1.
Lumad
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The Lumad are a group of non-Muslim indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning native or indigenous and it is the self-ascription and collective identity of the indigenous peoples of Mindanao. The name Lumad grew out of the political awakening among tribes during the martial law regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, no other Lumad organization had had the express goal in the past. Representatives from 15 tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name, the choice of a Cebuano word was a bit ironic but they deemed it appropriate as the Lumad tribes do not have any other common language except Cebuano. This marked the first time that these tribes had agreed to a name for themselves, distinct from that of the Moros and different from the migrant majority. According to the Lumad Development Center Inc. there are about 18 Lumad groups in 19 provinces across the country, considered as vulnerable groups, they live in hinterlands, forests, lowlands and coastal areas. There are about 20 general hilltribes of Mindanao, all of which are Austronesian, the term lumad excludes the Butuanons and Surigaonons, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their Visayan ethnicity and lack of affinity with the Lumad. This can be confusing, since the word literally means native in the Visayan languages. The Blaan is an group that is concentrated in Davao del Sur. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos, the Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the Bukidnon plateau of Mindanao. Bukidnon means that of the mountains, despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands, the name Bukidnon is itself used to describe the entire province in a different context. The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya, though there are several minor gods, religious rites are presided by a baylan whose ordination is voluntary and may come from both sexes. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions which are celebrated annually in Malaybalay citys Kaamulan Festival, Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in Mindanao. Their traditional territories is in Davao Del Sur and the Sarangani Province particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Tagakaulo means living in mountain. The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the shores of the gulf of Davao. The Manobo are an Austronesian, indigenous agriculturalist population who neighbor the Mamanwa group in Surigao del Norte and they live in barangays like the Mamanwa, however, population size is dramatically larger in the Manobo settlements in comparison to those of the Mamanwa. The two groups interact frequently although the amount of interaction varies between settlements and intermarriage is common between them, Manobo is the hispanicized spelling of Manuvu
2.
Provinces of the Philippines
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The provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, the National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by a legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces are grouped into 18 regions based on geographical, cultural, fifteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Negros Island Region, each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the Republic, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government, executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniáng Panlalawigan, every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province is determined by its income class, first- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members, third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 14 regularly elected SP members, every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to the respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains, Philippine Councilors League, and Sangguniáng Kabataan. The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province, ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organisations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government is limited by the Philippine Constitution, the President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government. For purposes of representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district. One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives, senatorial representation is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities are independent from the province. Local government units classified as component cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over a government is the mandate of the mayor. Provinces are classified according to annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
5.
Regions of the Philippines
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In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
6.
Northern Mindanao
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Northern Mindanao is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region X. The regional center is Cagayan de Oro, Lanao del Norte was transferred to Northern Mindanao from Region XII by virtue of Executive Order No.36 in September 2001. Northern Mindanao has a land area of 2,049,602 hectares. More than 60% of Northern Mindanaos total land area are classified as forest land and its seas abound with fish and other marine products. Rainfall in Northern Mindanao is evenly distributed throughout the year and its abundant vegetation, natural springs and high elevation contribute to the regions cool, mild and invigorating climate. Northern Mindanao is the 8th most populous region in the Philippines, the major urban area of Region X is Metro Cagayan de Oro which includes Cagayan de Oro and some municipalities and cities of Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon. The vast majority of the inhabitants are migrants from Cebu. Some inhabitants are of Waray, Ilonggo, Tagalog, Maranao, the economy of Northern Mindanao is the largest regional economy in the island of Mindanao. The economy in Northern Mindanao is mainly agricultural, but there is also a booming growth of industries particularly in Cagayan de Oro and in Iligan. The famous Del Monte Philippines located in the Province of Bukidnon and its processing plant is located in Cagayan de Oro, the Agus-IV to VII Hydroelectric Plants in Iligan and Balo-i, Lanao del Norte supplies most of its electrical power in Mindanao. The region is composed of five provinces, Bukidnon, the province of Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental. It has 2 highly urbanized cities, Cagayan de Oro and Iligan, the provinces are further subdivided into seven component cities and 84 municipalities, with a total of 2,022 barangays. The regional center is Cagayan de Oro, laguindingan International Airport, the first International airport in Northern Mindanao. Media related to Northern Mindanao at Wikimedia Commons Philippine Standard Geographic Code listing for Northern Mindanao - National Statistical Coordination Board
7.
Malaybalay
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Malaybalay, officially City of Malaybalay, is a first income class component city and the capital and administrative center of the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 174,625 people and it was formerly part of the province of Misamis Oriental as a municipal district in the late 19th century. When the special province of Agusan and its sub-province were created in 1907 and it was then formally established as a municipality on October 19,1907 and was created into a city on February 11,1998 by virtue of Republic Act 8490. Malaybalay City is the venue of the Kaamulan Festival, held annually from mid-February to March 10, Folk etymology has it that when Spanish explorers came to the central portion of the province in the late 18th century, they met children playing at the lower part of the Sawaga. The soldiers asked in Spanish what is the name of the place, the children, who did not understand Spanish, thought that they were asked what they were doing. The soldiers misheard and thought that the name of the place was Malaybalay, so in the Spanish record the name Malaybalay stuck approximately 1820–1840. The original inhabitants of Malaybalay come from the seashores of Northern Mindanao but were driven toward the mountains because of pirates, before the final conquest of the central part of Mindanao, Sumilao, Linabo, Mailag and Silae has been established by Spanish missionaries. In 1850, Kalasungay, was burned down by the Spaniards during their battle with the lumads, in which all male adults were killed. This battle is the last recorded resistance by the inhabitants against the Spanish conquerors. Together with 30 other datus, Datu Mampaalong accepted Spanish dominion and embraced Christianity on June 15,1877, ending the long-standing war between them. From 1877 until the coming of the Americans, covering a span of 20 years, capitanes, the Philippine Commission then headed by Commissioner Dean C. Worcester, Secretary of Interior and a member of the Philippine Commission proposed the separation of Bukidnon from Misamis Oriental Province, on August 20,1907, the Philippine Commission Act No.1693 was enacted creating the Province of Agusan and the sub-province of Bukidnon. Malaybalay was then created as a municipality on October 19,1907. During the Second World War, in 1942, the Japanese occupation troops entered Bukidnon and they occupied Malaybalay, establishing a camp in Casisang. Guerrilla groups operating around Malaybalay made frequent raids on the Japanese camps from the time of the occupation until the arrival of the Americans, in 1945, American liberation forces, together with the Philippine Commonwealth Forces and Filipino guerrillas liberated Malaybalay. On March 26,1996, the Sangguniang Bayan of the municipality of Malaybalay passed Resolution No, 3699-96 petitioning to the House of Representatives for the conversion of Malaybalay into a city. Reginaldo Tilanduca, 2nd District Representative of Bukidnon at that time,6275, proposing the creation of Malaybalay into a component city. On February 11,1998, President Fidel Ramos signed the act that converted Malaybalay to a city, Malaybalay City, the capital city of Bukidnon, is in the central part of the province
8.
