Buick

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For other uses, see Buick (disambiguation).
Buick Motor Division
Division
Industry Automotive
Founded ("Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company")
1899
("Buick Motor Company")
May 19, 1903; 115 years ago (1903-05-19)[1]
Founder David Dunbar Buick
Headquarters Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Area served
 United States, Canada, Mexico, China
Products Automobiles
Services
  • Vehicle financing
  • Vehicle service and parts
Parent General Motors (since 1908)
Website buick.com

Buick (/ˈbjuːɪk/), formally the Buick Motor Division, is an automobile brand of the American manufacturer General Motors (GM). It has the distinction of being the oldest active American marque of automobile, and was the company that established General Motors in 1908.[2] Before the establishment of General Motors, GM founder William C. Durant had served as Buick's general manager and major investor. Buick also has the distinction of being the first production automobile maker in the world to equip its cars with overhead valve engines in 1904.[2]

For much of its existence in the North American market, Buick has been marketed as a premium automobile brand, selling luxury vehicles positioned above GM's mainstream brands, while below the flagship luxury Cadillac division. Buick-branded vehicles are also known for reliability, ranking high in Consumer Reports' brand reliability ratings.[3]

In 2015, Buick sold 1,231,941 vehicles, a record for the brand.[4] The main market is in China, where 80% of Buick-branded automobiles are sold.[5] Buicks are also sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

History[edit]

See also: David Dunbar Buick and Harley Earl

Early years[edit]

Valve-In-Head (OHV) engine, illustration from 1904 patent, Buick Manufacturing Company

Buick is one of the oldest automobile brands in the world and the oldest in the United States. (Autocar, founded in 1897, is the oldest motor vehicle manufacturer in the western hemisphere; while originally an automobile maker, Autocar now builds heavy trucks. Oldsmobile, also an early auto maker founded in 1897, is now defunct; Studebaker was founded in 1852, but did not begin producing automobiles until 1902; Ford produced his first car in 1896 but did not start the Ford Motor Co. until 1903, and during the period in between was involved with other automobile manufacturers such as Cadillac, founded in 1902).

The first two Buick automobiles were made in 1899 and 1900 at the "Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company" by chief-engineer Walter Marr,[2] but company owner David Dunbar Buick was reluctant to begin making automobiles, being satisfied with stationary and marine engine production, so Marr left Buick in 1901 to found his own automobile company under his own name. His replacement was Eugene Richard, who applied for a patent in 1902 for Marr's valve-in-head engine, which patent, number 771,095, was awarded to Richard in the name of Buick in 1904.[2] In 1903, the third Buick automobile was made, this time by Richard, but in 1904 Buick, whose company was now called "Buick Motor Company," moved to Flint, Michigan, and Richard stayed behind. Marr was rehired in Flint as chief engineer, to begin making automobiles in production. That year, 37 Buick automobiles were made, production increasing to 750 in 1905, 1,400 in 1906, 4,641 in 1907, and 8,800 in 1908, taking the number one spot away from close competitors Oldsmobile, Ford, and Maxwell.[2]

Louis Chevrolet driving a Buick Bug in the 1910 Vanderbilt Cup

David Buick incorporated his company as the Buick Motor Company on May 19, 1903, in Detroit, Michigan. Buick had been financed by friend and fellow automobile enthusiast, Benjamin Briscoe, who sold control of the business to James H. Whiting (1842–1919),[6] of Flint Wagon Works, in Flint, Michigan. Whiting moved Buick to Flint that summer, to a location across the street from his factory, with the idea of adding Buick's engines to his wagons.[2] David Buick stayed on as a manager, and re-hired Walter Marr as chief engineer. The engine Buick and Marr developed for this automobile was a two-cylinder valve-in-head engine of 159 cubic inches, with each cylinder horizontal and opposed to the other by 180 degrees. Whiting built only a few automobiles in 1904, by bringing Buick engines across the street where his workers shoehorned them into his wagons, before running out of capital, causing him to bring in William C. Durant that year as controlling investor. Durant was co-owner, also in Flint, with Josiah Dallas Dort, of the Durant-Dort Carriage Company, which was the largest carriage-making company in the country and one of the largest in the world.[2] Durant moved most production to the former Durant-Dort Imperial Wheel plant in Jackson, Michigan in 1905. Buick continued car production in Jackson through 1907, when Factory #1 was completed in Flint. The Jackson plant continued production with Buick trucks through 1912.[7] Durant spent the next four years turning Buick into the biggest-selling automobile brand in the US. David Buick sold his stock upon departure in 1906, and died in modest circumstances 25 years later. In 1907, Durant agreed to supply motors to R. S. McLaughlin in Canada, an auto maker, and in 1908 he founded General Motors.[8]

Buick in the early years
  • Buick Model C, Jackson, Michigan

    1905 Buick Model C

  • 1910 Buick Model 10 Runabout

  • 1914 Buick B-35 phaeton

  • 1917 Buick D-35 roadster

  • 1922 Buick Model 22-54 Sport roadster

  • 1925 Buick Standard Model 25 touring

  • 1925 Buick Roadmaster

  • 1930 Buick Series 26 business coupe

  • 1932 Buick Model 67 sedan

  • 1935 Buick Series 40 Model 46C convertible coupe

  • 1938 Buick Roadmaster Series 80 touring sedan

  • 1939 Buick Special Series 40 Model 41 touring sedan

Between 1899 and 1902, two prototype vehicles were built[9] in Detroit, Michigan by Walter Lorenzo Marr. Some documentation exists of the 1901 or 1902 prototype with tiller steering[10] similar to the Oldsmobile Curved Dash. In mid-1904, another prototype was constructed for an endurance run, which convinced Whiting to authorize production of the first models offered to the public.[11] The architecture of this prototype was the basis for the Model B.

The first Buick made for sale, the 1904 Model B, was built in Flint, Michigan at a re-purposed factory that was known as the Flint Wagon Works.[12] There were 37 Buicks made that year, none of which survive. There are, however, two replicas in existence: the 1904 endurance car, at the Buick Gallery & Research Center in Flint, and a Model B assembled by an enthusiast in California for the division's 100th anniversary.[13][14] Both of these vehicles use various parts from Buicks of that early era, as well as fabricated parts. These vehicles were each constructed with the two known surviving 1904 engines.

