Page semi-protected

Bullying

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Bully" redirects here. For other uses, see Bully (disambiguation).
For school bullying, see School bullying.

Banner in a campaign against bullying Cefet-MG

Bullying is the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate or aggressively dominate others. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception, by the bully or by others, of an imbalance of social or physical power, which distinguishes bullying from conflict.[1] Behaviors used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets. Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size or ability.[2][3][4] If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing.[5]

Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The United Kingdom has no legal definition of bullying,[6] while some states in the United States have laws against it.[7] Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse – emotional (sometimes called relational), verbal, physical, and cyber.[8] It typically involves subtle methods of coercion, such as intimidation.

Bullying ranges from one-on-one, individual bullying through to group bullying called mobbing, in which the bully may have one or more "lieutenants" who may seem to be willing to assist the primary bully in his or her bullying activities. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse.[9] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism.

A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This includes school, family, the workplace,[10] home, and neighborhoods. The main platform for bullying is on social media websites.[11] In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor [of bullying] was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior".[12]

Definition

Bullying synonyms

There is no universal definition of bullying, however, it is widely agreed upon that bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by the following three minimum criteria: (1) hostile intent, (2) imbalance of power and (3) repetition over a period of time.[13] Bullying may thus be defined as the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally.

The Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus[14] says bullying occurs when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons". He says negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways."[14] Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[15]

Types

Individual bullying can be classified into four types.[16] Collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying.

Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier whilst continuing into later stages in individuals lives. It is stated that Cyber-bullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school.[16]

Individual

Individual bullying tactics can be perpetrated by a single person against a target or targets.[17]

Physical

This is any bullying that hurts someone’s body or damages their possessions. Stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and destroying property all are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a target will experience. Often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their body when attacking their target. Sometimes groups of young adults will target and alienate a peer because of some adolescent prejudice. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, and beaten-up by their classmates. Physical bullying will often escalate over time, and can lead to a tragic ending, and therefore must be stopped quickly to prevent any further escalation.[18]

Verbal

This is any bullying that is conducted by speaking. Calling names, spreading rumors, threatening somebody, and making fun of others are all forms of verbal bullying. Verbal bullying is one of the most common types of bullying. In verbal bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their voice. In many cases, verbal bullying is the province of girls. Girls are more subtle (and can be more devastating), in general, than boys. Girls use verbal bullying, as well as social exclusion techniques, to dominate and control other individuals and show their superiority and power. However, there are also many boys with subtlety enough to use verbal techniques for domination, and who are practiced in using words when they want to avoid the trouble that can come with physically bullying someone else.[19]

Relational

This is any bullying that is done with the intent to hurt somebody’s reputation or social standing which can also link in with the techniques included in physical and verbal bullying. Relational Bullying is a form of bullying common amongst youth, but particularly upon girls. Relational bullying can be used as a tool by bullies to both improve their social standing and control others. Unlike physical bullying which is obvious, relational bullying is not overt and can continue for a long time without being noticed.[20]

Cyber-bullying

Cyber bullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. When an adult is involved, it may meet the definition of cyber-harassment or cyberstalking, a crime that can have legal consequences and involve jail time.[21] This includes email, instant messaging, social networking sites (such as Facebook), text messages, and cell phones.

Collective

Collective bullying tactics are employed by more than one individual against a target or targets. Trolling behavior on social media, although generally assumed to be individual in nature by the casual reader, is sometime organized efforts by sponsored astroturfers.

Mobbing

Main article: Mobbing

Mobbing refers to the bullying of an individual by a group, in any context, such as a family, peer group, school, workplace, neighborhood, community, or online. When it occurs as emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial / racial, general harassment.[22]

Characteristics

Of bullies and accomplices

Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying.[23] Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.[24][25] While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,[26] they can also use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser feels empowered.[27] Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied.[28] Psychologist Roy Baumeister asserts that people who are prone to abusive behavior tend to have inflated but fragile egos. Because they think too highly of themselves, they are frequently offended by the criticisms and lack of deference of other people, and react to this disrespect with violence and insults.[29][full citation needed]

Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression[30] and personality disorders,[31] as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self-image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[32] A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.[33] In one study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.[34]

Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully.[35] While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior, some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and environmental factors such as a stressful home life and hostile siblings.[16] Moreover, according to some researchers, bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically. Dr. Cook says that "a typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically. He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others, feels negatively toward himself/herself, comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting, perceives school as negative and is negatively influenced by peers".[36]

Contrarily, some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers, while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized.[37] Peer groups often promote the bully's actions, and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors, such as mocking, excluding, punching, and insulting one another as a source of entertainment.[16] Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies, those who are not in-turn bullied, enjoy going to school, and are least likely to take days off sick.[38]

Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[39] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.[40]

Of typical bystanders

Often, bullying takes place in the presence of a large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders. In many cases, it is the bully's ability to create the illusion that he or she has the support of the majority present that instills the fear of "speaking out" in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group. Unless the "bully mentality" is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages, it often becomes an accepted, or supported, norm within the group.[41][42]

