1.
News
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News is information about current events. Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy, business, government proclamations, concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, criminals, have been dubbed news since ancient times. Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news, technological and social developments, often driven by government communication and espionage networks, have increased the speed with which news can spread, as well as influenced its content. The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper, the English word news developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of new. In Middle English, the equivalent word was newes, like the French nouvelles, jessica Garretson Finch is credited with coining the phrase current events while teaching at Barnard College in the 1890s. As its name implies, “news” typically connotes the presentation of new information, the newness of news gives it an uncertain quality which distinguishes it from the more careful investigations of history or other scholarly disciplines. News conspicuously describes the world in the present or immediate past, to make the news, an ongoing process must have some “peg”, an event in time which anchors it to the present moment. Relatedly, news often addresses aspects of reality which seem unusual, deviant, hence the famous dictum that “Dog Bites Man” is not news, but “Man Bites Dog” is. Another corollary of the newness of news is that, as new technology enable new media to disseminate news more quickly, according to some theoretical and understandings, news is whatever the news industry sells. Journalism, broadly understood along the lines, is the act or occupation of collecting and providing news. From a commercial perspective, news is simply one input, along with paper necessary to prepare a product for distribution. A news agency supplies this resource “wholesale” and publishers enhance it for retail, most purveyors of news value impartiality, neutrality, and objectivity, despite the inherent difficulty of reporting without political bias. Perception of these values has changed greatly over time as sensationalized tabloid journalism has risen in popularity, News is also sometimes said to portray the truth, but this relationship is elusive and qualified. Paradoxically, another property commonly attributed to news is sensationalism, the focus on. Thus news is not unrelated to gossip, the human practice of sharing information about other humans of mutual interest. A common sensational topic is violence, hence another news dictum, “if it bleeds, newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage. In some countries and at points in history, what news media. Many news values seem to be common across cultures, people seem to be interested in news to the extent which it has a big impact, describes conflicts, happens nearby, involves well-known people, and deviates from the norms of everyday happenings
2.
Don Hewitt
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Under Hewitts leadership,60 Minutes was the only news program ever rated the nations top-ranked television program, an achievement it accomplished five times. Hewitt produced the first televised debate in 1960. Hewitt was born in New York City, New York, the son of Frieda and his father was a Jewish immigrant from Russia, and his mothers family was of German Jewish descent. Hewitts family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, shortly after his birth and his family later lived in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from New Rochelle High School, in New Rochelle, Hewitt attended New York University and started his journalism career in 1942 as head copyboy for the New York Herald Tribune. He joined the United States Merchant Marine Academy in 1943, after World War II ended in 1945, Hewitt returned to his job as copyboy for the Tribune, then worked for The Associated Press at a bureau in Memphis, Tennessee. However, his wife Mary Weaver—whom he married while working in Memphis—wanted to go to New York City, in 1956, Hewitt was the only one to capture on film the final moments of the SS Andrea Doria as it sank and disappeared under the water. Hewitt directed the production of the 1960 U. S. Presidential candidate debates between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy, they were the first presidential-candidate debates ever televised and he later became executive producer of the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, helming the famous broadcast of John F. Kennedys assassination as the story developed. He then launched the eight-time Emmy Award-winning show 60 Minutes, within ten years, the show reached the top 10 in viewership, a position it maintained for 21 of the following 22 seasons, until the 1999–2000 season. Hewitt was a figure in the 1996 tobacco-industry scandal involving tobacco company Brown & Williamson and 60 Minutes. The scandal was the inspiration for the 1999 film The Insider, Hewitt was portrayed in the film by Philip Baker Hall. According to The New York Times, Jeff Fager, producer of 60 Minutes II, was being floated as a possible replacement, speculation that proved to be accurate. Within a couple of years, Hewitt stepped aside as executive producer at the age of 81, in January 2010,60 Minutes dedicated an entire show to the story and memory of Don Hewitt. 1992, Hewitt won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism,1993, Hewitt and 60 Minutes were elected to the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame. 2008, Hewitt was honored with Washington State Universitys Edward R. Murrow Award for Lifetime Achievement in Broadcast Journalism, in 1985, Random House published Minute by Minute, a look at the history of 60 Minutes. In 2001, PublicAffairs published Tell Me a Story, Fifty Years and 60 Minutes in Television, Hewitt was married three times, Mary Weaver with whom he had two sons, Jeffrey and Steven. Frankie Teague Hewitt - American theater producer and founder of the Fords Theatre Society who was responsible for restoring and reopening the site as a working theater
3.