The early success of Buick is attributed mainly to what they called the valve-in-head engine, now known as the overhead valve (OHV), engine[15] patented by Eugene Richard and developed by Richard, Buick, and Marr. The Model F had a two-cylinder engine, an 87-inch wheelbase and weighed 1,800 lbs.[16] The creation of General Motors is attributed in part to the success of Buick,[17] so it can be said Marr and Richard's designs directly led to GM.[18] The power train and chassis architecture introduced on the Model B was continued through the 1909 Model F.[19]

The basic design of the 1904 Buick was optimally engineered even by today's standards. The flat-twin engine is inherently balanced, with torque presented to the chassis in a longitudinal manner, actually cancelling front end lift, rather than producing undesirable lateral motion. The engine was mounted amidships, now considered the optimal location.[20]

Billy Durant was a natural promoter, and Buick soon became the largest car maker in America. Using the profits from this, Durant embarked on a series of corporate acquisitions, calling the new megacorporation General Motors. At first, the manufacturers comprising General Motors competed against each other, but Durant ended that. He wanted each General Motors division to target one class of buyer, and in his new scheme, Buick was near the top — only the Cadillac brand had more prestige, a ranking that Buick occupies currently in the General Motors lineup. To save on resources, Buick vehicles shared a common platform, called the GM A platform, that was shared with Chevrolet, Oakland, Oldsmobile and Cadillac. The ideal Buick customer is comfortably well off, possibly not quite rich enough to afford a Cadillac, nor desiring the ostentation of one, but definitely in the market for a car above the norm.

At first, Buick followed the likes of Napier in automobile racing, winning the first-ever race held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.[21]

The first full-size Buick to join the smaller Model B was in 1907, when the Model D was introduced with a four-cylinder 255.0 cu in (4,178 cc) T-head engine, installed in the front with rear wheel drive. This was one of the only cars with side valves that Buick ever made.[22]

In 1911, Buick introduced its first closed-body car,[23] four years ahead of Ford, but five years after Cadillac, which was the first. The car was built at the all-new factory in Flint which later became to be known as Buick City.[24] Buick during the 1920s made various sized vehicles, with series designations for different years, sometimes using numbers, while later years using lettered designations. One of the larger vehicles, with straight-six, was the Buick Master Six.

In 1929, as part of General Motors' companion make program, Buick Motor Division launched the Marquette sister brand, designed to bridge the price gap between Buick and Oldsmobile; however, Marquette was discontinued in 1930. All Buick, Marquette, Viking, and Oldsmobile products shared the newly introduced GM B platform starting in 1926. Buick debuted two major achievements for the 1931 model year, the OHV Buick Straight-8 engine and a synchromesh transmission in all models but the Series 50. The Eight was offered in three displacements, the 220 cubic inch (bore 2 7/8 in. stroke 4.25 in.), was available in the Series 50 with 77 brake HP. The Series 60 engine was a 272 cu. in. unit (bore 3 1/16 in., stroke 5 in.) giving 90 brake HP.

The Series 80 and Series 90 used a 344 cu. in. version (bore 3 5/16 in., stroke 5 in.) for 104 brake HP. Automatic vacuum-operated spark advance was another new feature replacing the steering column mounted spark lever although an emergency lever was now dash mounted. Buick scored another first in 1939 when it became the first company to introduce turn signals, which did not appear on other car brands until almost a decade later.[25] All 1939 models also had a steering column mounted shift lever.

In the mid 1930s McLaughlin-Buicks were particularly popular with British monarch Edward VIII.[26][27] He imported and used a Canadian built McLaughlin-Buick. It was GM's top brand in Canada.[28] Being Canada's most luxurious brand, Buicks are always presented for royal transport within Canada, including for King George VI and Queen Elizabeth during the 1939 royal tour of Canada.[28][dead link]

Early Engines[edit]

1904 - 1911. Two cylinders horizontally opposed at 180 degrees, OHV, 159 cu. in.

1907 - 1924. Four cylinders, in line, OHV, 165 to 392.6 cu. in.

1914 - 1930. Six cylinders, in line, OHV, 191 to 331 cu. in.

1931 - 1953. Eight cylinders, in line, OHV, 221 to 345 cu. in.[29]

Post World War II years[edit]

1940s–1950s

1940s[edit]

1910 Buick Bug Race Car and 1944 M18 Buick Hellcat tank destroyer

1950s[edit]

  • 1953 — Buick's 50th anniversary. Introduction of Buick V8 engine and Roadmaster Skylark.
  • 1955 — Best model year sales to date with 738,814 Buicks sold
  • 1957 — New 364 cu. in. engine block and ball joint front suspension debut. Roadmasters now had aluminum finned brake drums.
  • 1959 — Electra, Invicta and LeSabre and 401 cu. in. V-8 (in Electras and Invicta) introduced. Electra was the official pace car of the Indianapolis 500 race.
1960s–1970s

1960s[edit]

  • 1960 — Electra 225 was the official pace car of the Daytona 500 race
  • 1961 — Skylark nameplate returns as top model of new Special compact car with new 215 cu. in. aluminum V-8. Fireball V6 engine introduced.
  • 1962 — Wildcat introduced as trim level on Invicta. Special named Motor Trend Car of the Year.
  • 1963 — Riviera introduced as its own model with 425 cu.in. V-8 as an option. Wildcat introduced as its own model. Electra 225 was the official pace car of the Daytona 500 race.
  • 1964 — Special reintroduced as intermediate sized car on GM "A" body platform
  • 1967 — Radial tires available as options on all full-size Buicks[30]

1970s[edit]

  • 1970 — Estate introduced as its own model. GSX high performance package first offered on Gran Sport (GS) 455.
  • 1971 — Centurion and "boat-tail" Riviera introduced
  • 1973 — Apollo introduced. Regal introduced as upper trim level on Century.
  • 1975 — Skyhawk introduced. Park Avenue introduced as trim/option package on Electra 225 Limited. Century was the official pace car of the Indianapolis 500 race.
  • 1976 — Century was the official pace car of the Indianapolis 500 race for the second year in a row. Final year for Buick big-block engine.
  • 1977 — Electra redesigned and downsized. Best model year sales to date with 773,313 Buicks sold.
  • 1978 — Buick's 75th anniversary. Turbocharged V6 introduced in the Regal Sport coupe.[31] Best model year sales to date with 795,316 Buicks sold.
  • 1979 — Riviera S-Type named Motor Trend Car of the Year
1980s–1990s

1980s[edit]

In the 1980s, Buick's lineup would be modified because of several changes such as the downsizings of the 1985 C body and the 1986 downsizings of the Buick LeSabre and Buick Riviera, Lloyd Reuss being appointed as general manager and push Buick into turbocharging, racing, and performance production cars, building momentum which continued a number of years after his departure in 1984, as he headed toward a brief term as GM president. In addition to this, in 1987, General manager Ed Mertz promotes the new "Premium American Motorcars" theme, which will focus Buick marketing on the qualities that made the marque famous and these motorcars will be substantial, distinctive, and powerful and in 1989, the Flint-built LeSabre is ranked No.1 in North America and No.2 in the world in a major independent quality study. As a result of this, Buick changes its ad slogan from "The Great American Road Belongs to Buick" to "Buick: The New Symbol for Quality in America."