Sangguniang Panlalawigan
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The Sangguniang Panlalawigan, commonly known as the Provincial Board, is the Filipino language name given to the legislatures in Philippine provinces. They are the branch of the province and their powers. Along with the governor, the executive branch of the province. Encomiendas were organized only for the purposes of collecting tribute that went in part to the Roman Catholic Church, the Spanish army, later on areas which were organized and given the designation of province were led by an appointed alcalde who performed judicial, fiscal and executive functions. American rule brought radical changes to the system of government in the country. In 1901 the Philippine Commission enacted Act No,83, known as the Provincial Government Act, which outlined the powers, responsibilities and composition of the provincial government. As civil government took hold, the governorship was made elective, the composition of provincial boards were also later modified, with the treasurer and third member taken out and replaced by two members elected by popular vote. Not all provinces had the type of government. The passage of Republic Act No, however, the Board still had limited real legislative powers, as the provincial government was merely serving as an extension of national government. Republic Act No.5185 was enacted in 1967 with the intention of decentralizing authority,51, enacted in 1979, standardized the composition of all provincial legislatures by reducing the membership of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. All provinces were entitled to 6 elective SP members, unless they had more than one million residents or less than 100,000 residents, the powers and duties of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan was codified under Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, also known as the Local Government Code of 1983, the governor served as an ex officio member, who did not vote except only to break a tie, but had the power to veto items within, or entire, Sanggunian ordinances and resolutions. However the veto can be overridden by a vote of all voting SP members. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan was retained as the branch of all provincial governments under the 1987 Constitution. Since 1992 SP members are elected from districts to ensure geographical representation, the powers, duties and functions of the Sanggunian are outlined in Section 468 of the Local Government Code of 1991. The legislative body is tasked in general to enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the welfare of the province. In the proper exercise of the powers of the province. The provincial vice-governor serves as its officer, who do not vote except in cases to break a tie
9.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
10.
Cities of the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
11.
Valencia, Bukidnon
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Valencia City, officially City of Valencia and often referred to as simply Valencia, is a 2nd class component city in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 192,993 people, Valencia attained its city status after the ratification of Republic Act 8985 in January 12,2001. The city is the most populous among all cities and municipalities, and it is also the most populous inland/landlocked city in Mindanao. It is the third largest city in Northern Mindanao, after Cagayan de Oro, the city serves as the center of trade and commerce in Bukidnon The territory that now comprises the city of Valencia were former thirteen Barangays of the City of Malaybalay, Bukidnon. The pioneers were led by Datu Sebastian Manangkila together with the families of the Binalhays, Laugas, Dongogans, Gua-ans, Lanayans, and the Arenzos. The first site of the settlement was a sitio named “Panglibatuhan” because the area was forested by tree species called by the natives as “Malibato trees”. In 1911, on-room barrio school was opened, and its first teacher was the late Leon Galorport and that school site is approximately the present location of the Poblacion Barangay High School. Galorport, who came from his hometown, Valencia, Bohol named the school “Valencia School”, when the sitio became a barrio of Malaybalay, the resident agreed to name it “Valencia”. Finally, when the portion of Malaybalay was separated as a new municipality. The barrio which was Valencia is now Barangay Poblacion and is the seat of the city government of Valencia, the rich natural resources found in the territory eventually attracted Christian settlers from the highly populated coastal areas of Mindanao, Visayas and Luzon islands. The petition was forwarded to the Provincial Board of the Bukidnon province for consideration, the Provincial Board passed a resolution approving the creation of the Municipality of Valencia and forwarded the same to the Office of the President of the Philippines. By virtue of the provisions of Executive Order No,360, the municipality of Valencia was formally born on January 16,1961. In 1961, President Carlos P. Garcia appointed Teodoro Pepito and Ernesto Garcia as the mayor, upon the election of President Diosdado Macapagal in November 1961, another set of municipal officials were appointed, with Lucilo Alkuino as municipal mayor and Solomon Gao-ay as vice mayor. Thus, between 1962 and 1963, two sets of officials have served the municipality of Valencia. During the regular election in November 1963, Pepito won and became the first elected mayor. Mayor Pepito was re-elected in 1967 and again in 1971, however, before his term expired in 1975, martial law was declared by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 and elections for local officials were suspended. Mayor Pepito continued to hold office as mayor until 1978, when he retired from government service, the vice mayor, Absalon Catarata, succeeded as municipal mayor until 1979, when President Ferdinand Marcos appointed Santiago Dablio as acting mayor of Valencia. In 1980 local elections, Absalon Catarata was elected municipal mayor, in February 1986, the People Power Revolution in Manila took place and Corazon Aquino became the President of the Republic
12.
Municipalities of the Philippines
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A municipality is a local government unit in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually called towns and they are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays, as of June 2015, there are 1,490 municipalities across the country. A municipal district is a local government unit, previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 and they have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and they are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate national law, the Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as a municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch and these responsibilities shall be under approval of the Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury, in circumstances where the mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While vice mayor presides over the legislature, he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises, laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances, if the mayor neither vetoes nor approves the proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan, the latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements – minimum population size, first, a bill must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities
13.
Baungon, Bukidnon
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Baungon is a 2nd class municipality in the northern part of the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 34,336 people, Baungon is located in the northern part of Bukidnon, about 132 kilometres north of Malaybalay City via Cagayan de Oro, which is about 30 kilometres from Imbatug, the towns poblacion. It is bounded on the north-east by the Libona, at the south by the Lantapan and it has a land area of 328.34 square kilometres based on the cadastral survey made by the DENR. Typical of the environmental condition, Baungon belongs to the third type of climate which is relatively dry from March to April. In 1997, the heaviest rainfall was recorded in January with 497.8 millimetres, April has the lowest amount of rainfall with 24.3 millimetres. The average temperature is 25 °C and the humidity is 82. 2%. The bigger part of Baungon is located over plateau, the terrain of which is flat with slowly rising mountains. In some parts, however, the terrain is sloping to severely eroded. It has three rivers, namely, Bobonawan in the north, Tumalaong at the south. These rivers and its tributaries serve as natural drainage system, near the airport, one can find Kabula River, a favorite site for water rafting. Baungon is home to two of the worlds rarest flowers, Rafflesia and Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, the Rafflesia that grows in Baungon was identified by one botanist, Ulysses Ferreras, as Rafflesia schadenbergiana, which was thought to be extinct. Such Rafflesia was last seen by the German Alex Schandenberg on Mount Apo in the year 1881 and this Rafflesia is called by locals as Kolon Busaw and grows well in its soil. Baungon is politically subdivided into 16 barangays, in the 2015 census, the population of Baungon was 34,336 people, with a density of 100 inhabitants per square kilometre or 260 inhabitants per square mile. The towns economy is primarily agricultural, the main agricultural products of Baungon are corn, casava, banana, camote, fruits and vegetables, bamboo crafts, and abaca products. Mill products consist of the following, corn grits, rice, Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information
14.