Unless action is taken, a "culture of bullying" is often perpetuated within a group for months, years, or longer.[43]

Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or "support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not.[44][45]

In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self-efficacy, there is growing research that suggests interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong.[46]

Among adults, being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depression, particularly in women.[47]

Of victims

Dr. Cook says that "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills, think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come from a negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers".[36] Victims often have characteristics such as being physically weak, as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly.[48]

The results of a meta-analysis conducted by Cook and published by the American Psychological Association in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied, and also for becoming bullies, are the lack of social problem-solving skills.[36]

Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs, such as: being afraid to attend school, complaining of headaches or a loss of appetite, a lack of interest in school activities and spending time with friends or family, and having an overall sense of sadness.

Effects

Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide".[49] Those who have been the targets of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness.[50] Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties.[51] A mental health report also found that bullying was linked to eating disorders, anxiety, body dysmorphia and other negative psychological effects.[52]

Suicide

Main articles: Bullying and suicide and List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying

Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide, bullying alone does not cause suicide. Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied die by suicide.[53] It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children die by suicide every year in the UK alone because they are being bullied.[54] Certain groups seem to incur a higher risk for suicide, such as Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, and LGBT people. When someone feels unsupported by his or her family or friends, it can make the situation much worse for the victim.[55]

In a self-report study completed in New York by 9th through 12th graders, victims of bullying reported more depressive symptoms and psychological distress than those who did not experience bullying.[56] All types of involvement in bullying among boys and girls, respectively, is associated with depression even a couple years later.[57] Another study that followed up with Finnish teens two years after the initial survey showed that depression and suicidal ideation is higher with teens who are bullied than those who did not report experiencing bullying.[57]  A Dutch longitudinal study on elementary students reported that boys who are bully-victims, who play both roles of a victim and a bully, were more likely to experience depression or serious suicidal ideation than the other roles, victims or bullies only, while girls who have any involvement in bullying have a higher level of risk for depression.[58] In a study of high school students completed in Boston, students who self reported being victims of bullying were more likely to consider suicide when compared to youth who did not report being bullied.[59] The same study also showed a higher risk of suicidal consideration in youth who report being a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator. Victims and victim-bullies are associated with a higher risk of suicide attempts. The place where youth live also appears to differentiate their bullying experiences such that those living in more urban areas who reported both being bullied and bullying others appear to show higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.[59] A national survey given to American 6th through 10th grade students found that cyberbullying victims experience a higher level of depression than victims experiencing other forms of bullying. This can be related to the anonymity behind social media.[60] If a teen is being bullied and is displaying symptoms of depression it should be questioned and interventions should be implemented.[57] The Danish study showed that kids who are bullied talked to their parents and teachers about it and some reported a decrease in bullying or a stop in the bullying after a teacher or parent intervened. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing program-collaborations in schools to have programs and anti-bullying interventions in place to prevent and properly intervene when it occurs.[58] The study also shows the importance of having parents and teachers talk to the bullies about their bullying behavior in order to provide the necessary support for those experiencing bullying.[58]

While some people find it very easy to ignore a bully, others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point. There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media. These include the deaths of Ryan Halligen, Phoebe Prince, Dawn-Marie Wesley, Nicola Ann Raphael, Megan Meier, Audrie Pott, Tyler Clementi, Jamey Rodemeyer, Kenneth Weishuhn, Jadin Bell, Katelyn Nicole Davis, Kelly Yeomans, Rehtaeh Parsons, Amanda Todd, Brodie Panlock,[61] Jessica Haffer,[62] Hamed Nastoh,[63] Sladjana Vidovic,[64] April Himes,[65] Cherice Moralez[66] and Rebecca Ann Sedwick.[67] According to the suicide awareness voices for education, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for youth from 15 to 24 years old. Over 16 percent of students seriously consider suicide, 13 percent create a plan, and 8 percent have made a serious attempt.[68]

Positive development

Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength. Helene Guldberg, a child development academic, sparked controversy when she argued that being a target of bullying can teach a child "how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others", and that teachers should not intervene, but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves.[69]

The teaching of such anti-bullying coping skills to "would-be-targets"[not in citation given] and to others has been found to be an effective long term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and a valuable skill-set for individuals.[70]

Dark triad

Main article: Dark triad

Research on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy) indicate a correlation with bullying as part of evidence of the aversive nature of those traits.[71]

Projection

Main article: Psychological projection

A bully may project his/her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets, the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability.[72] Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict.[73]

Emotional intelligence

Main article: Bullying and emotional intelligence

Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence (EI). Mayer et al., (2008) defines the dimensions of overall EI as: "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion".[74] The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes.[75] Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as the bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable, EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives.[76]