In 1980, Lloyd Reuss will be appointed as general manager and push Buick into turbocharging, racing, and performance production cars, building momentum which continued a number of years after his departure in 1984, as he headed toward a brief term as GM president. Also in 1980, the Diesel engine becomes available on select Buick models and Somerset is introduced as a trim/option package on the Regal Limited. In 1981, the T-Type performance trim is introduced on the Riviera. The official pace car of the Indianapolis 500 race in 1981 is a Regal. In 1982, the Grand National high performance package is first offered on Regal. A soft-top Riviera helps lead the return of the convertible, which had disappeared from domestic lineups in the late 1970s. The following year, a Riviera convertible with a twin-turbo V6 paces Indy 500 as General Manager Lloyd Reuss (later a GM president) pushes power and performance. In 1983, the Riviera was the official pace car of the Indianapolis 500 race and it is the best model year to date with 810,435 Buicks sold. In 1984, Buick is the official car of the XXIII Olympiad. For the first time, Buick worldwide sales will top one million. A reorganization splits manufacturing & engineering from sales and marketing. The first pilot Buick is produced at "Buick City", a state-of-the art assembly center built inside the walls of Buick's home plant at Flint. Once again, it is the best model year sales to date with 906,626 Buicks sold. To close out 1984, it will be the final year that the rear-wheel drive Electra is offered before it will be downsized and converted to front-wheel drive and Lloyd Reuss will end his tenure as general manager of the Buick Motor Division.

In 1985, the Somerset is introduced as its own model. Also, the Electra coupe and sedan were redesigned and converted to front-wheel drive and have discarded all V8 engines, initially being powered by a carbureted 3.0 liter Buick V6 engine, a fuel injected 3.8 liter Buick V6 engine, or a 4.3 liter Oldsmobile diesel V6 engine. Each was mated to a 4-speed automatic transmission with a 0.70:1 overdrive gear. The 3.0 liter V6 and 4.3 liter diesel V6 were no longer offered after 1985. However, during the 1985 to 1989 model years, the Electra name also continued to be used on the rear-wheel drive B-body station wagon, the Buick Estate. Buick-powered cars win pole position and second spot in qualifying for Indianapolis 500. In the next few years, Buick V-6 engines would set a number of stock-block records and twice, Buick engines would power a third or more of the 33-car Indy 500 field (11 in 1990; 12 in 1992). Best Buick finish ever? A third by Al Unser Sr. in '92. Finally, to end 1985, this would be the final year for the rear-drive LeSabre before another downsizing and conversion to front-wheel-drive for 1986 (sedans and coupes only; the rear-drive LeSabre Estate Wagon would soldier on unchanged a few more years). It was also the last LeSabre sedan and coupe to feature body-on-frame construction, V8 power and Buick's traditional all-coil suspension (the 1992–96 Roadmaster sedans would also be similarly built). The top-line LeSabre Limited became the LeSabre Limited Collectors Edition to mark the end of an era for the rear-wheel drive coupe and sedan and engine offerings included the standard 231 V6 (sedans and coupes) or optional Olds 307 V8 (which came as standard in the wagons) and Oldsmobile 350 diesel V8 (available in all models). 1985 307s received roller lifters for reduced friction. This will become the best model year sales to date with 915,336 Buicks sold. In 1986, the LeSabre was introduced on the new front wheel drive H platform, after departing from rear wheel drive on the GM B platform. Joining the LeSabre on the H-body included the Oldsmobile Delta 88 and the 1987 Pontiac Bonneville, which returned to full-size after a short-lived run as a mid-size on the G platform. One of the most striking features of the LeSabre version of the H-body was the hood was hinged towards the front instead of towards the back near the cowl and windshield in the same fashion as that of the Buick Electra and Chevrolet Corvette of that era. The all new styling and implementation of front wheel drive ushered in a new era for the LeSabre, being of a flush aerodynamic design. Most radical may have been the removal of Buick's long standing Ventiports from the front fenders. In 1986, there was a LeSabre Grand National model built to qualify the coupe body-style for NASCAR competition. The LeSabre Grand National is among the rarest of all Buicks ever made, with production numbers varying between 112 and 117 units. It was only available in black with gray interior.[32]

The E-body coupes were converted to unibody construction and further downsized for 1986 to a 108 in (2,700 mm) wheelbase similar in length to that of the Buick Regal. The V6 was now the only engine, rated initially at 142 hp (106 kW) SAE and 200 lb⋅ft (270 N⋅m) of torque. It used the Turbo-Hydramatic 440-T4 automatic with a 2.84:1 final drive ratio. This generation was noted for advanced electronic instrumentation displayed on a dash-mounted 9-inch (230 mm) CRT. The CRT controlled the vehicle's climate control system and stereo, and also supplied advanced instrumentation such as a trip computer and maintenance reminder feature. Four-wheel disc brakes were standard. With a choice of three suspension packages available, up to the performance oriented FE3 setting, handling was notably improved. The Riviera placed fourth for Motor Trend's 1986 Car of the Year contest. Fuel economy was notably improved for the 1986 Riviera, but the investment in the downsized, transverse engine front wheel drive platform resulted in a substantial price increase, to $19,831 to the base model and $21,577 for the new T-Type. Downsizing also resulted in a dimensional similarity to smaller, less expensive offerings from GM. The smaller dimensions, generic styling, and lack of a V8 led to sales plummeting to 22,138 for 1986, only 15,223 for 1987, and a dismal 8,625 for 1988.

In 1987, this will be the last year for the turbo/intercooled Regal Grand Nationals,often called the quickest American cars- until Buick offers 547 quicker special-edition '87 GNXs. General manager Ed Mertz promotes new "Premium American Motorcars" theme, which will focus Buick marketing on the qualities that made the marque famous and these motorcars will be substantial, distinctive, and powerful. In 1988, Buick is the official car of the U.S. Olympic Team.The Reatta two-seater is introduced, to be followed two years by a convertible. Also in 1988, Regal is downsized and converted to front-wheel drive. Bobby Allison wins Daytona 500 in a Regal. The Academy Award-winning film Rain Man prominently features a 1949 Roadmaster convertbile. "The Great American Road Belongs to Buick" slogan debuts. Finally, in 1989 and 1990, a new trim level to the Electra was offered: the Park Avenue Ultra. The Ultra was essentially an upgrade to the Electra Park Avenue line, and featured a standard leather trimmed interior with dual 20-way power front seats (shared with Cadillac's restyled 1989 Fleetwood Sixty Special), lower-body accent exterior paint treatment, distinctive thick-padded vinyl top with limousine-style rear-window surround (available only on Ultra), simulated burled elm trim on the doors and instrument panel, unique aluminum wheels, anti-lock brakes, chromed B-pillar moldings, specific grille and tail lamps, leather-wrapped steering wheel, electronic instrumentation, padded glove-compartment door, unique interior door panel trim, and a variety of otherwise minor changes. With its long list of standard equipment, the Park Avenue Ultra carried a higher base price than Cadillac's Sedan de Ville. The Park Avenue Ultra did not gain much popular recognition, however, until the following generation of Park Avenue where the "Ultra" badge offered even more features. The Flint-built LeSabre is ranked No.1 in North America and No.2 in the world in a major independent quality study and eventually, Buick changes its ad slogan from "The Great American Road Belongs to Buick" to "Buick: The New Symbol for Quality in America."

