concord Road. When the 878-foot tower was built in 1932, it was the tallest antenna in North America and its height was reduced to 808 feet in 1939 when it was discovered that the taller tower was causing self-cancellation in the fringe areas of reception of the station. For a period during World War II it was designated to provide transmissions to submarines in the event that ship-to-shore communications were lost and it is now one of the oldest operating broadcast towers in the United States. As a tribute to the stations centrality in country music history, the tower is listed as a National Engineering Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 15,2011
WSM (AM)
–
WSM's Blaw-Knox tower
WSM (AM)
–
WSM
WSM (AM)
–
WSM's "fishbowl" studio inside the
Gaylord Opryland hotel
48.
Louisiana Hayride
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Elvis Presley performed on the radio version of the program in 1954 and made his first television appearance on the television version of Louisiana Hayride on March 3,1955. First broadcast on April 3,1948 from the Municipal Auditorium in downtown Shreveport, Horace Hoss Logan was the original producer, the show was soon made into a Broadway attraction called Louisiana Hayride. Within a year of its debut, the program was so popular that a regional 25-station network was set up to broadcast portions of the show, the flagship station of the program was KWKH/1130 in Shreveport. Horace Logan continued to produce Louisiana Hayride until 1957, in 1999, Logan published a book about the Hayride that received acclaim from reviewers such as Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews. Beginning with the successful first show on April 3,1948, while the Opry, the Jubilee and the Hayride all showcased established stars, the Hayride was where talented, but virtual unknowns, were also given exposure to a large audience. By mid-1954, a special 30-minute portion of Louisiana Hayride was being broadcast every Saturday on the AFN Pacific channel of the United Kingdom Scottish Forces Radio Network, on October 16 of that year, Elvis Presley appeared on the radio program. On March 3,1955, Presley made his first television appearance on the version of The Louisiana Hayride, carried by KSLA-TV. Within a few years, rock and roll had come to dominate the music scene, however, KWKH continued to use the Louisiana Hayride name for packaged music tours throughout the 1960s on a bi-weekly, monthly or quarterly basis, finally ending operations entirely in 1969. In August 1974, Shreveport businessman David Kent mounted a country music show originally called Hayride U. S. A. which was retitled Louisiana Hayride in 1975 after KWKH agreed to let Kent use the name. Barney Cannon, a KWKH deejay, became a specialist on the history of music, KWKH. In August 2009, the Louisiana Hayride was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame, in 2009, after several years of litigation over the Louisiana Hayride name and trademark, a federal court ruled that Margaret Lewis Warwick owned the rights to the name. As of May 31,2012, KWKH had changed to a sports format and ceased producing the classic country music format reminiscent of the Hayride era
Louisiana Hayride
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The Louisiana Hayride
Louisiana Hayride
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Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium
Louisiana Hayride
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KWKH microphone
Louisiana Hayride
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Elvis Presley in Louisiana Hayride.
49.
KWKH
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KWKH is a sports radio station serving Shreveport, Louisiana. The 50-kilowatt station broadcasts at 1130 kHz, formerly owned by Clear Channel Communications and Gap Central Broadcasting, it is now owned by Townsquare Media. Its studios are shared with its five sister stations in West Shreveport. KWKH is no longer the local affiliate of the New Orleans Saints, a 50, 000-watt clear-channel station, KWKH can be heard across much of the central portion of North America at night. The stations studios are located at 6341 West Port Avenue in Shreveport, Hendersons family came to Shreveport in the 1890s. The broadcaster initially enjoyed the patronage of Governor Huey P. Long, Jr. whose son, Long, was born in 1918 in Shreveport. Ultimately, the outspoken Henderson lost Longs support and his license as well. KWKHs future came into question in December 1932 when Henderson filed for personal bankruptcy, an article in the trade publication Broadcasting reported that the bankruptcy may be made an issue at a hearing involving the KWKH license renewal to be held probably in February. At that time, KWKH operated on 850 kHz, the frequency as WWL in New Orleans. WWL had applied for status, and a local insurance company had applied for the 850 kHz frequency in Shreveport. On May 28,1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of ownership of KWKH to the Times Publishing Company Ltd. of Shreveport. Broadcasting magazine reported, KWKH is listed as being assigned to 850 kc. with 10,000 watts, the company simultaneously became the owner of KWEA in Shreveport, which operated on 1210 kHz with 100 W. In the mid-1950s, KWKH was the first major station to feature the music of Elvis Presley on its long-running Louisiana Hayride program at the Shreveport Municipal Auditorium. Horace Logan, long-term KWKH Program Manager and originator of the Hayride, introduced Presley to the Louisiana Hayride, W. K. Hendersons son, William Carter Henderson, Sr. was one of the founders of KSLA-TV, the CBS affiliate in Shreveport. Bill Henderson, Jr. was active in estate management for his familys Henderson Properties Company. Prior to 1952, the station had been owned by the family of newspaper publisher John D. Ewing of Shreveport, the station carried games for the Shreveport Steamer during the 1974 World Football League season. Larry King was the commentator for the Steamer games. Lloyd E. Lenard, later a member of the Caddo Parish Commission and he also spoke before various civic clubs and schools on themes of patriotism and history
KWKH
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KWKH