Elaine Quijano
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Elaine Quijano is an American television reporter. Formerly with CNN, she is now a correspondent and anchor with CBS News and she grew up in the Skokie and Morton Grove suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. She received a degree in journalism in 1995 from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Quijano began her career as an intern at WCIA-TV in Champaign, Illinois, in 1994, in 1998, Quijano left WCIA to become a general assignment reporter for WFTS-TV in Tampa, Florida. Quijano was a correspondent for CNN Newsource, an affiliate of CNN and she covered the September 11,2001 attacks and traveled to Kuwait City shortly before the U. S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. She remained in Kuwait for about a month, Quijano also covered the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster and the Beltway sniper attacks. In 2004, Quijano joined CNN/US as a Washington, D. C. -based general assignment correspondent and she covered the Pentagon, the Supreme Court, the 2004 re-election campaign of President George W. Bush and campaign of vice presidential candidate John Edwards. In 2006, she was named a White House correspondent for CNN, in that role, Quijano covered major stories of the George W. Bush administration, including the War on Terror, the unsuccessful bid for comprehensive immigration reform, and the 2008 financial crisis. Quijano left CNN on December 23,2009, and joined CBS News in early 2010 as a general assignment reporter. At CBS News, Quijano is based in New York City, she has covered Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the Boston Marathon bombing of 2013, the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, Quijano is an anchor for CBSN, the digital streaming network for CBS. Quijano also anchors the Sunday edition of CBS Weekend News and her work has appeared on CBS This Morning and The CBS Evening News. In 2009, Quijano was the speaker at the UIUC College of Media. Debate for national elected office in the election, and the youngest journalist to moderate a debate since 1988. It was also the first time a network anchor had been selected to moderate a national debate. Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region Appearances on C-SPAN
4.
James Horner
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James Roy Horner was an American composer, conductor and orchestrator of film scores. He was known for the integration of choral and electronic elements in many of his film scores, and for his frequent use of motifs associated with Celtic music. His first major film score was for the 1979 film The Lady in Red, but did not establish himself as a mainstream composer until he worked on the 1982 film Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. Horner composed music for over 100 films, he won two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, three Satellite Awards, and three Saturn Awards, and was nominated for three British Academy Film Awards. Horner was killed in a single-fatality crash of his Short Tucano turboprop aircraft at the age of 61, Horner was born in 1953 in Los Angeles, California, to Jewish immigrants. His father, Harry Horner, was born in Holíč, then a part of Austria-Hungary and he immigrated to the United States in 1935 and worked as a set designer and art director. His mother, Joan Ruth, was born into a prominent Canadian family, Horners brother Christopher is a writer and documentary filmmaker. James Horner started playing piano at the age of five and his early years were spent in London, where he attended the Royal College of Music. He returned to America, where he attended Verde Valley School in Sedona, Arizona, after he earned a masters degree, he started work on his doctorate at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he studied with Paul Chihara, among others. After several scoring assignments with the American Film Institute in the 1970s, he finished teaching a course in theory at UCLA. Horner was also a pilot, and owned several small airplanes. Horner began his career scoring films by working for B film director, Horners first composer credit was for Cormans Battle Beyond the Stars. From there, his works gained notice in Hollywood, which enabled him to take on larger projects, One of his first major film scores was for the 1979 film The Lady in Red. Horners major breakthrough came in 1982, when he had the chance to score the music to Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan, Horner continued composing music for high-profile releases during the 1980s, including 48 Hrs. Krull, Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, Commando, Cocoon, Aliens, *batteries not included, Willow, Glory and he frequently collaborated with film director Ron Howard, a partnership that began with Cocoon in 1985. Aliens earned Horner his first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score in 1987, somewhere Out There, which he co-composed and co-wrote with Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil for An American Tail, was also nominated that year for Best Original Song. A Dinosaurs Story, The Pagemaster, and Casper, Jumanji, and Balto, Mighty Joe Young, Horners biggest financial and critical success would come with the score to the 1997 film Titanic. The album became the best-selling primarily orchestral soundtrack in history, selling over 27 million copies worldwide, at the 70th Academy Awards, Horner won Oscars for Best Original Dramatic Score and Best Original Song for My Heart Will Go On
5.
