C-3PO

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"C3PO" redirects here. For the NASA program, see Commercial Crew and Cargo Program.
C-3PO
Star Wars character
C-3PO droid.png
First appearanceStar Wars (1977)
Created byGeorge Lucas
Portrayed byAnthony Daniels
Voiced byAnthony Daniels (most media)
Ross King (Jedi Starfighter)
Tom Kane (Various video games, Jedi Training Academy, and Robot Chicken)
Simon Pegg (Phineas and Ferb)
Information
Full nameC-3PO
Nickname(s)3PO
Goldenrod (by Han Solo)
AffiliationGalactic Republic
Rebel Alliance/New Republic
Skywalker family
Solo family
Resistance
HomeworldTatooine

C-3PO (/ˌsiːˈθriːpioʊ/) or See-Threepio is a humanoid robot character from the Star Wars franchise who appears in the original trilogy, the prequel trilogy and the sequel trilogy. Built by Anakin Skywalker, C-3PO was designed as a protocol droid intended to assist in etiquette, customs, and translation,[1] boasting that he is "fluent in over six million forms of communication".[2] Along with his astromech droid counterpart and friend R2-D2, C-3PO provides comic relief within the narrative structure of the films, and serves as a foil. Anthony Daniels has portrayed the character in ten of eleven Star Wars cinematic films released to date, including Rogue One and the animated The Clone Wars. C-3PO and R2-D2 are the only characters to appear in all of the films except Solo: A Star Wars Story.

Despite his oblivious nature, C-3PO has played a pivotal role in the Galaxy's history, appearing under the service of Shmi Skywalker, the Lars homestead, Padmé Amidala, Raymus Antilles, Luke Skywalker, and Leia Organa. In the majority of depictions, C-3PO's physical appearance is primarily a polished gold plating, although his appearance varies throughout the films; including the absence of metal coverings in The Phantom Menace, a dull copper plating in Attack of the Clones, a silver lower right leg introduced in A New Hope, and a red left arm in The Force Awakens.[3] C-3PO also appears frequently in both canon and Star Wars Legends continuities of novels, comic books, and video games, and was the protagonist in the ABC television show Droids.

Film appearances[edit]

Original trilogy[edit]

Star Wars (1977)[edit]

In Star Wars, C-3PO is introduced to the audience when he and R2-D2 are aboard the consular ship Tantive IV when it is attacked by the Imperial Star Destroyer Devastator. When R2-D2 attempts to leave the ship to deliver a secret message to Obi-Wan Kenobi, C-3PO follows R2-D2 into an escape pod, which lands on the planet Tatooine. There, C-3PO and R2-D2 are captured by Jawas, and are taken to be sold. In the process of being sold to Owen Lars, C-3PO convinces his new owner to buy R2-D2 as well. The duo ultimately lead Lars' nephew, Luke Skywalker, to Obi-Wan, for whom R2-D2 plays Leia's message. After Imperial stormtroopers destroy the Lars homestead, C-3PO and R2-D2 go along with Luke and Obi-Wan on a mission to rescue Leia, transported by Han Solo and Chewbacca on board the Millennium Falcon. When the ship is taken hostage on the Death Star, C-3PO helps R2-D2 shut down the space station's trash computer, saving their human companions' lives, before escaping on board the Falcon. When R2-D2 is damaged during the Battle of Yavin, a grief-stricken C-3PO offers to donate his spare parts to help repair his counterpart. C-3PO and a repaired R2-D2 are present at the celebration of the Death Star's destruction at the end of the film.

