1.
Frankfurt International Motor Show
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The International Motor Show Germany or simply International Motor Show, in German known as the Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung, is the worlds largest motor show. It is held annually, with vehicles being displayed in odd-numbered years in Frankfurt am Main. Before 1991 the show was held solely in Frankfurt, the IAA is organized by the Verband der Automobilindustrie and is scheduled by the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs dAutomobiles. Currently, the show in Frankfurt occupies twelve buildings, in 1897 the first IAA was held at the Hotel Bristol in Berlin, with a total of eight motor vehicles on display. As the automobile became more known and accepted, the IAA became an event in Germany, with at least one held every year. From 1905-1907, there were two per year, as the production had increased to an industrial level. In the next years the show was suspended due to the ongoing World War I, despite the still perceptible after-effects of the global recession, the 22nd IAA was held in Berlin in 1931, with a total of 295,000 visitors. For the first time the exhibition included front-wheel drive vehicles, in 1939 the 29th installation of the event gathered a total of 825,000 visitors - an all-time record at that time. The new Volkswagen was presented for the first time, which came to be known as the Beetle. This was the last IAA before it was suspended during World War II. From 1947-1949, Germany’s automobile and accessories manufacturers took part in the trade fair in Hanover. The automobile industry’s hall acted like a magnet on the public, in 1951 the show was held on the Messe Frankfurt for the first time. The event, which was held in April, attracted a total of 570,000 visitors, just six months later, in September 1951, a second exhibition in Berlin was held, gathering 290,000 visitors. From then on, the German automobile industry bade farewell to its exhibition site in Berlin. The IAA was also rescheduled to take place every other year. In 1989 the last IAA to feature both passenger cars and commercial vehicles in one show confirmed that the site in Frankfurt was now too small for this major event. Almost 2,000 exhibitors squeezed onto a site measuring 252,000 square metres. More than 1.2 million visitors attended the event, because of the high demand, it was no longer possible to meet exhibitors’ requirements for adequate exhibition stands
2.
Concept car
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A concept car is a car made to showcase new styling and/or new technology. They are often shown at shows to gauge customer reaction to new. General Motors designer Harley Earl is generally credited with inventing the concept car, concept cars never go into production directly. In modern times all would have to undergo many changes before the design is finalized for the sake of practicality, safety, regulatory compliance, a production-intent vehicle, as opposed to a concept vehicle, serves this purpose. They are also known as prototype cars, but should not be confused with prototype race cars such as the Le Mans Prototype, concept cars are often radical in engine or design. Some use non-traditional, exotic, or expensive materials, ranging from paper to carbon fiber to refined alloys, others have unique layouts, such as gullwing doors,3 or 5 wheels, or special abilities not usually found on cars. Because of these often impractical or unprofitable leanings, many concept cars never get past scale models, other more traditional concepts can be developed into fully drivable vehicles with a working drivetrain and accessories. The state of most concept cars lies somewhere in between and does not represent the final product, a very small proportion of concept cars are functional to any useful extent, some cannot move safely at anything above 10 mph. Inoperative mock-ups are usually made of wax, clay, metal, fiberglass, if drivable, the drivetrain is often borrowed from a production vehicle from the same company, or may have defects and imperfections in design. They can also be refined, such as General Motors Cadillac Sixteen concept. After a concept cars useful life is over, the cars are usually destroyed, some survive, however, either in a companys museum or hidden away in storage. allcarindex. com - The index of concept cars is dedicated to the showcars and concept automobiles
3.
Bugatti
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Automobiles Ettore Bugatti was a French car manufacturer of high-performance automobiles, founded in 1909 in the then German city of Molsheim, Alsace by Italian-born Ettore Bugatti. Bugatti cars were known for their beauty and for their many race victories. Famous Bugattis include the Type 35 Grand Prix cars, the Type 41 Royale, the Type 57 Atlantic and the Type 55 sports car. The death of Ettore Bugatti in 1947 proved to be the end for the marque, no more than about 8,000 cars were made. The company struggled financially, and released one last model in the 1950s, in the 1990s, an Italian entrepreneur revived it as a builder of limited production exclusive sports cars. Today, the name is owned by German automobile manufacturing group Volkswagen, the company was known both for the level of detail of its engineering in its automobiles, and for the artistic manner in which the designs were executed, given the artistic nature of Ettores family. During the war Ettore Bugatti was sent away, initially to Milan and later to Paris and he exhibited three light cars, all of them closely based on their pre-war equivalents, and each fitted with the same overhead camshaft 4-cylinder 1, 368cc engine with four valves per cylinder. Smallest of the three was a Type 13 with a body and using a chassis with a 2,000 mm wheelbase. The others were a Type 22 and a Type 23 with wheelbases of 2,250 and 2,400 mm respectively, the company also enjoyed great success in early Grand Prix motor racing, in 1929 a privately entered Bugatti won the first ever Monaco Grand Prix. Racing success culminated with driver Jean-Pierre Wimille winning the 24 hours of Le Mans twice, Bugatti cars were extremely successful in racing. The little Bugatti Type 10 swept the top four positions at its first race, the 1924 Bugatti Type 35 is probably the most successful racing car of all time, with over 2,000 wins. The Type 35 was developed by Bugatti with master engineer and racing driver Jean Chassagne who also drove it in the car’s first ever Grand Prix in 1924 Lyon, Bugattis swept to victory in the Targa Florio for five years straight from 1925 through 1929. Louis Chiron held the most podiums in Bugatti cars, and the modern marque revival Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. named the 1999 Bugatti 18/3 Chiron concept car in his honour. But it was the racing success at Le Mans that is most remembered—Jean-Pierre Wimille and Pierre Veyron won the 1939 race with just one car. In the 1930s, Ettore Bugatti got involved in the creation of a racer airplane and this would be the Bugatti 100P, which never flew. It was designed by Belgian engineer Louis de Monge who had already applied Bugatti Brescia engines in his Type 7.5 lifting body, Ettore Bugatti also designed a successful motorised railcar, the Autorail Bugatti. The death of Ettore Bugattis son, Jean Bugatti, on 11 August 1939 marked a point in the companys fortunes. Jean died while testing a Type 57 tank-bodied race car near the Molsheim factory, World War II left the Molsheim factory in ruins and the company lost control of the property
4.
Polyphony Digital
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Polyphony Digital is an internal video game development studio of Sony Interactive Entertainment, part of Sony Interactive Entertainment Worldwide Studios. The studio is best known for its Gran Turismo racing game series, led by Kazunori Yamauchi, Gran Turismo became the most successful racing series for the PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3. The Gran Turismo series is designed to be a driving simulator. In 2006, Polyphony released Tourist Trophy, in an attempt to bring the realism of Gran Turismo to motorcycle racing, as Polys Entertainment as Polyphony Digital Polyphony Digital has also been involved in real life automotive projects. They have developed special versions of their Gran Turismo games for many car manufacturers as demonstrators for their cars, there was also a faster Z-Tune version with minor styling revisions and 400PS. The S-Tune was later sold in real life by NISMO as a package for existing owners. Its really about the logic of how video games work and their menu systems - which anyone can use -, ikiuo Seiichi from Polyphony Digital encoded and decoded the cutscenes of The Legend of Dragoon. In 2012, IGN placed Polyphony Digital at number 24 on their list of the 50 greatest developers of all time, in the March 2015 issue of GamesTM magazine, the company was number 34 on their list of the 50 Best Developers In The World. In 2014, Polyphony Digital will make a partnership with Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile for plan to launch an official FIA Online Championship in 2015. Of all tracks of the latest installment, Gran Turismo 6, only 4 tracks are accurately certified by Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile
5.
Car classification
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Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for innumerable purposes including regulation, description and categorization, among others. This article details commonly used classification schemes in use worldwide, vehicles can be categorized in numerous ways. Regulatory agencies may also establish a vehicle classification system for determining a tax amount, in the United Kingdom, a vehicle is taxed according to the vehicles construction, engine, weight, type of fuel and emissions, as well as the purpose for which it is used. Other jurisdictions may determine vehicle tax based upon environmental principles, such as the user pays principle, another standard for road vehicles of all types that is used internationally, is ISO 3833-1977. In the United States, since 2010 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety uses a scheme it has developed that takes into account a combination of both shadow and weight. The United States Federal Highway Administration has developed a scheme used for automatically calculating road use tolls. There are two categories depending on whether the vehicle carries passengers or commodities. Vehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed a classification scheme used to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles. Passenger vehicles are classified based on a total interior passenger. Trucks are classified based upon their gross vehicle weight rating, heavy duty vehicles are not included within the EPA scheme. A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA, in Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications. This is a table listing several different methods of vehicle classification. Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels, microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called Bubble cars. More recent microcars are often electric powered, the size of ultracompact cars will be less than minicars, but have engine greater than 50cc displacement and able to transport 1 or 2 persons. Ultracompact cars cannot use standard, because of strict safety standards for minicars. The regulation about running capacity and safety performance of cars will be published in early autumn. Today, there are smaller than ultracompact cars, called category-1 motorized vehicles which it has 50cc displacement or less
6.