Cabanglasan, Bukidnon
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Cabanglasan is a third class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 33,997 people, the town was once a Barangay of the capital town, Malaybalay. It was named after a Banglas tree, endemic species that inhabit. Banglas is hardwood that usually grows in the portion of the Bobunawan riverbanks. Kabanglasan literally means a place that has plenty of Banglas, Cabanglasan was created as a separate municipality from Malaybalay on August 13,1979 by virtue of Republic Act 6489. The movement for the separation of Cabanglasan from his mother municipality began in the early 1960s when the people of Pulangi region petitioned for the secession and this prompted the passage of House Bill No.2789 in Congress by the then Congressman Cesar M. Fortich. The bill was enacted into law without executive approval under Republic Act 6489, due to the persistence of the residents as spearheaded by Datu Maliwanag, then President Ferdinand E. Marcos referred the matter to the mother municipality, Malaybalay. A plebiscite was held wherein the majority voted for the implementation of RA6489. On August 13,1979, the first set of officials headed by Mayor Saturnino P. Linsagan aka Datu Maliwanag to his tribesmen, took their oath. Cabanglasan is geographically located between east longitude 125 degrees 27 minutes and north latitude 8 degrees and 3 minutes and it has a total area of 24,330 hectares, of which 38% is Alienable and Disposable land and 62% is timberland. It has 15 barangays,5 of which are situated within timberland namely, Freedom, Mandahican, Mauswagon, Jasaan and it occupies 2. 52% of the total provincial area of Bukidnon and 0. 74% of the regional area. The major part of the municipality is classified under slope class 8 to 15 percent, where such areas are found, it is contiguous to level areas, identified as water retaining areas potentially suited to intensive palay production. Along its North, East and South boundaries is slope class 30% and above, hilly and mountainous are declared as forestal, Cabanglasan has an average elevation of 465 meters above sea level. Cabanglasan fall under the fourth type and it means that rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. May to December is usually the period with long rainfalls, while driest months last from January to April. Mountain climates reasonably form another type of climate, as far as some climatological elements are concerned, except as to temperature, rainfall generally increases with height. Cabanglasan is politically subdivided into 15 barangays, in the 2015 census, the population of Cabanglasan was 33,997 people, with a density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometre or 360 inhabitants per square mile. Cabanglasan was created to become a municipality on August 13,1979 by virtue of Republic Act 6489, on the following year,1980, a regular census on population and housing was conducted nationwide, wherein Cabanglasan had an actual population count of 16,843
15.
Damulog, Bukidnon
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Damulog is a fourth class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 30,302 people, historically, the first settlers of Damulog were the Manobos. They are the people of the place. Testimonials of the old folks disclosed that the name of the place was “Ramulog” meaning a place to take a bath, a river at the town proper is a place where the Manobos take a bath. It also became a place of gathering where the men were fishing nearby, their wives washed clothes, overtime, “Ramulog” changed to “Damulog” due to assimilation of the Manobos and the new settlers. The river is now called Damulog River, the opening of the Sayre Highway in 1953 opened Damulog into external trade. Manobos and Muslims from nearby Cotabato gathered abaca from the forests, the traders processed the abaca into raw fiber and resell it in Cagayan de Oro City process these into fiber. More immigrants from the Visayas came and started to farm lots. Slowly, the new settlers soon dominated trade and business, Damulog celebrates its Araw ng Damulog every 16th day of August with exhilarating activities that comprehends every walk of life. The municipality celebrates its fiesta every 7th day of October of the year in honor of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary. In line are different activities that draw many expectators from other municipalities, Damulog once a barrio of Kibawe was officially created a regular Municipality in January 1972 pursuant to Republic Act No.6369. The author was Congressman Cesar Titang Fortich, the approval was on August 16,1971 and Damulog started as municipality in 1972. It is difficult to trace the lineage who handled the reigns of power prior to the creation of the barrio of Damulog into a municipality. The kapitan del barrio then was Tito C, balangyao who assumed as mayor upon its creation as a municipality in 1972. He remained mayor until March 1980 when Emiterio D, after about two months, Rev. Romeo P. Tiongco assumed as mayor. He relinquished his post a year after wherein then Vice Mayor Basilio Beltran assumed the top post, luis again won the mayoralty post. It was during his term that RA7160 known as the Local Government Code of 1991 was implemented and it was also this time that local governance became multidisciplinary and multifaceted. He finished his three terms in 1998, in July 1998, the first lady chief executive was elected
16.
Dangcagan, Bukidnon
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Dangcagan is a third class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 23,723 people, Dangcagan used to be an abode of the Manobos under the leadership of Datu Dangaan, a prominent chieftain ruler known for his courage and affluence. The place was then a little Sitio of Maramag, as the Christian settlers from Luzon & Visayas began to flock and settle in the area. Datu Dangaan followers ran and hide their families in the forest and this leads the settler to call the “Dagandagan”. It took ample time for the settler to befriend the natives, when the natives and the Christian settlers finally united, they made representation to the Municipal Government of Maramag to form a regular barrio within the territory of Datu Dangaan. They agreed to call the barrio Dangcagan in honor of the natives, and from 1972 until March 1986 Mayor Fruto Ll. During his time he constructed new roads and maintained the road network of Dangcagan In 1992. Dandasan assumed as Municipal Mayor until June 1995 and she pursued the programs and projects that were initiated by her late husband and other predecessors. After three terms of Mayor Cabunoc, Mayor Edilberto F. Ayuban followed with 3 consecutive terms, in the mayoral election of 2013, Mayor Fruto B. Dandasan who used to be one of the towns elected councilor, Dangcagan is located in the southern part of the province. It is 72 kilometres from the capital, Malaybalay City, and 162 kilometres from regional center, Cagayan de Oro City. The town is sandwiched by municipality of Kitaotao in the northern and eastern part, by Kibawe, in the its southern part, the Pulangi River and Muleta River serves as its natural boundary with Kitaotao and Kadingilan, respectively. The municipality has a land area of more or less 42,269 hectares. It has distinct dry and wet season, the wettest Month is usually September and it has a fertile soil ranging from clay to sandy loam. Its topography is 70% flat and 30% rolling, which is suitable for crops such as corn, rice and other commercial crops like coconut, coffee, cacao, rubber, banana. Dangcagan is politically subdivided into 14 barangays, in the 2015 census, the population of Dangcagan was 23,723 people, with a density of 56 inhabitants per square kilometre or 150 inhabitants per square mile. The majority of the inhabitants speak Cebuano, although some inhabitants also speak the Hiligaynon/Ilonggo language. Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information
17.