Context

Cyberbullying

Main article: Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is any bullying done through the use of technology. This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of parental/authoritative supervision. Because bullies can pose as someone else, it is the most anonymous form of bullying. Cyberbullying includes, but is not limited to, abuse using email, instant messaging, text messaging, websites, social networking sites, etc.[77] With the creation of social networks like Facebook, Myspace, Instagram, and Twitter, cyberbullying has increased. Particular watchdog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyberbullying.[78]

Disability bullying

Main article: Disability bullying

It has been noted that disabled people are disproportionately affected by bullying and abuse, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[79] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled, such as wheelchair-users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip, but also those with learning disabilities, such as autism[80][81] and developmental coordination disorder.[82][83]

There is an additional problem that those with learning disabilities are often not as able to explain things to other people, so are more likely to be disbelieved or ignored if they do complain.[citation needed]

Gay bullying

Main article: Gay bashing

Gay bullying and gay bashing designate direct or indirect verbal or physical actions by a person or group against someone who is gay or lesbian, or perceived to be so due to rumors or because they are considered to fit gay stereotypes. Gay and lesbian youth are more likely than straight youth to report bullying.[84][85]

Legal bullying

Main article: Legal abuse

Legal bullying is the bringing of a vexatious legal action to control and punish a person. Legal bullying can often take the form of frivolous, repetitive, or burdensome lawsuits brought to intimidate the defendant into submitting to the litigant's request, not because of the legal merit of the litigant's position, but principally due to the defendant's inability to maintain the legal battle. This can also take the form of Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP). It was partially concern about the potential for this kind of abuse that helped to fuel the protests against SOPA and PIPA in the United States in 2011 and 2012.

Military bullying

Main article: Bullying in the military

In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as "the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments".[86]

Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed, due to ways in which "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.[87]

Parental bullying of children

See also: Child abuse, Narcissistic parent, and Parental narcissistic abuse

Parents who may displace their anger, insecurity, or a persistent need to dominate and control upon their children in excessive ways have been proven to increase the likelihood that their own children will in turn become overly aggressive or controlling towards their peers.[88] The American Psychological Association advises on its website that parents who may suspect that their own children may be engaging in bullying activities among their peers should carefully consider the examples which they themselves may be setting for their own children regarding how they typically interact with their own peers, colleagues, and children.[89]

Prison bullying

Main article: Prisoner abuse

An environment known for bullying is in prisons. An additional complication is the staff and their relationships with the inmates. Thus the following possible bullying scenarios are possible:

  • Inmate bullies inmate (echoing school bullying)
  • Staff bullies inmate
  • Staff bullies staff (a manifestation of workplace bullying)
  • Inmate bullies staff

School bullying (bullying of students in schools)

Main article: School bullying

Bullying can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, although it may occur more frequently during physical education classes and activities such as recess. Bullying also takes place in school hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and while waiting for buses, and in classes that require group work and/or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next target. In the 2011 documentary Bully, we see first hand the torture that kids go through both in school and while on the school bus. As the movie follows around a few kids we see how bullying affects them both at school as well as in their homes. While bullying has no age limit, these bullies may taunt and tease their target before finally physically bullying them. Bystanders typically choose to either participate or watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next target.

Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself; there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion — even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[90][91][92]

In 2016, in Canada, a North American legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied in his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care (the "duty of care" that the school board owes to its students). Thus, it sets a precedent of a school board being found liable in negligence for harm caused to a child, because they failed to protect a child from the bullying actions of other students. There has been only one other similar bullying case and it was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College, 2013).[93]

Sexual bullying

Main article: Sexual bullying
See also: Slut-shaming

Sexual bullying is "Any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[94]

Trans bullying

Main article: Trans bashing

Trans bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[95] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation.

Workplace bullying

Main article: Workplace bullying

Workplace bullying occurs when an employee experiences a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes harm.[96] Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of workplace aggression is particularly difficult because, unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by someone in authority over the target. However, bullies can also be peers, and occasionally can be subordinates.[97]

The first known documented use of "workplace bullying" is in 1992 in a book by Andrea Adams called Bullying at Work: How to Confront and Overcome It.[98][99]

Research has also investigated the impact of the larger organizational context on bullying as well as the group-level processes that impact on the incidence, and maintenance of bullying behavior.[100] Bullying can be covert or overt. It may be missed by superiors or known by many throughout the organization. Negative effects are not limited to the targeted individuals, and may lead to a decline in employee morale and a change in organizational culture.[10] A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review has found very low quality evidence to suggest that organizational and individual interventions may prevent bullying behaviors in the workplace.[101]

In academia

Main article: Bullying in academia

Bullying in academia is workplace bullying of scholars and staff in academia, especially places of higher education such as colleges and universities. It is believed to be common, although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts.[102]

In blue collar jobs

Bullying has been identified as prominent in blue collar jobs, including on oil rigs and in mechanic shops and machine shops. It is thought that intimidation and fear of retribution cause decreased incident reports. In industry sectors dominated by males, typically of little education, where disclosure of incidents are seen as effeminate, reporting in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of such industries would likely lead to a vicious circle. This is often used in combination with manipulation and coercion of facts to gain favour among higher-ranking administrators.[103]