1990s[edit]

In 1990, the first Reatta convertible is produced. For the first time since 1977, Regal is now offered as a four-door sedan. In 1991, Buick leads industry in improvement in sales and market share. The Reatta is discontinued. Buick introduces a supercharged 3.8-liter V6 in Park Avenue Ultra. In fact, the 1991 Buick Park Avenue Ultra, a shapely luxury model with the famous 3.8-liter V6 now supercharged is a good example of the "Premium American Motorcars" theme. Supercharging became so popular at Buick that by the new millennium, Buick was the leading marketer and industry leader of supercharged cars. Also, in this period, Buick briefly brought back the Roadmaster as a huge rear-drive V-8 wagon and sedan after a 33-year absence. In 1991, the wagon returns and 1992 for the s edan's return. This LeSabre came out in 1991 for the 1992 model year, the LeSabre was redesigned along the same lines as the previous year's Park Avenue. The LeSabre was available only as a four-door ("family-style") sedan from this point forward until the car was discontinued in 2005. The headlights were streamlined with a separated amber turn signal strip wrapping around the lower front fascia. The rear fascia featured a wider trunk mouth and lower lift over height to ease loading baggage while the front was smoothed with simplified chrome molding and absent bumperettes. The LeSabre also featured GM's plastic body technologies, with high-stress plastic replacing traditional steel in the front fenders. The LeSabre's engine from 1992-1995 was the 3800 V6 (L27), which produced 170 hp (127 kW) and 225 lb·ft (305 N·m) The 3513 lb (1593 kg) car got 18 mpg (13.1 L/100 km) in the city and 28 mpg (8.4 L/100 km) on the highway, which was slightly better than the 1991 model. The car accelerated to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 8.9 seconds and could cover the quarter mile in 16.9 seconds at 80 mph (129 km/h). Top speed was electronically limited to 108 mph (173 km/h). The LeSabre was offered in two trim levels. The Custom trim level was the base level. The Limited was the premium trim level featuring alloy wheels, front hood ornament, and fold down access panels in the rear seat to access the trunk. The car had an 18-gallon fuel tank, Anti-lock brakes, and a power radio antenna located in the rear passenger side quarter panel. Instrumentation included gas gauge, speedometer, and gear indicator. Optional instrumentation included a tachometer and temperature, oil pressure, and charging voltage gauges. In 1993, a special edition LeSabre was sold to commemorate Buick's 90th anniversary. In addition to Custom trim level standard equipment, this model included "90th Anniversary" badging, cassette player, cruise control, rear window defogger, power driver's seat, carpeted floor mats, exterior pinstripes, and choice of wire or aluminum wheel covers. In 1994, General Sales and Service Manager Bob Coletta unveils commemorative at David Buick's birthplace in Arbroath,Scotland.

In 1995, after a hiatus in 1994, the Riviera returned in 1995 with radical styling that departed from the previous generations' traditional image. A 205 hp (153 kW) naturally aspirated 3800 V6 was standard, with a supercharged version rated at 225 hp (168 kW) and 275 lb⋅ft (373 N⋅m) available as an option. Rivieras were now built in Lake Orion, Michigan, riding the same Cadillac-derived G platform as the 4-door Oldsmobile Aurora. The very first of 41,422 Rivieras made in 1995 rolled off the assembly line on May 23, 1994. Also, the 1995 Riviera is a styling leader. In 1996, William Durant is named to the Business Hall of Fame and both the Roadmaster sedan and wagon are discontinued. In 1997, the Century and the Regal once again became versions of the same car, only offered as a four-door sedan, and sitting on a revised W platform that was shared with the Oldsmobile Intrigue, the Pontiac Grand Prix, the Chevrolet Lumina and Chevrolet Monte Carlo. Differences between the Regal and Century were mostly cosmetic. As the upmarket version, the Regal offered larger engines and fancier trim, and once again boasted a newer version of the 3.8 L V6. While the Century was mainly a reliable, economy-minded car based upon the W-body, the Regal was fitted with many amenities, including heated leather seats (optional on the Century), a Monsoon 8-speaker surround sound system, dual climate control, and expansive interior space. Few changes occurred during this version's seven-year run. It offered 5-passenger seating on all trim levels like the Pontiac Grand Prix and Oldsmobile Intrigue (formerly Cutlass Supreme), unlike their predecessors that had optional 6-passenger seating and the Buick Century (formerly built on the A platform) which had standard 6-passenger seating.The Century was redesigned for the last time in 1997. The four-door sedan was the only body style offered (the station wagon was dropped due to decreasing sales), and was still a front wheel drive V6-powered configuration. Plainer "Custom" and fancier "Limited" trim levels were carried over from the previous generation. The 1997 redesign moved Centurys to the W-body platform, rejoining its former Regal sibling. In this generation, the Century and Regal were nearly the same car, distinguished only by seating configurations, trim, and engine differences. Since the Century was lower-priced than the Regal, it was also the lower-powered and plainer of the two, offering only a 3.1 L V6. In keeping with its traditional image, the 6-passenger Century came equipped with a front bench seat and column shifter, while the more performance-oriented 5-passenger Regal came standard with front bucket seats and console shifter. The LeSabre is named the official car of Automated Highway System Consortium and Buick offers experimental hands-free driving to officials and press. In 1998, after 95 years in Flint, Buick Headquarters is moved to Detroit(November). Coletta, now general manager,sees first Chinese Buick roll off line at Shanghai(December)before he turns over top Buick job to Roger Adams. Buick Gallery and Research Center opens at Flint's Sloan Museum. Reorganization splits sales from marketing. In 1999, the last of nearly 16 million Buicks built in Flint is '99 LeSabre, the final car completed at Buick City(June 29). In a major independent quality study, Buick is No.2 (and top domestic) among 37 international brands and Buick City shares top world position among plants.With sales of all coupes declining in the North American market, GM decided to discontinue the Riviera. 1999 was the car's last model year with production of 1,956 cars ceasing on November 25, 1998. The final 200 cars had special silver paint and trim, and were denoted "Silver Arrow"[33] models, a designation which hearkened back to several Silver Arrow show cars that had been built off Riviera bodies by Bill Mitchell. Eighth-generation Rivieras received the most powerful V-6 Buick engine since the Grand Nationals of the 1980s. The supercharged OHV V6 gave impressive torque and acceleration, pushing the car from 0 to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) in under 7 seconds, and turning the ​1⁄4 mile in 15.5 seconds. Supercharged Rivieras achieved a fuel efficiency figure of 18/27 (city/highway mpg).