Don Carlos, Bukidnon
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Don Carlos is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 66,959 people, the first people who settled this place before was a certain Datu Andarol, his wife Ba-e Mahanu, and their son Datu ‘Mangginayun’. Datu Andarol was a ruler and the leader of the Manobo tribe settling the village of Minduso, the place was covered with forests and access by outlanders was prohibited unless permitted by the datu. Minduso was the home of Datu Andarols descendants, upon the arrival of the Spaniards, the datu was succeeded by his son, Datu Mangginayun. He was married to Ba-e Antonina Manlayuan and his leadership reflects that of his father, as he implemented tribal laws and settled criminal offenses, particularly murder. As the leader of his community, he also presided wedding ceremonies. The first popular Spanish stranger who approached Datu ‘Mangginayun’ Antonio Sr. was Tomás Sandoval and he requested a parcel of land that he intend to borrow and to till, the datu conceded to his request. As part of the agreement, Tomás was to give the part of his harvest as a share to the datu, several years later, another Spaniard by the name of Elizalde came and, like Tomás, requested the datu for lands to establish ranches. The lands lent by the datu to Elizalde were, lands in Pantil-pantilan, Migtutugop, the lands along the Mulita river, the today-famous Squash Mountain, and the Tugas Falls. Census registry for the settlers of Minduso was only located at Ramag, Antonio Sr. s son, Datu ‘Mangginayun’ Antonio Sagandilan Jr. was born on March 17,1917 at Miuvan and had his birth registered at Maramag. Antonio Jr. was drafted into the USAFFE before World War II, however, he was called upon to fight on the outbreak of war, and his family did nothing about it. When the war ended, Antonio Jr. succeeded his father in the leadership of his tribe as a datu in 1946 and he was first a tribal councilor, and later became a barangay captain of the whole of Minduso. During his time of service, Señora Remedios ‘Meding’ Fortich de Ozamis personally visited Antonio Jr, at first, the datu declined, as the as the flourishing enclave has significance for their patrimony. 4800, Minduso and other neighboring villages and barangays were clustered to form the municipality of Don Carlos in 1966, Don Carlos is situated in the southern part of the province. The town is bounded by the municipalities of Maramag in the north, Kitaotao in the south, Quezon in the east, the town is known for its famous landmark, Lake Pinamaloy. There are 3 types of soil cover the municipality. These soils, which are clay, are Kidapawan Clay, Adtuyon Clay. The terrain of the municipality of Don Carlos is generally flat except the range on the eastern part of the municipality
18.
Impasugong
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Impasugong is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 47,859 people, Impasug-ong is also known having a tree park, a 15 minutes ride with a cab or a motorcycle. Also a the Panika which means native dresses at the center is a center of Attraction. Impasugong is strategically located in the part of the Province of Bukidnon. It is approximately 75 kilometres from Cagayan de Oro City, a good 1½-hour drive and it is half an hour away from Malaybalay City, with a total number of 13 barangays, it is characterized by mountains, deep canyons and gorges. The terrain is rugged with a significant slope of 18% and above covering 72% of the land area. It had a land area of 105,117 hectares. 83% is classified as timberlands and 17% as alienable and disposable lands, 72% of this A&D lands is devoted to agricultural production. It is an area ideal for the production of high value crops. Average temperature ranges from 16 to 31 °C throughout the year, Impasugong is politically subdivided into 13 barangays. In the 2015 census, the population of Impasugong was 47,859 people, the major crops grown by farmers in the municipality are, corn, pineapple, rice, coffee, sugarcane, banana, vegetables, abacá, fruits and legumes. There are 9 commercial cattle farms in the area holding 1,143 heads in all, the LGU also manages a communal ranch in a 649-hectare land that holds 300 heads of cattle. This supports the dispersal and breed improvement program of the municipality, there are also 28 commercial poultry breeder farms in the municipality with an estimated combined population of 775,000 heads. Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Official Website of Impasug-ong, Bukidnon
19.
Kadingilan, Bukidnon
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Kadingilan is a third class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 33,778 people, during the earlier times, there was a certain ethnic group headed by its chieftain named Datu Mandaganasa. He was then looking for a place located between two rivers as the home for his tribe, Kampong. They found vast tracts of land located between the Iniawan and Pinalpalan Rivers and decided to make the place as their territorial domain, as time passed by, the place got its name, Kadingilan from the corrupted native words Kadiay and Matingilan. The growth and development of Kadingilan began after World War II, migrants from all over the country flocked into its fertile lands. The original occupants were slowly replaced by Cebuanos, Boholanos, Warays, the original inhabitants were eventually eased-out by the influx of incoming Dumagats. When Bukidnon was created as a province from Agusan del Norte. It existed as such until Kibawe was created as a municipality on July 1,1956. Kadingilan was then taken from Maramag and became one of the barrios of Kibawe. On August 16,1971, Kadingilan was created as a municipality of Bukidnon pursuant to Republic Act 6368. ), the topography of the municipality is characterized as rugged terrain with rolling, hilly and mountainous portions. The Maridugao and Kidanggin Rivers at the southern portion separates Kadingilan from the municipality of Pangantucan, the climate of the municipality belongs to type C agro-climatic zone. This zone is the most extensive and covers most of the present, relatively low rainfall is due to rain shadow effect of the mountainous belt on the eastern side of Bukidnon. Rainfall distribution is likely to vary in the part of the province because of the presence of adjoining hills. The heaviest rainfall occurs during the months of May to September, about fifty two percent of the total land area has an elevation of 300–400 meters above sea level while forty percent is between 0–30 m. asl. Only hundred fifty hectares are within the elevation of 500 meters and above, twenty six percent of the total land area of the municipality has slope of 18-30% which is described as rolling to hilly. These are areas classified as timberland within the barangays of Cabadiangan, twenty-four percent has a slope category of 3-8%, characterized as sloping to undulating. Only about fifteen percent or a total of 2,628 hectares fall under the range of 0-3% (level to gently sloping covering more than thirty six percent of the total alienable and disposable lands. The soil type of Kadingilan is predominantly Kidapawan clay and it is characterized as light brown to dark brown in color, hard when dry, plastic and sticky when moist and wet and has fair organic matter content
20.
Kalilangan, Bukidnon
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Kalilangan is a second class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 41,601 people, the term kalilangan came from a Maranao native tongue which means extreme happiness. It used to be a barrio of Pangantucan, Bukidnon, due to tremendous influx of settlers coming from the different parts of the country, it becomes an independent municipality. In 1951 Kalilangan become one of the settlement areas under the LASEDECO, christian settlers came and settled in this place. When LASEDECO was dissolved, it was replaced immediately by National Resettlement Rehabilitation Administration during the time of then President Ramon Magsaysay, another batch of settlers came composed of different tribes and other ethnic groups in the country. They were Cebuanos, Waray, Boholanos, Bicolanos, Tagalogs, Ivatans, Ilonggos, Ilocanos, Capangpangan, settlers were given aid by the government particularly working animals, subsistence, farm tools and others. As years rolled on land cultivation progressed and the settlers started planting different kinds of crops, roads were opened and commerce flowed freely to the new barrio of Kalilangan. The Municipality of Kalilangan is bounded on the north by the Municipality of Talakag, on the east and south by the Municipality of Pangantucan and it has a land area of 28,414.10 hectares. The municipalities of Talakag and Pangantucan are claiming some parts of the municipality, Talakag claims 2,427.50 hectares of land in the northern portion of the municipality while Pangantucan is also contesting for 691.0 hectares of Kalilangan’s land area. Kalilangan is characterized by rugged terrain with a plain or level area situated on the Poblacion and portion of the municipality. From its total area, a dominant 76.57 percent are within 8-15 percent slope characterized by moderately undulating. The barangays of San Vicente Ferrer and Ninoy Aquino are dominantly within this slope type, areas with 18 percent slope and above cover 15.61 percent. These are very steepy sloping and rolling land in many directions, the barangays of Macaopao, Lampanusan, portions of Kibaning, Public and Pamotolon are dominantly within the slope type. The remaining 7.82 percent of the municipality level to level land and gently sloping areas in one general direction within 0-3 percent, 3-5 percent. These are common in the Poblacion portion of the municipality, Kalilangan is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. In the 2015 census, the population of Kalilangan was 41,601 people and it was on 1970 that the Municipality of Kalilangan first attempted to conduct a census in its area of jurisdiction. On that year a total of 12,326 inhabitants have been registered by the National Statistics Office, five years later NSO conducted another Census of Population registering 15,389 inhabitants revealing that for 5 years time 1970-1975 the municipality has reached a population increase of 24. 85%. After 10 years the population census had been conducted by NSO registering a population of 23,923 inhabitants on 1990
21.
