1.
Commercial Crew and Cargo Program
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Commercial Crew Development is a multiphase, space technology development program that is funded by the U. S. government and administered by NASA. The program is intended to stimulate development of privately operated crew vehicles to be launched into low Earth orbit, the program is run by NASAs Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office. NASA solicited a second set of CCdev proposals for development projects lasting for a maximum of 14 months in October of that year. In April 2011, NASA announced they would award up to nearly $270 million to four companies as they met their CCDev 2 objectives, NASA awarded Space Act Agreements for the third phase, named CCiCap, in August 2012, this would last until 2014. CCiCap is followed by CCtCap with Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 15 contracts, contracts were awarded to SpaceX and Boeing in September 2014. The NASA CCDev program followed Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, a program for developing commercial launch capability to send cargo into low Earth orbit. In December 2009, NASA provided the description of the CCDev program. Space Exploration policy with investments to stimulate the commercial space industry, the Commercial Crew & Cargo Program is applying Recovery Act funds to stimulate efforts within the private sector to develop and demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities. ARRA provided $400 million for space related activities. Of this amount, $50 million is to be used for the development of commercial crew space transportation concepts and this effort is known as CCDev. Contract funding for the CCDev program is different from traditional space industry contractor funding used on the Space Shuttle, Apollo, Gemini, contracts are issued for fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones. The first flight of the CCDev program was planned to occur in 2015, administrator of NASA Charles Bolden attributed the delays to insufficient funding from Congress. Michael López-Alegría, President of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation, also attributed the delays in the program to funding problems, for the fiscal year 2011 budget, US$500 million was requested for the CCDev program, but Congress granted only $270 million. For the FY2012 budget, $850 million was requested but Congress approved a budget of $406 million, for the 2013 budget,830 million was requested but Congress approved $488 million. For the FY2014 budget, $821 million was requested, Congress approved $696 million, the last spaceflight gap was between 1975 and 1981, the current extended from 2011 to the first flight of either CCDev or SLS system. After the last flight of the STS in 2011 the clock began ticking on a U. S. spaceflight gap, the previous spaceflight gap was between 1975 and the first STS flight in April 1981, about six years. Unlike the last human spaceflight gap, the U. S. has bought seats on the still-active Russian launcher as part of their joint international project. U. S. Congress was aware such a gap could occur, at that time the first crewed flight of the planned Ares I launcher would not have occurred until 2015, and its first use at ISS until 2016
2.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
3.
Star Wars (film)
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Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. The first installment in the Star Wars film series, it stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles. The plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia, and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empires space station and this conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker, who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25,1977 and it earned $461 million in the U. S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million. It surpassed Jaws to become the film of all time until the release of E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the film in North America. It received ten Academy Award nominations, winning seven and it was among the first films to be selected as part of the U. S. Library of Congress National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, at the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U. S. National Recording Registry in 2004, today, it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time, as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, the films success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, followed by a trilogy beginning in 2015. In 2016, Rogue One was released as a prequel to the original Star Wars film. The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war, spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empires Death Star, a heavily armed space station capable of destroying an entire planet. Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans, but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil Darth Vader, before she is captured, Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid, R2-D2, along with a holographic recording. R2-D2 flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with C-3PO, the droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leias message, the next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Contrary to his uncles statements, Luke learns that his father, Anakin, Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Anakin. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his fathers weapon – a lightsaber, Obi-Wan views Leias complete message, in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis
4.
George Lucas
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George Walton Lucas Jr. is an American filmmaker and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as the founder of Lucasfilm and he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lucasfilm, before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Upon graduating from the University of Southern California in 1967, Lucas co-founded American Zoetrope with fellow filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, Lucas wrote and directed THX1138, based on his earlier student short Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, which was a critical success but a financial failure. His next work as a writer-director was the film, American Graffiti, inspired by his teen years in early 1960s Modesto, California, the film was critically and commercially successful, and received five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Following the first Star Wars film, Lucas produced and co-wrote the following installments in the trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back, along with Steven Spielberg, Lucas co-created and wrote the Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, and The Last Crusade. Lucas also produced and/or wrote a variety of films through Lucasfilm in the 1980s and 1990s, Lucas also returned to directing with the Star Wars prequel trilogy, consisting of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith. He later collaborated on the story for the Indiana Jones sequel Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, five of Lucass seven features are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is one of the American film industrys most financially successful filmmakers, Lucas is considered a significant figure in the New Hollywood era. Lucas was born and raised in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore Lucas and George Walton Lucas and he is of German, Swiss-German, English, Scottish, and distant Dutch and French descent. Growing up, Lucas had a passion for cars and motor racing, on June 12,1962, while driving his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina, another driver broadsided him, flipping over his car, nearly killing him, causing him to lose interest in racing as a career. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied anthropology, sociology and he also began shooting with an 8 mm camera, including filming car races. At this time, Lucas and his friend John Plummer became interested in Canyon Cinema, screenings of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Conner. Lucas and Plummer also saw classic European films of the time, including Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, François Truffauts Jules et Jim, thats when George really started exploring, Plummer said. Through his interest in racing, Lucas met renowned cinematographer Haskell Wexler, another race enthusiast. Wexler, later to work with Lucas on several occasions, was impressed by Lucas talent, George had a very good eye, and he thought visually, he recalled. Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, Lucas shared a room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood, and John Milius and he also became good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg
5.
Anthony Daniels
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Anthony Daniels is an English actor and mime artist. He is known for playing C-3PO in the Star Wars film series and he is the only actor to have appeared in all of the major films in the series. Daniels was the voice of Legolas in the Ralph Bakshi animated adaptation of The Lord of the Rings and he has appeared intermittently on British television in various dramas, including playing a pathologist in Prime Suspect starring Helen Mirren. Daniels is currently a professor at Carnegie Mellon Universitys Entertainment Technology Center. Daniels was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, the son of a company executive. He studied law for two years at university and then dropped out to participate in amateur dramatics and attend acting school, after leaving school in 1974, Daniels worked on BBC Radio and for the National Theatre of Great Britain at The Young Vic. Whilst working in the theatre, he was invited to meet director George Lucas who was casting for Star Wars, Daniels at first turned down the interview but was persuaded by his agent to meet Lucas. However, in a 2011 interview he said that he had watched it for longer than 10 minutes, in the same interview, he said he enjoyed post-apocalyptic films such as Mad Max. Daniels has played C-3PO in all of the Star Wars feature films from the installment in the series. Kenny Baker, who played R2-D2 in the series until his death in 2016, revealed that he and Daniels did not get along. In Star Wars Episode I, The Phantom Menace, he wore a blue Spandex costume so that editing of the movie his body could be turned into many different wires. Daniels voiced C-3PO in the Star Wars radio serial based on the original trilogy and he is the only cast member of the original Star Wars trilogy to voice his character in all three parts of NPRs dramatisations of the trilogy. He voiced C-3PO for four animated series, Droids, Star Wars, Clone Wars, Star Wars, The Clone Wars and he also provided the narration and all character voices for the audio books Dark Force Rising and The Last Command. Daniels contributed the foreword to the scripts of the Return of the Jedi radio drama. Daniels controlled the puppet for 2002s Star Wars, Episode II, Attack of the Clones, in this film and 2005s Star Wars, Episode III, Revenge of the Sith, he also performed the vocal tracks for scenes that featured a computer generated C-3PO. Daniels is the actor to act in the original seven films, the 2008 Clone Wars film. Daniels hosted the Star Wars, In Concert North American tour, Daniels also makes cameo appearances as a humanoid in two scenes of the feature films. His character, Lieutenant Dannl Faytonni, is named as a tribute to his own name, Faytonni can also be seen at the Galaxies Opera House in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
6.
Voice acting
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Voice acting is the art of doing voice-overs or providing voices to represent a character or to provide information to an audience or user. Voice acting is also done for small handheld audio games, performers are called voice actors or actresses, voice artists, or voice talent. Their roles may also involve singing, although a voice actor is sometimes cast as the characters singing voice. Voice acting is recognised in Britain as a specialized dramatic profession, Voice artists are also used to record the individual sample fragments played back by a computer in an automated announcement. The voices for animated characters are provided by voice actors, for live action productions, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs, radio dispatchers, or other characters who never actually appear on screen. With a radio drama or CD drama, there is freedom in voice acting, because there is no need to match a dub to the original actors. In the context of voice acting, narration is the use of commentary to convey a story to an audience. A narrator is a character or a non-personal voice that the creator of the story develops to deliver information to the audience. The voice actor who plays the narrator is responsible for performing the lines assigned to the narrator. In traditional literary narratives, narration is a story element, in other types of narratives, such as plays, television shows, video games. One of the most common uses for voice acting is within commercial advertising, the voice actor is hired to voice a message associated with the advertisement. This has different subgenres, television, radio, cinema, the subgenres are all different styles in their own right. Voiceover used in commercial adverts also is the area of voice acting where de-breathing is used. De-breathing means artificially removing breaths from the recorded voice and this is done to stop the audience being distracted in any way from the commercial message that is being put across. Dub localization is a type of voice-over and it is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique, in which, unlike in Dub localization, actor voices are recorded over the audio track. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees, automated dialogue replacement is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, in the UK, it is also called post-synchronization or post-sync
7.
Star Wars: Jedi Starfighter
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Star Wars, Jedi Starfighter is a 2002 action video game for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. Released before Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones opened in theatres, it is the sequel to Star Wars, Jedi Starfighter takes place just prior to the events of Attack of the Clones and during the Battle of Geonosis. The game writing by veteran Star Wars game developer W. Haden Blackman who had created a new game development company called Hangar 13 a wholly owned subsidiary of 2K Games. On November 17,2015 it was re-released for the PlayStation 4 in North America as part of the Star Wars Battlefront limited edition console bundle, many old favorites from the original game are now in this one, including Nyms chattery Toydarian partner, Reti. In the game, the player controls different star fighters from the Star Wars Universe, each mission revolves around protecting friendly ships and destroying enemy ships. Each mission also has one bonus and one hidden objective completing of which unlocks bonus missions, videos, in Cooperative mode, the second player either controls a ship or a turret, depending on the mission. Starfighters are equipped with different weaponry which can be effective in certain missions. The use of the weapons in the Jedi Starfighter present a unique aspect to the genre. Force weapons are activated by holding a button which begins to turn the screen purple, holding the button for just the right amount of time will cause the force weapon to last longer or destroy more targets. Holding it too long or too short will reduce its effectiveness, although unlimited in number, force weapons take several seconds to recharge while Adi is regaining her mental strength. Jedi Starfighter was met with positive reception upon release, gameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 81. 96% and 81 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version, and 78. 35% and 78 out of 100 for the Xbox version. Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine thought highly of the game, giving it a score of 8 out of 10 and describing it in this way, in Japan, Famitsu gave the PS2 version a score of 32 out of 40. List of Star Wars video games Star Wars video games Star Wars, Jedi Starfighter at MobyGames
8.