Recent years[edit]

Recent years

2000s[edit]

In the 2000s, Buick's lineup was modified with the compact and performance segments being abandoned in favor of the crossover/SUV market which was growing in popularity. In 2000, Buick headed into the new millennium with redesigned LeSabre (best-selling U.S. full-size car for eight straight years) and more powerful (and aptly named) Century. Since the first Detroit experimental car of 1899-1900, and first Flint production car of 1904,more than 35 million Buicks have been built. The 2000 LeSabre was introduced in March 1999. It was now built on GM's G platform; however GM chose to continue to refer to it as the H platform.[34] The LeSabre was manufactured at GM's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly factory in Hamtramck, Michigan and Lake Orion Assembly, in Lake Orion, Michigan. Some of the changes with the redesign included a new grille that did not open with the hood, and slightly smaller exterior dimensions. Despite its somewhat smaller exterior size, it still offered similar interior room and more trunk space than the previous model. A pollen filter was installed with this generation, and was accessed from inside the engine compartment on the passenger side against the firewall. Custom and Limited trim levels continued to be offered. In 2003, the Buick Centieme crossover concept car commemorated Buick Motor Division's 100th anniversary. Some of the Centieme's exterior design and interior features would later appear on the 2008 Enclave crossover. In 2003, a Celebration Edition package was added in recognition of Buick's centennial. The Celebration Edition featured all the standard equipment of the Limited with a choice pearlescent White Diamond or Crimson Pearl tricoat paint schemes, a blacked-out grille, 16" chrome wheels, and special badging. Other features optional or standard on the LeSabre included Stabilitrak, OnStar, EyeCue heads-up display, all-weather traction control, automatic load-leveling, side airbags, tire pressure monitoring system, heated seats, dual-zone climate control, and RainSense automatic windshield wipers. Although created to commemorate Buick's centennial in 2003, the package remained available in 2004 and 2005. In 2004, Buick added the Rainier mid-size SUV.

Buick began consolidating its lineup in 2005 and by 2008 had reduced it to just three models with new nameplates: the 2005 LaCrosse/Allure, the 2006 Lucerne, and the 2008 Enclave. In 2008, the Super name returned after a 50-year absence as a new performance trim level on LaCrosse and Lucerne. While the brand's total overall sales slipped in the United States,[35] the profitability of the model lineup ensured Buick's future within General Motors.[36]

Since 2005, GM had gradually consolidated Buick with GMC and former Pontiac dealerships to create the current Buick-GMC network. During General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization and emergence in 2009, the company designated Buick as a "core brand", citing the division's success in China.[37] Behind the scenes, GM began to move products originally planned for other brands to Buick. The Opel Insignia was originally intended to become the second-generation Saturn Aura, but instead became the new Buick Regal.[38][39] In the 2009 J.D. Power and Associates Vehicle Dependability Study, Buick tied with Jaguar as the most dependable brand in the United States.[40]

2010s[edit]

The 2010s saw the return of a classic Buick nameplate (Regal) as well as the addition of several new ones, plus the brand’s first factory convertible since the early 1990s. Also, the brand's first wagon since the late 1990s returned to the lineup.

2010–2012 Buick LaCrosse

In January 2009, Buick unveiled the new 2010 LaCrosse sedan, an all new styling direction which included traditional Buick cues. The market responded to the LaCrosse, with reviews favorably comparing to luxury models such as the Lexus ES.[41] In 2010, Buick became the fastest growing automotive brand and attracted a younger customer demographic.[42] An all-new Regal sedan, a smaller model based on the European Opel Insignia, was re-introduced for the 2011 model year after a seven-year absence. For 2012, the all-new Verano, which was a compact sedan based on the Chevrolet Cruze, joined the lineup. Additionally, the performance-oriented Regal GS officially went on sale and became the first Buick in almost 20 years to be offered with a manual transmission and a turbocharger. Buick also entered the hybrid market with the introduction of eAssist technology on the 2012 LaCrosse and Regal which helped improve fuel economy ratings by as much as 38% over the regular gas-engine versions. Meanwhile, sales of the Enclave crossover remained strong. In January 2012, the all-new Encore mini crossover was unveiled at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Also in 2012, a turbocharged version of the Verano was introduced and the Enclave was redesigned for the 2013 model year. In 2013, GM confirmed plans of a "hybrid global brand" which includes Opel/Vauxhall and Buick using more synergies between the brands.[43][44] LaCrosse and Regal were refreshed for the 2014 model year. In 2015, the all-new Cascada compact convertible debuted at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. In November, the all-new 2017 LaCrosse was shown at the Los Angeles Auto Show. Buick also confirmed that the Envision mid-size crossover would be sold in North America starting summer 2016. The Verano compact sedan was dropped from the Buick lineup in North America in 2017. For 2018, Buick replaced the Regal sedan with an all-new model offering hatchback and station wagon body styles. This new Regal is the first hatchback from Buick for the North American market since the 1987 Skyhawk and the first station wagon since the 1996 Roadmaster.

For the 2018 model year, Buick's North American lineup consists of the Encore compact crossover, the Cascada compact convertible, the Regal mid-size hatchback and station wagon, the LaCrosse full-size sedan, the Envision mid-size crossover, and the Enclave full-size crossover. A sub-brand was also added in 2018 to accompany Buick, with the Avenir badge being applied to its top of the line level trims, utilizing the same strategy as GMC's successful Denali sub-brand.[45] With GM spinning off the Opel/Vauxhall division to Group PSA in March 2017, Buick is expected to move away from sharing the same Opel model/designs upon the completion of the current generation vehicles or a debut of a replacement after the sale closes.[46]

A GM company spokesman said that Buick is positioned as a "premium" marque (entry-level luxury) to compete with Acura, some Lexus models, Volvo, and Infiniti, while Cadillac is aimed at the "luxury" performance segment which includes BMW and Mercedes-Benz, and Audi[47]

Production models[edit]

Current lineup

Current[edit]

Past[edit]

Concept cars[edit]

Concept cars

Buick has a long history of creating intriguing concept cars dating back to the Y-Job, the industry's first concept car, of 1938. Its most recent concepts have included the Avenir, unveiled at the 2015 North American International Auto Show, and the Avista which was unveiled a year later at the 2016 North American International Auto Show.