Kibawe, Bukidnon
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Kibawe is a second income class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 39,612 people, in the early days of the American regime, Kibawe was populated by a tribe of Mamadas people. The Mamadas people were nomadic by nature and subsisted on hunting and they maintained small plots of corn, camote and gabi in places where they built their temporary shelters. They practised a type of government and were responsible only to their datus who governed as their political chieftain, judge, religious leader. The most famous among the “datus” was Datu Mambantayao, Datu Mambantayaos bravery and love for his subjects were unexcelled and remain in the hearts and minds of the people to this day. One of the events of his life as a datu was the capturing of a lady whom he loved. She was abducted by a tribe from Bugcaon, Malaybalay, Bukidnon, Datu Mambantayao named this place Kibawe from the word “Guibawe” meaning recovery. Bukidnon was eventually created as a province from Agusan. Kibawe became a barrio of Maramag and it now occupied the southern portion of Bukidnon, bounded on the north by Maramag, on the south by Carmen, Cotabato, on the east by Magpet, Cotabato and on the west by Lanao Sur. Garcia. Later on, barrio Dangcagan separated into a regular municipality, the original populace of the town, the Manobos, have practically been replaced by the above-mentioned lowlanders. To date, only a few Manobos remain in the interior barrios, in the year 1972, the big barrios of Damulog and Kadingilan were created into separate municipalities. Thus, Kibawe retained the land area of 301.43 km2, the Kibaweños of today are people of diverse ethnic origin including Cebuanos, Boholanos, Samariños, Leyteños, Sequijodnons, and Camiguingnon. From Luzon have come the Chinese, Ilongos, Manobos and Misamisnon, all are hardworking, friendly, peace-loving and law-abiding. Together, they work towards a common goal - the socio-economic advancement, Kibawe is a rich land at the center of Mindanao, located in southern Bukidnon. It has a land area of 301.43 square kilometres. Kibawe has a percentage of rolling than plain areas. A rough estimate is 80% rolling hills and 20% plainlands, the important landmarks of the municipality are several mountain peaks, clustered over most of the barangays. The climate conditions of the municipality of Kibawe is pleasant
22.
Kitaotao, Bukidnon
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Kitaotao is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 50,260 people, during the Spanish regime, a Manobo Tribe in Bukidnon, headed by Datu Tayaotao, was known among its neighboring settlements for his bravery and leadership. When the Spaniards invaded Cotabato, in one of their drives to expand their control over the Philippines. The combined forces of the Muslims and Manobo successfully repulsed the Spanish operation, a feast was declared by the Muslim chief to honor and thank Datu Tayaotao and his men. During the feast, the Muslim chief offered his daughter to Datu Tayaotao to be his wife, as reward and bond. The wedding took place at Datu Tayaotao’s enclave, followed by a three-day feast, the Muslim Datu, overwhelmed by the gaiety and lavishness of the celebration, proclaimed and called Datu Tayaotao as Datu Kitaotao, the chief of the land of wealth. After his death, the locality was named after Datu Kitaotao, Kitaotao was once part of the district of Maramag. The creation of Kibawe in 1956 as a new district reclassified Kitaotao as part of Kibawe, after the Second World War, municipalities were created from the existing district and some settlements. In 1961, President Carlos P. Garcia issued Executive Order No.444 for the creation of the municipality and its first political election was held in November 1967, electing Eusebio B. Pabualan as Kitaotao’s first municipal mayor, at present, Kitaotao is composed of 35 barangays and 108 sitios, with an approximate area of 52,512 hectares. Kitaotao is situated in the part of Bukidnon. It lies in the 124°24’ east longitude and 7°40’ to 7°39 south longitude, the area along the Sayre Highway is a plateau while the eastern portion including the Upper Pulangi region is mostly rolling hills with varying mountain slopes. There are several mountains along the North Cotabato-Davao del Norte Border and it featured also the numerous waterfalls such as Sumalili, Kinanoran, Matigol and Lalapoy Falls which can be found in the Upper Pulangi region. Drainage is generally directed southwards where the rivers, Pulangi, Muleta, Kulaman, Rawari, Zita. Kitaotao is politically subdivided into 35 barangays, in the 2015 census, the population of Kitaotao was 50,260 people, with a density of 64 inhabitants per square kilometre or 170 inhabitants per square mile. Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information
23.
Lantapan, Bukidnon
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Lantapan is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 61,776 people, Lantapan is known as the “vegetable basket” of Mindanao. It used to be a barrio of Malaybalay City until its creation, by virtue of Republic Act No.4787 enacted on 18 June 1968, as a separate municipality. The town is on a plateau in the heart of Bukidnon, Lantapan is bounded on the north by the municipalities of Sumilao and Impasugong, east by Malaybalay City, south by Valencia City, and west by Talakag. It lies above sea level at an average of 600 metres and it has an aggregate area of 318.2 km², mostly agriculture and forest lands. It has six channels and 40 creeks and springs traversing across different points in the landscape. Lantapan is strategically located between two cities of Bukidnon, Malaybalay and Valencia and it can be reached via Aglayan crossing, which is a potential convergent zone of four cities, Iligan, Butuan, Davao and Cagayan de Oro. The climatic condition of Lantapan is relatively cool and humid with winds blowing northward direction, november to April is relatively dry and May brings the start of the rains which continue til October. Mountains of neighboring towns in the north protect it from cyclone storms, Lantapan is politically subdivided into 14 barangays and 68 sitios. Lantapan’s virgin forests are home to a variety of flora. There are orchids, berries, pitcher plants, lichens, a number of mammal species also thrive in the dense forests, including squirrels, monkeys, bats, flying lemurs, deer, tarsiers and wild pigs among others. The Philippine eagle along with bird species such as the serpent eagle. In the 2015 census, the population of Lantapan was 61,776 people, originally, the Talaandig were the main inhabitants of Lantapan. Then, migrants from the Visayas and northern Luzon started to settle in the area, more inflow took place after the Second World War. This stream of settlers led to the varied mix of ethnic groups in Lantapan. Visayan is the predominant language, followed by Binukid,2010 Census showed Lantapans population have reached 55,934 with the Poblacion as the most populated barangay. Its population growth rate between 1980-1990 of 4. 18% was well above the rate of 2.3 percent. The Tala’andig Ancestral Territory is native to Barangay Songco, where the tribal ways, other activities involved earth paintings, singing and dancing to traditional music, and making musical instruments and indigenous accessories among others
24.