Tom Kane
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Thomas Kane Roberts, better known as Tom Kane, is an American voice actor. He is known for his voice work in video games, movies. Kane is known for his animation work, in the arena of non-animation voiceover work, he records movie trailers, TV promos, and commercials daily. In addition, he has been the announcer for the AFI Life Achievement Award show twice, as well as the 78th, 80th, 83rd, and 84th Academy Awards. His most recent performance was as Odin in the game adaption of Thor as well as the Disneyland attraction, Thor, Treasures of Asgard. On April 13,2012, Kane took over for Joe Hursh as the voice of the Walt Disney World Monorail System, in 2013, he took over as the announcer of The Eric Andre Show, replacing Gary Anthony Williams. He is also voiced Plague Champion in Warhammer 40,000, Dawn of War II - Chaos Rising, herriman, Additional Voices Grim & Evil - Capn Heifer Heavy Gear, The Animated Series - Greco Histeria. Seuss Narrator, The Zax, The Grinch Powermove Pro Wrestling Resonance of Fate - Antourion RTX Red Rock - M. E. L
9.
Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple
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The Disneyland version closed November 15,2015, and reopened as Jedi Training, Trials of the Temple on December 8,2015. The premiere at Hong Kong Disneyland opened in June 25,2016, in the original version, sixteen or more children sign up for each session at the beginning of the day to be Jedi Younglings and participate in a training session by the Jedi Master. They are provided training lightsabers and Jedi robes, as the master completes the instruction of a simple combination of lightsaber attacks to the children, Darth Vader, Darth Maul and two stormtroopers appear. Each Jedi trainee can choose face off with either Maul or Vader until everyone has got to fight a villain, which is when the villains retreat back to the stage, outnumbered. The children, now Padawans, are congratulated on their mastering of the Force by Yoda, then return the training lightsabers and robe, in Jedi Training, Trials of the Temple, the group again goes through the training with the Jedi master and a Jedi Apprentice. Then, the uses the force to open the doors to the Temple. Darth Vader comes out, followed by The Seventh Sister, each trainee on the upper platform fights Vader, while each trainee on the lower platform fights The Seventh Sister from Star Wars Rebels. After each trainee has faced off with a villain, Vader, right before they would go through the doors, they turn around to seemingly fight again. The Jedi master then leads the trainees in using the Force to push The Seventh Sister and Vader back into the Temple, Darth Maul then comes out of the Temple and begins a fight with the Jedi Apprentice. Yoda then speaks to the Apprentice, who had previously been trying to out of the fight. The Apprentice then battles and defeats Maul, right before killing Maul, the trainees tell the Apprentice to stop. The Apprentice lets Maul live, and Maul goes back into the Temple, Maul comes back out and the trainees once again use the Force and push Maul back into the Temple. Trainees then return the training lightsabers and robe, and are given a diploma for their participation, on February 21,2016, Kylo Ren replaced Darth Maul at Disneys Hollywood Studios. At Disneyland, Kylo Ren made his first appearance in the show, replacing Darth Maul, Jedi Training Academy originally was a part of Star Wars Weekends and only took place during it. While it is now being featured throughout the year, it was especially popular during Star Wars Weekends. Jedi Training Academy has been offered at the Star Wars Celebration convention, from July 4–19,2015, Jedi Training Academy took place at Hong Kongs iconic Times Square as Jedi Academy. From August 6-202016, Jedi Training Academy took place at Japans Fukuoka Prefecture, Tokyo, walt Disney World Official Website Disneyland Official Website Disneyland Park Paris Official Website
10.
Robot Chicken
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The writers, especially Green, also provide many of the voices. Senreich, Goldstein, and Root were formerly writers for the action figure hobbyist magazine ToyFare. Robot Chicken has won an Annie Award and five Emmy Awards, Robot Chicken is based on Twisted ToyFare Theater, a humorous photo comic-strip appearing in ToyFare, The Toy Magazine. The series first appeared as Sweet J Presents on the Sony website Screenblast. com in 2001, in the first episode, Conan OBrien was a featured character, voiced by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane. Sweet J Presents ended after 12 episodes and moved to Cartoon Networks Adult Swim in 2005 as Robot Chicken, premiering on Sunday, some television networks and sketch shows rejected Robot Chicken, including Comedy Central, MADtv, Saturday Night Live, and even Cartoon Network. However, someone at Cartoon Network passed the pitch along to Adult Swim, around the time that Seth MacFarlane told Seth Green. It employs stop motion animation of toys, action figures, claymation, and various objects, such as tongue depressors, The Game of Life pegs. One particular motif involves the idea of characters being placed in a more realistic world or situation. The Star Wars episode was nominated for a 2008 Emmy Award as Outstanding Animated Program. Sat Adult Swim block, many of the shows sketches from Sweet J Presents were redone for Robot Chicken. The series was renewed for a 20-episode third season, which ran from August 1,2007, after an eight-month hiatus during the third season, the show returned on August 31,2008, to air the remaining 5 episodes. The series was renewed for a season which premiered on December 7,2008. In early 2010, the show was renewed for a fifth and sixth season, season 5 premiered on December 12,2010. The second group of episodes began broadcasting on October 23,2011, the 100th episode aired on January 15,2012. In May 2012, Adult Swim announced they were picking up a season of Robot Chicken. The seventh season premiered on April 13,2014, season 8 premiered on October 25,2015. On a stormy night, a mad scientist finds a road-killed chicken, claypool also composed and performed the shows theme song. In the episode 1987, Michael Ian Black claims that this sequence tells the viewers that they are the chicken, beginning in the sixth season, a new opening sequence has been featured with a role reversal. The chicken comes upon the body of the scientist, which has been decapitated, beginning in the eighth season, a new opening sequence has been featured with the Robot Chicken being uncovered in snow frozen in a block of ice by cyborgs
11.
Simon Pegg
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Simon John Pegg is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, and producer. He co-wrote and starred in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy of films, Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz and he and Nick Frost wrote and starred in the sci-fi film Paul. Pegg portrayed Benji Dunn in the Mission, Impossible film series and Montgomery Scott in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness, and Star Trek Beyond, co-writing the latter. Pegg was born and raised in Brockworth, Gloucestershire, the son of Gillian Rosemary, a civil servant, and John Henry Beckingham. His parents divorced when he was seven and he took the surname of his stepfather after his mother remarried, Pegg attended Castle Hill Primary School, Brockworth Comprehensive Secondary School, and The Kings School, Gloucester. Pegg moved to Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire when he was 16 and studied English Literature and Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon College. He graduated from the University of Bristol in 1991 with a BA in Theatre, Film, while there, he performed as a member of a comedy troupe called David Icke and the Orphans of Jesus, alongside David Walliams, Dominik Diamond, and Jason Bradbury. Peggs early appearances in TV series and films include Asylum, Six Pairs of Pants, Faith in the Future, Big Train, between 1998 and 2004, Pegg was regularly featured on BBC Radio 4s The 99p Challenge. He played various roles during the tour of Steve Coogans 1998 live stage show The Man Who Thinks Hes It, in 1999, he created and co-wrote the Channel 4 sitcom Spaced with Jessica Stevenson. The series was directed by Edgar Wright, with whom Pegg and Stevenson had previously worked on Asylum, for his performance in this series, Pegg was nominated for a British Comedy Award as Best Male Comedy Newcomer. At George A. Romeros invitation, Pegg and Wright made cameo appearances in Romeros zombie film, in 2004, Pegg starred in a spin-off of the television show Danger. 50,000 Zombies. in which he played a hunter named Dr. Fell. He played mutant bounty hunter Johnny Alpha, the Strontium Dog and he also narrated the first series of the making-of documentary series Doctor Who Confidential. When the film Mission, Impossible III was subsequently made, Pegg appeared in it as Benji Dunn and he reprised the role of Benji Dunn in the 2011 film Mission, Impossible – Ghost Protocol and the 2015 film Mission, Impossible – Rogue Nation. In 2006, he played Gus in Big Nothing alongside David Schwimmer, the same year, Pegg and Wright completed their second film, Hot Fuzz, released in February 2007. In 2007, Pegg starred in The Good Night and Run Fatboy Run directed by David Schwimmer and co-starring Thandie Newton, in 2008, he wrote the dialogue for an English language re-release of the cult 2006 animated Norwegian film, Free Jimmy. Pegg received screenwriting credit for this, and Pegg also voiced one of the characters in the English-language version. Pegg co-wrote the script for a film called Paul, about two men who encounter a comedic extraterrestrial alien during a road trip across the US
12.
Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars
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Phineas and Ferb, Star Wars is a 1-hour long crossover episode of the American animated series Phineas and Ferb featuring characters from Star Wars. It aired on July 26,2014, on Disney Channel, after escaping, he rendezvous with Princess Leias ship and is complimented on his success by his superior officer, Major Hologram. Darth Vaders Star Destroyer intercepts Leias ship, forcing her to load the disc into R2-D2, as she does this, she is observed by a trio of Imperial stormtroopers, Candace Flynn, Baljeet Tjinder and Buford van Stomm. After seeing R2-D2 and C-3PO entering an escape pod, the trio decide to pursue them, elsewhere, the evil Darthenshmirtz arrives with his robotic underling Norm-3P0 at the Death Star. In conversation with Norm, he reveals that he has a new invention that is more evil. Back on Tattooine, Candace and her companions are on the trail of the droids-as is Perry-until their commander sends them into Mos Eisley to shop for socks for Darth Vader. Perry continues trailing the droids as they are seized by Jawas and then sold to Owen Lars, unfortunately, they accidentally run into Phineas and Ferb on their way to Obi-Wan Kenobis, whom Phineas and Ferb are acquainted with as he has given them instruction in the Jedi arts. Upon discovering the disc, Phineas and Ferb set out to return it to R2-D2, which takes them to Mos Eisley where they encounter Wattos son Blatto, whom they are regular customers of. With Blattos help they discover that the contains the Death Star plans. The brothers just miss Artoo departing with Luke, Obi-Wan, C-3PO, Han Solo, determined to return the disc, the pair travel to the Mos Eisley cantina and are introduced to Isabella Garcia-Shapiro, captain of the Centennial Chihuahua and an old rival of Han Solos. Isabella agrees to them, meanwhile, Candace and her comrades are forced to ride a bus transport back to the Death Star. Ferb, sensing through the Force that Perry is in danger, leaves Phineas and Isabella to go to his aid, unknowingly passing Obi-Wan Kenobi on the way. He then knocks Perrys carbonite slab out of the way of a blast from the Sith-inator only to be hit himself, which begins his transformation into a Sith by giving him yellow irises. Elsewhere, Isabella and Phineas run into Candace, who pursues them, only to be saved from a fall by Phineas. Darthenshmirtz is then attacked by a freed Perry, while Phineas gives Isabella the Death Star disc to take to the Rebels while he goes looking for Ferb. Entering Darthenshmirtzs lair, Phineas discovers an upgraded Sith-inator and Ferb, Isabella travels to Yavin and delivers the Death Star plans, but despite the appeals of the Firestar Girls refuses to join the Rebel Alliance. The battles between Perry and Darthenshmirtz and Phineas and Ferb continue and intersect, until Candace comes to Phineas aid. Together they manage to destroy the Sith-inator, which restores Ferb to normal, Perry also leaves with a carbonite-encased Darthenshmirtz, while the rebels begin their attack on the Death Star
13.