In information technology

Main article: Bullying in information technology

A culture of bullying is common in information technology (IT), leading to high sickness rates, low morale, poor productivity, and high staff-turnover.[104] Deadline-driven project work and stressed-out managers take their toll on IT workers.[105]

In the legal profession

Main article: Bullying in the legal profession

Bullying in the legal profession is believed to be more common than in some other professions. It is believed that its adversarial, hierarchical tradition contributes towards this.[106] Women, trainees and solicitors who have been qualified for five years or less are more impacted, as are ethnic minority lawyers and lesbian, gay and bisexual lawyers.[107]

In medicine

Main article: Bullying in medicine

Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee doctors and of nurses. It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession, which may result in a bullying cycle.

In nursing

Main article: Bullying in nursing

Even though The American Nurses Association believes that all nursing personnel have the right to work in safe, non-abusive environments, bullying has been identified as being particularly prevalent in the nursing profession although the reasons are not clear. It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossipping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women.[105][108]

In teaching

Main article: Bullying in teaching

School teachers are commonly the subject of bullying but they are also sometimes the originators of bullying within a school environment.

In other areas

As the verb to bully is defined as simply "forcing one's way aggressively or by intimidation", the term may generally apply to any life experience where one is motivated primarily by intimidation instead of by more positive goals, such as mutually shared interests and benefits. As such, any figure of authority or power who may use intimidation as a primary means of motivating others, such as a neighborhood "protection racket don", a national dictator, a childhood ring-leader, a terrorist, a terrorist organization, or even a ruthless business CEO, could rightfully be referred to as a bully. According to psychologist Pauline Rennie-Peyton, we each face the possibility of being bullied in any phase of our lives.[109]

Inanimate objects

Children have been observed bullying anthropomorphic robots designed to assist the elderly. Their attacks start with blocking the robots' paths of movement and then escalate to verbal abuse, hitting and destroying the object. Seventy-five percent of the kids interviewed perceived the robot as "human-like" yet decided to abuse it anyway, while 35% of the kids who beat up the robot actually did so "for enjoyment.".[110]

Prevention

Bullying prevention is the collective effort to prevent, reduce and stop bullying.[111] Many campaigns and events are designated to bullying prevention throughout the world. Bullying prevention campaigns and events include: Anti-Bullying Day, Anti-Bullying Week, International Day of Pink, International STAND UP to Bullying Day and National Bullying Prevention Month. Anti-Bullying laws in the U.S. have also been enacted in 23 of its 50 states, making bullying in schools illegal.[112]

Responding to bullying

Bullying is typically ongoing and not isolated behaviour. Common ways that people try to respond, are to try to ignore it, to confront the bullies or to turn to an authority figure to try and address it.

Ignoring it often does nothing to stop the bullying continuing, and it can become worse over time.[113] It can be important to address bullying behaviour early on, as it can be easier to control the earlier it is detected.[114] Bystanders play an important role in responding to bullying, as doing nothing can encourage it to continue, while small steps that oppose the behaviour can reduce it.[115]

Authority figures can play an important role, such as parents in child or adolescent situations, or supervisors, human-resources staff or parent-bodies in workplace and volunteer settings. Authority figures can be influential in recognising and stopping bullying behaviour, and creating an environment where it doesn't continue.[116][117] In many situations however people acting as authority figures are untrained and unqualified, do not know how to respond, and can make the situation worse.[118] In some cases the authority figures even support the people doing the bullying, facilitating it continuing and increasing the isolation and marginalising of the target.[119] Some of the most effective ways to respond, are to recognise that harmful behaviour is taking place, and creating an environment where it won't continue.[120] People that are being targeted have little control over which authority figures they can turn to and how such matters would be addressed, however one means of support is to find a counsellor or psychologist that is trained in handling bullying.

Etymology

The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning "sweetheart", applied to either sex, from the Dutch boel "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle High German buole "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute", which was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710.[121]

In the past, in American culture, the term has been used differently, as an exclamation/exhortation, in particular famously associated with Theodore Roosevelt[122] and continuing to the present in the bully pulpit and also as faint/deprecating praise ("bully for him").