Sports car
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A sports car is a small, usually two seater, two door automobile designed for spirited performance and nimble handling. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the first known use of the term was in 1928, Sports cars may be spartan or luxurious, but high maneuverability and minimum weight are requisite. The basis for the car is traced to the early 20th century touring cars and roadsters. These raced in rallies, such as the Herkomer Cup, Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt. These would shortly be joined by the French DFP and the Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. In 1921, Ballot premiered its 2LS, with a remarkable 75 hp DOHC two liter, designed by Ernest Henry, capable of 150 km/h, at most, one hundred were built in four years and this was followed by the SOHC 2LT and 2LTS. The same year, Benz built a supercharged 28/95PS four for the Coppa Florio, duerkopps Zoller-blown two liter in 1924, as well. There was a clear cleavage by 1925, by the end of the 1920s, AC produced a 2-liter six, the 3. Benz introduced the powerful SS and SSK, and Alfa Romeo, hispano-Suizas Alfonso XIII is considered the first sportcar developed between 1911 and 1914. Two companies would offer really reliable sports cars, Austin with the Seven, the drive train and engine layout significantly influences the handling characteristics of an automobile, and is crucially important in the design of a sports car. The front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is common to cars of any era and has survived longer in sports cars than in mainstream automobiles. Examples include the Caterham 7, Mazda MX-5, and the Chevrolet Corvette, more specifically, many such sports cars have a FMR layout, with the centre of mass of the engine between the front axle and the firewall. In search of improved handling and weight distribution, other layouts are sometimes used, the RMR layout is commonly found only in sports cars—the motor is centre-mounted in the chassis, and powers only the rear wheels. Some high-performance sports car manufacturers, such as Ferrari and Lamborghini have preferred this layout, Porsche is one of the few remaining manufacturers using the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. The motors distributed weight across the wheels, in a Porsche 911, provides excellent traction, Porsche has continuously refined the design and in recent years added electronic driving aids to counteract these inherent design shortcomings. The front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout layout which is the most common in sport compacts and hot hatches, however, its conservative handling effect, particularly understeer, and the fact that many drivers believe rear wheel drive is a more desirable layout for a sports car count against it. The Fiat Barchetta, Saab Sonett, and Berkeley cars are cars with this layout. Before the 1980s few sports cars used four-wheel drive, which had added a lot of weight
7.
Bugatti Veyron
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The original version has a top speed of 407 km/h. It was named Car of the Decade and best car award by the BBC television programme Top Gear, the standard Bugatti Veyron also won Top Gears Best Car Driven All Year award in 2005. Several special variants have been produced, in December 2010, Bugatti began offering prospective buyers the ability to customise exterior and interior colours by using the Veyron 16.4 Configurator application on the marques official website. The Bugatti Veyron was discontinued in late 2014, in May 1998, Volkswagen AG acquired the rights to use the Bugatti logo and the trade name Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. To succeed the EB110 model produced under previous ownership, the maker quickly released a series of cars that would culminate in the Bugatti Veyron 16.4. Between October 1998 and September 1999, Bugatti introduced a series of Giugiaro-designed concept vehicles, each with permanent four-wheel drive, the first, the EB118, was a 2-door coupé presented at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. The next, the EB218, was a 4-door sedan presented at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show, a third, the 18/3 Chiron, was a mid-engined sports car presented at the 1999 International Motor Show in Frankfurt. In October 1999, Bugatti unveiled a concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show. The EB 18/4 Veyron was a mid-engined supercar styled in-house under the direction of Hartmut Warkuß, in 2000 a modified version, the EB 16/4 Veyron, was displayed at motor shows in Detroit, Geneva, and Paris. Rather than the three-bank W-18 of the four concepts, the EB 16/4 featured the four-bank W16 engine architecture installed in every production example of the Bugatti Veyron. The decision to start production of the car was made by the Volkswagen Group in 2001, the first roadworthy prototype was completed in August 2003. It is identical to the later series variant except for a few details, in the transition from development to series production considerable technical problems had to be addressed, repeatedly delaying production until September 2005. The EB refers to Bugatti founder Ettore Bugatti and the 16.4 refers to the engines 16 cylinders and 4 turbochargers, a controversy developed in 2013 over the Veyron Super Sports status as the world’s fastest production car, ultimately resolved in the Veyrons favour. In early April 2013, driving. co. uk began an investigation following claims from US car maker Hennessey that its 928 kW Hennessey Venom GT was entitled to the Guinness World Record. With a recorded speed of 427.6 km/h the Hennessey was 3.1 km/h, Hennessey said its Venom GT was road-ready and unmodified and was therefore a production car in the strict sense of the term. Driving. co. uk requested clarification from Guinness World Records, Hennessey later recorded the Venom GT at 435.31 km/h. However, this was only in one direction, Guinness requires 2 runs in opposite directions to average out wind effects, so the run was not valid for a Guinness world record. The Veyron features an 8. 0-litre, quad-turbocharged, W16 cylinder engine, each cylinder has four valves for a total of 64, but the VR8 configuration of each bank allows two overhead camshafts to drive two banks of cylinders so only four camshafts are needed
8.
Bugatti Chiron
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The Bugatti Chiron is a mid-engined, two-seated sports car, developed and manufactured in Molsheim, France, by Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. as the successor to the Bugatti Veyron. The Chiron was first shown at the Geneva Motor Show on March 1,2016, the car is named in honor of the Monegasque driver Louis Chiron. The main carryover piece will be the 8-litre W16 quad-turbocharged engine, the Chiron has 1,103 kW of power and 1,600 N·m of torque starting from 2000 rpm. Like its predecessor, the Veyron, it has a carbon fibre structure, independent suspension. The carbon fibre body has a stiffness of 50,000 Nm per degree, the Chiron will accelerate from 0–97 km/h in under 2.5 seconds according to the manufacturer, 0–200 km/h in under 6.5 seconds and 0–300 km/h in under 13.6 seconds. The Chirons top speed is limited to 262 mph for safety reasons. The anticipated full top speed of the Bugatti Chiron is believed to be around 463 km/h and its predecessor makes almost 220 kW less than the new Chiron. The Chiron was an instant success when it was released, with 200 units having been sold before the first delivery of the car. The base price is €2,400,000, and buyers are required to place a €200,000 deposit on the car before retrieving it, Bugatti 16C Galibier Bugatti Vision Gran Turismo Official website
9.
Engine
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An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines burn a fuel to heat, which is then used to create a force. Electric motors convert electrical energy into motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air. In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use energy to create forces. The word engine derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium–the root of the word ingenious. Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams, were called siege engines, the word gin, as in cotton gin, is short for engine. Most mechanical devices invented during the revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example. However, the steam engines, such as those by Thomas Savery, were not mechanical engines. In this manner, an engine in its original form was merely a water pump. Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines, examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets, the term motor derives from the Latin verb moto which means to set in motion, or maintain motion. Thus a motor is a device that imparts motion, motor and engine later came to be used largely interchangeably in casual discourse. However, technically, the two words have different meanings, however, rocketry uses the term rocket motor, even though they consume fuel. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover—a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by a combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, simple machines, such as the club and oar, are prehistoric. More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and these were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece, as well as in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, by the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times
10.
W16 engine
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A W16 engine is a sixteen cylinder piston internal combustion engine in a four-bank W configuration. All W16 engines consist of two offset banks of eight cylinders, coupled to a single crankshaft. Volkswagen Group is the automotive manufacturer currently producing W16 engines. Volkswagen Groups design is a form of its W12 engine. The W16 engine was introduced with the Bentley Hunaudieres concept car, a sports car. This W16 was later used in the Audi Rosemeyer concept car, the VR6 engine is a narrow-angle V6 engine, which could also be described as a staggered-inline six-cylinder piston engine. The VR6 is designed to fit within the engine bay of a front-wheel drive compact car. Joining two such designs together into a W engine creates a design that is shorter than an inline engine with the same number of cylinders. Volkswagen Groups W12 engines utilise two VR6-like sets of cylinders mated at 72 degrees, and the W8 engine consisted of two VR4 engines at the 72-degree angle, in the W16, each side is made up of two VR8 banks and the bank angle is increased to 90 degrees. The narrow angle of each set of cylinders allows just two overhead camshafts to drive each pair of banks, so just four are needed in total, for this reason, the engine is sometimes described as a WR16. Note that this differs from the triple-bank W18 engine that Volkswagen produced for concept cars of 1998 and 1999. The Volkswagen Group W16 engine as configured for the Bugatti Veyron EB16.4 is a 16 cylinder quad-turbocharged engine with four valves per cylinder, the engine is 71 centimetres long, and weighs approximately 400 kilograms. Maximum power output is 736 kilowatts at 6,000 revolutions per minute, some automotive press outlets have also reported that the W16 engine has been considered for use in other Volkswagen Group products - specifically a Bentley. Cylinder firing order on WR-16, 1-14-9-4-7-12-15-6-13-8-3-16-11-2-5-10
11.
Kilowatt
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The watt is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. Power has dimensions of M L2 T −3, when an objects velocity is held constant at one meter per second against constant opposing force of one newton the rate at which work is done is 1 watt. 1 W =1 V ⋅ A Two additional unit conversions for watt can be using the above equation. 1 W =1 V2 Ω =1 A2 ⋅ Ω Where ohm is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance, a person having a mass of 100 kilograms who climbs a 3-meter-high ladder in 5 seconds is doing work at a rate of about 600 watts. Mass times acceleration due to gravity times height divided by the time it takes to lift the object to the given height gives the rate of doing work or power. A laborer over the course of an 8-hour day can sustain an output of about 75 watts, higher power levels can be achieved for short intervals. The watt is named after the Scottish scientist James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine, in 1960 the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted it for the measurement of power into the International System of Units. For additional examples of magnitude for multiples and submultiples of the watt, technologically important powers that are measured in femtowatts are typically found in reference to radio and radar receivers. For example, meaningful FM tuner performance figures for sensitivity, quieting and these input levels are often stated in dBf. This is 0.2739 microvolt across a 75-ohm load or 0.5477 microvolt across a 300-ohm load, the picowatt is equal to one trillionth of a watt. Technologically important powers that are measured in picowatts are typically used in reference to radio and radar receivers, acoustics, the nanowatt is equal to one billionth of a watt. Important powers that are measured in nanowatts are also used in reference to radio. The microwatt is equal to one millionth of a watt, compact solar cells for devices such as calculators and watches are typically measured in microwatts. The milliwatt is equal to one thousandth of a watt, a typical laser pointer outputs about five milliwatts of light power, whereas a typical hearing aid for people uses less than one milliwatt. Audio signals and other electronic signal levels are measured in dBm. The kilowatt is equal to one thousand watts and this unit is typically used to express the output power of engines and the power of electric motors, tools, machines, and heaters. It is also a unit used to express the electromagnetic power output of broadcast radio. One kilowatt is equal to 1.34 horsepower
12.