Han Solo
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Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars franchise. In the original trilogy, Han and his co-pilot, Chewbacca. During the course of the Star Wars story, he becomes a figure in the Alliance. Star Wars creator George Lucas described the character as a loner who realizes the importance of being part of a group and helping for the common good. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head, Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed, the Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcons smuggling bays and they discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader, after delivering Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance, Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave. Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star, Han has a change of heart and returns to save Lukes life during the films climactic battle scene, ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star. For his heroics, Han is presented with a medal of honor, Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk. He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk, and later joins Luke, Leia, R2-D2, C-3PO, Chewbacca, Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth. While out on patrol with Luke, they witness a meteor strike the surface, Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate. Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba, before he can depart, it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance. Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands, soon finding Luke badly injured, using his friends lightsaber, Han cuts open his tauntaun, providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning. Later, Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike and they discover that the meteor is actually an Imperial Probe Droid. The two succeed in destroying the probe, but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base, when the Empire attacks Echo Base, Han, Chewie, Leia, and C-3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon. Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field, Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey. They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape, bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway
14.
Galactic Republic
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The Galactic Republic, often referred to as simply the Republic, is the name of the interplanetary State used in the fictional Star Wars universe prior to the establishment of the Galactic Empire. The form of government, ruled by the Senate, was introduced in the prequel trilogy. By the time of the trilogy, it is referred to as the Old Republic. It was a democratic, though eventually ineffectual, constitutional republic tied up in layers of bureaucracy, the Republic, as it was commonly known, was a republican government that was able to sustain itself for over twenty-five thousand years. The Republic itself was formed in 25,053 BBY when the first Galactic Constitution was signed on Coruscant, the Republic was made up of several hundred thousand worlds. The Republic began as a protection and economic alliance among a number of planets in the Galactic Core. Each member world chose a Senator to represent them in the Republic Senate, Senators were ambassadors of their homeworld, and member worlds were able to maintain their government and society in accordance with local beliefs, customs, and traditions. There were a variety of different local governments along the political spectrum. In some systems, the senator was elected to that post, when the Republics power and influence expanded, many new areas of the galaxy were incorporated into the Republic. A reorganization of Senatorial representation occurred 1,000 BBY during the Ruusan Reformation, the most common organization for these new territories was to group regions into Sectors of about 50 inhabited worlds. Each sector is represented by a Senatorial Delegation, when the number of sectors became too large, sectors were organized into roughly a thousand regions, each represented by one delegation to the Senate. The Senate served as the body of the Galactic Republic. The Senate, according to the Star Wars. com Encyclopedia, was a building containing 1,024 floating platforms, each of which contained a senator. Each platform in the senate represented a sector of the galaxy, with one senator for that sector accompanied by a delegation of aides, some platforms represented individual worlds bringing special pleas to the senate, others the special interest groups such as the Trade Federation. Along with the senators, the leaders of the individual member planets apparently also had the power to vote in the Senate, each senatorial delegation had one vote. In the spirit of C-SPAN2, Senate cam droids, also known as Senate hovercams, were floating cam droids used in the Galactic Senate to record the legislative sessions. The members of the Senate then elected a Chancellor from among their ranks who served as the Senates presiding officer and as the Republics de facto leader. The Chancellor was assisted by the Vice Chair, who is elected in the same manner as the Chancellor
15.
Rebel Alliance
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The Alliance to Restore the Republic is an interstellar revolutionary faction in the fictional universe of Star Wars. Their goal was to seize the Alliance forces, the Rebel Alliance was first featured as the main protagonist-faction in the 1977 film Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. The origins of the Alliance to Restore the Republic are told during the events of Revenge of the Sith, the group included Bail Organa, Padmé Amidala, and Mon Mothma, amongst others. Amidala was, at the time, the most famous and prominent of the group and she realized that this made her a target and later advised the others to go quiet in their dissent and exclude her from any future proceedings. The young senator died in premature childbirth not long after her attempt to prevent Anakin Skywalkers fall. The show focuses on a group of rebels that band together aboard a freighter starship called Ghost. By the end of the first season, it is revealed there are various cells that are resisting the Empire. Senator Bail Organa of Alderaan and former Jedi Ahsoka Tano both play a role in coordinating them, during the events of Rogue One and the original Star Wars, the Alliance learns of the construction of the Death Star, an enormous battle station intended to secure the Empires power. With the help of the Rogue One squad led by Jyn Erso and Cassian Andor, right after the battle, the Tantive IV, an Alderaanian cruiser carrying Princess Leia is captured by the Imperial fleet while attempting to deliver the Death Star Plans to Bail Organa on Alderaan. The Princess is subsequently rescued by Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Chewbacca, and Obi-Wan Kenobi and this leads directly to the Alliances victory in the Battle of Yavin and the loyalty of Luke Skywalker, the Rebellions only remaining member with training in the Force. In The Empire Strikes Back, the Alliance suffers a defeat on Hoth when one of their main command centers. The remaining forces of the Rebellion are forced to stay mobile, using Admiral Ackbars flagship, Home One, by Return of the Jedi, the Rebel Alliance has regrouped and learned that a new Death Star is being constructed, and will be completed under Emperor Palpatines personal supervision. Mon Mothma has Admiral Ackbar and Lando Calrissian command the Alliance fleet and dispatches Han Solo and Princess Leia to disable the stations defenses, the Alliance subsequently wins the Battle of Endor, in which Darth Vader, Emperor Palpatine, and much of the Imperial hierarchy are destroyed. Thus, the Empire is essentially defeated, and the Rebellion liberates most of the galaxy, by The Force Awakens, the New Republic has formed from the Rebellion. The Resistance, an army backed up by the New Republic and successor of the Alliance, is formed to stand against the First Order, a new military power formed by remnants from the Old Empire. The incident begins when an Imperial military cruiser commanded by Captain Wilhuff Tarkin is blocked by peaceful anti-Empire protesters who refuse to move off the landing pad. With implied permission from the Emperor, Tarkin lands the ship anyway, injuring and killing many, the myriad of civilizations which are fighting the Empire continue to grow in number and progressively coalesce into a ragtag organization known as the Resistance. They intend upon removing the evil Emperor, but the growing ruthlessness of the Imperial state forces them into secrecy and these Rebel starfighters were equipped with hyperdrive capability along prearranged routes which would allow this kind of harassment and escape before the Empire may react
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New Republic (Star Wars)
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The New Republic is the main fictional government in the Star Wars universe. The government is a restoration to the Galactic Republic, a state that governed the galaxy. Following its decisive victory at the Battle of Endor as depicted in Return of the Jedi, the goal of the New Republic was to restore the democratic rule of the galaxy that had existed under its predecessor state, the Old Republic. These individuals were able to form the First Order, an offshoot of the Empire seeking to destroy the Republic, for the three decades preceding the film, the First Order operated secretly in the unexplored regions, rebuilding its army and starfleet, in hopes of resurrecting the Empire. Inspired by the ideology of the Old Empire, the First Order constructed Starkiller Base, the superweapon was built into a mobile planet from the unexplored regions of the galaxy, and would travel across multiple star systems to draw their suns energy in order to charge its weapon. However, Starkiller Base is later destroyed by the Resistance, a splinter of the Republics military and protagonists of the film, the new Alliance serves as a provisional government which eventually transitions into the New Republic. Star Wars, The Force Awakens, The Visual Dictionary, New Republic on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
17.