See also

References

  1. ^ Juvonen, J.; Graham, S. (2014). "Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims". Annual Review of Psychology. Annual Reviews. 65: 159–85. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030. PMID 23937767. 
  2. ^ "Children who are bullying or being bullied". Cambridgeshire County Council: Children and families. Cambridgeshire County Council. 2013-07-24. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  3. ^ Ericson, Nels (June 2001). "Addressing the Problem of Juvenile Bullying" (PDF). OJJDP Fact Sheet #FS-200127. U.S. Department of Justice: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  4. ^ Meyer, Doug. "The Gentle Neoliberalism of Modern Anti-bullying Texts: Surveillance, Intervention, and Bystanders in Contemporary Bullying Discourse". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 
  5. ^ Noa Davenport; Ruth Distler Schwartz; Gail Pursell Elliott (1999-07-01). Mobbing: Emotional Abuse in the American Workplace. Civil Society Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9671803-0-4. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  6. ^ "The University of Manchester Dignity at Work and Study Policy". The University of Manchester. January 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  7. ^ "State Laws Related to Bullying Among Children and Youth" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Health Resources and Services Administration - Maternal and Child Health Bureau. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  8. ^ Brank, Eve M.; Hoetger, Lori A.; Hazen, Katherine P. (December 2012). "Bullying". Annual Review of Law and Social Science. Annual Reviews. 8 (1): 213–230. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173820. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  9. ^ Elizabeth Bennett (1 January 2006). Peer Abuse Know More!: Bullying from a Psychological Perspective. Infinity. ISBN 978-0-7414-3265-0. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  10. ^ a b Williams, Ray (3 May 2011). "The Silent Epidemic: Workplace Bullying". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2016-11-13. 
  11. ^ Whittaker, E (2016). "Cyberbullying via social media". Journal Of School Violence: 11–29. 
  12. ^ Steinfeldt, Jesse A.; Vaughan, Ellen L.; LaFollette, Julie R.; Steinfeldt, Matthew C. (October 2012). "Bullying among adolescent football players: Role of masculinity and moral atmosphere". Psychology of Men and Masculinity. American Psychological Association. 13 (4): 340–353. doi:10.1037/a0026645. Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  13. ^ Burger, Christoph; Strohmeier, Dagmar; Spröber, Nina; Bauman, Sheri; Rigby, Ken (2015). "How teachers respond to school bullying: An examination of self-reported intervention strategy use, moderator effects, and concurrent use of multiple strategies". Teaching and Teacher Education. 51: 191–202. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.07.004. 
  14. ^ a b "History". OLWEUS Bullying Prevention Program. OLWEUS Bullying Prevention Program. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  15. ^ Valerie E. Besag (1989). Bullies and victims in schools: a guide to understanding and management. Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-09542-1. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  16. ^ a b c d Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2014). Invitation to the Life Span. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 1464172056. 
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-26. 
  18. ^ "no bullying". nobullying.com/physical-bullying/. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016. 
  19. ^ "What is Verbal Bullying and How to Handle Verbal Bullies - Bullying Statistics". Bullying Statistics. 2015-07-08. Archived from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-30. 
  20. ^ Norton, Chris. "What is the Definition of Relational Bullying / Social Bullying - BRIM Anti-Bullying Software". BRIM Anti-Bullying Software. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-30. 
  21. ^ "Cyberbullying". kidshealth.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-30. 
  22. ^ Mobbing: Emotional Abuse in the American Workplace by Noa Davenport, Ruth D. Schwartz and Gail Pursell Elliott.
  23. ^ Ståle Einarsen (2003). Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-25359-8. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  24. ^ Cardemil, Alisha R.; Cardemil, Esteban V.; O'Donnell, Ellen H. (August 2010). "Self-Esteem in Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: A Longitudinal Analysis". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Sage Publications. 25 (8): 1489–1502. doi:10.1177/0886260509354579. PMID 20040706. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  25. ^ Batsche, George M.; Knoff, Howard M. (1994). "Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools". School Psychology Review. 23 (2): 165–175. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. 
  26. ^ "Those who can, do. Those who can't, bully". Bully OnLine. Tim Field. Archived from the original on 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  27. ^ Syiasha. "Presentation Bullying". Scribd. Scribd Inc. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  28. ^ Levinson, Edward M.; Levinson, Edward M. (2004). "Assessment of Bullying: A Review of Methods and Instruments". Journal of Counselling & Development. American Counselling Association. 82 (4): 496–503. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00338.x. Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  29. ^ Roy Baumeister. Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty
  30. ^ Patterson G (December 2005). "The bully as victim?". Paediatric Nursing. 17 (10): 27–30. doi:10.7748/paed2005.12.17.10.27.c981. PMID 16372706. 
  31. ^ Kumpulainen, K. (2008). "Psychiatric conditions associated with bullying". International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 20 (2): 121–132. doi:10.1515/ijamh.2008.20.2.121. PMID 18714551. 