Distinguishing features[edit]

Trishield[edit]

A trishield, the Buick symbol, hood ornament on a 1990 LeSabre Custom

The Buick Trishield is rooted in the ancestral coat of arms of the automaker’s founder, David Dunbar Buick. That crest was a red shield with a checkered silver and azure diagonal line from the upper left to lower right, a stag above, and a punctured cross below. The division adopted this on its radiator grilles in 1937. In 1960, the logo underwent a major overhaul. Its single shield was replaced by a trio in red, white, and blue—denoting the LeSabre, Invicta, and Electra then in the Buick lineup. It was supplanted by the Buick Hawk in the 1970s, but the trishield reemerged in the 1980s, simplified, but with its same patriotic colors. The Trishield with red, white, and blue features, was simplified in 2005, but the colors have returned representing the current trio of vehicles in the Buick marque for sedans and crossovers. However, the Trishield enjoys its even more distilled and emboldened tri-color form.

VentiPorts[edit]

A traditional Buick styling cue dating to 1949 is a series of three or four vents on the front fender behind the front wheels. The source of this design feature was a custom car of Buick stylist Ned Nickles, which in addition had a flashing light within each hole each synchronized with a specific spark plug simulating the flames from the exhaust stack of a fighter airplane. Combined with the bombsight mascot (introduced in 1946), VentiPorts put the driver at the controls of an imaginary fighter airplane. The flashing light feature was not used by Buick in production, but VentiPorts remained as nonfunctional ornamentation.

They were called VentiPorts because the 1949 sales brochure noted that VentiPorts helped ventilate the engine compartment to minimize the engine overheating. The suggestion was made that they allowed air flow out of the engine bay. Air entered from the grille into the engine bay and was pressurized by the radiator fan, and exited through the VentiPorts. The benefit might have been true in early 1949, but sometime during the model year they became plugged.

The installation of VentiPorts was a reference to Buick having participated in the war effort by supplying over 74,000 Pratt & Whitney radial engines that were installed in B-24 Liberator aircraft. Buick also supplied Pratt & Whitney engines in the Douglas C-47 Skytrain and Douglas C-54 Skymaster.[49][50] GM also had a controlling interest in North American Aviation from 1933 until 1948, the company that built the P-51 Mustang fighter plane.[citation needed] GM also owned the Allison Engine Company, the manufacturer of the Allison V-1710 V-12 engine that was used in the Lockheed P-38, Bell P-39 and Curtiss P-40.

When introduced, the number of VentiPorts (three or four) denoted the size of straight-eight engine installed. Since displacement differences in straight-eight engines resulted in more dramatic differences in engine length than on V8s, the Buick Roadmaster (which was the only model at this time with the larger engine) needed a longer chassis in front of the cowl to accommodate the larger engine. Thus an extra VentiPort also corresponded directly to the necessary extra length in front. After the more compact V8 replaced the straight-eight engine in 1953 this difference in chassis length was no longer needed. Nevertheless, the convention remained. Consequently, when the Buick Century, which shared the Buick Special's smaller body, was reintroduced in 1954, it also received four VentiPorts to denote its engine's greater displacement. However, in 1955, the Buick Super, which shared Roadmaster's larger body, was promoted from three to four VentiPorts despite having the smaller displacement engine. In turn, the Buick Invicta which took the place of the Buick Century in 1959, and consequently had the smaller body with the larger displacement engine, was demoted from four to three VentiPorts on introduction. Thus the number of VentiPorts came to denote body size rather than engine size.

In 1961, Buick introduced the first V6 engine installed in an American passenger car, called the Fireball V6 in the Buick Special, and three VentiPorts appeared on the side, ushering a new designation denoting the number of cylinders instead of displacement and bodysize. As a result, VentiPorts have appeared sporadically from 1960 through 1981. The Buick V6 engine was not related to the GMC V6 engine introduced for commercial use in 1959.

In 2003 VentiPorts were re-introduced on the Buick Park Avenue Ultra. After the Park Avenue was discontinued, Buick salvaged the VentiPorts to appear on the new-for-2006 Lucerne. Consistent with the tradition that held from 1961, the Lucerne's VentiPorts refer directly to the number of pistons: V6 models have three on each side, while V8s have four on each side.

Modern and edgy compared to the oval ones that adorned Buicks for years, the new VentiPorts have become a Buick-wide talisman again. The newly designed VentiPorts appear on every Buick model from 2014 onward.[51]

Sweepspear[edit]

Sweepspear on a 1953 Buick Skylark.
Contemporary sweepspear, upon its reintroduction on a 2nd generation Buick LaCrosse.

Another styling cue from the 1940s through the 1970s was the Sweepspear, a curved trim line running almost the length of the car. Introduced as an option on the 1949 Buick Roadmaster Riviera hardtop coupe, the original Sweepspear was a chrome-plated steel rub strip which began level over the front wheel, gently curved down across the front fender and door, dove nearly to the rocker panel just ahead of the rear wheel, then flared up and over the rear wheel before leveling off again into a straight run back to the tail-light. The shape of the feature shows similarities to the Jaguar XK120, with the feature running the length of the car in both examples.

The "Riviera trim", as it was initially called, was made available on the Roadmaster convertible very late in the '49 model year. It proved so popular that by the 1951 model year it was made a standard feature on all Buicks. During the two-tone color craze of the 1950s, it separated two different color areas.

In time, the Sweepspear became stainless steel, then a vinyl rub strip or simple character line in the sheetmetal, as hinted in some versions of the Buick Riviera, distinct on the 1968-1969 Skylark, and appearing on the 2008 Invicta concept car. Often optional trim was available to reinforce a plain character line in the bodywork. The feature was re-introduced with the 2nd generation Buick LaCrosse.

Delta fin[edit]

Delta Fins on a 1959 Buick Electra 225 Riviera

The 1958 Buick was marketed beginning in September 1957, just as the space age began with the launching of Sputnik I on October 4 of that year. This Buick was nicknamed "the king of chrome" and had rear tailfins reminiscent of a rocket ship.[52][53] In 1959, Buick had the aerodynamic Delta Fin. The fin made parking difficult and blocked the driver's line of vision.[54][55] It was snubbed down in 1960 and disappeared in 1961.

Taillight shapes[edit]

During the 1950s, the characteristic form of the Buick taillamps was a tier of small, circular bullet-shapes. In the early 1960s, most models began to evolve a wide, rectangular pattern, until the 1965 Skylark and Electra models appeared with full-width rear lamps. Since then, wide taillamps have been a Buick hallmark, usually consisting of four bulbs on each side. The brake light illumination uses the two outer bulbs, while the two inner bulbs remain as tail lights.