Throughout the film C-3PO is a foil to R2-D2's antics,[4] even when C-3PO translates R2-D2's machine speech for the audience. C-3PO was the property of the captain on the Tantive IV, but seems to follow R2-D2 in a relationship akin to those between human children;[HerzheldFP 1] C-3PO often following R2-D2 around, and R2-D2 needing C-3PO to translate for him.[HerzheldFP 2] When R2 is damaged in the Battle of Yavin, C-3PO offers to donate any mechanical parts helpful in his repair; but this transference is never confirmed.[5]

C-3PO also displays the ability to deceive humans (essentially favoring one human group over another).[6]

The Empire Strikes Back (1980)[edit]

C-3PO costume from Episode V

In The Empire Strikes Back, C-3PO is responsible for identifying the Empire's probe droid, alerting the Rebels to the Empire's awareness of their location on the sixth planet of the Hoth System. C-3PO escapes with Han, Chewbacca, and Leia in the Millennium Falcon, while R2-D2 joins Luke in his search for Yoda. During this time C-3PO and Solo are often shown as foils; C-3PO quoting odds and Han defying them. After a chase through an asteroid field, the Falcon escapes to Cloud City at Bespin.

While exploring a room in Cloud City, C-3PO is blasted by an off-camera stormtrooper.[2] In search of C-3PO, Chewbacca heads to the Ugnaught recycling facility where he finds the dismembered parts of the droid. When Darth Vader reveals his presence to the group that same day, Chewbacca is sent into a holding cell, but is permitted to rebuild the droid, which he does poorly.[2] Thereafter, Chewbacca carries the partially rebuilt C-3PO on his back during Han's encasement in carbonite.

With the help of the city's administrator, Lando Calrissian, Princess Leia, Chewbacca, and C-3PO escape the city. Having C-3PO on Chewbacca's back proves to be beneficial, in that when Boba Fett escapes the city with Han Solo, C-3PO notifies them of pursuing stormtroopers. While escaping Vader's flagship Executor, R2-D2 begins repairing C-3PO. Upon making their way to the Rebel's rendezvous point, C-3PO is fully repaired.

Return of the Jedi (1983)[edit]

In Return of the Jedi, Luke commands C-3PO and R2-D2 to deliver a message to Jabba the Hutt, whereby C-3PO is used as Jabba's translator while R2-D2 serves on his flying sail barge. C-3PO's first translation for the crime lord is of the bounty hunter Boushh — Leia in disguise — claiming the bounty for Chewbacca.[7] Later, Luke infiltrates the palace and kills Jabba's rancor in a duel; whereupon Jabba transfers his court to the sail barge with Luke, Han, and Chewbacca as food for the Sarlacc, while Leia serves as Jabba's slave. When Luke attempts escape, R2-D2 tosses him his lightsaber, with which he attacks Jabba's guards. In the midst of the battle, C-3PO is attacked by Salacious Crumb, who pulls out his right photoreceptor before being driven off by R2-D2. Thereafter the two escape the sail barge and are retrieved by the protagonists.

C-3PO accompanies the strike force to the Forest Moon of Endor to disable the shield generator protecting the second Death Star. When he, Han, Luke, Chewbacca, and R2-D2 are captured by the Ewoks, C-3PO is perceived to be a god by the latter. When the human prisoners are threatened by the Ewoks, Luke uses the Force to levitate the droid above the crowd as demonstration of the supposed god's ability, so as to prompt release.[7] Later that night, C-3PO narrates the history and intentions of the Rebels to the tribe, convincing them to help the Rebels at the Battle of Endor. After the Empire's second Death Star is destroyed, C-3PO joins the protagonists on Endor in celebrating the fall of the Empire.

Prequel trilogy[edit]

Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)[edit]

C-3PO returns in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, the first chapter of the Star Wars prequel trilogy, where it was revealed that he was salvaged and rebuilt by Anakin Skywalker, the boy who grew up to become Darth Vader, who built him out of spare parts (the story "Thank the Maker!" in Star Wars Tales explains that Anakin found the parts in a junk heap, and guessed they were very old).