  32. ^ Hazlerr, R. J.; Carney, J. V.; Green, S.; Powell, R.; Jolly, L. S. (1997). "Areas of Expert Agreement on Identification of School Bullies and Victims". School Psychology International. 18 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1177/0143034397181001. 
  33. ^ Craig, W.M. (1998). "The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children". Personality and Individual Differences. 24 (1): 123–130. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00145-1. 
  34. ^ Ferguson, Christopher J. (2011). "Video Games and Youth Violence: A Prospective Analysis in Adolescents" (PDF). Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 40 (4): 377–91. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9610-x. PMID 21161351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-25. 
  35. ^ Ball, H.A. (Jan 2008). "Genetic and environmental influences on victims, bullies and bully-victims in childhood". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 49 (1): 104–12. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01821.x. PMID 18181884. 
  36. ^ a b c Cook, Clayton R.; Williams, Kirk R.; Guerra, Nancy G.; Kim, Tia E.; Sadek, Shelly (2010). "Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-analytic Investigation" (PDF). School Psychology Quarterly. American Psychological Association. 25 (2): 65–83. doi:10.1037/a0020149. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  37. ^ Juvonen (2003) Bullying Among Young Adolescents: The Strong, the Weak and the Troubled Archived 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine. in Pediatrics, December 2003, "The benefits of bullying". 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-09-03. 
  38. ^ "'Bullies are the healthiest pupils'". Education. BBC News. BBC. 1999-12-14. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  39. ^ Carroll M. Brodsky (1976). The Harassed Worker. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-669-01041-1. Archived from the original on 2014-07-08. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  40. ^ Ashforth, Blake (1994). "Petty Tyranny in Organizations". Human Relations. The Tavistock Institute. 47 (7): 755–778. doi:10.1177/001872679404700701. Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  41. ^ "Bullies, Victims, and Bystanders". athealth.com: Consumer: Issues. Athealth.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  42. ^ "New Tactics To Tackle Bystander's Role In Bullying". Science News. Science Daily. Science Daily, LLC. 2009-01-27. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  43. ^ "419: Petty Tyrant". This American Life: Radio Archive. Chicago Public Media & Ira Glass. 2010-11-12. Archived from the original on 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  44. ^ "Pasco students get 'hero' training to stop bullying". Pasco County. The Tampa Tribune. Tampa Media Group, LLC. 2010-10-12. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  45. ^ "Program Helps Students Combat Bullying - Students participate with enthusiasm". Winning Harmony Counselling. Clearwater, Florida, U.S.A.: Jim Porter. 2010-10-04. Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2013-10-29 
  46. ^ Thornberg, Robert; Tenenbaum, Laura; Varjas, Kris; Meyers, Joel; Jungert, Tomas; Vanegas, Gina (August 2012). "Bystander Motivation in Bullying Incidents: To Intervene or Not to Intervene?". Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 13 (3): 247–252. doi:10.5811/westjem.2012.3.11792. PMC 3415829 Freely accessible. PMID 22900122. 
  47. ^ Jensen, I. B.; Alipour, A.; Hagberg, J.; Jensen, I. B. (August 2013). "The impact of bystanding to workplace bullying on symptoms of depression among women and men in industry in Sweden: an empirical and theoretical longitudinal study". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 86 (6): 709–716. doi:10.1007/s00420-012-0813-1. ISSN 1432-1246. PMC 3722445 Freely accessible. PMID 22940902. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  48. ^ Vanderbilt, Douglas; Augustyn, Marilyn (2010). "The effects of bullying". Paediatrics and Child Health. 20 (7): 315–320. doi:10.1016/j.paed.2010.03.008. 
  49. ^ "Anti-Bullying Centre". Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  50. ^ Kipling D. Williams; Joseph P. Forgas; William Von Hippel (13 May 2013). The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying. Psychology Press. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-1-135-42338-4. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  51. ^ Arsenault, Louise PhD; Walsh, Elizabeth; Trzesniewski, Kali; et al. (July 2006). "Bullying Victimization Uniquely Contributes to Adjustment Problems in Young Children: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study". Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics. 118 (1): 130–138. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2388. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 16818558. Retrieved 22 February 2013. 
  52. ^ "UK Mental Health Study". Brandwatch. Brandwatch, Ditch the Label. 
  53. ^ Kim YS,; Leventhal B (2008). "Bullying and suicide. A review". International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 20 (2): 133–54. doi:10.1515/IJAMH.2008.20.2.133. PMID 18714552. 
  54. ^ Statistics on bullying Archived February 17, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ^ Effects of Bullying | StopBullying.gov Archived 2015-11-20 at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ^ BRUNSTEIN KLOMEK, ANAT; MARROCCO, FRANK; KLEINMAN, MARJORIE; SCHONFELD, IRVIN S.; GOULD, MADELYN S. (2007-01). "Bullying, Depression, and Suicidality in Adolescents". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 46 (1): 40–49. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18. ISSN 0890-8567.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ a b c Kaltiala-Heino, Riittakerttu; Fröjd, Sari; Marttunen, Mauri (2009-07-09). "Involvement in bullying and depression in a 2-year follow-up in middle adolescence". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 19 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0039-2. ISSN 1018-8827. 