Horsepower
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Horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. There are many different standards and types of horsepower, two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower, which is approximately 746 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric motors. The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions, most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1,2010, units called horsepower have differing definitions, The mechanical horsepower, also known as imperial horsepower equals approximately 745.7 watts. It was defined originally as exactly 550 foot-pounds per second [745.7 N. m/s), the metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts. It was defined originally as 75 kgf-m per second is approximately equivalent to 735.5 watts, the Pferdestärke PS is a name for a group of similar power measurements used in Germany around the end of the 19th century, all of about one metric horsepower in size. The boiler horsepower equals 9809.5 watts and it was used for rating steam boilers and is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. One horsepower for rating electric motors is equal to 746 watts, one horsepower for rating Continental European electric motors is equal to 735 watts. Continental European electric motors used to have dual ratings, one British Royal Automobile Club horsepower can equal a range of values based on estimates of several engine dimensions. It is one of the tax horsepower systems adopted around Europe, the development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines and this royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour, the wheel was 12 feet in radius, therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π ×12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force. So, P = W t = F d t =180 l b f ×2.4 ×2 π ×12 f t 1 m i n =32,572 f t ⋅ l b f m i n. Watt defined and calculated the horsepower as 32,572 ft·lbf/min, Watt determined that a pony could lift an average 220 lbf 100 ft per minute over a four-hour working shift. Watt then judged a horse was 50% more powerful than a pony, engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds per minute
13.
Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
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Hybrid vehicle drivetrains transmit power for hybrid vehicles. A hybrid vehicle has multiple forms of motive power, for example, a hybrid may receive its energy by burning petroleum, but switch between an electric motor and a combustion engine. Electrical vehicles have a long history combining internal combustion and electrical transmission–as in a diesel-electric powertrain–although they have mostly used for rail locomotives. One of the earliest forms of hybrid vehicle is the trackless trolleybus of the 1930s. The trolleybus was commonly fitted with a combustion engine either to directly power the bus or to independently generate electricity. This enabled the vehicle to manoeuvre around obstacles and broken overhead transmission wires, the powertrain includes all of the components used to transform stored potential energy. Powertrains may either use chemical, solar, nuclear or kinetic, the oldest example is the galley that used sails and oars. A common modern example is the electric bicycle, Hybrid cars combine a battery supplemented by an ICE that can recharge the batteries or power the vehicle. Among the different types of vehicles, only the electric/ICE type was commercially available as of 2016. One variety operated in parallel to provide power from both motors. Another operated in series with one source exclusively providing the power, either source may provide the primary motive force, with the other augmenting the primary. Other combinations offer efficiency gains from superior energy management and regeneration that are offset by expense, complexity, combustion-electric hybrids have battery packs with far larger capacity than a combustion-only vehicle. A combustion-electric hybrid has batteries that are light that offer higher energy density that are far more costly, ICEs require only a battery large enough to operate the electrical system and ignite the engine. Parallel hybrid systems, the most common as of 2016, have both an ICE and an electric motor. If they are joined at an axis, the speeds at this axis must be identical, when only one of the two sources is in use, the other must either also rotate, be connected by a one-way clutch or freewheel. With cars the two sources may be applied to the shaft, turning at equal speeds and the torques adding up with the electric motor adding or subtracting torque to the system as necessary. Parallel hybrids rely more on regenerative braking and the ICE can also act as a generator for supplemental recharging and this makes them more efficient in urban stop-and-go conditions. They use a battery pack than other hybrids
14.
All-wheel drive
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An all-wheel drive vehicle is one with a powertrain capable of providing power to all its wheels, whether full-time or on-demand. The most common forms of all-wheel drive are, 4×4 Reflecting two axles with wheels on each capable of being powered. 6×6 Reflecting three axles with wheels on each capable of being powered. 8×8 Reflecting four axles with wheels on each capable of being powered. This distinction in terminology is not generally used outside North America, when tyre grip is good during road driving a differential is used between the axles to avoid driveline windup. This is not required off-road, as the grip allows the tyres to slip relative to each other. All-wheel drive vehicles designed for extensive off-road use may not have such a differential, selectable 4WD also avoids this problem and requires only a simple dog clutch in the transfer case, rather than a differential. For this reason, most early off-road vehicles used system, e. g. Jeep. Esoteric vehicles such as the high-powered Jensen FF followed by the AMC Eagle, Subaru Leone and these, particularly the Quattro, would extensively develop this drivetrain with the use of viscous couplings and differentials to provide a safe and drivable car. The first off-road / on-road hybrids such as the Range Rover also chose the permanent all wheel drive system rather than manual selection, selectable 4WD has both axles rigidly coupled together, which has some advantages in very poor off-road conditions. To gain the advantage in a permanent AWD system with a differential. As this control is frequently misunderstood and mis-used, which can cause damage due to wind-up. Front-wheel drive Rear-wheel drive All-terrain vehicle Two-wheel drive H-drive Four Wheel Drive or FWD, one of the first companies, from 1909, to build four-wheel drive vehicles
15.
Bugatti Type 57
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The Bugatti Type 57 and later variants was an entirely new design created by Jean Bugatti, son of founder Ettore. Type 57s were built from 1934 through 1940, with a total of 710 examples produced. Type 57s used a twin-cam 3, 257cc engine based on that of the Type 49 but heavily modified by Jean Bugatti, unlike the single cam engines of the Type 49 and earlier models. There were two variants of the Type 57 car, The original Type 57 The lowered Type 57S/SC The Type 57 chassis. A rediscovered Type 57 sold for 3.4 million euros at auction on 7 February 2009 at a show in Paris. The original Type 57 was a car model produced from 1934 through 1940. It used the 3.3 L engine from the Type 59 Grand Prix cars, top speed was 153 kilometres per hour. It rode on a 3,302 mm wheelbase and had a 1,349 mm wide track, road-going versions weighed about 950 kg. Hydraulic brakes replaced the units in 1938, a modification Ettore Bugatti hotly contested. The original road-going Type 57 included a version of the Royales square-bottom horseshoe grille. The sides of the compartment were covered with thermostatically-controlled shutters. It was a car, contrary to the tastes of the time. Dimensions, Wheelbase,3,302 mm Track,1,349 mm Weight,950 kg The tuned Type 57T pushed the performance of the basic Type 57 and it was capable of reaching 185 kilometres per hour. A Type 57C racing car was built from 1937 through 1940 and it shared the 3.3 L engine from the road-going Type 57 but produced 160 hp with a Roots-type supercharger fitted. The 2nd incarnation Tank, this based on the Type 57C. Shortly afterwards, Jean Bugatti took the car for a test on the Molsheim-Strasbourg road. Swerving to avoid a drunken bicyclist on the road, Bugatti crashed the car. The Type 57S/SC variants are some of the most iconic Bugatti cars, the S stood for Surbaissé and the C for Compresseur
16.
International Motor Show Germany
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The International Motor Show Germany or simply International Motor Show, in German known as the Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung, is the worlds largest motor show. It is held annually, with vehicles being displayed in odd-numbered years in Frankfurt am Main. Before 1991 the show was held solely in Frankfurt, the IAA is organized by the Verband der Automobilindustrie and is scheduled by the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs dAutomobiles. Currently, the show in Frankfurt occupies twelve buildings, in 1897 the first IAA was held at the Hotel Bristol in Berlin, with a total of eight motor vehicles on display. As the automobile became more known and accepted, the IAA became an event in Germany, with at least one held every year. From 1905-1907, there were two per year, as the production had increased to an industrial level. In the next years the show was suspended due to the ongoing World War I, despite the still perceptible after-effects of the global recession, the 22nd IAA was held in Berlin in 1931, with a total of 295,000 visitors. For the first time the exhibition included front-wheel drive vehicles, in 1939 the 29th installation of the event gathered a total of 825,000 visitors - an all-time record at that time. The new Volkswagen was presented for the first time, which came to be known as the Beetle. This was the last IAA before it was suspended during World War II. From 1947-1949, Germany’s automobile and accessories manufacturers took part in the trade fair in Hanover. The automobile industry’s hall acted like a magnet on the public, in 1951 the show was held on the Messe Frankfurt for the first time. The event, which was held in April, attracted a total of 570,000 visitors, just six months later, in September 1951, a second exhibition in Berlin was held, gathering 290,000 visitors. From then on, the German automobile industry bade farewell to its exhibition site in Berlin. The IAA was also rescheduled to take place every other year. In 1989 the last IAA to feature both passenger cars and commercial vehicles in one show confirmed that the site in Frankfurt was now too small for this major event. Almost 2,000 exhibitors squeezed onto a site measuring 252,000 square metres. More than 1.2 million visitors attended the event, because of the high demand, it was no longer possible to meet exhibitors’ requirements for adequate exhibition stands
17.