Skywalker family
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The Skywalker family is a fictional family in the Star Wars series. Within the series universe, the Skywalkers are a bloodline with strong inherent capabilities related to the Force. In terms of the internal chronology, the Skywalkers first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars. In this film, Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine, Qui-Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi-chlorians than any Jedi, even Yoda, counting to about 20,000. Shmi informs Qui-Gon that Anakin has no father, leading Qui-Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi-chlorians, as the film progresses, Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training. Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones reveals that, in Anakins absence, Shmi has married Cliegg Lars, Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala, in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars, while Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan. Shmi Skywalker is a character in the Star Wars universe. She appears in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace and Star Wars and she is the mother of Anakin Skywalker, paternal grandmother to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and maternal great-grandmother to Kylo Ren. Her first name is derived from Lakshmi, a Hindu goddess, in The Phantom Menace, she and her son are introduced as slaves of junk merchant Watto on the desert world Tatooine. She welcomes Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn into their home, and tells him that Anakin has no father, Qui-Gon helps Anakin win his freedom, but cannot get Shmi out of slavery. She allows Anakin to leave with Qui-Gon, assuring her son that they will meet again. In Attack of the Clones, Anakin, now a teenaged Jedi apprentice and he travels to Tatooine to find her, and, upon arriving, learns that she had been freed by and married to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars, but had recently been abducted by Tusken Raiders. He finds her one of their encampments, but its too late—beaten and tortured beyond help. Heartbroken and enraged, Anakin slaughters every single Tusken in the camp and his mothers death ignites a strong anger in Anakin, and sets him on the path to becoming Darth Vader. Anakin Skywalker is the son of Shmi Skywalker and no father, Anakin is discovered on Tatooine by Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn who is sure that the boy is the Chosen One of Jedi Prophecy, who will bring balance to the Force. After the death of Qui-Gon, he becomes the Padawan of Obi-Wan Kenobi and he also forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala, the young senator of Naboo
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Tatooine
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Tatooine orbits two main sequence binary stars and it has three moons, Ghomrassen, Guermessa and Chenini. Its G-type twin stars heat its surface, making water and shade hard to come by, the planets lack of resources, brutal heat, and decentralized population have made governing the planet nearly impossible. The planet fell into the clutches of the Hutts, a clan of gangsters, since Tatooine was beyond the reach of the Galactic Republic, the Hutts presided over the lawless planet with little outside interference. When the Galactic Empire subsumed the Old Republic, the new regime established only a token presence on Tatooine, Jabba remained the assumed ruler of Tatooine until his death in the Battle of Carkoon. Its name is derived from a city in Tunisia, Tataouine near to where various scenes were filmed, most were planted by an exiled Ithorian. Bestine, the capital of Tatooine, is situated far west of Mos Eisley near the south-western Dune Sea and it was also one of the earliest settlements on the planet but never thrived economically, sharing the same problems as many other settlements on the dry world. The Galactic Empire eventually established its base of operations here and placed its regional governor in the citys Main Hall and it is featured prominently in Star Wars, Galaxies. The Dune Sea is a sandy desert, near the cities of Anchorhead, Mos Eisley. It is inhabited solely by Tusken Raiders, Jawas, wraids, dewbacks, moisture farmers often have many moisture vaporators located in the Dune Sea to collect the scarce water vapor from the air. The Great Pit of Carkoon is located within the Dune Sea and it is a large hollow in the desert sand created by the Sarlacc, a large omnivorous creature that uses the pit to capture prey. The Great Pit of Carkoon is the site of a skirmish that takes place between Luke Skywalker and the forces of Jabba the Hutt, the Hutt crime lord and most of his minions were killed during the battle. Jabbas Palace is located in the known as the Dune Sea and was home to the gangster high boss and crime lord. It is introduced as the setting of the beginning of Return of the Jedi. Jabbas palace is also the setting in Tales From Jabbas Palace, edited by Kevin J.0 and Lego Star Wars III. The palace was originally a monastery built by the mysterious Bomarr monks, Jabbas Palace is very much infamous for bounty hunters, mercenaries, rogues, thieves, and many other known assassins to claim rewards. The Jundland Wastes occupy most of Tatooines temperate area, a region known for its numerous cliffs. Obi-Wan Kenobi lived in a dwelling on the edge of the Jundland Wastes after he took the infant Luke Skywalker to live on a moisture farm with relatives to hide the boy from Darth Vader. This area is also a level in the video games LEGO Star Wars II, The Original Trilogy, LEGO Star Wars, The Complete Saga and Star Wars, Luke Skywalker spent his first nineteen years living with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru on a moisture farm
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Humanoid
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A humanoid is something that has an appearance resembling a human being. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans, by the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but not identical, to those of the human skeleton. Although this usage was common in the sciences for much of the 20th century, American psychologist and Dinosaur intelligence theorist Harry Jerison suggested the possibility of sapient dinosaurs. In a 1978 presentation at the American Psychological Association, he speculated that dromiceiomimus could have evolved into an intelligent species like human beings. In his book, Wonderful Life, Stephen Jay Gould argues that if the tape of life were re-wound and played back, over geologic time, Russell noted that there had been a steady increase in the encephalization quotient or EQ among the dinosaurs. Russell had discovered the first Troodontid skull, and noted that, while its EQ was low compared to humans, if the trend in Troodon evolution had continued to the present, its brain case could by now measure 1,100 cm3, comparable to that of a human. Troodontids had semi-manipulative fingers, able to grasp and hold objects to a certain degree, Russell proposed that this Dinosauroid, like most dinosaurs of the troodontid family, would have had large eyes and three fingers on each hand, one of which would have been partially opposed. As with most modern reptiles, he conceived of its genitalia as internal, Russell speculated that it would have required a navel, as a placenta aids the development of a large brain case. However, it would not have possessed mammary glands, and would have fed its young, as birds do and he speculated that its language would have sounded somewhat like bird song. Russells thought experiment has been met with criticism from other paleontologists since the 1980s, gregory S. Paul and Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. A humanoid robot does not necessarily look convincingly like a real person, an android or gynoid is a humanoid robot designed to look as much like a real person as possible, although these words are frequently perceived to be synonymous with humanoid. While there are many humanoid robots in fictional stories, some humanoid robots have been developed since the 1990s. Similarly to robots, virtual avatars may also be called humanoid when resembling humans, deities are often imagined in human shape, sometimes as hybrids. In animism in general, the spirits innate in certain objects are typically depicted in human shape, e. g. spirits of trees, of the woodlands, of wells or waterways, many aliens in television and science fiction films are presented as humanoid. This is usually attributed to budget constraints, as human actors can more easily portray human-like aliens, in much of science fiction, the reason for the abundance of humanoid aliens is not explained and usually requires suspension of disbelief. In some cases, however, explanations have been offered for this, in the field of ufology, humanoid refers to any of the claimed extraterrestrials which abduct human victims, such as the Greys, the Reptilians, Nordics, and Martians. In fantasy settings the term humanoid is used to refer to a fantastical creature, such as a dwarf, elf, gnome, halfling, goblin, troll, orc or an ogre. Animals that are humanoid are also shown in fantasy, humanoids are also used in some old horror movies, for example in Creature From the Black Lagoon, made in 1954 by Jack Arnold
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Robots in fiction
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Robots and androids have frequently been depicted or described in works of fiction. The word robot comes from a work of fiction, Karel Čapeks play. Written in 1920 and first performed in 1921 and this list of fictional robots and androids is chronological, and categorised by medium. This list is intended for all fictional computers which are described as existing in a humanlike or mobile form and it shows how the concept has developed in the human imagination through history. Static computers depicted in fiction are discussed in the separate list of fictional computers. Coppélia, a dancing doll in the ballet of the same name, choreographed by Marius Petipa with music by Léo Delibes The word robot comes from Karel Čapeks play. Written in 1920 in the Czech language and first performed 1921, performed in New York 1922 and an English edition published in 1923. In the play, the word refers to artificially created life forms, named robots in the play are Marius, Sulla, Radius, Primus, Helena, and Damon. The play introduced and popularized the term robot, Čapeks robots are biological machines that are assembled, as opposed to grown or born. In Book 18 of the Iliad, Hephaestus the god of all arts, was assisted by two moving female statues made from gold – living young damsels, filled with minds and wisdoms. Another legend has Hephaestus being commanded by Zeus to create the first woman, Pandora, out of clay. The myth of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus, tells of a man who sculpted his ideal woman from ivory, Galatea. T. A. Hoffmanns Der Sandmann Artificial human-like being created by Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein A mechanical man powered by steam in Edward S, first appeared in The Atlantic Monthly, April 1891 The Dancing Partner by Jerome K. The android proves convincing enough to fool two suitors who wish to marry her, the Metal Men automata designed by a Thomas Edison-like scientist in Gustave Le Rouges La Conspiration des Milliardaires Tik-Tok in L. His brain is attached to an automaton created by scientist Jacques Cotentin. R. U. R. by Karel Čapek – credited with coining the term robot, in its original Czech, robota means forced labour, and is derived from rab, meaning slave. Depicts the first elaborate depiction of a machine take-over, Čapeks robots can also be seen as the first androids, they are in fact organic. Le Singe, by Maurice Renard and Albert Jean, imagined the creation of artificial lifeforms through the process of radiogenesis, a sort of human electrocopying or cloning process
21.
Star Wars sequel trilogy
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The Star Wars sequel trilogy is the third film trilogy in the American space opera franchise Star Wars, created by George Lucas. It is being produced by Lucasfilm and Bad Robot Productions, unlike the previous Star Wars films, which were distributed by 20th Century Fox, the sequel films will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The trilogy will consist of episodes VII through IX and chronologically follows after Return of the Jedi in the saga, Lucas originally planned a sequel trilogy in the mid-1970s, but had abandoned these plans by the late 1990s. The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm in late 2012 and then announced the production of a sequel trilogy. The first installment, Star Wars, The Force Awakens, was released on December 18,2015 in the U. S. following a premiere screening in Los Angeles on December 14. The film is directed by J. J. Abrams who cowrote the screenplay with Lawrence Kasdan, unlike the previous trilogies, whose films were released approximately three years apart, the sequel films are planned to be released around two years apart. Star Wars, The Last Jedi is set for release on December 15,2017, with Rian Johnson as screenwriter, Johnson is also set to write a story treatment for Episode IX, which is to be directed by Colin Trevorrow and released in 2019. The Force Awakens, like the subsequent two films, is based on a screenplay and not a storyline from the expanded universe. The original trilogys cast joins newcomers Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Adam Driver, and Oscar Isaac. It is directed by J. J. Abrams, who co-wrote a revised version of the screenplay along with Lawrence Kasdan, co-writer of the screenplays for The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. J. He has never been able to be surprised by a Star Wars film before, the film began pre-production on October 30,2012. Production began in April 2014, it was released on December 18,2015, in the US, the film is rated PG-13 for sci-fi action violence, the second Star Wars film to receive that rating after Revenge of the Sith. The film broke opening weekend box office records in North America with $248 million and totals of $529 million worldwide, the film set another new record by becoming the first movie to break the $1 billion mark in box office sales in just 12 days. It is currently the film of all time in North America. On June 20,2014, Rian Johnson was announced as writer and director of Episode VIII, kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman were the producers and J. J. Abrams is the executive producer. Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII, in March 2015, Oscar Isaac confirmed he would reprise his The Force Awakens role of Poe Dameron in Episode VIII. In July 2015, it was reported that Benicio del Toro was being considered for a villain, in September 2015, it was reported that Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Tatiana Maslany, Gina Rodriguez, Olivia Cooke, and Bel Powley were on the shortlist for two separate parts. Jimmy Vee was cast as R2-D2, succeeding Kenny Baker, much of the filming for Episode VIII took place at Pinewood Studios near London
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Darth Vader
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Darth Vader, also known by his birth name Anakin Skywalker, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors and his appearances span the first six Star Wars films, as well as Rogue One, and his character is heavily referenced in Star Wars, The Force Awakens. He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series, video games, novels, literature and comic books. Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force, he falls to the side of the Force and serves the evil Galactic Empire at the right hand of his Sith master. He is also the father of Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa, grandfather of Kylo Ren, Darth Vader has become one of the most iconic villains in popular culture, and has been listed among the greatest villains and fictional characters ever. The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in history on 100 Years. 100 Heroes and Villains, behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates, however, other critics consider him a tragic hero, citing his original motivations for the greater good before his fall to the dark side. After the success of the original Star Wars, series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him and they held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment. The treatment is similar to the film, except that Vader does not reveal he is Lukes father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Lukes father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke, Lucas was disappointed with the script, but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her. With no writer available, Lucas had to write the next draft himself, in this draft, he made use of a new plot twist, Vader claiming to be Lukes father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, the new plot element of Lukes parentage had drastic effects on the series. Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded, meanwhile, Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi. This change in character would provide a springboard to the Tragedy of Darth Vader storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy, after deciding to create the prequel trilogy, Lucas indicated the series would be a tragic one depicting Anakins fall to the dark side. He also saw that the prequels could form the beginning of one story that started with Anakins childhood. This was the step towards turning the film series into a saga. For the first prequel, Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Movie trailers focused on Anakin and a one-sheet poster showing him casting Vaders shadow informed otherwise unknowing audiences of the characters eventual fate. The movie ultimately achieved a goal of introducing audiences to Anakin
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Droid (robot)
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A droid is a fictional robot possessing some degree of artificial intelligence in the Star Wars science fiction franchise. Coined by special effects artist John Stears, the term is a form of android. The word droid has been a trademark of Lucasfilm Ltd since 1977. The franchise, which began with the 1977 film Star Wars, Episode IV – A New Hope, a protocol droid specializes in translation, etiquette and cultural customs, and is typically humanoid in appearance. The most notable example is C-3PO, introduced in Star Wars, 4-LOM is a protocol droid turned bounty hunter who responds to Darth Vaders call to capture the Millennium Falcon in The Empire Strikes Back. An astromech droid is one of a series of versatile utility robots generally used for the maintenance and repair of starships and these small droids usually possess a variety of tool-tipped appendages that are stowed in recessed compartments. R2-D2 is an astromech droid introduced in 1977s Star Wars and featured in all subsequent films, the malfunctioning droid R5-D4 also makes a brief appearance in Star Wars. A battle droid is a class of military robot in the Star Wars prequel trilogy of films, the tall, thin B1 model resembles the Geonosian race, who designed the droids, and are known to suffer programming glitches that manifest as personality quirks. The droideka is a heavy infantry unit with twin blasters. Multiple other types of specialized battle droids have been featured in the films, hK-47 is a humanoid soldier robot, designed as a violent killer, which first appeared in the 2003 video game Star Wars, Knights of the Old Republic. The 2015 young adult novel Moving Target, A Princess Leia Adventure by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry introduces the droid PZ-4CO, PZ-4CO also appears in The Force Awakens. In the 2016 film Rogue One, K-2SO is an Imperial enforcer droid reprogrammed by the Rebel Alliance, the term Droid was first used in the science fiction story Robots of the World. Arise. by Mari Wolf, published in If, Worlds of Science Fiction in July 1952, theyre swarming all over Carron City. Theyre stopping robots in the streets--household Robs, commercial Droids, all of them, Lucasfilm registered droid as a trademark in 1977. The term Droid has been used by Verizon Wireless under licence from Lucasfilm, motorolas late-2009 Google Android-based cell phone is called the Droid. The term was used for the Lucasfilm projects EditDroid, a non-linear editing system, and SoundDroid
24.