  58. ^ a b c Fekkes, M.; Pijpers, F. I. M.; Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2005-02-01). "Bullying: who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior". Health Education Research. 20 (1): 81–91. doi:10.1093/her/cyg100. ISSN 0268-1153. 
  59. ^ a b Hepburn, Lisa; Azrael, Deborah; Molnar, Beth; Miller, Matthew (2012-07). "Bullying and Suicidal Behaviors Among Urban High School Youth". Journal of Adolescent Health. 51 (1): 93–95. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.014. ISSN 1054-139X.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ Wang, Jing; Nansel, Tonja R.; Iannotti, Ronald J. (2011-04). "Cyber and Traditional Bullying: Differential Association With Depression". Journal of Adolescent Health. 48 (4): 415–417. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.07.012. ISSN 1054-139X. PMC 3058261 Freely accessible. PMID 21402273.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  61. ^ "Men who tormented suicide waitress Brodie Panlock fined". dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 14 August 2017. 
  62. ^ "Jessica Kassandra Haffer". Keith & Jeralyn Haffer. Archived from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  63. ^ "Hamed Nastoh". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  64. ^ Grzegorek, Vince (2010-08-23). "Family of Sladjana Vidovic, 16-Year-Old Who Committed Suicide, Suing Mentor Schools". Retrieved 2018-01-29. 
  65. ^ Caruso, Kevin. "April Himes Memorial". Suicide.org. Suicide.org. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  66. ^ McLaughlin, Elliot C. (2013-08-30). "Montana teen loved pit bulls, poetry before rape and suicide". U.S. CNN. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  67. ^ Pearce, Matt (2013-09-12). "Florida girl, 12, found dead after bullies said 'kill yourself'". U.S.: Nation Now. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  68. ^ "bullying suicide statistics". nobullying.com/bullying-suicide-statistics/. 
  69. ^ Tanya (2009-02-02). "Child Development Academician Says Bullying Is Beneficial To Kids". News. Med India. Medindia. Archived from the original on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  70. ^ Positive Anti-Bullying Strategies by Melissa Graham Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine.
  71. ^ Chabrol H.; Van Leeuwen N.; Rodgers R.; Séjourné S. (2009). "Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency". Personality and Individual Differences. 47 (7): 734–39. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020. 
  72. ^ Paul Gilbert, Overcoming Depression (1999) p. 185–6
  73. ^ Carl G. Jung ed., Man and his Symbols (London 1978) p. 181–2
  74. ^ Mayer, J.D.; Roberts, R.D; Barasade, S.G. (2008). "Human abilities: Emotional intelligence". Annual Review of Psychology. 59 (1): 507–536. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646. 
  75. ^ Tolegenova, A.A., Jakupov, S.M., Man Cheung Chung, Saduova, S. & Jakupov, M.S (2012) A theoretical formation of emotional intelligence and childhood trauma among adolescents. "Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences", 69, 1891-1894. International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012). doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.142
  76. ^ Mckenna, J.; Webb, J. (2013). "Emotional intelligence". British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 76 (12): 560. 
  77. ^ Jose Bolton; Stan Graeve (2005). No Room for Bullies: From the Classroom to Cyberspace. Boys Town Press. ISBN 978-1-889322-67-4. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  78. ^ Luxton, DD; June, JD; Fairall, JM (2012). "Social media and suicide: a public health perspective". Am J Public Health. 102 Suppl 2: S195–200. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608. PMC 3477910 Freely accessible. PMID 22401525. 
  79. ^ Katherine Quarmby (2011). Scapegoat: Why We Are Failing Disabled People. Portobello Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-84627-321-6. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  80. ^ Clare Sainsbury (30 September 2009). Martian in the Playground: Understanding the Schoolchild with Asperger's Syndrome. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4462-4398-5. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  81. ^ Tony Attwood (2006). The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 95–111. ISBN 978-1-84310-495-7. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  82. ^ Amanda Kirby (1 October 2002). Dyspraxia: The Hidden Handicap. Souvenir Press. pp. 106–113. ISBN 978-0-285-63512-8. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  83. ^ Geoff Brookes (January 2005). Dyspraxia. Continuum. pp. 43–46. ISBN 978-0-8264-7581-7. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  84. ^ Berlan, Elise D.; Corliss, Heather L.; Field, Alison E.; Goodman, Elizabeth; Austin, S. Bryn (2010-01-28). "Sexual Orientation and Bullying Among Adolescents in the Growing Up Today Study". Journal of Adolescent Health. Elsevier. 46 (4): 366–371. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.10.015. PMC 2844864 Freely accessible. PMID 20307826. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  85. ^ Meyer, Doug. "The Disregarding of Heteronormativity: Emphasizing a Happy Queer Adulthood and Localizing Anti-Queer Violence to Adolescent Schools". Sexuality Research & Social Policy. 