Vision Gran Turismo
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The Vision Gran Turismo programme is a series of fictional concept cars for video games, developed by a cross-section of the worlds top automobile manufacturers. These vehicles are designed to appear originally in the video games Gran Turismo 6, for the most part, they apply current-day technology and materials with two notable exceptions which have novel propulsion and aerodynamic technologies. Their appearance as free driveable cars has been staggered since the launch of the game in 2013, the cars have been met with critical acclaim for their novel approach to aesthetics and performance. Real-life models have shown at motor shows in Japan, Germany, England. On 20 November 2013, the first Vision GT car, the Mercedes-Benz AMG Vision Gran Turismo, was revealed, and was thus made available by the time of the launch of Gran Turismo 6. On 14 May 2014, the second Vision GT car, the BMW Vision Gran Turismo, was unveiled and released in the 1.07 update.08 update without an announcement in advance. On 16 May 2014, Volkswagen announced the fourth Vision GT car, a full-scale model of the car appeared in the Wörthersee GTI Meeting in Reifnitz, Austria, on 29 May 2014. The car was included with the 1.09 update, on 16 June 2014, Nissan revealed the fifth Vision GT car, the Nissan Concept 2020 Vision Gran Turismo. A full-scale model of the car appeared in the Goodwood Festival of Speed on 26 June 2014, on the second day of the Goodwood Festival of Speed, Aston Martin announced the sixth Vision GT car, the Aston Martin DP-100 Vision Gran Turismo. Both cars were available on 25 July 2014. On 7 August 2014, Toyota announced a variant of their FT-1 concept car as the seventh Vision GT car. Dubbed the Toyota FT-1 Vision Gran Turismo, it was unveiled on 13 August 2014. It was fully unveiled on 18 November 2014, and included with Update 1.14 the next day and it was later revealed that the car would be created with motorsports manufacturer Chaparral Cars and would be branded as both a Chevrolet and a Chaparral. On 9 December 2014, Infiniti released two teaser images showcasting the tenth Vision GT car called the Infiniti Concept Vision Gran Turismo, both cars were released on 16 December 2014, via Update 1.15. At the same time Update 1.15 was released, another Vision GT car branded as a Mazda was discovered by players, the car was later confirmed as the eleventh Vision GT car. On 25 February 2015, BMWs automobile marque, Mini revealed the Mini Clubman Vision Gran Turismo and it was added to update 1.16. On 27 January 2015, at the Festival Automobile International in Paris, three days in advance, Lexus announced another Vision GT car, the Lexus LF-LC GT Vision Gran Turismo, based on the earlier LF-LC concept car. Both cars were added to the game via Update 1.17 on March 18,2015, on 14 April 2015, the second Vision GT car from Volkswagen, the Volkswagen GTI Supersport Vision Gran Turismo, was added to the game with Update 1.18
18.
Gran Turismo 6
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Gran Turismo 6 is a racing video game developed by Polyphony Digital and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 video game console. It is the major release and twelfth game overall in the Gran Turismo video game series. It was released worldwide on December 6,2013, and was popular with critics, won awards, Gran Turismo 6 is the first-ever video game to have officially certified FIA content. In November 2011, the Gran Turismo series creator, Kazunori Yamauchi, said that he, in March 2012, workers were seen on site at Mount Panorama in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia, photographing and scanning the track. The workers revealed that Mount Panorama will be included in Gran Turismo 6, Gran Turismo 6 was announced on May 15,2013, when Sony Computer Entertainment Europe hosted a celebration of the 15th anniversary of Gran Turismo at Silverstone Circuit in the United Kingdom. An early build of Gran Turismo 6s updated physics was shown to the public when GT Academy 2013 was released on the PlayStation Store on July 2,2013. On July 10,2013, game developers announced that the Goodwood Festival of Speed hill climb course will be included on the game. This gave the developers the idea to base a track here due to the wide variety of vehicles that use the hill climb in front of 185,000 spectators. Goodwood represents every type of motoring and motor sport which very much mirrors what we aim to achieve with Gran Turismo, there will be no better feedback than that provided by the Goodwood fans to tell me if we are heading in the right direction with Gran Turismo 6. A demo of GT6 was made available at the Festival, to give spectators the chance to challenge Nick Heidfelds 41. 6-second course record set in 1999 in a Formula 1 car. Cars such as the Pagani Huayra, Fisker Karma, Chevrolet Corvette Stingray C7 and BMW Z8 were announced, as well as the Aston Martin One-77, Audi R18, KTM X-Bow and the 1971 Lunar Roving Vehicle. DeltaWing was originally announced for the game, but it was removed due to possible legal. However, it was revealed on December 2,2013 that the DeltaWing will return to the game in the 2012 and 2013 models, Polyphony helped design Toyotas FT-1 concept car by modeling the car initially in Gran Turismo 5 and later in Gran Turismo 6. It helped the car designers to see the car in motion, the car has been released as a free download to Gran Turismo 6 alongside other concept cars on January 14. F1 drivers Sebastian Vettel and Bruno Senna were both test drivers for the game, a free update in May 2014 added a new feature called Ayrton Senna Tribute, which follows the motor racing career of Ayrton Senna. The update also includes the iconic Lotus 97T, which Senna drove during the 1985 Formula One season, as well as some tracks featuring variable weather and time of day, there will also be a dynamic celestial sphere, so that stars in the night sky have accurate positions. With this, there is also a feature where players can drive at Hadley Rille on the moon with the Lunar Rover. On November 17,2013, the first Vision GT car, on May 14,2014, the second Vision GT car, the BMW Vision Gran Turismo, was unveiled and released in the 1.07 update.08 update without an announcement in advance
19.
24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 24 Hours of Le Mans is the worlds oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, France. It is one of the most prestigious races in the world and is often called the Grand Prix of Endurance. The event represents one leg of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, other events being the Indianapolis 500, since 2012, the 24 Hours of Le Mans has been a part of the FIA World Endurance Championship. In 2017, it will be the round of the season. The race has over the years inspired imitating races all over the globe, popularizing the 24-hour format at places like Daytona, Nürburgring, Spa-Francorchamps, and Bathurst. The American Le Mans Series and Europes Le Mans Series of multi-event sports car championships were spun off from 24 Hours of Le Mans regulations. At a time when Grand Prix motor racing was the dominant form of motorsport throughout Europe, Le Mans was designed to present a different test. Instead of focusing on the ability of a car company to build the fastest machines and this encouraged innovation in producing reliable and fuel-efficient vehicles, because endurance racing requires cars that last and spend as little time in the pits as possible. At the same time, the layout of the track necessitated cars with better aerodynamics, while this was shared with Grand Prix racing, few tracks in Europe had straights of a length comparable to the Mulsanne. Additionally, because the road is public and thus not as meticulously maintained as permanent racing circuits, racing puts more strain on the parts, increasing the importance of reliability. The oil crisis in the early 1970s led organizers to adopt a fuel economy formula known as Group C that limited the amount of each car was allowed. Although it was abandoned, fuel economy remains important as new fuel sources reduced time spent during pit stops. Such technological innovations have had an effect and can be incorporated into consumer cars. This has also led to faster and more exotic supercars as manufacturers seek to develop road cars in order to develop them into even faster GT cars. Additionally, in recent years hybrid systems have been championed in the LMP category as rules have changed to their benefit. The race is held in June, leading at times to very hot conditions for drivers, particularly in closed vehicles with poor ventilation, the race begins in mid-afternoon and finishes the following day at the same hour the race started the previous day. Over the 24 hours, modern competitors often cover distances well over 5,000 km, the record is 2010s 5,410 km, six times the length of the Indianapolis 500, or approximately 18 times longer than a Formula One Grand Prix. Drivers and racing teams strive for speed and avoiding damage, as well as managing the cars consumables, primarily fuel, tires
20.
Four-wheel drive
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Four-wheel drive, 4×4, and 4WD, is a form of drivetrain capable of providing power to all wheel ends of a two-axled vehicle simultaneously. It may be full-time, or on-demand, and is linked via a transfer case which provides an additional output drive-shaft. When a four-wheeled vehicle has power supplied to axles, this is described as all-wheel drive. However, four-wheel drive typically refers to a set of components and functions, and/or intended offroad application. 4×4/4WD/AWD systems were developed in different markets and used in many different vehicle platforms. There is no universally accepted set of terminology to describe the various architectures, the terms used by various manufactures often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems. Four-by-four refers to the class of vehicles. The first figure represents the total wheels, and the second, syntactically, 4×2 means a four-wheel vehicle that transmits engine power to only two axle-ends, the front two in front-wheel drive or the rear two in rear-wheel drive. Alternatively, a 6×4 vehicle has three axles, two of which power to two wheel ends each. Four wheel drive refers to vehicles with two axles providing power to four wheel ends, in the North American market the term generally refers to a system that is optimized for off-road driving conditions. The term 4WD is typically designated for vehicles equipped with a transfercase which switches between 2WD and 4WD operating modes, either manually or automatically. All wheel drive historically was synonymous with four-wheel drive on four-wheeled vehicles, and six-wheel drive on 6×6s, today in North America the term is applied to both heavy vehicles as well as light passenger vehicles. Typical AWD systems work well on all surfaces, but are not intended for more extreme off-road use, some all wheel drive electric vehicles solve this challenge using one motor for each axle, thereby eliminating a mechanical differential between the front and rear axles. An example of this is the dual motor variant of the Tesla Model S, individual-wheel drive was coined to identify those electric vehicles whereby each wheel is driven by its own individual electric motor. This system essentially has inherent characteristics that would be attributed to four-wheel drive systems like the distribution of the available power to the wheels. However, because of the inherent characteristics of electric motors, torque can be negative, as seen in the Rimac Concept One and this can have drastic effects, as in better handling in tight corners. The term IWD can refer to a vehicle with any number of wheels, for example, the Mars rovers are 6-wheel IWD. Two wheels fixed to the same turn at the same speed as a vehicle goes around curves
21.