Etiquette
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Etiquette is a code of behavior that delineates expectations for social behavior according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social class, or group. The French word étiquette, literally signifying a tag or label, was used in a sense in English around 1750. Etiquette has changed and evolved over the years, in the 3rd millennium BC, Ptahhotep wrote The Maxims of Ptahhotep. The Maxims were conformist precepts extolling such civil virtues as truthfulness, self-control, learning by listening to everybody and knowing that human knowledge is never perfect are a leitmotif. Avoiding open conflict wherever possible should not be considered weakness, stress is placed on the pursuit of justice, although it is conceded that it is a gods command that prevails in the end. Some of the maxims refer to ones behaviour when in the presence of the great, how to choose the right master, others teach the correct way to lead through openness and kindness. Greed is the base of all evil and should be guarded against, while generosity towards family, confucius was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher whose philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. Baldassare Castiglione, count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author, who is probably most famous for his authorship of The Book of the Courtier. The work was an example of a book, dealing with questions of the etiquette and morality of the courtier, and was very influential in 16th century European court circles. ”During the Enlightenment era. Upwardly mobile middle class bourgeoisie increasingly tried to identify themselves with the elite through their adopted artistic preferences and their standards of behaviour. They became preoccupied with precise rules of etiquette, such as when to show emotion, influential in this new discourse was a series of essays on the nature of politeness in a commercial society, penned by the philosopher Lord Shaftesbury in the early 18th century. Its stated goal was to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality, the allied notion of civility – referring to a desired social interaction which valued sober and reasoned debate on matters of interest – also became an important quality for the polite classes. Established rules and procedures for proper behaviour as well as conventions, were outlined by gentlemens clubs. Periodicals, including The Tatler and The Spectator, infused politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, as their explicit purpose lay in the reformation of English manners and morals. It was Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield who first used the word etiquette in its meaning, in his Letters to His Son on the Art of Becoming a Man of the World. This work comprised over 400 letters written from 1737 or 1738 and continuing until his sons death in 1768, the letters were first published by his sons widow Eugenia Stanhope in 1774. Chesterfield endeavoured to decouple the issue of manners from conventional morality, the Letters were full of elegant wisdom and perceptive observation and deduction. Frequent and loud laughter is the characteristic of folly and ill-manners, it is the manner in which the mob express their joy at silly things
25.
Convention (norm)
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A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria, often taking the form of a custom. Certain types of rules or customs may become law and regulatory legislation may be introduced to formalize or enforce the convention, in a social context, a convention may retain the character of an unwritten law of custom. A convention is a selection from two or more alternatives, where the rule or alternative is agreed upon among participants. Often the word refers to unwritten customs shared throughout a community, for instance, it is conventional in many societies that strangers being introduced shake hands. The standardization of time is a convention based on the solar cycle or calendar. The extent to which justice is conventional is historically an important debate among philosophers, the nature of conventions has raised long-lasting philosophical discussion. Quine, Davidson, and David Lewis published influential writings on the subject, lewiss account of convention received an extended critique in Margaret Gilberts On Social Facts, where an alternative account is offered. Another view of convention comes from Ruth Millikans Language, A Biological Model, according to David Kalupahana, The Buddha described conventions — whether linguistic, social, political, moral, ethical, or even religious — as arising dependent on specific conditions. According to his paradigm, when conventions are considered absolute realities, they contribute to dogmatism and this does not mean that conventions should be absolutely ignored as unreal and therefore useless. Instead, according to Buddhist thought, a person adopts a middle way without holding conventions to be ultimate or ignoring them when they are fruitful. In sociology a social rule refers to any social convention commonly adhered to in a society and these rules are not written in law or otherwise formalized. In social constructionism there is a focus on social rules. It is argued that these rules are socially constructed, that these rules act upon every member of a society, sociologists representing symbolic interactionism argue that social rules are created through the interaction between the members of a society. The focus on active interaction highlights the fluid, shifting character of social rules and these are specific to the social context, a context that varies through time and place. That means a social rule changes over time within the same society, what was acceptable in the past may no longer be the case. Similarly, rules differ across space, what is acceptable in one society may not be so in another, Social rules reflect what is acceptable or normal behaviour in any situation. Michel Foucaults concept of discourse is closely related to rules as it offers a possible explanation how these rules are shaped. It is the rules that tell people what is normal behaviour for any specific category
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Translation
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Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. While interpreting—the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages—antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature, there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation, on the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated, because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for services and has facilitated language localization. Translation studies systematically study the theory and practice of translation, the English word translation derives from the Latin word translatio, which comes from trans, across + ferre, to carry or to bring. Thus translatio is a carrying across or a bringing across, in this case, the Germanic languages and some Slavic languages have calqued their words for the concept of translation on translatio. The Romance languages and the remaining Slavic languages have derived their words for the concept of translation from an alternative Latin word, traductio, the Ancient Greek term for translation, μετάφρασις, has supplied English with metaphrase — as contrasted with paraphrase. Metaphrase corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to formal equivalence, nevertheless, metaphrase and paraphrase may be useful as ideal concepts that mark the extremes in the spectrum of possible approaches to translation. Discussions of the theory and practice of translation reach back into antiquity, the ancient Greeks distinguished between metaphrase and paraphrase. Literally graceful, it were an injury to the author that they should be changed, Dryden cautioned, however, against the license of imitation, i. e. of adapted translation, When a painter copies from the life. He has no privilege to alter features and lineaments, despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. The grammatical differences between languages and free-word-order languages have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax characteristics of a source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language. When a target language has lacked terms that are found in a language, translators have borrowed those terms. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, an etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel, the Polish aktualny, the Swedish aktuell, the translators role as a bridge for carrying across values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translators role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, the main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero
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Communication
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Communication is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules. The main steps inherent to all communication are, The forming of communicative motivation or reason, transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific channel or medium. Noise sources such as forces and in some cases human activity begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers. Reception of signals and reassemblying of the message from a sequence of received signals. Decoding of the encoded message. Interpretation and making sense of the original message. The channel of communication can be visual, auditory, tactile and haptic, olfactory, electromagnetic, human communication is unique for its extensive use of abstract language. Development of civilization has been linked with progress in telecommunication. Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying information in the form of non-linguistic representations, examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expressions, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message, examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e. g. rhythm, intonation, tempo and it affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, Nonverbal communication demonstrates one of Wazlawicks laws, you cannot not communicate. Once proximity has formed awareness, living creatures begin interpreting any signals received, Nonverbal cues are heavily relied on to express communication and to interpret others’ communication and can replace or substitute verbal messages. There are several reasons as to why non-verbal communication plays a role in communication. Written communication can also have non-verbal attributes, e-mails and web chats allow individual’s the option to change text font colours, stationary, emoticons, and capitalization in order to capture non-verbal cues into a verbal medium. Many different non-verbal channels are engaged at the time in communication acts. “Non-verbal behaviours may form a language system. ”Smiling, crying, pointing, caressing. Such non-verbal signals allow the most basic form of communication when verbal communication is not effective due to language barriers, Verbal communication is the spoken or written conveyance of a message
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R2-D2
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R2-D2 is a fictional robot character in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas, who appears in the original trilogy, the prequel trilogy, the sequel trilogy, and Rogue One. A small astromech droid, R2-D2 is a character and appears in all Star Wars films to date. Throughout the course of the films, he joins or supports Padmé Amidala, Anakin Skywalker, Leia Organa, Luke Skywalker, in the sequel trilogy, Baker was credited as consultant for the The Force Awakens, however Jimmy Vee also co-performed the character in some scenes. Vee later took over the beginning in The Last Jedi. R2-D2s sounds and vocal effects were created by Ben Burtt, R2-D2 was designed in artwork by Ralph McQuarrie, co-developed by John Stears and built by Tony Dyson. Lucas and artist Ralph McQuarrie also drew inspiration from the robots Huey, Dewey, the name is said to derive from when Lucas was making one of his earlier films, American Graffiti. Sound editor Walter Murch states that he is responsible for the utterance which sparked the name for the droid, Murch asked for Reel 2, Dialog Track 2, in the abbreviated form R-2-D-2. R2-D2 stands for Second Generation Robotic Droid Series-2, according to a Star Wars encyclopedia published after the release of the film Star Wars. Tony Dyson, owner of the special effects studio The White Horse Toy Company, was commissioned to fabricate the design, two were used by Baker, and two were stunt double models made for the scene where the droid was shot from the swamp onto the shore on Dagobah. In Star Wars, both R2-D2 and C-3PO are introduced on board the Tantive IV, along with Princess Leia of Alderaan, Leia inserts into R2-D2 an information disc containing the plans for the Death Star battle station, and encodes a distress message on the droids holographic projector. The droids then escape in a pod that crashes on Tatooine near Obi-Wan Kenobis desert abode, R2-D2 and C-3PO are then abducted by Jawas and bought by Owen Lars, step-uncle of Luke Skywalker. That night, R2-D2 leaves the farm to seek out Obi-Wan, soon, by way of fate, Luke is forced to leave Tatooine with Obi-Wan, Han Solo, and Chewbacca, and they attempt to deliver R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance. Along the way, they are pulled in by the Death Stars tractor beam, R2-D2 delivers the plans to the Rebel Alliance, and serves as Lukes astromech droid during the attack on the station. R2-D2 is severely damaged during the battle, but is restored before the ceremony at the end of the film. In The Empire Strikes Back, R2-D2 accompanies Luke to Dagobah, and later to Cloud City and he also manages to fix the Millennium Falcons hyperdrive, resulting in a last-minute escape from Imperial forces. In Return of the Jedi, R2-D2 plays a role in rescuing Luke, Leia. He later joins the Rebel strike team on Endor and he is badly damaged during the fight between the Imperial troops and the Rebels, but is repaired in time for the celebration marking the second Death Stars destruction and the end of the Empire. The sole survivor of the four, R2-D2 becomes part of Qui-Gon Jinns party on Tatooine and meets C-3PO, later still, he serves as the astromech droid for Anakins starfighter during the Battle of Naboo
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Foil (literature)