In The Phantom Menace, C-3PO meets his future partner, R2-D2, Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn, Queen Padmé Amidala of Naboo, and Jar Jar Binks; C-3PO and R2-D2 co-operate to perfect Anakin's podracer for the race "The Boonta Eve Classic".[8]

Shortly afterwards, C-3PO becomes part of Anakin's pit crew during the race, where he sees Anakin defeat Sebulba. C-3PO and Anakin part ways when Qui-Gon frees the boy after winning a bet with Anakin's master, Watto. Before parting from C-3PO, Anakin assures the droid that his mother Shmi will not sell him.[8]

Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002)[edit]

In Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, set 10 years later, Shmi is kidnapped by a group of Tusken Raiders. Sensing that his mother is in danger, Anakin travels with Padmé to Tatooine, where they reunite with C-3PO, now with a full body. He recognizes Anakin and Padmé instantly and presents them to Anakin's stepfamily Owen and Cliegg Lars and Beru Whitseun. When Anakin returns with his mother's body, C-3PO attends her funeral.

After Anakin and Padmé's visit to Tatooine, C-3PO accompanies them to the planet Geonosis to rescue Obi-Wan Kenobi. Shortly afterward, he follows R2-D2 into a droid-construction site, where his head is temporarily attached to the torso of a battle droid, while the head of the droid is placed onto C-3PO's torso. Influenced by the battle droid's programming, he reluctantly participates in the film's climactic battle scene, where he is stopped by Jedi Kit Fisto. Having been restored by R2-D2, he leaves Geonosis with the other protagonists. At the end of the film, he is a witness to Padmé and Anakin's marriage on Naboo.

Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)[edit]

In Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, C-3PO is aware of Padmé's pregnancy and the meetings held with Bail Organa and Mon Mothma. After Anakin and R2-D2 return from Anakin's massacre of the Jedi, C-3PO and R2-D2 conclude that the latter was the result of emotional pressure on Anakin.[9] C-3PO becomes a witness to his maker's turn to the dark side of the Force when he accompanies Padmé to Mustafar, and Anakin, now the Sith Lord Darth Vader, uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness; whereupon C-3PO and R2-D2 take her to safety. When Obi-Wan returns to their spaceship, C-3PO pilots it to Polis Massa and witnesses Padmé give birth to the Skywalker twins, Luke and Leia, and die shortly afterward. C-3PO and R2-D2 fall into the custody of Bail Organa, who orders that C-3PO's memories be erased to protect the twins from their father.[9]

Sequel trilogy[edit]

Episode VII – The Force Awakens (2015)[edit]

Anthony Daniels again reprised the role of C-3PO in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, the first installment of the sequel trilogy, which was released on December 18, 2015.[10] The film takes place thirty years after the events of Return of the Jedi and reunites many of the main cast from the original trilogy.[10] Daniels has also signed to appear in the trilogy's two sequels.[10] C-3PO is seen with a red painted left arm but gets a gold arm in the end of the film. He has been upgraded to seven million forms of communication.[11] In the film, he is first seen along with Leia and a Resistance team, picking up Han, the stormtrooper Finn, BB-8, and Chewbacca on the planet Takodana. During their adventures, C-3PO is reunited with R2-D2, who is reactivated after having been shut off for years.

Episode VIII – The Last Jedi (2017)[edit]

Daniels reprised his role of C-3PO in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, which was released on December 15, 2017.[12] C-3PO mostly serves as an assistant for Leia and, while she is unconscious, Poe Dameron; he spends much of the film voicing his concern over the protagonist's chances in missions such as the evacuation of D'Qar at the start of the film and Finn and Rose's mission on the Supremacy later on. At the end of the film, C-3PO has a brief reunion with "master" Luke Skywalker, who winks at him before confronting Kylo Ren.

Anthology films[edit]

Rogue One (2016)[edit]

C-3PO makes a brief appearance alongside R2-D2 in Rogue One,[13] accompanying Rebel Alliance troops to Scarif alongside Princess Leia.

Expanded Universe[edit]

Canon[edit]

C-3PO appears in Marvel's Star Wars comic series and accompanies Han Solo on a raid on an Imperial outpost in the miniseries Shattered Empire.

After the events of Return of the Jedi, he continues to serve Leia Organa in several novels including Bloodline.