Classic grille styling[edit]

Buick "dollar grin" and "Trishield" in a Buick LeSabre

The Buick styling cue (dating from the 1942–1958 period,) that has most often reappeared, though, is for the grille to be a horizontal oval with many, thin, vertical chromed ribs bulging forward. This has sometimes been called the Buick "dollar grin" particularly on the early 1950s models, which had thick, highly polished ribs that somewhat resembled teeth. The 1950 model took this tooth theme to its extreme as the teeth crossed over the bumper exposing the 1950 "grin". The 1951 model reined in the theme, bringing the teeth back behind the bumper. Current Buick Models have a new take on the classic styling with their Chromed "Waterfall Grilles".

Waterfall grille[edit]

Revised Buick waterfall grille on 2nd generation LaCrosse.

In recent years, Buick has adopted a Waterfall Grille, as seen on the Buick Velite concept car from 2004 and first used in production with the Buick Lucerne introduced for the 2006 model year. This waterfall grille bears some resemblance to grilles of Buicks from the 1980s, such as the Grand National.

Nailhead[edit]

The Buick V8 engine, nicknamed the Nailhead because of its relatively small intake and exhaust valves which resembled nails, became popular with hot-rodders in the 1950s and 1960s, because the vertical attachment of the valve covers, in contrast to the angled attachment of other V8 engines, enabled the engine to fit into smaller spaces while maintaining easy access for maintenance.

Performance[edit]

In addition to premium and luxury vehicles, Buick has also been well known for its offerings of high performance cars. Some of the better known examples included the Gran Sport and GSX models of the 1960s and 1970s, and the Grand National and GNX models of the 1980s.

World distribution[edit]

Asia[edit]

Buick G2.5 V6 made by Shanghai GM, China, 2002
V6 engine of Buick 2.5G of Shanghai GM, China, 2002

China is Buick's largest market, accounting for 80% of the cars sold worldwide in 2015. In 2015, General Motors sold 990,000 Buicks in China, four and a half times what it sold in the United States.[5] Buicks have always been popular in China. In pre-World War II China, one in five cars was a Buick[56] Buick is a leading vehicle brand in China.[57] Buicks were used by the last emperor Puyi, the first president Sun Yat-sen, and the first premier Zhou Enlai.[5]

Since 1999, a Chinese version of the Buick Regal has been produced and sold in mainland China by Shanghai GM and has proven to be popular among upscale, professional families, establishing Buick as one of the most popular vehicle brands in China. In addition, Buick of China also sells the compact Excelle, in its first generation based on the Daewoo Lacetti/Nubira), a five-door hatchback version called the HRV, and a modified version of the first generation Pontiac Montana minivan named the GL8. Many Buicks for the local market are equipped with smaller more fuel efficient engines with double overhead camshafts, than those with overhead valves in the same nameplate for the American market. The engines of 2005-09 Chevrolet Equinox and Pontiac Torrent, originally intended for Buick in China, were made in China and imported by General Motors.[58]

In June 2005, Buick announced that it would market the Australian RWD Holden Caprice in China as the Buick Royaum (2005–06). Buick previously marketed the subcompact Sail, sourced from GM's Asian operations and based on the Opel Corsa B, until 2005. Since then, Shanghai GM has replaced it with the Chevrolet Sail (a rebadged Opel Corsa). Buick has stated that it expects China to become its second largest market.

In 2006, Buick debuted the Chinese version of the LaCrosse sedan. The only differences are exterior design, different engine choices, and a facelifted interior. It is positioned above the Regal but below the Royaum.

In April 2007, Shanghai GM announced the Buick Park Avenue, for the Chinese market only. The vehicle is based on the Holden Caprice, with engines manufactured in Australia.

In 2009, Buick sold 447,011 vehicles, an increase of 59.6 percent compared with the previous year.[59]

Buick has sold over two million vehicles in China. The first million took eight years, the second came in at only three years.[60]

GM Taiwan was founded in August 1989. In the early 1990s, Buick, along with other GM brands, was very popular and frequently seen on Taiwanese streets. Park Avenue, 3rd and 4th generation Regal, and 6th generation Skylark used to be sold in Taiwan.

In December 2004, General Motors signed a memorandum of understanding with Yulon, a firm based in Taiwan, for the licensed manufacture of Buick vehicles there. In July 2005, Yulon GM Motor Co. Ltd. (Yulon GM), a joint venture with 51 percent equity stake held by Yulon Motor and 49 percent by GM, was founded.

On April 17, 2006, Yulon GM debuted the first Buick vehicle ever built in Taiwan, the LaCrosse sedan. It is very similar to the Chinese version of the LaCrosse.

On April 2010 Buick debuted the localised version of LaCrosse, named Alpheon, to South Korean market.

Mexico[edit]

Buicks were sold in Mexico from 1921 to 1962, when a protectionist policy on behalf of the government restricted the percentage of imported parts that could be used in the manufacture of vehicles and the sale of imported cars. From then onwards, all GM products were sold by Chevrolet dealerships. In 1990, after a heavy modification to the protectionist policy of the sixties, GM started assembling the Buick Century in Mexico, at the plant in Ramos Arizpe, in the state of Coahuila, just south of Texas, and selling it through Mexican Chevrolet dealerships, so it was not uncommon for many people to call it "Chevrolet Century". In 1997, GM stopped production of Buicks in Mexico and the brand was not sold there until 2009.

With the announcement in 2009 of the elimination of the Pontiac brand, it was speculated that Buicks would be sold once again in Mexico, since there was a large network of Pontiac-GMC dealerships already in place. On July 24, 2009, Grace Lieblein, the new president of GM in Mexico, revealed that the Buick brand would be available in Mexico in late September of that year, after an absence of a dozen years, with the LaCrosse and the Enclave models. Buick shared the dealership floor with Pontiac and GMC until the Pontiac brand faded away in the summer of 2010.

Middle East[edit]

In Israel, Buicks are imported by Universal Motors, Ltd. (UMI), which also imports other GM vehicles. For model years 2004 and 2005, the Buick LeSabre and Buick Rendezvous were sold. For model years 2006 and 2007, the Buick LaCrosse and Buick Lucerne were sold alongside the Rendezvous. For model year 2008, the Buick LaCrosse and Buick Lucerne were available. Buicks were sold throughout the Middle East until the second-generation Buick Roadmaster was discontinued.

New Zealand[edit]

Buicks were once sold in New Zealand. They were also built at the GMNZ plant in Petone, outside Wellington.[61] At the end of World War II, the Buick name was not revived for the New Zealand market.