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In fiction, a foil is a character who contrasts with another character —usually the protagonist— in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character. In some cases, a subplot can be used as a foil to the main plot and this is especially true in the case of metafiction and the story within a story motif. The word foil comes from the old practice of backing gems with foil in order to make them shine more brightly, a foil usually either differs dramatically or is extremely similar but with a key difference setting them apart. The concept of a foil is also widely applied to any comparison that is made to contrast a difference between two things. In Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the two characters, Dr. Frankenstein and his creature are both together literary foils, functioning to compare one to the other. In Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, Marys absorption in her studies places her as a foil to her sister Lydia Bennets lively, similarly, in Shakespeares play Julius Caesar, the character Brutus has foils in the two characters Cassius and Mark Antony
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Rogue One
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It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the first installment of the Star Wars Anthology series, the cast includes Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Riz Ahmed, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker. Rogue One follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star, principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios near London during early August 2015 and wrapped in February 2016. The film went through extensive reshoots and additional filming in mid-June 2016, the film premiered in Los Angeles on December 10,2016, and was released in the United States on December 16,2016. The film has grossed over $1 billion worldwide, making it the second highest-grossing film of 2016 and it received two Academy Awards nominations for Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects. Research scientist Galen Erso and his family are in hiding on the planet Lahmu, Imperial weapons developer Orson Krennic arrives to press him into completing the Death Star, a space station-based superweapon capable of destroying planets. Galens wife Lyra is killed in the confrontation while their daughter Jyn escapes and is taken to safety by Rebel extremist Saw Gerrera, fifteen years later, cargo pilot Bodhi Rook defects from the Empire, smuggling a holographic message from Galen to Gerrera on the desert moon Jedha. Cassian is covertly ordered by General Draven, an Alliance military officer, with the aid of blind spiritual warrior Chirrut Îmwe and his mercenary friend Baze Malbus, Jyn makes contact with Gerrera, who has been holding Rook captive. On the Death Star, Krennic orders a low-powered shot from the superlaser to destroy Jedhas capital, Jyn and her group take Rook and flee the planet, but Gerrera remains to die with the city. Grand Moff Tarkin congratulates Krennic before using Rooks defection and security leak as a pretext to take control of the project, Rook leads the group to Galens Imperial research facility on the planet Eadu, where Cassian chooses not to kill Galen. When Krennic orders Galens team killed for causing the security leak, the research team is executed anyway. Jyn makes her presence known moments before Rebel bombers attack the facility, Galen is wounded and dies in his daughters arms, before she escapes with her group on board a stolen Imperial cargo shuttle. Krennic is summoned by Darth Vader, to answer for the attack on Eadu, Krennic seeks his support for an audience with the Emperor, Vader ignores it and orders him instead to ensure no further leaks about the Death Star occur. Jyn proposes a plan to steal the Death Star schematics using the Rebel fleet but fails to get approval from the Alliance Council, frustrated at their inaction, Jyns group is supported by a small squad of Rebel volunteers intent on raiding the databank themselves. The Rebel fleet learns about the raid from intercepted Imperial communications, K-2SO sacrifices himself so Jyn and Cassian can retrieve the data. Îmwe is killed after activating the switch to allow communication with the Rebel fleet. Rook is killed by a grenade after informing the Rebel fleet that it must deactivate the shield surrounding the planet to allow the transmission of the schematics, Malbus dies in battle shortly after. Jyn and Cassian seize the schematics, but they are ambushed by Krennic, Krennic corners Jyn, declaring the Empires victory, but Cassian, who has survived, shoots and wounds Krennic
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Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)
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The film is set during the three-year time period between the films Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. The Clone Wars served as an introduction to the series of the same name. The film received reviews from critics, and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget. During the Clone Wars, Jedi Knights Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi lead a small Republic clone army against the Separatist droid army on the planet Christophsis. Awaiting reinforcements, the two Jedi greet a shuttle carrying the young Jedi Ahsoka Tano, who insists that she has been assigned by Jedi Master Yoda to serve as Anakins Padawan. Anakin begrudgingly accepts Ahsokas apprenticeship, and the two succeed in deactivating the Separatists energy field while Obi-Wan stalls the droid army commander, allowing a Republic victory, following the battle, Yoda arrives and informs the Jedi that crime lord Jabba the Hutts son Rotta has been kidnapped. Anakin and Ahsoka are tasked with retrieving the Huttlet, while Obi-Wan is sent to Tatooine to negotiate with Jabba over a treaty between the Hutts and the Republic. The Jedi manage to escape the trap along with R2-D2 and hijack a transport with which they travel to Tatooine. Obi-Wan, alerted by Anakin, arrives on Teth and defeats Ventress in a lightsaber duel, meanwhile, Senator Padmé Amidala, Anakins secret wife, learns of Anakins mission and fears for his safety. She decides to contact Jabbas uncle Ziro in Coruscant, the Hutt refuses to cooperate, apparently believing that it is the Jedi who are responsible for the situation. Padmé is discovered and detained, but a call by C-3PO enables her to summon a squadron of clone troopers. Upon their arrival on Tatooine, Anakin and Ahsoka are shot down by MagnaGuards, Anakin devises a ruse to confront Dooku while carrying a decoy Rotta, leaving Ahsoka to take the real Rotta to Jabbas palace. While Anakin fights off Dooku, Ahsoka is ambushed by the MagnaGuards, the two deliver Rotta safely to Jabba, who nonetheless orders the Jedis execution for their supposed attempt to kidnap him. However, Padmé contacts Jabba in time and reveals Ziro and the Separatists responsibility for the kidnapping, acknowledging the Jedis heroism and allowing the Republic to have Ziro punished for his betrayal, Jabba agrees to the Republic treaty while Anakin and Ahsoka are retrieved by Obi-Wan and Yoda. George Lucas had the idea for a film after viewing some of the footage of the early episodes on the big screen. Those first few episodes, originally planned for release on television, were woven together to form the theatrical release. The story of the kidnapped Hutt was inspired by the Sonny Chiba samurai film titled Shogun’s Shadow, Lucas described the film was almost an afterthought. Howard Roffman, president of Lucas Licensing, said of the decision, Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation used Autodesk software to animate both the film and the series using the Maya 3D modeling program to create highly detailed worlds, characters and creatures
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Solo: A Star Wars Story
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An upcoming untitled space Western film centered on the Star Wars character Han Solo is being directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and Jon Kasdan. It is being produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, the film is set in the Star Wars universe before the original 1977 film Star Wars and explores Han Solo and Chewbaccas adventures, including meeting Lando Calrissian. Filming began in January 2017, with principal photography starting the following month, the film is scheduled to be released on May 25,2018. Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo, a cynical smuggler, Woody Harrelson as Beckett, a criminal and Hans mentor. Emilia Clarke Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian, a scoundrel on the rise in the galaxys underworld, Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller-Bridge Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca Michael K. Williams and Ian Kenny are also cast in an undisclosed roles. In February 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two films, each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg. Shortly after, it was reported that Disney was working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett, Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories. Kathleen Kennedy explained that the films would not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy, stating. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga, right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spin-off movies, or we may come up some other way to call those films. There is no attempt being made to characters in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, its a roadmap that George made pretty clear, in April 2015, Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series. The project would be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence Kasdan, Kennedy would serve as a producer on the film, with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers, Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce. The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank, Solos friend, the Wookiee, Chewbacca, would also appear in the film. In May 2016, Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017, in March 2016, it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich, Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist of actors considered for the young Han Solo role. In May 2016, Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo, Miller called casting the role one of the hardest casting challenges of all time adding they saw over 3,000 people for the part. Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after, with Clarke cast as the lead the following month. In early January 2017, Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solos mentor, in February 2017, Phoebe Waller-Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed roles, said to be a CGI-driven performance similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K-2SO
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Luke Skywalker
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Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliances struggle against the Galactic Empire. The now non-canon Star Wars expanded universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, husband of Mara Jade, in 2015, the character was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th greatest movie character of all time. On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania. com ranked the character at number 14, Luke Skywalker was initially called Anakin Starkiller, and went through multiple design changes. The character was at one point designed as a 60-year-old grizzled war hero, later as a Jedi Master, the last name Starkiller remained for the first few months of production, Hamill on-camera using the name Luke Starkiller the sole time he referred to himself during filming. Starkiller was dropped due to what Lucas called unpleasant connotations, after Hamill was involved in a car accident, the Wampa attack at the beginning of The Empire Strikes Back was written in to explain his facial injuries. An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his fathers role as Darth Vader after the latters death, though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children. Another conclusion to the featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns. During the filming of the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas informed Hamill that he would be needed to reprise the role when he was middle aged, Lucas further explained that his role as Luke would be handing Excalibur to the next generation. Hamill had no reaction at the time, as he thought of making Star Wars films decades in the future as an abstract concept, Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars celebration during lunch where Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray The Trickster in The Flash, Hamill attended meetings for script readings, and helped conceal Lukes role in the film, instead of dialogue, he read stage directions. Abrams said it allowed him to remain involved and that his reading helped make an experience for everyone. In the prequel film, Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Luke is born to Senator Padmé Amidala along with his twin sister, Luke Skywalker lives on a moisture farm on Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he buys the droids C-3PO, when R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to find him and encounters Obi-Wan Kenobi, an old hermit. Luke discovers that R2-D2 contains a message for Obi-Wan from Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire, Obi-Wan says that he and Lukes father were once Jedi Knights, and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader. Obi-Wan presents Luke with his fathers lightsaber and offers to him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force. Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt, Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape. During the films battle scene, Luke joins the Rebel Alliance in attacking the Death Star
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Princess Leia