CBS Broadcast Center
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The CBS Broadcast Center is a television and radio production facility located in New York City. It is CBSs main East Coast production center, much as Television City in Los Angeles is the West Coast hub, black Entertainment Television also uses the Broadcast Center for then 106 & Park and other in-studio shows for the network. CBS Television Distributions nationally syndicated newsmagazine, Inside Edition, is taped at the CBS Broadcast Center. The Broadcast Center is also the base for the CBS Radio Network. The networks Master Control on the first floor serves as the routing center for other programming distributed by Westwood One. In addition to the Broadcast Center, CBS has one major studio in Manhattan — the Ed Sullivan Theater at 1697 Broadway. The General Motors Building on Fifth Avenue and 58th Street, was the home of The Early Show until December 31,2011, the Early Shows successor, CBS This Morning, premiered from newly constructed Studio 57 at the Broadcast Center on January 9,2012. Operations moved from Grand Central to the Broadcast Center in stages, from the 1950s to 1970s, another prominent CBS stage in New York was Studio 52 at 254 West 54th Street, around the corner from Studio 50. CBS also leased the Himan Brown studios at 221 West 26th Street, now Chelsea Studios, for shows in the 1960s, 1970s. In early 2012, it was announced The Nate Berkus Show would not be renewed, after a few months it was announced that Anderson Coopers talk show would move into Studio 42 leaving its home in the Time Warner Center. Also in 2012, CBS acquired the Riverhead, Long Island-licensed WLNY-TV, following the merger, CBS moved that stations employees to the CBS Broadcast Center, with their former Melville facility maintained as the WCBS/WLNY Long Island bureau offices. WLNY currently carries one program from Broadcast Center, a 9pm newscast with WCBSs news personnel from Broadcast Center. Live from the Couch, a show airing parallel to CBS This Morning on WCBS, was broadcast on WLNY from 2012 until early 2014. The building in which the Broadcast Center is located served as a dairy depot for Sheffield Farms. CBS, which had been using studios at Grand Central Terminal and other theaters throughout Manhattan, purchased the site in 1952, until January 2000, the Broadcast Center was home to CBS-TVs soap opera As the World Turns. Defunct serials Love of Life, Search for Tomorrow, Love is a Many Splendored Thing, the show had been produced in Studio 45 at the CBS Broadcast Center from 1965-1968 before moving to West 26th street. GL used Studios 42 and 45 until its final broadcast on September 18,2009, in 1996, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment produced The Dana Carvey Show at the Broadcast Center for ABC. Former home of CBS Evening News,57, CBS News 57 Newsroom, CBSN, CBS Weekend News and CBS Morning News Official website
6.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
7.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
8.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
9.