Libona, Bukidnon
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Libona is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 43,969 people, Libona is situated in the northern part of the province and is approximately 92 kilometers from Malaybalay, the capital city of Bukidnon. According to history, gold had flourished in the locality that prompted people from the neighboring towns flocked into this place in their quest for the golden fame and fortune. It was said that on January 17,1817, A Spanish soldier who was on patrol was tasked to write down the names of the places he would come across within the course of his mission. He happened to pass by a group of men who were digging gold on one of the gold mines, talking in Spanish, the soldier inquired about the name of the place. The natives, who did not understand the language, thought the soldier was asking them how many gold stones they have already gathered, in response, they answered “libo na” meaning a thousand already. The Spanish soldier jotted the word “Libona” in his record book believing it was the name of the locality. Libona was once a Municipal District of Maluko, now the Municipality of Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon, reyes of the defunct Department of Mindanao and Sulu. Due to its progressive stride in both the socio-economic and political infrastructure, Libona was finally able to separate itself from her mother municipality when it was granted political identity, then President Carlos P. Garcia, issued EO No. 272, dated October 4,1957 declaring Libona a regular municipality, by virtue of the said order, Libona became the 14th municipality in the province of Bukidnon. Libona is politically subdivided into 14 barangays, in the 2015 census, the population of Libona, Bukidnon, was 43,969 people, with a density of 120 inhabitants per square kilometre or 310 inhabitants per square mile. Secondary Libona National High School Kinawe National High School Hossana Academy of Bukidnon Inc, tertiary Bukidnon State University - Libona Extension Studies Center Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information
25.
Malitbog, Bukidnon
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Malitbog is a second class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 24,453 people, the pioneers of the municipality were a group of Bukidnon tribe who has a small settlement along a spring called Abo-on. As their number increased, they began to call the area as Abo-on. However, there were divergent opinions to have this name because Abo-on refer only to a cluster of settlers in the area. The name was changed to Malitbog, on the account of Malitbog River transversing their settlement and likewise the principal source of fishing. Their seat of government near the Malitbog River was also another consideration, Malitbog is located at the northernmost part of the province, between parallel 8°2535 and 8°368 North Latitude and Meridians 124°4939 and 125°1139 East Longitude. Malitbog is a land locked municipality bounded on north by the municipality of Claveria, bounding it on its southern part are the municipalities of Manolo Fortich and Impasugong of Bukidnon Province while on its eastern side is the municipality of Esperanza, Agusan del Sur. The Municipality is about 40 kilometres from the regional capital - Cagayan de Oro City and it is reachable via Tagoloan and is approximately 2 hours ride from the City of Cagayan de Oro through secondary and first class road type. The municipality of Malitbog is subdivided into 11 political subdivisions and it covers a total land area of 581.85 km² which about 7.02 percent of the land under the provinces jurisdiction. Among its eleven barangays, San Luis occupied the largest area with a coverage of 388.68 km² - about 66.8 percent of Malitbogs land area. Barangay Poblacion on the hand is the smallest in terms of land area coverage with only about 6.66 km². This represents a mere 1.14 percent of the municipalitys area coverage, the data below shows the full details of area subdivisions for the municipality of Malitbog. Source, MASSO The climate in Malitbog is classified as belonging to Type IV or Intermediate B which is throughout the province. Its climate has been characterized by moderate season from February to April, being naturally characterized by mountains and hilly terrain, slope ranging from 30 to 50 percent and above are therefore the most prevalent category. These are the steep to very steep slope found mostly in mountains areas, the largest part which can be found at the north and north-eastern part having an elevation of 1,000 to 1,500 meters above the sea level. Smaller portion at the part has the highest elevation of 1,500 to 2,400 meters above sea level. Erosion maps shows that slight to moderate erosion can be found in this area, from Barangay San Luis and Kiabo going south-western part, it has patches of slope 30 to 50 percent and above with an elevation 200 to 1,000 meters above sea level. Major portion of area has a severe erosion only small area have the slight erosion based on thematic map
26.
Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon
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Manolo Fortich is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 100,210 people, Manolo Fortich used to be known as Maluko, it was renamed in 1957. Maluko also happens to be the name of one of the municipalitys barangay, before the coming of the Spaniards, the term Bukidnon referred to as the semi-sedentary indigenous inhabitants of the high plateaus and rugged mountain ranges of central Mindanao. The more prominent of these peoples were the Manobos who were the earliest settlers of this region, located on the northern part of Bukidnon, is the Municipality of Manolo Fortich. The great pre-historic Asiatic migration was believed to have brought the settlers of Bukidnon. It was theorized that they came from places of what is now known as Indonesia, traveling by the sea, these migrants reached the gulf of Davao where some ventured further to areas of what is now known as Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental. The Asiatic beginnings of these people can be seen from their tradition and folktales. This folktale revolved on the story of two brothers from Asia who crossed the seas in their journey towards the east which refers to the islands of the Philippines. The brothers reportedly landed in the island of Mindanao, with the region experiencing a drought, one of the brothers was forced to venture Northward in order to survive. He did this by following a dried up river to its almost dried up source and he settled and inter-married with the local inhabitants in the upstream of what is now known as Pulangi River. He and his family were considered as the ancestors of the present Bukidnons, during the pre-historic era, the Bukidnons, also called Montesses or mountain-people, had settled in the area of what is now the Province of Bukidnon. These people have remained traditional till 1860 preserving most of their customs, furthermore, these people had not been significantly influenced by the Spanish colonizers because of their isolation. The rugged mountain ranges and high plateaus which serve as home to these people presented an obstacle to these colonizers. The Bukidnons undoubtedly have links to the predominant in the Southeast Asian region as evidenced by the similar customs. Their presence here can be traced to the migration of these Asians throughout the region. Today, the tribes inhabiting the mountains of Bukidnon still bear the culture they have inherited from their ancestors. Manolo Fortich is named after Don Manolo Fortich, a resident of Barrio Damilag being the first Governor of the District of Bukidnon. The original name of the Municipality is Maluko, was governed by Santiago Mambinonsad who was appointed as Alcalde de Barrio from 1922 to 1924
27.
Maramag, Bukidnon
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Maramag is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 102,089 people. Maramag from “Ag Ramag”, a contracted Manobo term for “Ag Ramag Ki Dini”, each time they set out for the battle they would stop on the bank of Pulangi River where flat stones that serve as their tables abound the area. Atop of these, they would draw their plans and eat their breakfast, Maramag then was a picnic ground were one can rest and take his meal as a short respite either from travel, trekking, hunting and trapping or from battle. Through the years, even Christians started to come and settle near the place and they too would stop and eat their meals on these big flat stones during hunting trips or as they travel on foot from one valley to another. As more and more Christian settlers occupied the surrounding places, Ag Ramag became more commonly called as Maramag – a homonym or a contraction of the original Manobo term “Ag Ramag”. Years later, the people elected a leader among them as the incipient local government started to take form. These leaders normally remained in office for as long as their abilities and faithfulness to duty would allow. This system prevailed up to the Second World War, in 1945, the first appointed Mayor was put in place to head the municipal government followed by two others. The first election for the position of the Municipal Mayor was held in 1951, the election for the members of the Barrio Council was held in 1955. From then on, ten other Municipal Mayors were either appointed or elected in the past 56 years up to the present, Maramag was formally created as a municipality through Executive Order No.272 issued by then President Carlos P. Garcia on July 1,1956. The Poblacion of Maramag was formerly located in Barangay Base Camp, the municipal boundaries between Maramag, Pangantucan and Kibawe were established in 1935 by the then deputy Governor Cenon Paulican. Then, Maramag, with the organization of the former barangays Don Carlos, as reported too, in the late sixties, a Memorandum of Agreement between Maramag and Valencia, Bukidnon was forged as to their common boundaries. Purportedly, the Lumbo Creek, as it flows to the Pulangi River defines the demarcation between the two municipalities, the current seat of the government of Maramag consists of two barangays, the North and South Poblacion. Maramag boasts its agricultural importance to the development of the province and it has the Crystal Sugar Corporation with a rated capacity of 6,000 tons per day. As of 1999, the area planted to sugarcane was 20,500 hectares. Corn ranks second with 10,800 hectares planted and rice accounts for the major crop in the municipality with the irrigated areas reaching 4,900 hectares. The National Power Corporation Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Plant with a capacity of 255 megawatts is found in Maramag
28.