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Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan, later known as General Leia Organa, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and she thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empires cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back, Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi, Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vaders daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith establishes that the mother is Senator Padmé Amidala of Naboo. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan, in The Force Awakens, Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order and has a son with Han named Ben, who goes by the name Kylo Ren. She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master, One of the more popular Star Wars characters, Leia has been called a 1980s icon, a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines. She has appeared in many works and merchandising, and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows. Her cinnamon buns hairstyle from Star Wars and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons, Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas. In 1999, Lucas explained his early development of Leia, Luke and Obi-Wan Kenobi, The first talked about a princess, the second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter, the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamills character, There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the sister had to rescue him. In the fourth draft it was established that Leia Organa came instead from Alderaan, Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia, with actresses including Amy Irving, Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role. Asked about Streep in 2015, Fisher said, Bullshit, but Jodie Foster was up for it. That one I knew the most, the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister. She and their mother were sent to the protection of friends in a distant system, the mother died shortly thereafter, and Lukes sister was adopted by Bens friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife. Fisher explained in 1983, Leias real father left her mother when she was pregnant, I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess. Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga, Princess Leias Theme was recorded as a concert suite for the score of the 1977 film
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Gold plating
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Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold onto the surface of another metal, most often copper or silver, by chemical or electrochemical plating. This article covers plating methods used in the electronics industry, for more traditional methods, often used for much larger objects. There are several types of gold plating used in the industry, Soft. The gold layer is easily soldered and wire bonded and its Knoop hardness ranges between 60-85. The plating baths have to be free of contamination. Bright hard gold on contacts, with Knoop hardness between 120-300 and purity of 99. 7-99. 9% gold, often contains a small amount of nickel and/or cobalt, these elements interfere with die bonding, therefore the plating baths cannot be used for semiconductors. Bright hard gold on printed circuit board tabs is deposited using lower concentration of gold in the baths, usually contains nickel and/or cobalt as well. Edge connectors are made by controlled-depth immersion of only the edge of the boards. Soft, pure gold is deposited from special electrolytes, entire printed circuit boards can be plated. This technology can be used for depositing layers suitable for wire bonding, pre-Columbian smiths working in northern Peru gilded and silvered copper objects by electrochemical replacement techniques. During the excavations in 1987–1990 at Sipan, a treasure of gold and silver ornamental and ceremonial artifacts was recovered. These objects demonstrate the outstanding craftsmanship of the Moche metalsmiths, alloys of copper with gold and some silver were employed, known as tumbaga. Like copper, silver atoms diffuse into the layer, causing slow gradual fading of its color. This process may take months and even years, depending on the thickness of the gold layer, a barrier metal layer is used to counter this effect. Copper, which migrates into gold, does so more slowly than silver. The copper is usually further plated with nickel, a gold-plated silver article is usually a silver substrate with layers of copper, nickel, and gold deposited on top of it. Gold, applied by either evaporated methods or Electroplating has been specified by NASA to thermally control spacecraft instruments thanks to its 99% reflectivity in Infrared Wavelengths. Gold plating is used in electronics, to provide a corrosion-resistant electrically conductive layer on copper, typically in electrical connectors
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Copper plating
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Copper plating is the process electrolytically plating a layer of copper is deposited on the item to be plated by using an electric current. Often various other chemicals are added to improve plating uniformity and brightness, without some form of additive, it is almost impossible to obtain a smooth plated surface. These additives can be anything from dish soap to proprietary compounds, commercial platers typically use a copper-cyanide solution, which retains a high concentration of copper. However, it is dangerous, due to the highly toxic nature of cyanide. Cyanide based bath chemistry produces a metal favored for its diffusion blocking character. If a bright surface is required, such as one required for decoration or soldering upon, copper pennies are useful in demonstrating the concept of copper plating. A simple lemon bath is used to demonstrate this process, lemon juice is a natural acid that attacks the oxidized copper-oxygen bond, releasing it from the surface of the pennies. Placement of a such as an iron nail in the lemon bath containing suspended copper ions results in a simple copper plating of the iron nail. Real plating on PTH treated Electroless copper plating on YouTube
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Star Wars: The Force Awakens
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Star Wars, The Force Awakens is a 2015 American epic space opera film directed, co-produced, and co-written by J. J. Abrams. The Force Awakens was announced after The Walt Disney Companys acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012 and it was produced by Abrams, his longtime collaborator Bryan Burk, and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy. Abrams and Lawrence Kasdan, co-writer of the trilogy films The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. John Williams, composer for the six films, returned to compose the films score. Lucas served as consultant during the films early production. Filming began in April 2014 in Abu Dhabi and Iceland, with photography also taking place in Ireland and Pinewood Studios in England. It is the first live-action film in the franchise since Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Star Wars, The Force Awakens was widely anticipated, and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns. It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14,2015, four days before its release worldwide. It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations, two sequels, Star Wars, The Last Jedi and Episode IX, are scheduled for release in 2017 and 2019, respectively. Three decades after the destruction of the second Death Star, the First Order has risen from the fallen Galactic Empire, the Resistance, backed by the Republic and led by General Leia Organa, opposes them while searching for her brother, Luke Skywalker, to enlist his aid. Resistance pilot Poe Dameron meets village elder Lor San Tekka on the planet Jakku to obtain a map to Lukes location, stormtroopers commanded by Kylo Ren destroy the village and capture Poe, while Ren kills Tekka. Poes droid, BB-8, escapes with the map and encounters a scavenger named Rey near a junkyard settlement, Ren tortures Poe using the Force, and learns of BB-8. Stormtrooper FN-2187, unwilling to kill, frees Poe, and they escape in a stolen TIE fighter and they crash on Jakku, and Finn survives, but Poe is believed to have been killed in the crash. Finn encounters Rey and BB-8, but the First Order tracks them, Finn, Rey, and BB-8 flee the planet in the Millennium Falcon, which they steal from a junkyard. The Falcon is captured by a ship piloted by Han Solo and Chewbacca. Two rival gangs, seeking to settle debts with Han, board and attack, the gangs inform the First Order. At the First Orders Starkiller Base – a planet converted into a superweapon that harnesses energy from stars – Supreme Leader Snoke orders General Hux to use the weapon for the first time. Snoke questions Rens ability to deal with emotions relating to his father, Han Solo, the Falcon crew views BB-8s map and determines it is incomplete
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Star Wars expanded universe
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The Star Wars expanded universe is a collective term for all Star Wars fictional material produced by Lucasfilm or officially licensed by it. This restructuring left the Star Wars theatrical films, the Clone Wars animated film, a number of works have subsequently been produced, including the Rebels animated TV series, the 2015 film The Force Awakens, and multiple novels and comic book series. Fosters 1978 novel Splinter of the Minds Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful. A Star Wars comic book series from Marvel Comics ran from April 1977 to May 1986, former Marvel Editor-In-Chief Jim Shooter credited the titles strong sales for saving Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978. Marvels Star Wars series was one of the top selling titles in 1979 and 1980. The material was used as a resource by some novelists that followed, StarWars. com wrote in 2014 that the novel jumpstarted a publishing program that endures to this day and formalized the Expanded Universe. It introduced, among others, the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn and Mara Jade and this so-called Thrawn trilogy is widely credited with revitalizing the Star Wars franchise. In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski suggests that this renewed interest was a factor in Lucass decision to create the prequel trilogy. Around this same time, Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and launched a number of series set after the film trilogy. In 1999, Star Wars book publishing moved from Bantam Spectra to Del Rey Books, New Jedi Order, set 25 to 30 years after the original films, introduced a new threat, the Yuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy. The bulk of Expanded Universe storytelling explores the time period after Return of the Jedi, subsequent novels and comics were set before, concurrent with, and after the events of these works. In 2004, USA Today reported that over 1,100 Star Wars titles had been published, including novels, comics, non-fiction, then-president of Lucas Licensing, Howard Roffman, estimated that there were more than 65 million Star Wars books in print. He said, The books are a way of extending the fantasy of Star Wars, the movies have had a really profound effect on a couple of generations. Star Wars has become a cultural touchpoint, and our fans are avidly interested in exploring more stories, the animated television series Star Wars, The Clone Wars ran from 2008 to 2014 and was set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, in October 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion. In April 2014, Lucasfilm rebranded the Expanded Universe material as Star Wars Legends, the companys focus would be shifted towards a restructured Star Wars canon based on new material. The announcement called these works the immovable objects of Star Wars history and it was also made clear that a planned Star Wars sequel trilogy, and subsequent works developed within the restructured canon, would not be based on Legends material but could possibly draw from it. Lucas had previously used the character Aayla Secura, introduced in 2000 in the Star Wars, Republic comic book series, in Attack of the Clones
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American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
40.
Star Wars: Droids
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The series takes place between the events depicted in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and Star Wars, Episode IV – A New Hope. Over the course of the series, the team up with four different sets of masters. The Great Heep, a special following the series, served as a prequel to the third Mungo Baobab cycle. The series opening theme, Trouble Again, was performed by Stewart Copeland of the Police and written by Copeland, Droids was set in the nineteen-year time period between the rise of the Empire in Revenge of the Sith, and the events of A New Hope. Many times during the show, agents of the Empire were shown to enforce this idea, the famous droid duo faced off against gangsters, criminals, pirates, Boba Fett, IG-88, the Galactic Empire and other threats throughout the series. During their adventures, the droids always found themselves with new masters, the Emperor was mentioned multiple times within the series, but never appeared. Several episodes of the series were written by Star Wars sound designer Ben Burtt, the series was produced by Nelvana on behalf of Lucasfilm and broadcast on ABC. The cartoon series lasted one season and was made up of thirteen episodes in 1985. There was also a television special entitled The Great Heep in 1986. Following the original run of the series, the entire show was rebroadcast as part of The Ewoks and Droids Adventure Hour the same year, along with its series counterpart, Star Wars. The shows, Droids and Ewoks, were played on the Sci Fi Channel in 1996 as a part of their early morning Sci-Fi cartoon run. In the UK, BBC Television bought rights to screen the series in its entirety between 1986 and 1991 as part of the Childrens BBC programming strand, the entire series was shown twice within this time. The Great Heep only made one showing in 1989 on BBCs Going Live, which was a Saturday morning childrens show - it was split into two parts over two weeks. In several places, the prequel trilogy references elements from the Droids animated series and this is possibly due to Ben Burtts large involvement in both story elements for the animated series, and his involvement in the prequels. The bi-monthly series ran for eight issues, first three issues of the series were drawn by comic legend John Romita, Sr. In 1994, Dark Horse Comics published a new series of Star Wars, Droids, set before the events of Star Wars, Episode IV – A New Hope, the mini-series ran for six issues. A Special No.1 was released in January 1995, followed by a second mini-series that ran for eight issues, a one-shot titled Star Wars, Droids – The Protocol Offensive was published in September 1997. In 1985, Kenner produced a toy based on the series, including action figures, ship models
41.