CBS News
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CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS. The president of CBS News is David Rhodes, CBS News broadcasts include the CBS Evening News, CBS This Morning, news magazine programs CBS Sunday Morning,60 Minutes and 48 Hours, and Sunday morning political affairs program Face the Nation. CBS operates a 24-hour news network called CBSN, the first live anchored 24-hour streaming news network that is exclusively online, in December 1930 CBS chief William S. Paley hired journalist Paul W. White away from United Press as CBSs news editor. Paley put the networks news operation at the same level as entertainment. Along with other networks, CBS chafed at the breaking news embargo imposed upon radio by the wire services, CBS disregarded an embargo when it broke the story of the Lindbergh kidnapping in 1932, using live on-the-air reporting. Radio networks scooped print outlets with news of the 1932 presidential election, in March 1933 White was named vice president and general manager in charge of news at CBS. As the first head of CBS News, he began to build an organization that established a legendary reputation. In 1935 White hired Edward R. Murrow, and sent him to London in 1937 to run CBS Radios European operation, White led a staff that would come to include Charles Collingwood, William L. Shirer, Eric Sevareid, John Charles Daly, Joseph C. Harsch Cecil Brown, Elmer Davis, Quincy Howe, H. V. Kaltenborn, CBS was getting its ducks in a row for the biggest news story in history, World War II, wrote radio historian John Dunning. Upon becoming commercial station WCBW in 1941, the pioneer CBS television station in New York City broadcast two daily news programs, at 2,30 and 7,30 p. m. weekdays, anchored by Richard Hubbell. Most of the newscasts featured Hubbell reading a script with only occasional cutaways to a map or still photograph, when Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7,1941, WCBW, took to the air at 8,45 p. m. with an extensive special report. The national emergency even broke down the wall between CBS radio and television. The WCBW special report that night lasted less than 90 minutes, but that special broadcast pushed the limits of live television in 1941 and opened up new possibilities for future broadcasts. Additional newscasts were scheduled in the days of the war. In May 1944, as the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, WCBW reopened the studios and the newscasts returned, briefly anchored by Ned Calmer, and then by Everett Holles. After the war, expanded news programs appeared on the WCBW schedule – whose call letters were changed to WCBS-TV in 1946 – first anchored by Milo Boulton, and later by Douglas Edwards. On May 3,1948, Edwards began anchoring CBS Television News and it aired every weeknight at 7,30 p. m. and was the first regularly scheduled, network television news program featuring an anchor. NBCs offering at the time, NBC Television Newsreel, was simply film footage with voice narration, the broadcast was renamed the CBS Evening News when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962
10.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
11.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
12.
CBS Morning News
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CBS Morning News is an American early morning television news program for CBS News that is broadcast on CBS. The program features late-breaking news stories, national weather forecasts and sports highlights, since 2013, it has been anchored by Anne Marie Green, who concurrently anchored the CBS late-night news program Up to the Minute until its cancellation in September 2015. The program is broadcast live at 4,00 a. m, eastern Time, and is transmitted in a continuous half-hour tape delayed loop until 10,00 a. m. Eastern Time, when CBS This Morning begins in the Pacific Time Zone, the show is updated for any breaking news occurring before 7,00 a. m. Eastern Time, while throughout the network will join CBS This Morning in all time zones past that time at their local discretion or network orders for live coverage. The CBS Morning News title was used as the name of a conventional morning news program that served as a predecessor to the networks current morning program. For most of the 1960s and 1970s, the program aired as a 60-minute hard news broadcast at 7,00 a. m. preceding Captain Kangaroo, walter Cronkite and sportscaster Jim McKay both anchored the original CBS Morning News at one time. When CBS reformatted the early morning broadcast, the CBS Morning News became a pre-dawn 30-minute news broadcast, the program first aired in its current format on October 4,1982 as the CBS Early Morning News, originally co-anchored by Bill Kurtis and Diane Sawyer. Sawyer departed both programs in mid-1984, to be named a correspondent for 60 Minutes later that year, in her absence, Kurtis was joined by a rotating series of co-hosts, principally Maria Shriver, Meredith Vieira and Jane Wallace. For the first half of 1985, Kurtis would continue to anchor the Early Morning News solo until March while continuing to co-anchor the Morning News with Phyllis George until July. After Osgood left the program in 1992, the anchor turnover continued, in March 2009, when Michelle Gielan was named anchor of Up to the Minute, the CBS Morning News became integrated with the overnight news program, using the same anchors on both programs. In November 2012, production of the CBS Morning News and Up to the Minute relocated in the CBS Broadcast Center. On September 21,2015, the CBS Morning News debuted a new look, including a new logo, in addition, production of the program moved to the newsroom of CBS This Morning, where broadcasts of CBSN are also produced. Its long-running counterpart, Up to the Minute, was replaced the same day by the CBS Overnight News, Anne Marie Green Alison Harmelin The Early Show – Defunct morning news/talk program, which aired on CBS from 1999 to 2012. America This Morning – Competing early-morning news program on ABC, which debuted in 1982
13.