Pangantucan, Bukidnon
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Pangantucan is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 53,126 people, the name “Pangantucan”, meaning wisdom and strength, is dedicated to a white stallion. The horse uprooted a bamboo stalk in time to warn his master and it was granted Municipal status in 1961. Pangantucan is one of 20 municipalities in the Province of Bukidnon, wao, Lanao del Sur, can be reached through a 50 kilometres concrete/gravel paved national road south from the municipality. The Municipality of Pangantucan is bounded on the south-west side by the province of Lanao del Sur, the Municipality of Kalilangan lies at the western part of the municipality while on its north-west portion is the Mount Kitanglad Range. Pangantucan has an area of 46,172 hectares which is 9th largest among the 20 municipalities. It composed of 19 barangays, all of which are accessible on summer days by motor vehicle fit for the bad roads, the terrain of Pangantucan is characterized by slightly undulating and rolling upland areas. In fact,62 percent of the land area features rolling or hilly terrain with slopes ranging from 18 percent to 50 percent. Only about 14 percent is suitable for agricultural production, on the north-west portion of the municipality is Mount Kalatungan, the second highest peak in the province with an elevation of 2,824 metres. Its ranges occupy about 21 percent of the total land area. The climate of Pangantucan is of Type IV of the Modified Corona’s Climate Classification and it is characterized by more or less evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year with rare incidence of tropical cyclone. Rainfall distribution variation is influenced by rain shadow effect of the belt on the eastern side of Bukidnon and by the presence of adjoining hills. Based on the data from 1995–2000, Pangantucan has an average rainfall of 2,764.60 millimetres. February is the driest month with its average rainfall of 108.17 millimetres, note that abnormally low values during the time from December 1997 to May 1998 coincided with drought months. Pangantucan is politically subdivided into 19 barangays, in the 2015 census, the population of Pangantucan was 53,126 people, with a density of 120 inhabitants per square kilometre or 310 inhabitants per square mile. In the 2010 census, the population of Pangantucan stood at 48,775 people and its density was 205 persons per square kilometer. It registered a growth of 1.64 percent based on the 1990-2007 census of population. Available data indicated that the population has steadily increasing from 1976 up to the present
29.
Quezon, Bukidnon
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Quezon is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 104,116 people, the original name of the municipality per Executive Order No.199 dated November 18,1965, was Upper Pulangui, in which the appointed mayor was Crispin C. This act however, was not implemented, for on June 19,1971, the municipality of Quezon is located at the southern portion of the province of Bukidnon. It is 75 kilometres from the City of Malaybalay,162 kilometres from Cagayan de Oro City and 145 kilometres from Davao City. The municipality of Quezon has a land area of 40,941 hectares per CAD 895-D with 31 barangays. It represents 4. 94% of the total land area of the province of Bukidnon. The biggest body of found in the municipality is the Pulangui River. In general, the municipality is dry having only three concrete bridges, however, there are creeks/springs which produces bodies of water but are mostly found in the rugged portion of the municipality. The Philippine Atmospheric Geographical and Astronomical Service Administration classified the climate of Quezon into category of the first type, the dry and wet seasons are pronounced throughout the year. The warmest months are February, March and April, the rainy months are June, July, August and September. It is on the month of January that Quezon populace experience the coldest nights, Quezon is politically subdivided into 31 barangays. In the 2015 census, the population of Quezon, Bukidnon, was 104,116 people and it showed an average annual growth rate of 2. 27%. These are the Dumaguete City Development Bank at BUSCO, Butong, Quezon, Bukidnon Cooperative Bank, the banks accept deposits and extend loans particularly to sugarcane planters for agricultural and business purposes. Located in the heart of the municipality, the Blue Water Cave, in the side of the mouth of Pulangi River. The Overview Park, located in Palacapao, is one of the must see spot in the municipality, with an overlooking view that views all the land area of Quezon and its neighboring municipalities. The Kiokong White Rock Wall, the centerpiece of Kiokong Tourism Park, is the site of the first vertical bivouac adventure in the Philippines. With the assistance of an outfitter, guests climb the 550-foot rock wall using Single Rope Technique until they reach a ledge 500 feet off the ground. After spending the night on the ledge, they abseil back to the ground, the Kiokong Tourism Park also has a bolted crag for sport climbing. Quezon is a land-locked municipality wherein the only means of transportation is by land and it is accessible in two routes from Cagayan de Oro City to Davao City
30.
San Fernando, Bukidnon
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San Fernando is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 56,138 people, the natives of Bukidnon known as Tigwahanons and Matigsalugs were the original inhabitants of this area. They settled along the river valleys of the Tigwa and Salug rivers. They have a type of government headed by a political chieftain known as “Datu”. The municipality was formerly a district of the municipalities of Maramag, Dangcagan, during the reign of Gov. Teodoro Oblad and Cong. Cesar Fortich, a proposal was submitted to the defunct Congress for the creation of this district into municipality. On June 18,1966, San Fernando was created into a municipality under R. A.4789 and was named in honor of Fernando Damasco, the first set of government was installed at Barangay Namnam, approximately 48 kilometers away from Valencia City. The government resettlement program for Mindanao during the 1960s and 1970s attracted immigrants from Luzon, the arrival of the migrants, attracted by the town’s rich agricultural potential, created more settlements in the area and contributed much in the development of the area. The original occupants of the town, the Tigwahanon and the Matigsalug, were replaced by these lowlanders or “dumagats””. Only few natives remained in the lowland and the majority of them settled in the interior, on July 27,1970, the municipal council passed a resolution transferring the seat of government from Namnam to Barangay Halapitan. Halapitan - The present town of Halapitan used to be a farm of Victoriano Bantug who served as mayor in the 70s. Mr. Tamin, a teacher in Namnam used to drop by at Mr. Bantugs house in present Halapitan on his way to Malaybalay, thus the word Hapit, or drop by. Talangihon which is now Comawas was the dock for bamboo rafts as inhabitants sail along Tigoa River connecting Pulangui River onto Lumbayao. Mr. Bantug eventually distributed lands to new comers and eventually the name Halapitan stayed on Hapitanan, San Fernando is located in the southeast portion of the province of Bukidnon. The municipality’s Poblacion is 31 kilometres from Valencia City and 71 kilometres from Malaybalay City, about eighty percent of the municipality’s area is mountainous. The Pantaron Mountain Range forms part of the border between the municipality and the Davao provinces in the west while the Aga Mountains between Valencia City and Quezon. The Tigwa River valley occupies the northern and central parts of the municipality while the Salug River valley is found in the part of the municipality. The municipality has two river systems, Tigwa River and Salug River
31.