  86. ^ Dannatt, Sir Richard (2008). "Lawful: Paragraph 20". Values and Standards of the British Army (PDF). the British Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-17. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  87. ^ Jean M. Callaghan; Franz Kernic (2003). "Chapter 2: "Social Psychology" of the Individual Soldier". Armed Forces and International Security: Global Trends and Issues. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-3-8258-7227-4. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  88. ^ Priesnitz, Wendy. "Parental Bullying Creates Bullies". Natural Child Magazine. Wendy Priesnitz. Archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  89. ^ "Bullying: How parents, teachers, and kids can take action to prevent bullying". American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  90. ^ James Garbarino; Ellen deLara (2 September 2003). And Words Can Hurt Forever: How to Protect Adolescents from Bullying, Harassment, and Emotional Violence. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-2899-2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  91. ^ Witted, Kathryn Suzanne (2005), "Student Reports of Physical and Psychological Maltreatment in Schools: An Under Explored Aspect of Student Victimization in Schools", PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, archived from the original on 2013-10-31, retrieved 2013-10-29 
  92. ^ Whitted, K. S.; Dupper, D. R. (2007). "Do Teachers Bully Students?: Findings From a Survey of Students in an Alternative Education Setting". Education and Urban Society. 40 (3): 329–341. doi:10.1177/0013124507304487. 
  93. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-02-10. Retrieved 2016-07-22. 
  94. ^ "The NSPCC working definition of Sexual Bullying" (PDF). NSPCC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016. 
  95. ^ Guilty plea over transsexual bashing Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine. By Mariza O'Keefe in Herald Sun
  96. ^ Rayner, C. & Keashley, L. (2005). Bullying at work: A perspective from Britain and North America. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (eds.) Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 271-296). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  97. ^ Rayner, C., & Cooper, C. L. (2006). Workplace Bullying. In Kelloway, E., Barling, J. & Hurrell Jr., J. (eds.), Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 47-90). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  98. ^ Google ngrams
  99. ^ Adams, Andrea with contributions from Crawford, Neil Bullying at Work: How to Confront and Overcome It (1992)
  100. ^ Ramsay, S., Troth, A & Branch, S . (2010). Work-place bullying: A group processes framework Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(4), 799-816.
  101. ^ Gillen, Patricia A; Sinclair, Marlene; Kernohan, W George; Begley, Cecily M; Luyben, Ans G (2017-01-30). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009778.pub2/full. ISSN 1465-1858. Archived from the original on 2017-03-07. 
  102. ^ Keashly, Loraleigh; Neuman, Joel H. (2010). "Faculty Experiences with Bullying in Higher Education - Causes, Consequences, and Management" (PDF). Administrative Theory & Praxis. Public Administration Theory Network. 32 (1): 48–70. doi:10.2753/ATP1084-1806320103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  103. ^ Notelaers, Guy; Vermunt, Jeroen K.; Baillien, Elfi; Einarsen, Ståle; De Witte, Hans (2011). "Exploring Risk Groups Workplace Bullying with Categorical Data". Industrial Health. Industrial Health. 49 (1): 73–88. doi:10.2486/indhealth.ms1155. PMID 20823631. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  104. ^ Thomson, Rebecca. "IT profession blighted by bullying". ComputerWeekly.com: Feature. TechTarget. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  105. ^ a b Ann Richards; Sharon L. Edwards (2008). A Nurse's Survival Guide to the Ward. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-06897-3. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  106. ^ Le Mire, Suzanne; Owens, Rosemary A propitious moment?: Workplace bullying and regulation of the legal profession University of New South Wales Law Journal, The Volume 37 Issue 3 (Dec 2014) Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  107. ^ Society publishes guidance on tackling bullying in solicitor profession Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Journal of the Law Society of Scotland 27 June 2011
  108. ^ http://www.nursingworld.org/Bullying-Workplace-Violence Workplace Violence Statistics Dellasega, Cheryl A. (2009). "Bullying Among Nurses". American Journal of Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 109 (1): 52–58. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000344039.11651.08. PMID 19112267. Archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  109. ^ Karim, Nadiya (2010-01-15). "Bullying in Universities: It exists". News: Education: Higher. The Independent. The Independent. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-10-29. 
  110. ^ "Scientists are teaching robots to avoid children — because kids can be surprisingly mean". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-11-02. 
  111. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016). Rivara, Frederick; Suzanne, Le Menestrel, eds. Preventing Bullying Through Science, Policy, and Practice. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/23482. ISBN 978-0-309-44067-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-18.  open access publication – free to read
  112. ^ Ross, SW; Horner, RH (2009). "Bully prevention in positive behavior support". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 42 (4): 747–59. doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-747. PMC 2791686 Freely accessible. PMID 20514181. 
  113. ^ W. Craig et al., "Responding to bullying, what works"
  114. ^ W. Ci, "What can be done to stop bullying among children? Evidence from Canada"
  115. ^ Bully-zero Australia Foundation, "Respond to bullying"
  116. ^ "Stop bullying on the spot"
  117. ^ Safe work Australia, "Guide for preventing and responding to workplace bullying"
  118. ^ Veronica Birkett, "Bullied? Don't tell the teacher"
  119. ^ "Responding to bullying in Arc UNSW sports"
  120. ^ E. Field, "The prevalence of workplace bullying in Australia"
  121. ^ "bully". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-28. 
  122. ^ TR Correspondence 27 September 1907 Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. "bully for you" in the positive sense

Further reading

External links

Library resources about
Bullying
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bullying&oldid=855108241"