Legends[edit]

In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.[14][15][16]

Before the release of The Phantom Menace and the revelation that C-3PO was constructed by a young Anakin Skywalker, the canon account of C-3PO's creation placed his construction on the planet Affa 112 years before A New Hope. This older version of his creation originated with George Lucas, and both versions were harmonized from the outset: in 1977, Lucas provided a guide for early Expanded Universe creators, in which C-3PO's origin on Affa was established, and also the statement that he was "totally reassembled by a young boy working for a junk dealer" before joining the Alderaanian diplomatic corps "several years" later. Some of the early material in this guide has since been superseded, but the two explanations remain generally compatible.

In all Star Wars media involving the Clone Wars, C-3PO serves as Padmé Amidala's personal protocol droid. In "The New Face of War", a story in Star Wars: Republic, Queen Jamillia appoints the droid to serve as liaison to the Jedi during that campaign following the defense of Naboo and the bio-plague of Ohma-D'un by the Separatists.[17] He is a reluctant participant in many of Padmé's adventures, including a hazardous mission during the Battle of Ilum,[18] in which his loyalty is essential in helping Jedi Master Yoda rescue fellow Jedi Luminara Unduli and Barriss Offee.[19]

In Clone Wars, C-3PO's outer plating are upgraded to a shiny bronzium coating due to his tenure as Padmé's servant.[20] He also severely disapproves of combat droids, once demanding to "have a serious talk with their programmer".[21]

During the Droids series, set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, C-3PO and R2-D2 are traded to various masters. Highlights include an early encounter with bounty hunter Boba Fett,[22] and a change in personality brought by remodeling.[23]

In the Expanded Universe material set after Return of the Jedi, C-3PO assists Leia Organa, Luke Skywalker, and their allies in the Alliance (and later, the New Republic) on many missions. Due to his function as a protocol droid, he most often stays with Leia Organa-Solo on Coruscant, assisting her political duties, while R2-D2 often stays with Luke Skywalker at the Jedi Academy.

In The Truce at Bakura, he translates Ssi-ruuvi, the language of the Ssi-ruuk, to aid the Alliance.[24] In The Glove of Darth Vader, C-3PO and R2-D2 are members of the Senate Planetary Intelligence Network (SPIN), and undergo transformation by the Droid Modification Team to be disguised as Kessel droids so that they could infiltrate a gathering of Imperials to find out who is planning to take control of the Empire.[25]

In The Courtship of Princess Leia, C-3PO is led to believe that Han Solo is ancestrally the King of Corellia during Solo's competition with Prince Isolder for Leia's hand in marriage. Threepio agrees to assist Solo as a counselor droid; but is shocked when Solo kidnaps the princess and takes her to Dathomir. Despite this, Threepio continues to present Han in the best possible light and writes a song for him entitled "The Virtues of King Han Solo", which he backs with the sound of a full symphony orchestra. He later discovers that Solo's ancestor was merely "a pretender to the throne", but is present at Han and Leia's wedding.[26]

In Tatooine Ghost, C-3PO returns to Tatooine, where he helps Han and Leia in their search for an Alderaanian moss painting storing a valuable code. Here, he reunites with Kitster Banai and Wald, childhood friends of Anakin Skywalker. With their help C-3PO and the others discover Shmi's diary, whereof Leia remarks that the droid described reminds her of C-3PO. The code is eventually found and destroyed.[27]

In Dark Force Rising, C-3PO goes to Honoghr with Leia during the Thrawn Crisis to discover what had caused the plight of the Noghri. He is forced to hide with Leia and Chewbacca when Imperial forces arrive overhead,[28] but he later returns with Leia to Coruscant, where she gives birth to Jaina and Jacen Solo. He serves as caretaker to the twins, and later Anakin Solo as well. In Heir to the Empire, Lando reprograms C-3PO to sound like Leia in order to hide from Imperials on Nkllon; but the Empire, led by Grand Admiral Thrawn, sees through the deception. C-3PO also accompanies Han, Lando, R2-D2, Luke, Chewbacca, and Mara Jade to Wayland on a mission to destroy the Mount Tantiss storehouse. Thanks to C-3PO and some Noghri, the party recruits aid from the local population and destroys the storehouse.[29]