Gran Turismo (series)
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Gran Turismo, abbreviated GT, is a series of racing video games developed by Polyphony Digital. Gran Turismo can trace back its origins to 1992, when Kazunori Yamauchi set out with a group of seven to develop the original Gran Turismo, the Gran Turismo series is developed by Polyphony Digital and produced by Kazunori Yamauchi. Handling of the vehicles is modeled on real-life driving impressions, tuning is based on principles of physics, the game has been a flagship for the PlayStation consoles graphics capabilities, and is often used to demonstrate the systems potential. Although Gran Turismo has a mode, most gameplay derives from its simulation mode. Certain events are only to particular types of vehicles. In order to enter and progress through more difficult races, a system has been implemented. Players may apply prize money won in events to upgrade their car or buy a new one. Since Gran Turismo 5 Prologue launched on the PlayStation 3, an aspect of the gameplay has started to evolve. GT5 Prologue has enabled users to race online with up to 16 players on track at once, Gran Turismo 4 for the PlayStation 2 was actually the first online-enabled Gran Turismo game but the online aspect of the game did not make it past beta stage. The Gran Turismo series is represented by six primary releases, two for the PlayStation, two for the PlayStation 2, and two for the PlayStation 3, the series is also represented by many other abbreviated releases on the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3. Polyphony Digital has collaborated with peripherals manufacturer Logitech and auto parts maker Sparco to design official driving simulator kits for the Gran Turismo franchise, the most recent product designation is Driving Force GT. Two other racing wheels are compatible with Gran Turismo, plans for future releases include releasing more kits to replicate other Gran Turismo cover cars. In 2009, a cafe opened at the Twin Ring Motegi racetrack. In acknowledgment of the Mount Panorama Circuit’s inclusion in Gran Turismo 6, named “Paseo de Kazunori Yamauchi, ” the street snakes around the Parador de Ronda. According to Rondas city mayor Maria de la Paz Fernandez Lobato and he has driven the racing game genre to new levels of realism and his creations are as much art as technology. Ronda’s association with Gran Turismo is also a reflection that our ancient city is a modern, vibrant place to live and very much part of the 21st century. ”The sixth annual Gran Turismo Awards was held at the SEMA show in Las Vegas, Nevada. The awards ceremony was held at The Joint, located inside the Hard Rock Hotel, following the ceremony, Hip-hop star Ludacris and special guests Tommy Lee and Dave Navarro treated the guests to a special live performance. The winners are featured in the Gran Turismo series, the GT Academy is a driver discovery/development program initiated in 2008 through a partnership between Sony Computer Entertainment Europe, Polyphony Digital Inc. and Nissan Europe
22.
Volkswagen AG
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Volkswagen Group, or Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, shortly VW AG, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, in 2016, it was the largest automaker in the world with sales of 10.3 million units, overtaking Toyota. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades and it ranked seventh in the 2016 Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies. It is divided into two divisions, the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division, and has approximately 340 subsidiary companies. VW also has two major joint-ventures in China, the company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries. Volkswagen was founded in 1937 to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle, the companys production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf, the companys operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. It has been traded in the United States via American Depositary Receipts since 1988, Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The state of Lower Saxony holds 12. 7% of the companys shares, Volkswagen held a 19. 9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the back to Suzuki. Suzuki paid $3. 8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Volkswagen was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH by the National Socialist Deutsche Arbeitsfront. The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1 and this vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsches consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed Volkswagenwerk GmbH, only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces, however, no British car manufacturer was interested, the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car. It is quite unattractive to the average buyer, to build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise. In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, as part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers
23.
Bugatti Automobiles
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Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. is a French high-performance luxury automobiles manufacturer and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG, with its head office and assembly plant in Molsheim, Alsace, France. Volkswagen purchased the Bugatti trademark in June 1998 and incorporated Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. in 1999. Bugatti presented several concept cars between 1998 and 2000 before commencing development of its first production model, the Veyron 16.4, at the urging of then-chairman Ferdinand Piëch, Volkswagen purchased the rights to produce cars under the Bugatti marque in June 1998. This followed the earlier Volkswagen purchases of the Lamborghini marque, the Rolls-Royce factory in Crewe, United Kingdom, on 22 December 2000, Volkswagen officially incorporated Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. with former VW drivetrain chief Karl-Heinz Neumann as president. The company purchased the 1856 Château Saint Jean, formerly Ettore Bugattis guest house in Dorlisheim, near Molsheim, the original factory was still in the hands of Snecma, who were unwilling to part with it. At the Pebble Beach Concours dElegance in August 2000, VW announced that they would build a new modern atelier next to. The atelier was officially inaugurated on 3 September 2005, Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Volkswagen AG After the Veyrons discontinuation in 2014, the new Bugatti model was revealed to be the Chiron in 2016. Volkswagen commissioned Italdesigns Giorgetto Giugiaro to design a series of cars to return the marque to prominence. The first example, the EB118, was a two-door coupé and was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in 1998 and it was followed by the four-door EB218 touring sedan, introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 1999. Later that year, the 18/3 Chiron was shown at the IAA in Frankfurt, Volkswagen designed the final Bugatti concept, the EB 18/4 GT in house. Bugatti introduced the EB 18/4 at the 1999 Tokyo Motor Show, all of these early concepts featured a 555 PS 18-cylinder engine. This was the first-ever W-configuration engine on a vehicle, with three blocks of 6 cylinders each. It shared many components with Volkswagens modular engine family, the 16C Galibier was first unveiled during Celebration of the Centenary of the Marque in Molsheim. The presentation was only for Bugatti customers, the car show in Molsheim showed the car in blue carbon fibre and aluminum parts. One year later Bugatti showed the world the 16C Galibier Concept at VW Group Night at the Geneva Auto Show in a new black and aluminum color combination. The Galibier, a 1000 HP sedan, was first shown as a concept in 2010 and it would use the same 16-cylinder 8. 0-litre engine as the Veyron but instead of four turbos, the 16C Galibier would instead use two superchargers to deliver better torque. Production would require new facilities in Molsheim, France, to be refitted, in 2013 it was announced that the car will never be produced as they wish to focus on a Veyron replacement. In the 1980s the Bugatti brand was back as Bugatti Automobili S. p. A. in Italy
24.
Bugatti EB 218
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The Bugatti EB218 4-door sedan is the second concept car presented by Bugatti under ownership of the Volkswagen Auto Group. The EB218 was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro, who designed the EB112, the cars predecessor and the EB118. The EB218 can be considered as an update of the EB112, the EB218 features Volkswagens unconventional W18 engine and permanent four-wheel drive borrowed from the Lamborghini Diablo VT. Bugatti commissioned Giorgetto Giugiaro of ItalDesign to update the EB112 4-door sedan concept that he designed for Bugatti Automobili SpA in 1993, the EB218s wheelbase measures 3 meters and a total length of 5385 mm. This makes the EB218 longer that the EB112 by 315 millimeters, the most notable visual differences between the EB218 and the EB112 is a redesigned hood, bumpers and lights. The overall design is far less controversial than the EB 112s Droopy hatchback-sedan look and has a more of a typical sedan shape rather than the EB 112s hatchback-sedan shape. The interior design is simple yet extremely luxurious, with beige leather seats. The EB218 draws inspiration from the classic Bugatti Type 101 Berline Tourisme, Bugatti debuted the EB218 at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show, one year after its 2-door counterpart was revealed at the 1998 Paris Auto Show. The EB218 uses the same W18 engine and permanent four wheel drive powertrain that debuted in the 1998 EB118, the same technology was used in the 1999 18/3 Chiron concept car. Power comes from a Volkswagen-designed,555 hp and 479 lb·ft and this engine design was extremely unconventional due to the unusual firing order of the engine. The EB218 W18 engine is composed of three banks of six cylinders with a sixty degree offset between each cylinder bank, in contrast, the W16 engine in Bugattis first production car, the 2005 Veyron EB16.4 features four banks of four cylinders. The EB218 features permanent all-wheel drive taken from the Lamborghini Diablo VT supercar
25.
Bugatti 18/3 Chiron
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The Bugatti 18/3 Chiron is a 1999 concept car by Bugatti Automobiles designed by Fabrizio Giugiaro of Italdesign. Powered by a 6.3 L W18 engine, it is a 2-seater mid-engined sports car, Bugatti named the Chiron in honor of Bugatti racing driver Louis Chiron. The 18/3 Chiron was the last in a trio of Bugatti concept cars by Italdesign, after the 1998 EB118 coupé, the Chiron name was used again on the 2016 successor to the Bugatti Veyron. The 18/3 Chiron is named after Bugatti race driver Louis Chiron, the Bugatti 18/3 Chiron premiered at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1999. Fabrizio Giugiaro of Italdesign was responsible for the design input from Hartmut Warkuss from the Volkswagen design centre in Wolfsburg. In creating a successor to the EB110, they had the unique opportunity to style Bugattis flagship model. Airflow management and aerodynamics were key considerations in the exterior design, a similar system is used on the side of the car to cool the rear brakes. At the rear a diffuser was integrated in the rear bumper, a retractable rear wing deploys at high speeds, much like on the EB110. The 20-inch eight-spoke wheels resemble the cast aluminium wheels first found on Louis Chirons Type 35B, lighting on both ends of the car was cutting edge, including triple Xenon headlights and elongated turn signals. Inside the cabin is upholstered in Blu Pacifico and Sabbia leather, in order to make it fully working, the 18/3 Chiron used a chassis and four-wheel drive system sourced from the Lamborghini Diablo VT. The 18/3 Chiron uses the same Volkswagen-designed W18 engine that first appeared on the 1998 EB118, as on the other two cars, the Chirons W18 has an output of 1,600 PS and 1,380 N·m of torque. The 18/3 Chirons W18 engine is composed of three banks of six cylinders with a sixty degree offset between each cylinder bank. In contrast, the W16 engine in Bugatti Automobiles first production car, Bugatti 18/3 Chiron on the Italdesign Giugiaro official website
26.