Sumilao, Bukidnon
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Sumilao is a fourth class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 27,660 people, the word “Sumilao” came from a Bukidnon phrase Kon sumilaw da”, which means “When light comes again. ”A story has been told that there lived a man named Walu who possessed supernatural powers. Many believed that he lives somewhere in Kilabong a place near Palaopao Hill, time came when seven “baylan” who were living at the plain below fabricated degrading stories against Walu. Standing on the hill, he shouted at the top of his voice, at this instant, bright, glaring light emitted from the tip of the pointing finger and the seven “baylan” were blinded. It was said that their eyesight will be restored when the light will come again. Oral history from the town’s old-time residents stated that before the Spanish colonization, four big buildings housing several families were already constructed. These families were directly controlled by a settlement datu or chief and they have grouped together to protect themselves from the fierce “mangangayaw” or headhunters from the hills. When the Spaniards came, Datu Manlomero and Opecio, with their men, unfortunately, the natives were defeated due to the inferiority of their weapons. So they laid down their arms and accepted the new ruler and they were baptized to the Christian religion. In 1860’s, the Recollect missionaries were already making visits to Sumilao, when the Jesuit priests took over the missionary work in Bukidnon in 1870’s, Sumilao was already one of the rancherias of the Visita of Tagoloan. Regular missionary trips to Sumilao and Linabo were intensified by Fathers Juan Terricarbas, by 1887, there were 200 Christian residents of the Rancheria de Sumilao. In January 1890, Sumilao was created into the first active mission station in Bukidnon, Mission de Sumilao assumed jurisdiction over the rancherias of Tagoloan up to Bugcaon, formerly all under the parish of Tagoloan. Sumilao was now under the Residencia de Balingasag, the name rancheria was later changed to reduccion de Nuevo Cristianos. By 1891, Mission de Sumilao had 15 reducciones with a combined Christian population of 8,399, the reduccion of Sumilao, however had 11,340 inhabitants. Father Eusebio Barrado was the missionary curate during that time, in 1893, Mission de Mailag was created. This reduced the number of reducciones of Mission de Sumilao, by 1894, the mission had only 4,122 Christian inhabitants. During the Spanish colonizations, the local datu were appointed to political positions by the missionary priests and these political leaders were under the administrative control of the higher authorities who are stationed at Misamis Oriental. Some of these leaders were Capitanes Dalahigon, Alejo Yansao – alis Mandita, Akuman
32.
Talakag, Bukidnon
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Talakag is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 71,644 people, once in the not so distant past, a nomadic tribe wandered down south. Finally, they settled upon a place attuned to their needs, the place, was traversed by a zigzagging creek swollen with clear sparkling water where on its banks grew in abundance wild Malayan trees called “Balangas”. The trees were full of attractive bloody red but juicy and delicious fruits, because of fanatical attachment of this tribe to these balangas trees, they decided to name their settlement “Kabalangasan” - a very typical way of simply affixing prefixes. This is the name of the municipality of Talakag. However, names of places are, often, influenced and affected by events that revolve around it, history goes that aside from this Kabalangasan settlement, there was another settlement further down south called “Dagundalahon”. At first, tribes of both settlements were very friendly and cordial to each other and they would hold social gatherings, Kaamulan and Kaliga and other forms of intimate social merry-makings to satisfy their whims and caprices often with paganic undertones. This relationship did not last long, a serious breakdown developed and as a consequence, they became bitter enemies. The root cause was the rivalry of men/warriors over beautiful. This resulted and accounted for ambush, kidnappings and to some extent even killings and it was on the Kabalangasan side that men are more daring and aggressive. They adopted and ventured into the “go-chase-kidnap” tactics preying on the women of Dagundalahon who caught their fancy, in other words, Talakag means “fondness in giving pursuit”. Thus, the settlement that was known as Kabalangasan was named Talakag while the creek traversing the place retained the name Kabalangasan, in the late 14th Century, the seat of the highland government was established in Kinolosanglay at Tikalaan headed by Datu Man-utob, a wise and brave ruler. The Datu was described as a giant of a man who has a big mole at the center of his nose bridge. His court was composed of Datu Aliga, Datu Lumbac and Datu Limbubongan and his ambassador was Datu Malinkayao, who was also called Sumagayon. Datu Man-utob was such a ruler that all the datus under him were all in awe of him. He was so known that even Sultan Kabungsuan and other Muslim leaders visited him at Tikalaan several times to establish good relationship during the propagation of Islam. During this time Mindanao, tribal wars were prevalent, the inhabitants in the coastal areas could not go up to the mountains for fear of ambush and killings, neither could the inhabitants in the mountains go to the coastal areas. Thus, in response to the request of the Muslims who were well established in Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu and Tagoloan
33.
Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
34.
House of Representatives of the Philippines
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The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
35.
Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
36.
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
37.
Hiligaynon language
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It is the second-most widely spoken of the Visayan languages and is also related to other Philippine languages. It is also spoken as a language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, Capiznon speakers in Capiz. It is a member of the Visayan language family, the language is also often referred to as Ilonggo in Iloilo and Negros Occidental. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, however, that this is a usage of the word Ilonggo. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and it also has the one of the largest native language-speaking population of the Philippines despite not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012. Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil, but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code, similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a and Capiznon as dialects of Hiligaynon, however, in fact, at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol and Leyte were for a time known only as Pintados. The name Visayan was later extended to other islands because, as several of the early writers state. The apostrophe and hyphen also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered letters, the hyphen, in particular, is used medially in some words to indicate the glottal stop san-o ‘when’ gab-e ‘evening, night’. It is also used to indicate the point in a word where reduplication is present, adlaw-adlaw ‘daily, every day’, from adlaw ‘day, however, the use of this means of marking reduplication is not always consistent, pispis ‘bird’. In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words, Hiligaynon has three types of case markers, absolutive, ergative, and oblique. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a marker that has fallen largely into disuse. The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object, rather, in addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, karí, meaning come to speaker, and kadto, meaning to go yonder. Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion ay of Tagalog/Filipino or hay of Akeanon, instead sentences in SV form are written without any marker or copula. Examples, Si Maria ay maganda Si Maria matahum/ Si Maria guapa = Maria is beautiful, Maria is beautiful There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became and it is nice to become rich
38.
Filipino language
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Filipino /ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/, in this usage, refers to the national language of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as a language of the country. It is the register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language, in reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from. Other major Philippine languages, and as essentially a version of Tagalog. In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be a name for Tagalog. There was no language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, as the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, a latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. On November 13,1936, Commonwealth act No, on November 12,1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ. This institute would be responsible for surveying and researching existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for a national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI, sales Rodriguez, Hadji Butu, and Cecilio Lopez. On December 13,1937, Presisis of the new national language, Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. However, neither the nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino. Instead they tasked the National Assembly to, take steps toward the development and this move has drawn much criticism from the nations other ethnic groups
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