Tantive IV
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The Tantive IV /ˈtæntɪˌvi fɔːr/ is a fictional spaceship in the Star Wars film series. It was used by Leia Organa in Star Wars Episode IV, other Corellian corvettes, which share the Tantive IVs design, appear in Return of the Jedi and in the Star Wars expanded universes books, comics, TV series, and games. The ships design stems from initial concepts for the Millennium Falcon, the revised model was scaled down, with replacements for outsized components and a different cockpit. This also explains the 194-centimeter models intricacy, which would have been necessary for depicting the prominent Falcon, although not visible in the first Star Wars film, modelmakers hung a miniature Playboy centerfold on the cockpits starboard bulkhead. The Tantive IV was the last model completed for the film, the model was altered slightly for Return of the Jedi, with the addition of windows along the ships spine and larger weapons. These modifications were removed in the 1990s, the Republic cruiser in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace was designed to be reminiscent of the Tantive IVs shape. The Tantive IV first appears in the opening of Star Wars as it is captured by an Imperial Star Destroyer over Tatooine, the ship is carrying Princess Leia and the plans for the Empires Death Star battlestation. Leia had taken the ship to Tatooine to recruit the Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi to join the rebellion, unable to find Kenobi herself, Leia gives the plans and a message to R2-D2, who escapes with C-3PO in an escape pod and lands on Tatooine. The vessel appears at the end of Rogue One, with the final scenes depicting how the Death Star plans reached the ship. The ship was referred to as the Rebel blockade runner. Star Wars Expanded Universe material initially referred to the class of ships as Corellian corvettes, both Decipher, Inc. and Wizards of the Coast published Tantive IV and Corellian corvette cards for the Star Wars Customizable Card Game and Star Wars Trading Card Game, respectively. Legos 1, 700-piece blockade runner model was the first to include dark red bricks, a small Lego model of the Tantive IV is included with the Ultimate Collector series 3, 000-piece Star Destroyer, which at the time of its 2002 release was Legos largest set. Two Micro Machines three-packs included a Corellian corvette toy, and Hasbros Collector Fleet line included a blockade runner. Kenners Die Cast Star Destroyer from 1979 includes a miniature Tantive IV that can be inserted into a docking bay under the Star Destroyer, the Tantive IV also appears as a ship model in both the X-Wing miniatures game and Star Wars Armada produced by Fantasy Flight Games. A 16-inch miniature of the Tantive IV sold at auction for $450,000, Tantive IV in the StarWars. com Databank Tantive IV on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki CR90 corvette on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
42.
Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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The Galactic Empire, often referred to simply as the Empire, is a fictional dictatorship featured in the Star Wars franchise. It was first introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars and also appears in its two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi and is the main antagonist faction of the original trilogy. By the time of the trilogy, which starts three decades following the events of the original trilogy, the government has collapsed and is remembered as the Old Empire. Palpatine is also secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious who intends to purge the Jedi, Palpatines Sith identity is only known by a small few throughout his life. Palpatine claims that the Jedi attempted to assassinate him and overthrow the Galactic Senate, the Senate that he has manipulated overwhelmingly applauds Palpatines decision. Emperor Palpatine proceeds to purge the Jedi, who had been the upholders of peace and justice in the Republic, by the time of Episode IV, A New Hope, the Empire has transformed into a fully totalitarian regime, opposed by the Rebel Alliance. The Galactic Empire was born out of the collapsing Old Republic, the crisis on Naboo allows Palpatine to be elected Chancellor. When the extent of the Separatist threat becomes clear in Episode II, the Old Republic Senate and this conflict allows Palpatine to remain in office long after his term as Chancellor officially expires. Palpatine promises to return his powers to the Senate once peace and his first order is to create an army of clone troopers resulting in the construction of a massive military. He takes advantage of the conflict to increase his political power, the Jedi begin to distrust the Chancellors motives, fearing he has come under the influence of a Dark Lord of the Sith named Darth Sidious. Palpatine insists to the Jedi that the war, and thus his emergency powers and their concerns are shared by several Senators, who suspect Palpatine may not return his emergency powers to the Senate as promised. Among them are two who had long supported Palpatine, Padmé Amidala and Bail Organa, the film eventually reveals that Palpatine and Sidious are one and the same, and that he has been manipulating the Republic and the Separatists against each other. When the Jedi apprentice Anakin Skywalker discovers Palpatine is actually the mysterious Sith lord Darth Sidious, Windu then leaves with three other Masters to arrest Palpatine, instructing Anakin to remain at the temple. Mace Windu, with a cadre of Jedi, enters Palpatines office and declares that he is under arrest, Palpatine dispenses with his false modest persona and reveals his power-hungry nature, retorting I am the Senate. Palpatine quickly produces a lightsaber and dispatches all but Windu, when Anakin arrives, Windu is standing over the disarmed Palpatine, prepared to strike. Anakin intervenes on Palpatines behalf by cutting off Windus hand, allowing Palpatine to send Windu plunging to his death with a blast of Force lightning, Anakin then submits to the dark side of the Force, becoming Palpatines third Sith apprentice, Darth Vader. Palpatine declares the Jedi to be traitors and enemies of the Republic, and issues Order 66, led by Darth Vader, the Grand Army of the Republic, who once took orders from the Jedi, all but exterminate the Jedi Order in a massive galaxy-wide slaughter. Secure in his power and position, Palpatine reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire, a deleted scene in the film establishes that the two are among the main founders of the Rebel Alliance, which later arises in A New Hope
43.
Star Destroyer
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Star Destroyers are capital ships in the fictional Star Wars universe. The Imperial Star Destroyer, which first appears in the first seconds of Star Wars, is the vessel of the Imperial fleet. The term Star Destroyer also refers to vessels in the franchise. Numerous Star Destroyer models and toys have been released, and the scene featuring the vessels first appearance has been called a milestone in special effects history. In draft scripts for the film that would become Star Wars, ILM built a 91-centimeter shooting model that was about half the size of the model for the Tantive IV the Star Destroyer was chasing. Lucas asked ILM to build a larger Star Destroyer model to match the Tantive IVs scale, nevertheless, they added additional hull details to the Star Destroyer model. The 13-second opening shot was the first special effects piece ILM completed, ILM built a 259-centimeter Star Destroyer, equipped with internal lighting to provide a better sense of scale, for The Empire Strikes Back. During production, Lucas decided that every Star Wars film would open in space with a shot of a Star Destroyer, the Empire Strikes Back also introduces the Super Star Destroyer, also referred to as a Star Dreadnought. The shooting model for the Super Star Destroyer Executor in The Empire Strikes Back, the iconic Star Destroyer first appears in the opening scene of Star Wars, as Darth Vaders flagship, the Devastator, chases the Tantive IV above Tatooine. This appearance shows the Imperial ships massive size in comparison to the Tantive IV, Imperial-class Star Destroyers appear not only throughout the original trilogy, but also in Star Wars Rebels and Rogue One. Rey scavenges material from a crashed Imperial-class Star Destroyer in Star Wars, rey pilots the Millennium Falcon through the wreckage of the crashed Super Star Destroyer Ravager during a chase scene in The Force Awakens. Other Star Destroyer varieties appear in the Star Wars prequel and sequel films, Star Wars creator George Lucas calls the cigar-shaped Separatist cruisers visible at the beginning of Revenge of the Sith Star Destroyers in the movies DVD commentary track. Venator-class Star Destroyers are introduced in Revenge of the Sith and later appear throughout Star Wars, the Venator-class ships initially appear with a red and grey Republic color scheme. However towards the end of Revenge of the Sith the Venators are gray and white, the Force Awakens introduces the Resurgent-class of Star Destroyers belonging to the First Order, one of which, the Finalizer, is commanded by Kylo Ren. Star Wars Expanded Universe materials offer details about the Star Destroyers shown in Star Wars film and television, the Empire had a dozen Super Star Destroyers in service during the time of the Battle of Endor, including Vaders Executor command ship. The final surviving Super Star Destroyer, the Ravager, is the vessel whose wreckage appears in The Force Awakens, the Ravagers crash onto Jakku is depicted in the game Star Wars Battlefront. In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels, games, at 1,600 meters long, Imperial-class Star Destroyers are armed with turbolasers, ion cannons and tractor beam projectors. They carry 72 TIE fighters, numerous ground forces, a base for rapid deployment to planetary surfaces
44.
Obi-Wan Kenobi
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Obi-Wan Ben Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by Alec Guinness and Ewan McGregor in the films. In the original trilogy, he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker, in the prequel trilogy, he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker. He is frequently featured as a character in various other Star Wars media. Obi-Wan Kenobi is introduced in the original Star Wars living as the hermit Ben Kenobi on the planet Tatooine, when Luke Skywalker and the droid C-3PO wander off in search of the lost droid R2-D2, Ben rescues them from a band of native Tusken Raiders. At his home, R2-D2 plays Ben a recording of Princess Leia which explains that R2-D2 contains the plans for the Death Star, Leia asks him to deliver the droid and the plans safely to the planet Alderaan in order to help the Rebel Alliance. He gives Luke his fathers lightsaber and asks Luke to accompany him to Alderaan, Luke declines, but promises to take Obi-Wan as far as Anchorhead Station. After Luke finds his uncle and aunt killed by Imperial troops, he agrees to go with Obi-Wan to Alderaan, in the spaceport city Mos Eisley, Obi-Wan uses the Force to trick Imperial troops into letting them through a military checkpoint. They enter a cantina and make a deal with two smugglers, Han Solo and Chewbacca, to fly them to Alderaan in their ship. During the journey, Obi-Wan begins instructing Luke in lightsaber training and he suddenly becomes weak and tells Luke of a great disturbance in the Force. Emerging from hyperspace, the party finds that Alderaan has been destroyed, the trio chase the TIE fighter to the Death Star, and subsequently get caught in the Death Stars tractor beam. On board the Death Star, Obi-Wan shuts down the tractor beam, Obi-Wan uses the duel to distract Vader as Luke, Leia, Han and Chewbacca escape to the Falcon. Although Vader strikes Obi-Wan down, his body mysteriously vanishes the moment he dies, at the climax of the film during the Rebel attack on the Death Star, Obi-Wan speaks to Luke through the Force to help him destroy the Imperial station. In The Empire Strikes Back, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears several times as a spirit through the Force, on the planet Hoth, he appears to instruct Luke to go to the planet Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda. Despite Yodas skepticism, Obi-Wan convinces his old master to continue Lukes training and he appears later to beseech Luke not to leave Dagobah to try to rescue his friends on Cloud City, although Luke ignores this advice. In Return of the Jedi, Obi-Wan again appears to Luke after Yodas death on Dagobah, Obi-Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Lukes father, revealed by Vader in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed, and also reveals that Leia is Lukes twin sister. After the second Death Star is destroyed and the Empire defeated, Obi-Wan appears at the celebration in the Ewok village, alongside the spirits of Yoda, in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn. He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation, which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships and their ship is damaged in the escape, however, and they are forced to land on Tatooine, where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon senses Anakins extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training, when Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan return to Naboo to defeat the Trade Federation, they are met by Sith Lord Darth Maul