Bugatti 16C Galibier
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The Bugatti 16C Galibier is a luxury 5-door fastback concept car built by Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. It was unveiled at a show held at the Molsheim. The 16C Galibier was to use a front-mounted,8.0 L twin-supercharged W16 engine delivering power via permanent all-wheel drive, there are many contradictory reports as to the reasoning for the axing of the Galibier. The 16C Galibier name is a reference to the Bugatti Type 57 Galibier, Bugatti traditionally gave Type 57 variants names that referred to mountain passes. Galibier refers to Frances Col du Galibier, the 16C refers to the engines 16 cylinders. The 16C Galibier features a hood which opens in two parts along a central hinge, the 16C Galibier features the longitudinal rib also seen on the previous EB118 and EB218 concepts that references the longitudinal body seam of the Type 57SC Atlantic. Debuted the Bugatti 16C Galibier 5-door fastback concept at a show held at the Molsheim. The 16C Galibier was first shown to the public at the 2009 Frankfurt Auto Show. The 16C Galibier uses a front-mounted,8.0 L twin-supercharged W16 engine that delivers power via permanent four-wheel drive, the engine is derived from the quad-turbocharged unit used in the Bugatti Veyron. It will also incorporate an option for a hybrid powertrain, primarily to reduce pollution in urbanised environments, performance figures have not been specified, but it has a power output in excess of 1,000 bhp while surpassing speeds of 235 mph. A production version of the 16C Galibier concept, expected to be named the Royale, was scheduled to reach the market in 2013. In 2011, Bugatti postponed the release of the Royale to 2015 or later to refine the vehicles design, Bugatti was expected to produce 3000 units of the Galibier compared to 300 of the Veyron. It was also expected to cost more than £1 million, in an interview with Top Gear, President of Bugatti Dr. Wolfgang Schreiber said that Bugatti will never manufacture Galibier nor SuperVeyron because it will confuse their customers. The newest 2009 Bugatti 16C Galibier blueprints Bugatti Galibier 16C Photographs
27.
Bugatti EB 110
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The Bugatti EB110 was a mid-engine sports car produced by Bugatti Automobili S. p. A. from 1991 to 1995, when the company went bankrupt. It was the production model made by Romano Artiolis Italian incarnation of Bugatti. The Bugatti EB110 was unveiled on 15 September 1991, in both Versailles and in front of the Grande Arche de la Défense in Paris, exactly 110 years after Ettore Bugattis birth. In 1992, a lighter and more powerful model with 612 PS at 8250 rpm and this car is capable of 216 mph and 0-100 km/h in 3.2 seconds. Early in 1994 Formula One driver Michael Schumacher purchased a yellow EB110 SS, Schumacher retained the car until 2003. Derek Hill, son of American Formula One champion Phil Hill, was one of three drivers on a team competed with an EB110 in the United States at the 199624 Hours of Daytona. Hard times hit the company in 1995 and, as result of chairman Artiolis over-ambitious purchase of Lotus in addition to the companys quest to develop the EB112 four door car, the company was bankrupt. Dauer Racing GmbH of Nuremberg, Germany, bought the semi-finished EB110 cars in the assembly plant plus the parts inventory through the bankruptcy trustee, the remaining chassis and a version of the engine were later developed by B Engineering into their Edonis sports car. The car has a 60-valve, quad-turbo V12 fed through 12 individual throttle bodies, the 3.5 L engine has a bore of 81 mm and a stroke of 56.6 mm and is capable of 560 PS at 8000 rpm. Acceleration to 100 km/h takes 3.2 seconds, and the GT has a top speed of 213 mph, the car uses a double wishbone suspension, with the chassis built by Aérospatiale, an aircraft company, and made from carbon fibre. The French magazine sport auto measured 0–100 km/h in 3.3 s, 0–400 m in 11.0 s, 0–1000 m in 19.8 s and a top speed of 351 km/h. The B Engineering Edonis is based on the Bugatti EB110 SS but has been extensively re-engineered, both the exterior and interior of the car have been completely redesigned. The 3.5 liter Bugatti engine has had its displacement increased from 3500 cc to 3760 cc, the original four small IHI turbochargers have been replaced by two larger units from the same manufacturer. Engine power has been boosted from 450 kW and 650 N·m of torque to 500 kW at 8000 rpm and 735 N·m. In addition, the 4WD triple-differential drivetrain from the original Bugatti has been replaced with a simpler and lighter RWD transaxle. These power figures give the 1,500 kg Edonis a power-to-weight ratio of 480 bhp/ton, in addition, the engines specific power output is an unprecedented 181 bhp/liter. The brand claims a maximum speed of 365 km/h, while accelerating from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.9 seconds, plans are for B Engineering to build only 21 vehicles from chassis originally built for Bugatti by Aérospatiale. As well as the Edonis, B Engineering also provide spare parts, Dauer Sportwagen in Nuremberg, Germany, bought the remaining stock of EB110 parts from the Bugatti factory
28.
Bugatti Type 13
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The Type 13 was the first true Bugatti car. Production of the Type 13 and later Types 15,17,22, most road cars used an eight-valve engine, though five Type 13 racers had 16-valve heads, some of the first ever produced. The road cars became known as pur-sang in keeping with Ettore Bugattis feelings for his designs, the car was brought back after World War I with a multi-valve engine to bring fame to the marque at Brescia. The production Brescia tourer also brought in much-needed cash, the Bugatti automobile was prototyped as the Type 10 in Ettore Bugattis basement in 1908 and 1909 while he was chief engineer at Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik in Cologne, Germany. The Type 10 used a monobloc engine of Ettores own design. It was an overhead cam unit with two valves per cylinder, which was advanced for the time. A very-undersquare design, it had a 60 mm bore and 100 mm stroke for a total of 1.1 L and this was attached to an open roadster body with solid axles front and rear. Leaf springs suspended the front with no suspension at all in the rear, after World War I, Alsace became a part of France again, and with it Bugatti. The car was preserved and nicknamed la baignoire by the staff at Molsheim in later years due to its shape, Ettore restored it in 1939 and repainted it an orange-red color, earning it a new nickname, le homard. It was moved to Bordeaux for the duration of World War II, today, the car is in California in the hands of a private collector. Upon starting operations at his new factory in Molsheim, Bugatti refined his light shaft-driven car into the Type 13 racer and this included boring the engine out to 65 mm for a total of 1.4 L. A major advance was the 4-valve head Bugatti designed — one of the first of its type ever conceived, power output with dual Zenith Carburetters reached 30 hp at 4500 rpm, more than adequate for the 660 lb car. Leaf springs were now fitted all around, and the car rode on a roughly 2 m wheelbase, the new company produced five examples in 1910, and entered the French Grand Prix at Le Mans in 1911. The tiny Bugatti looked out of place at the race, World War I caused production to halt in the disputed region. Ettore took two completed Type 13 cars with him to Milan for the duration of the war, leaving the parts for three more buried near the factory, after the war, Bugatti returned, unearthed the parts, and prepared five Type 13s for racing. The Type 15 was a version of the Type 13 with a longer,2400 mm and it had a six-sided radiator in front and semi-elliptic rear leaf springs. Another version, the Type 17, was also produced and this used a 2550 mm wheelbase. It shared its hexagonal radiator and rear springs with the Type 15, the Type 15 was updated in 1913 as the Type 22
29.