In Dark Apprentice, the Solo twins escape from Chewbacca's and C-3PO's watch during a trip to a zoo on Coruscant and arrive in the planet's sub-levels. C-3PO frantically searches for them, but they had been found by King Onibald Daykim and are reunited with their parents.[30]

In Empire's End, C-3PO and R2-D2 are nearly destroyed after they spot an Imperial installing a homing beacon on the Millennium Falcon; but are saved by Han Solo and Chewbacca. The resurrected Palpatine and his fleet discover the Alliance's existence, leading C-3PO and the others to flee to Iziz, a city on the planet of Onderon. Palpatine eventually finds them, but is wounded by Solo and destroyed when Empatojayos Brand sacrifices himself to save the latter's son Anakin.[31]

In Planet of Twilight, C-3PO and R2-D2 accompany Leia on a diplomatic mission to Nam Chorios but are unable to prevent her kidnapping and fail to stop the Death Seed plague unleashed on the crew by Seti Ashgad and Dzym. Eventually rescued by Han and Lando, the two droids convey their message for help.[32]

In The Crystal Star, C-3PO accompanies Luke Skywalker and Han Solo to Crseih Station to investigate the possible existence of Jedi trainees; but instead find Waru, a creature from another dimension, from whom they learn of Waru's alliance with Lord Hethrir and of the kidnapping of the Solo children. Hethrir is destroyed following a confrontation with Leia, Han, and Luke while Waru returns to his dimension.[33]

In The Black Fleet Crisis, C-3PO accompanies Lando Calrissian, R2-D2, and Lando's associate Lobot to investigate the runaway alien ship Teljkon Vagabond; eventually to discover that the ship contains the last vestiges of the Quella civilization.[34]

In The New Rebellion, C-3PO, along with R2-D2 and a young mechanic named Cole Fardreamer, is instrumental in stopping Kueller from regaining power by disabling the explosive devices he had placed in a large number of droids.[35]

In Ambush at Corellia, during the outbreak of the First Corellian Insurrection, C-3PO and Chewbacca retrieve Jaina, Jacen, and Anakin from the burning Corona House.[36] In Showdown at Centerpoint, Threepio accompanies Luke, Gaeriel Captison, Belindi Kalenda, and Lando Calrissian to Centerpoint Station, and alerts them to the fact that the temperature inside Hollowtown is increasing to dangerously high levels.[37] In Vision of the Future, C-3PO participates in Talon Karrde's expedition to the Kathol Sector to find Jorj Car'das, serving as a translator.[38]

In the non-canon Star Wars Tales story Storyteller, C-3PO is found partially destroyed and abandoned, years after the events of the original trilogy, by two slave boys. He tells them stories of Luke Skywalker's adventures, and they imagine the stories played out by members of their own alien race. As he is finishing his tale, a Vindar slavedriver appears, blasts C-3PO's head off, and kills Otalp. After the Vindar leave the cave, Remoh finds a lightsaber in the remains of C-3PO's body and in so doing, finds hope for his people's freedom.

Behind the scenes[edit]

Figure of C-3PO at the San Diego Museum of Man

C-3PO was played by Anthony Daniels in ten Star Wars films[10][39] - nine live action and one animated. In Episode I, a skeletal C-3PO model was puppeteered, with Daniels providing the voice, and the puppeteer was removed in post-production. For Episode II, Daniels requested to take over the puppeteering duties, but these scenes were later deleted. In Episodes II to VIII and Rogue One, Daniels both wore the costume and provided the voice.

Daniels also played C-3PO in the live-action segments of Star Wars Holiday Special,[40] while only voicing the character in the animated portion. He also voiced C-3PO in the four Star Wars animated series Star Wars: Clone Wars, Star Wars: Droids, Star Wars: The Clone Wars[10] and Star Wars Rebels[41] as well as in the radio drama adaptations of the original trilogy. He reprised his role in The Lego Movie,[41] where C-3PO has a cameo appearance with crew members of the Millennium Falcon.[42] In Star Wars Forces of Destiny, Beasts of Echo Base, although C-3PO does not physically appear his voice can be heard on Leia's comlink.[43] This episode ties with a deleted scene from Episode V, when C-3PO rips a warning sign from an Echo Base door (where the wampas are kept) - to trick the Imperials into going into the wrong room. Daniels also voiced C-3PO in Ralph Breaks the Internet.