Motorsport[edit]

For many years, Buick was a substitute for Chevrolet in automobile racing. No earlier than the 1960s, Buick was a competitor in the Indianapolis 500, and (like almost every other American manufacturer) also participated in the Grand National stock car racing series using its Regal and later the Gran Sport.

The golden age of Buick in motorsport, however, was the early to late 1980s. General Motors entered the Regal, particularly the Grand National model, in the NASCAR Cup Series alongside the Oldsmobile Cutlass. Buick was also a major powerplant in the IndyCar Series and IMSA GT Series (particularly in the IMSA GTP class) for several years. The 1990s, however, proved to be the end of Buick's reign in motorsports, as GM replaced it for many years with Oldsmobile before phasing out that marque in 2004. Oldsmobile would be replaced by Pontiac until its demise in 2009, being replaced by Chevrolet.

Buicks were also entered in the Trans Am Series in the 1980s and 1990s using aftermarket V8 engines.

Enthusiast organizations[edit]

The Buick Club of America, founded in 1966, is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and restoration of automobiles built by the Buick Motor Division of General Motors Corporation.

Advertisements[edit]

  • A 1911 Buick Advertisement - Syracuse Post-Standard, January 21, 1911

  • 1913 advertisement

  • The Saturday Evening Post, November 1920

  • 1912 Buick logo

  • Cover of 1925 promotional folder from Swedish reseller

  • Advertisement for 1916 Buick by dealer Howard Automobile Co., San Francisco.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ BUICK MOTOR DIVISION HISTORY by Lawrence R. Gustin, 1993 - Buick Motor Division
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "The Buick, A Complete History," third ed., 1987, Terry P. Dunham and Lawrence Gustin.
  3. ^ "How Car Brands Compare for Reliability". Consumer Reports. Consumer Reports. October 15, 2015. 
  4. ^ "GM Reports Third Consecutive Year of Record Global Sales". media.gm.com. 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-02-04. 
  5. ^ a b c Frankel, Todd C. (January 20, 2016). ""That's a Buick?" In China, unlike the U.S., there's no doubt". Washington Post. 
  6. ^ Flint Timeline Project-James H. Whiting Archived July 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ "All Things Buick". buickcity.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2018-07-09. 
  8. ^ VMC virtualmuseum.ca McLaughlin-Buick:"Canada's Standard Car"
  9. ^ "Buick History". Welovebuicks.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  10. ^ "1901 Buick perhaps 1902". Prewarbuick.com. 2002-01-01. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  11. ^ "James H. Whiting". Thewhiting.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  12. ^ "1904 Buick Model B". Prewarbuick.com. 2002-01-01. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  13. ^ "1904 Buick Prototype - Sloan Museum". 1929buick.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  14. ^ "1904 Buick Model B - Restoration Project". 1929buick.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  15. ^ "A Heritage of Precision". Buick. Archived from the original on 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  16. ^ "1906 Buick Brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  17. ^ "The free-wheeling gambler who created conservative General Motors". Info.detnews.com. 1996-07-30. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  18. ^ Stoll, John D. (2008-07-07). "GM Weighs More Layoffs, Sale of Brands". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
  19. ^ Katz, John F. (1998-03-02). "1909 Buick Model F". Autoweek.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 
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  21. ^ Wells, Dick. "SRMA Update" in Street Rodder, 12/98, p.298. The accuracy of this source is in question, however.
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  23. ^ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.121.
  24. ^ Clymer, p.120.
  25. ^ "Who Made That Turn Signal?". The New York Times. July 12, 2013. 
  26. ^ Davies, Caroline (2001-08-23). "Car that took King into exile goes on sale". The Daily Telegraph. London. 
  27. ^ "Genesis modernizes car buying with online convenience". 5 December 2016. 
  28. ^ a b "Car News - Auto News - Driving". Driving. 
  29. ^ The Buick, A Complete History, Dunham and Gustin
  30. ^ LaChance, David Hemmings Motor News Buyer's Guide from Hemmings Muscle Machines: 1966-'67 Buick Riviera GS July 2006 Retrieved July 26, 2015
  31. ^ "History & Heritage". Buick.com. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  32. ^ "1986 LeSabre Grand National Page". Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2012-01-08. 
  33. ^ "Riviera Owners Association, The car club dedicated to restoration of the Buick Riviera". 
  34. ^ Frame, Phil (16 January 1995). "GM H CARS MOVE TO G PLATFORM". Automotive News. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  35. ^ Dederer, Andrew (2008-04-25). "Buick and the Detroit Zombies". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 2011-09-23. 
  36. ^ Krebs, Michelle (2009-06-29). "'Good' GM: Maybe Not All That Good". Edmunds Auto Observer. Retrieved 2011-06-03. 
  37. ^ Evans, Scott (2009-04-02). "GM CEO Henderson Says Buick is a Core Brand". MotorTrend.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03. 
  38. ^ "2011 Buick Regal". Autoblog.com. 
  39. ^ "GMI Exclusive: 2010 Saturn Aura on "Hold"". GM Inside News. 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2011-06-03. 
  40. ^ "Buick and Jaguar Tie to Rank Highest for Vehicle Dependability, J.D. Power Press Release, 19 March 2009
  41. ^ "Comparison: 2010 Buick LaCrosse CXS vs 2010 Lexus ES 350". Motor Trend. March 2010. Retrieved 2011-06-03. 
  42. ^ "Fastest Growing Car Brand in America? Buick". Advertising Age. 2010-08-16. Retrieved 2011-06-03. 
  43. ^ "Opel, Buick To Expand Product Sharing, Become A "Hybrid Global Brand"". 
  44. ^ "Tina Müller New Chief Marketing Officer and Opel Board Member". 
  45. ^ "Buick Announces Avenir Sub-Brand To Join Future Products In 2018" from GM Authority (September 1, 2016)
  46. ^ Frost, Lawrence; Taylor, Edward (Mar 6, 2017). "PSA targets Opel turnaround as GM exits Europe". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2017. 
  47. ^ "2010 Buick LaCrosse". Autoblog.com. 
  48. ^ a b c d e Official website of Buick China. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  49. ^ Time Magazine, May 14, 1945, numerous advertisements referring to Buick engines installed.
  50. ^ "Time Magazine May 14, 1945 Special: The Big Three (Time) at A Date In Time". pages.adateintimecollectibles.com. 
  51. ^ "Timeline Photos". Buick Official Facebook Page. 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-12-15. 
  52. ^ "Photo of a 1958 Buick Special". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-12-27. 
  53. ^ "Source of the photo of the 1958 Buick". Photos.cokertire.com. 2008-05-05. Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  54. ^ "Photo of a 1959 Buick". Retrieved 2010-12-27. 
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External links[edit]

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