Bugatti Type 18
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The Bugatti Type 18, also called the Garros, is an automobile produced from 1912 through 1914. Produced shortly after the start of the business, the design was something of a relic and it had much in common with the cars Ettore Bugatti had designed for Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik but with the radiator of the Type 13. Only 6 or 7 examples were built, power came from a large 5.0 L straight-4 engine with 3 valves per cylinder and a single overhead camshaft. This large engine had a 100 mm bore and very long 160 mm stroke, the rear wheels were chain driven. Roland Garros aviator, sportsman, close friend of Ettore Bugatti was the first owner of Black Bess in 1913 and it was the fourth car built and was to be the only Bugatti with chain drive. A keen tennis player the French Open was named after Garros in 1927, named Black Bess, after Dick Turpins mare, by 1920s owner Ivy Cummings, this car had a considerable career at Brooklands soon after the first World War. In spite of the nature of its design the engine gives little of the harsh racing car impression. Again, in spite of the size of that engine it does not give the impression of a big car and in spite of the tall radiator the short wheelbase lends it the appearance of a small sports car. On the road that impression is reinforced, the delicacy of control makes it a joy to drive, the subdued howl and occasional suggestion of snatch from the side chains remind that this is a period car. If this car is typical of what the Prince Henry Tours produced the Prince Henry period can only be regarded as a most important constituent of the Golden Age. The only other surviving examples are in the Schlumpf Collection, Musée National de lAutomobile de Mulhouse, France, Black Bess changed stable in 2009 for €2,427,500. Black Bess at Louwman Museum The Hague, coachwork is by Henri Labourdette
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Bugatti 8-cylinder line
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The early Bugatti 8-cylinder line began with the 1922 Type 30. The same basic design was used for the 1926 Type 38 as well as the Type 40, Type 43, Type 44, produced from 1922 through 1926, the Type 30 used the 2 L engine of the Type 29 racer. It shared its chassis with the Type 13 Brescia and this engine went on to be used in the cut-cost Type 35A and Type 38. About 600 were built from late 1922 through 1926 in varying specifications, the Type 38 was produced in 1926 and 1927. It used the 2 L engine from the Type 35A Tecla, the supercharger from the Type 37A was later fitted, making the Type 38A. Its gearbox and brakes were used in the Type 40, while its radiator. 385 examples were produced,39 of which were supercharged 38As, the Type 40, introduced in 1926 and produced through 1930, used the 3-valve 1.5 L engine first used in some Type 37s. It was an enclosed tourer or small roadster, the Type 40A shared its block with the Type 40 and displaced 1.6 L. All 40 Type 40As were built in 1930, another evolution of the basic 8 platform, the Type 43 borrowed the supercharged 2.3 L engine from the Type 35B and combined it with the basic chassis of the Type 38. The engine produced about 120 hp, bringing the car to 60 mph in less than 12 seconds. The Type 43 was noted at the time as the worlds first 100 mph production car — in fact,160 of these Grand Sport cars were made from 1927 through 1931, with a Type 43A roadster appearing that year and lasting through 1932. The Type 44 was the variant of this range, with 1,095 known. A larger and sometimes enclosed tourer, it used a new 3-valve SOHC3 L engine derived from the Type 43s unit and it was built from late 1927 through 1930. The Bugatti Type 49 was a touring car similar to the earlier Type 44. Produced from 1930 through 1934, about 470 examples were built, the Type 49 was the last of the early 8-cylinder Bugatti line which began with the Type 30, though its gearbox would later be reused on the Type 55. The Type 49 featured an engine of 3.3 L displacement. Bore and stroke were 72 mm by 100 mm and three valves per cylinder were used with an overhead camshaft. The Illustrated Directory of Sports Cars, super Cars, Classics of Their Time
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Bugatti Royale
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The Bugatti Type 41, better known as the Royale, is a large luxury car built from 1927 to 1933 with a 4.3 m wheelbase and 6.4 m overall length. It weighs approximately 3,175 kg and uses a 12.763 litre straight-eight engine, for comparison, against the modern Rolls-Royce Phantom, the Royale is about 20% longer, and more than 25% heavier. This makes the Royale one of the largest cars in the world, crafted by Ettore Bugatti, the Type 41 is said to have come about because he took exception to the comments of an English lady who compared his cars unfavourably with those of Rolls-Royce. The prototype had a near 15-litre capacity engine, the production version, its stroke reduced from 150 mm to 130 mm had a displacement of 12.7 litres. The engine was built around a huge block, and at approx. 1.4 m long x 1.1 m high, is one of the largest automobile engines ever made, producing 205–224 kW. Its eight cylinders, bored to 125 mm and with a length of 130 mm. It had 3 valves per cylinder driven by a centrally positioned single overhead camshaft, three bearings and only a single custom carburettor was needed. The engine was based on a design that had been designed for the French Air Ministry. The engine block and cylinder head were cast in one unit, grinding of the engine valves was a regular maintenance requirement, and removing the engine valves for grinding required removing and disassembling the large cast iron engine. The chassis was understandably substantial, with a conventional leaf spring suspension arrangement at the front. At the rear the forward-facing Bugatti quarter-elliptics were supplemented by a second set facing to the rear, the clutch and gearbox were placed at odd locations to reduce noise and increase comfort, a difficult problem in those days. The transmission was mounted at the rear to offset the weight of the engine, massive brake shoes were mechanically operated via cable controls, the brakes were effective but without servo-assistance required significant muscle power from the driver. The cars light alloy Roue Royale wheels measured 610 millimetres in diameter and were cast in one piece with the brake drums, reflecting some tradition-based fashions of the time, the driver was confronted by a series of knobs of whalebone, while the steering wheel was covered with walnut. A road test performed in 1926 by W. F, the radiator cap was a posed elephant, a sculpture by Ettores brother Rembrandt Bugatti. The Royale with a chassis price of $30,000, was launched just as the world economy began to deteriorate into the 1930s Great Depression. Six Royales were built between 1929 and 1933, with just three sold to external customers, intended for royalty, none was eventually sold to any royals, and Bugatti even refused to sell one to King Zog of Albania, claiming that the mans table manners are beyond belief. All six production Royales still exist, the prototype was destroyed in an accident in 1931 and it remained in the familys possession, housed at their Ermenonville chateau until financial difficulties enforced its sale in 1963
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Bugatti Type 46
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The Bugatti Type 46 and later Type 50 were large enclosed touring cars and along with the Type 50B racing version, were all produced in the 1930s. Their relative ubiquity and numbers, combined with their styling caused them to receive the appellation of being a Molsheim Buick. The Type 46 used a 5.4 L straight-8 engine with 3 valves per cylinder driven by an overhead camshaft. Power was reported at 140 hp, the engine was undersquare like most Bugatti designs with an 81 mm bore and 130 mm stroke. The Type 46 was a car, weighing 2500 lb. 400 examples were produced from the end of 1929 through 1936, the three speed gearbox was in unit with the live rear axle, resulting in high unsprung weight, and a relatively harsh ride. Despite this, the model was a favourite of Le Patron, and it remained in production longer than might have been expected A supercharged version, with just 160 hp, from its Rootes-type blower, it was not a great success. 18 supercharged cars were made in all, the Type 50 was a sporting coupe version of the Type 46. It rode on a shorter wheelbase,122 in, and used a smaller 5.0 L version of the engine and this engine had squarer dimensions, however, at 86 by 107 mm, and twin camshafts actuated two valves per cylinder. Power output was impressive at 225 hp, many cars had landaulet roofs and Bugatti-style two-tone paint. The Type 50 Touring was a version of the Type 50. It used the same 138 in wheelbase as its predecessor, the Type 46, the engine was tuned for torque, though, with just 200 hp on tap. In total,65 Type 50 and Type 50T Bugattis were produced between 1930 and 1934, a racing version, the Type 50B, was also produced. It shared the 5.0 L 2-valve engine but was blown to produce 470 hp and it was used from 1937 through 1939. A pair of engines were installed in the Bugatti P100 airplane
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Bugatti Type 55
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The Bugatti Type 55 was a road-going version of the Type 51 Grand Prix car. A roadster, it had a short 108.3 in wheelbase, power came from the Type 51s 2.3 L straight-8 engine. This 2-valve DOHC unit produced 130 hp and could rev to 5000 rpm, the cars 4-speed manual transmission came from the Type 49 touring car. 38 examples were produced from 1932 through 1935 and they produced a version later on
34.
Bugatti Type 101
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The Bugatti Type 101 is a motor car made by Bugatti in 1951 and 1952. In order to restart production after World War II and the deaths of Ettore Bugatti and his son Jean, seven chassis were built, these were bodied by four different coachbuilders, Gangloff, Guilloré, Antem and Ghia, the last to a design by Virgil Exner. The 101 was powered by the 3.3 L straight-8 from the Type 57, six Type 101 chassis were built after an initial converted Type 57 chassis prototype. At least two more Type 57s were also converted to Type 101 specifications, making a total of nine Type 101 cars produced, the last Type 101 was built in 1965 by Ghia designed by Virgil Exner for the last remaining Type 101 chassis. It was exhibited at the Turin Motor Show in an attempt to revive the marque, Exner owned the car for many years, and it has lately appeared in public at the Pebble Beach Concours dElegance. Bugatti Type 101 photos and information
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Bugatti Type 32
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The Bugatti Type 32, commonly called the Tank de Tours, was a streamlined racing car built in 1923. Four examples were made, each with a 2.0 L straight-8 engine based on that in the Type 30, the Tank finished third in the ACF Grand Prix that year. This was the first Bugatti to be fitted with roller-bearing big ends in order to improve the bottom-end reliability and it also heralded an hydraulic front brake actuation. Another tank-bodied Bugatti racer, the 1936 Type 57G, was more successful. Specifications, Wheelbase,78.5 in Track,41.4 in Power,90 hp
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Bugatti Type 35
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The Type 35 was the most successful of the Bugatti racing models. The Type 35 was phenomenally successful, winning over 1,000 races in its time and it took the Grand Prix World Championship in 1926 after winning 351 races and setting 47 records in the two prior years. At its height, Type 35s averaged 14 race wins per week, Bugatti won the Targa Florio for five consecutive years, from 1925 through 1929, with the Type 35. The original model, introduced at the Grand Prix of Lyon on August 3,1924, bore was 60 mm and stroke was 88 mm as on many previous Bugatti models. This new powerplant featured five main bearings with a ball bearing system. This allowed the engine to rev to 6,000 rpm, solid axles with leaf springs were used front and rear, and drum brakes at the back, operated by cables, were specified. Alloy wheels were a novelty, as was the front axle for reduced unsprung weight. A second feature of the Type 35 that was to become a Bugatti trademark was passing the springs through the front axle rather than simply U-bolting them together as was done on their earlier cars, a rare version was de-bored for a total displacement of 1.5 L. There are two of these cars in New Zealand, dimensions, Length,3680 mm Width,1320 mm Wheelbase,2400 mm Track,1200 mm Weight,750 kg A less expensive version of the Type 35 appeared in May,1925. The factorys Type 35A name was ignored by the public, who nicknamed it Tecla after a famous maker of imitation jewelry, the Teclas engine used three plain bearings, smaller valves, and coil ignition like the Type 30. While this decreased maintenance requirements, it also reduced output, one-hundred thirty nine of the Type 35As were sold. The Type 35C featured a Roots supercharger, despite Ettore Bugattis disdain for forced induction, output was nearly 128 hp with a single Zenith carburettor. Type 35Cs won the French Grand Prix at Saint-Gaudens in 1928, for 1926, Bugatti introduced a special model for the Targa Florio race. Called the Type 35T officially, it became known as the Targa Florio. Engine displacement was up to 2.3 L with a longer 100 mm stroke, Grand Prix rule changes limiting capacity to 2.0 L limited the appeal of this model at the time with just thirteen produced. The final version of the Type 35 series was the Type 35B of 1927, originally named Type 35TC, it shared the 2.3 L engine of the Type 35T but added a large supercharger like the Type 35C. Output was 138 hp, and 45 examples were made, a British racing green Type 35B driven by William Grover-Williams won the 1929 French Grand Prix at Le Mans. The Type 35 chassis and body were reused on the Type 37 sports car, fitted with a new 1.5 L straight-4 engine,290 Type 37s were built
37.