Daniels reprised his role of C-3PO for the Disneyland ride Star Tours,[41] co-created by George Lucas in 1987. He was videotaped while recording the dialogue, with the tape serving as a reference for the Imagineers to program an audio-animatronic C-3PO in the queue area. Both it and the audio-animatronic R2-D2 are the original props used in filming. Daniels also donned the costume for certain video segments played before and after the simulator ride itself, also portraying an electronically disguised Ewok announcer. Daniels also appeared in the C-3PO costume for various promotional materials for Star Tours, including the electronic press kit, a Disney special on Star Tours hosted by Gil Gerard, and various opening day skits. When Star Tours opened a bilingual version at Disneyland Paris, Daniels re-recorded C-3PO's dialogue in French. C-3PO ends up in the pilot's seat of the Starspeeder 1000 in the attraction's successor, Star Tours–The Adventures Continue,[44] and as a central character in the animated special Star Wars: The Padawan Menace. In these appearances, he is also played by Anthony Daniels.

Daniels made several appearances as C-3PO on numerous TV shows and commercials, notably on a Star Wars-themed episode of The Donny and Marie Show in 1977, Disneyland's 35th Anniversary and a Star Wars-themed episode of The Muppet Show in 1980. He also has a role as the character on Sesame Street episodes 1364 and 1396 (along with R2-D2).

Daniels initially did not agree to be cast as C-3PO but changed his mind after reading C-3PO's part in the script and seeing a concept painting by Ralph McQuarrie,[45] who based his early design largely on Walter Schulze-Mittendorff's Maschinenmensch[46] from the celebrated Fritz Lang film Metropolis. Daniels appeared as C-3PO at the 50th Academy Awards in 1978 and 88th Academy Awards in 2016.

During the development of Star Wars: The Force Awakens, C-3PO's left arm has been replaced with a red arm.[47] The circumstances that caused it is told in Marvel's one-shot Star Wars Special: C-3PO: The Phantom Limb.[48][49]

Cultural influence[edit]

See also: Cultural impact of Star Wars

The cover photo of the August 2015 issue of GQ featured comedian Amy Schumer wearing a replica of Princess Leia's bikini and sucking one of C-3PO's fingers. Lucasfilm and Disney objected to this image and released a public statement that it was unauthorized.[50]

Nicolas Ghesquière, creative director of Louis Vuitton, and Rodarte have created fashion designs inspired by C-3PO.[50]

The United States Navy built a robot in 2012 called the Autonomous Shipboard Humanoid which they claim was modeled on C-3PO. The robot was built for the purpose of extinguishing fires, but has similar movement abilities to the Star Wars droid by being able to climb ladders and carry hoses. Also similar to C-3PO, it can respond to human gestures, but at a much more basic level, unlike the Star Wars droid.[51][52]

References[edit]