Bugatti Type 40
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The early Bugatti 8-cylinder line began with the 1922 Type 30. The same basic design was used for the 1926 Type 38 as well as the Type 40, Type 43, Type 44, produced from 1922 through 1926, the Type 30 used the 2 L engine of the Type 29 racer. It shared its chassis with the Type 13 Brescia and this engine went on to be used in the cut-cost Type 35A and Type 38. About 600 were built from late 1922 through 1926 in varying specifications, the Type 38 was produced in 1926 and 1927. It used the 2 L engine from the Type 35A Tecla, the supercharger from the Type 37A was later fitted, making the Type 38A. Its gearbox and brakes were used in the Type 40, while its radiator. 385 examples were produced,39 of which were supercharged 38As, the Type 40, introduced in 1926 and produced through 1930, used the 3-valve 1.5 L engine first used in some Type 37s. It was an enclosed tourer or small roadster, the Type 40A shared its block with the Type 40 and displaced 1.6 L. All 40 Type 40As were built in 1930, another evolution of the basic 8 platform, the Type 43 borrowed the supercharged 2.3 L engine from the Type 35B and combined it with the basic chassis of the Type 38. The engine produced about 120 hp, bringing the car to 60 mph in less than 12 seconds. The Type 43 was noted at the time as the worlds first 100 mph production car — in fact,160 of these Grand Sport cars were made from 1927 through 1931, with a Type 43A roadster appearing that year and lasting through 1932. The Type 44 was the variant of this range, with 1,095 known. A larger and sometimes enclosed tourer, it used a new 3-valve SOHC3 L engine derived from the Type 43s unit and it was built from late 1927 through 1930. The Bugatti Type 49 was a touring car similar to the earlier Type 44. Produced from 1930 through 1934, about 470 examples were built, the Type 49 was the last of the early 8-cylinder Bugatti line which began with the Type 30, though its gearbox would later be reused on the Type 55. The Type 49 featured an engine of 3.3 L displacement. Bore and stroke were 72 mm by 100 mm and three valves per cylinder were used with an overhead camshaft. The Illustrated Directory of Sports Cars, super Cars, Classics of Their Time
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Bugatti Type 51
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The Type 51 series succeeded the famous Type 35 as Bugattis premier racing car for the 1930s. Unlike the dominant Type 35s of the decade, the Type 51 were unable to compete with the government-supported German and Italian offerings. The original Type 51 emerged in 1931 and its engine was a 160 hp twin overhead cam evolution of the supercharged 2.3 L single overhead cam straight-8 found in the Type 35B. A victory in the 1931 French Grand Prix was a case of success for the line. About 40 examples of the Type 51 and 51A were produced, the Type 51 is visually very similar to the Type 35. However many Type 35 cars have been fitted with later wheels, Grand Prix car of 1931, fitted with a twin overhead-cam 4.9 liter engine delivering 300 hp. Chassis number 54201 was the first type 54 built and was the car for Achille Varzi. It used an enlarged 3.3 L version of the straight-eight Type 57s engine sitting in a modified Type 54 chassis, the engine was lowered for a better center of gravity, and the frame was lightened with a number of holes drilled in the chassis. The signature piano wire wheels used splines between the drum and rim, and relied on the radial spokes to handle cornering loads. 250 hp was on tap, and eight were made,1933 Bugatti Type 59 Grand Prix racer from the Ralph Lauren collection Bugatti Type 53 – Four wheel drive Type 51 racer Bugatti Type 57 – luxury 1930s car Bugatti Trust Type 53 article
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Ettore Bugatti
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Ettore Arco Isidoro Bugatti was an Italian-born French automobile designer and manufacturer. He is remembered as the founder and proprietor of the manufacturing company Automobiles E. Bugatti. Ettore Bugatti was born into a family with its origin in Milan. He was the son of Carlo Bugatti, an important Italian Art Nouveau furniture and jewelry designer. His younger brother was an animal sculptor, Rembrandt Bugatti. His aunt, Luigia Bugatti, was the wife of the painter Giovanni Segantini and his paternal grandfather, Giovanni Luigi Bugatti, was an architect and sculptor. With financial support from his father, Ettore Bugatti developed a prototype which was a prize-winning exhibit at the Milan Trade Fair in the Spring of 1901. Bugattis design also caught the eye of Baron de Dietrich who offered Bugatti the opportunity to come, from 1902 through 1904, De Dietrich built his Type 3/4 and Type 5/6/7, identified at the time with the name De Dietrich, Licence Bugatti. While working for De Dietrich Bugatti met Émile Mathis, the two became first friends and then business partners, leaving De Dietrich in 1904 in order to produce automobiles of their own, which were identified with the name Mathis-Hermes. This arrangement lasted till 1906 after which the partners went their separate ways and he produced several prototypes, collaborating closely with the Cologne based Deutz company. In 1907, Bugatti was appointed Production Director with Deutz, here he designed the Type 8/9. While employed at Deutz, Bugatti built the Type 10 in the basement of his home, in 1913, Bugatti designed a small car for Peugeot, the Type 19 Bébé. Despite being born in Italy, Bugatti established his eponymous company, Automobiles E. Bugatti. Automobiles E. Bugatti was known for some of the fastest, most luxurious, exceptional engineering led to success in early Grand Prix motor racing, a Bugatti being driven to victory in the first Monaco Grand Prix. Between the wars Ettore Bugatti designed a successful motorized railcar dubbed the Autorail Bugatti, and won a government contract to construct an airplane and it was designed by Louis de Monge using two type 50B Bugatti engines but never flew due to the outbreak of World War II. Ettore Bugattis son, Jean Bugatti, was killed on 11 August 1939 at the age of 30 while testing a Bugatti Type 57 tank-bodied race car near the Molsheim factory, after that, the companys fortunes began to decline. World War II ruined the factory in Molsheim, and the company lost control of the property, during the war, Bugatti planned a new factory at Levallois in Paris and designed a series of new cars. Bugattis concept of customer relations was somewhat eccentric, to a Bugatti owner who complained that his car was difficult to start on cold mornings, he is said to have retorted, Sir
40.
Jean Bugatti
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Jean Bugatti was a French automotive designer and test engineer. Born Gianoberto Maria Carlo Bugatti in Cologne, he was the eldest son of Ettore Bugatti, soon after his birth the family moved to the village of Dorlisheim near Molsheim in Alsace, Germany, where his father built the new Bugatti automobile manufacturing plant. Born into a family of people, from boyhood he was interested in his fathers business. His grandfather Carlo Bugatti had lived in France for several years when he relocated from his native Milan to live in Paris. His fathers factory had clients in Germany and France and his father had developed a car for the German Wanderer company, the Bugatti family were multilingual and in France, Gianoberto became known as Jean. During World War I, the family lived in Milan, Italy, after the ceding of Alsace by Germany to France after the end of the war in 1919, the company became subject to French jurisdiction. By the late 1920s, young Jean Bugatti was a part of the company and had already demonstrated his vehicle design abilities. In 1932, at the age of years, he did most of the design for the companys Type 41 Royale. His body designs complemented his fathers engineering skill, making Bugatti one of the greatest names in automobile manufacturing, additionally, Jean Bugatti designed four bodies for the Type 57, the Ventoux, Stelvio, Atalante and Atlantic models. Regarded as the finest of all touring Bugatti models, the vehicle was displayed first at the 1936 Paris Salon. Jean Bugatti also showed his skills by working on new independent suspension systems to replace solid front axles. He frequently tested the companys prototypes and he is interred in the Bugatti family plot at the municipal cemetery in Dorlisheim. There is a monument to him at the site of his accident
41.
Roland Bugatti
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Roland Bugatti was a French engineer and automotive industrialist. He was one of the three sons of Ettore Bugatti, founder and builder of the car brand Bugatti, and younger brother of Jean Bugatti. In 1951, after the death of his brother Jean Bugatti in 1939 and they produced the Bugatti Type 101, successor of the Bugatti Type 57, It is considered by many to be the last true Bugatti car. Eight models were produced in 1951 and 1952 and six of them were sold, in 1956 the company attempted a comeback in Formula One competition with the Bugatti Type 251. In 1963 Bugatti was sold to the aerospace company Hispano-Suiza, Bugatti died in Aix-en-Provence on 29 March 1977
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