Citations

  1. ^ Herzheld p.62 "R2-D2 and C-3PO act more like children..."
  2. ^ Herzfeld pp 62-64 "One quickly senses the dependence R2-D2 has on C-3PO as a translator, a dependence that is returned by C-3PO's emotional need for R2-D2, as well as for the human characters"
  1. ^ Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded (First ed.). DK Publishing. 2016. p. 36. ISBN 978-5-0010-1452-2.
  2. ^ a b c Star Wars: Absolutely Everything You Need to Know (Second ed.). DK Publishing. 2016. p. 48. ISBN 978-5-0010-1453-9.
  3. ^ Mallenbaum, Carly (December 15, 2015). "Anthony Daniels confirms it: C-3PO's always had a silver leg... 'til now". USA Today. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  4. ^ Ray Broadus Browne (1982). Objects of special devotion: fetishism in popular culture. Popular Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-87972-191-6. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  5. ^ Herzfeld p.62 "The closeness of the two robots is exemplified by C-3PO, who both urges R2-D2 to take care of himself and offers his own circuits to repair R2-D2 after a mishap."
  6. ^ Herzfeld p.62 "C-3PO also resorts to deception in order to help R2-D2 rescue Luke and the others"
  7. ^ a b Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
  8. ^ a b Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (Novelization)
  9. ^ a b Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith
  10. ^ a b c d e Ryan Gilbey (3 September 2015). "'The secrecy has been ludicrous': Star Wars actor Anthony Daniels on the new film and his life as C-3PO". theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  11. ^ "C-3PO (See-Threepio)". starwars.com. StarWars.com. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  12. ^ Christopher Hooton. "Star Wars 8 gets official title: The Last Jedi". independent.co.uk. Independent. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  13. ^ Huw Fullerton (18 December 2016). "11 of the best Star Wars Easter Eggs in Rogue One". radiotimes.com. RadioTimes. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  14. ^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  15. ^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  16. ^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  17. ^ Star Wars Republic: The New Face of War
  18. ^ Star Wars: Clone Wars Chapter 15
  19. ^ Star Wars: Clone Wars Chapter 16
  20. ^ Star Wars: Clone Wars Chapter 1
  21. ^ Star Wars: Clone Wars Chapter 23
  22. ^ Star Wars: Droids: The White Witch
  23. ^ Star Wars Droids: The Kalarba Adventures
  24. ^ The Truce at Bakura
  25. ^ The Glove of Darth Vader
  26. ^ The Courtship of Princess Leia
  27. ^ Tatooine Ghost
  28. ^ Dark Force Rising
  29. ^ The Last Command
  30. ^ Dark Apprentice
  31. ^ Empire's End
  32. ^ Planet of Twilight
  33. ^ The Crystal Star
  34. ^ The Black Fleet Crisis
  35. ^ The New Rebellion
  36. ^ Ambush at Corellia
  37. ^ Showdown at Centerpoint
  38. ^ Vision of the Future
  39. ^ Geoffrey Macnab (13 December 2017). "Film reviews round up: Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Ferdinand, Shot Caller, Mountains May Depart". independent.co.uk. Independent. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  40. ^ William Thomas; Ian Freer (3 December 2015). "The Star Wars Holiday Special: may the farce be with you". empireonline.com. Empire. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  41. ^ a b c Jessica Boulton (20 September 2015). "Star Wars' C-3PO on how R2-D2 was no Force to reckon with and Princess Leia in a bikini was boring". mirror.co.uk. Mirror. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  42. ^ Ben Child (19 November 2014). "Star Wars' R2-D2 originally a key character in The Lego Movie". theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  43. ^ Kristin Baver; Amy Ratcliffe (21 July 2017). "From a Certain Point of View: What is the Best Episode of Forces of Destiny So Far?". starwars.com. StarWars.com. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  44. ^ "Star Tours: The Adventures Continue Coming to Tokyo Disneyland Park in 2013". starwars.com. StarWars.com. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  45. ^ "The Official Anthony Daniels Web Site".
  46. ^ Eisner, Lotte, Fritz Lang, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1977 ISBN 0-306-80271-6
  47. ^ Jack Shepherd (14 April 2016). "Star Wars: Why C-3PO has a red arm in The Force Awakens". independent.co.uk. The Independent. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  48. ^ "Star Wars Special: C-3PO (2016)". marvel.com. Marvel.com. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  49. ^ "Star Wars Special: C-3PO # 1 - Exclusive Preview!". starwars.com. StarWars.com. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  50. ^ a b Marriott, Hannah (July 26, 2015), "Star Wars: Why C-3PO Is This Season's Fashion Hit", The Guardian, US Edition
  51. ^ Adrian Shaw (14 October 2012). "US navy to build robot firefighters like C-3PO". mirror.
  52. ^ "A new robot inspired by C-3PO being developed for the US Navy will fight fires and throw grenades". NewsComAu.

Bibliography

External links[edit]

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