CBS Overnight News
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CBS Overnight News is an American overnight television news program that is broadcast on CBS during the early morning hours each Monday through Friday. It also featured rebroadcasts of selected stories from CBS News Sunday Morning,48 Hours,60 Minutes, from 2013 to 2015, the program was solo anchored by Anne Marie Green, who also anchored the networks early-morning news program CBS Morning News. Most CBS stations air the CBS Morning News at 4,00 a. m. local time or earlier and its main competitor is ABCs World News Now, which follows a more irreverent format than the more straightforward news style of CBS. Production of Nightwatch was later moved from New York City to Washington, D. C. at which time Charlie Rose and Lark McCarthy became the programs anchors. CBS announced its decision to cancel Nightwatch in early 1992, and replaced it with a news program, Up to the Minute. Regular on-air contributors to Up to the Minute included John Quain and these graphics were updated in 2005,2006,2009, and then again in 2011 to match the current look of the CBS Evening News. In March 2009, when Michelle Gielan was named anchor of Up to the Minute, production of the program was integrated with the CBS Morning News, until then, Up to the Minute had continued to broadcast in standard definition. On June 25,2015, Newsday reported that CBS News had decided to cancel Up to the Minute, up to the Minute ended its run after 23 years on September 18,2015. The CBS Evening News branding remains on the story packages, the Overnight News room is staffed to accommodate breaking news at all times
14.
CBS This Morning
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CBS This Morning is an American morning television program that is broadcast on CBS. It is the tenth distinct morning news-features program format that CBS has aired since 1954, the weekday edition of the program is currently anchored by Charlie Rose, Gayle King and Norah ODonnell. The program emphasizes general national and international stories and in-depth reports throughout each edition, although it also includes live in-studio. Sullivan was replaced by Paula Zahn on February 26,1990, despite a far more successful team in Smith, Zahn and McEwen, CBS This Morning continued to languish in third place. It was, however, far more competitive than any of its predecessors, a new set and live format introduced in October 1995 had little effect on the ratings. Smith and Zahn left the program in June 1996, with CBS News correspondents Harold Dow, in August 1996, the program was revamped again, as simply This Morning, with McEwen and Jane Robelot as co-hosts, news anchor Jose Diaz-Balart and Craig Allen serving as weather anchor. Ratings went up slightly, and at one point the program moved ahead of Good Morning America in 1998. But its ratings success was brief, and CBS announced its decision to cancel the program in early 1999. Robelot left This Morning in June 1999 after it was revealed that the program would be replaced, assuras served as co-anchor and Chen as newsreader for the shows remaining five months. McEwen left the show at the end of September 1999 to prepare for the launch of The Early Show and was replaced by new anchor Russ Mitchell, the original This Morning ended in October 1999, after twelve years. It was replaced by The Early Show, which debuted the following Monday, though it had occasional peaks in the ratings, The Early Show was a perennial third-place finisher behind NBCs Today and ABCs Good Morning America. On November 15,2011, CBS News announced that The Early Show would be cancelled, on December 1,2011, the title of the new show was revealed as CBS This Morning. The executive producer of CBS This Morning is Chris Licht, who was hired by CBS in the spring of 2011 after serving as producer of MSNBCs morning news-discussion program Morning Joe. CBS instead tapped a trio of noted television veterans for the editions of This Morning, Early Show holdover Erica Hill, Gayle King. On July 26,2012, CBS announced that its Chief White House Correspondent Norah ODonnell would replace Hill starting in September 2012, Hill was pulled from the program immediately after the announcement, and was eventually released from her CBS contract. Instead, the show begins with introductions and teases by Rose and ODonnell. The first hour of the show, currently co-anchored by Rose, King and ODonnell, is news-intensive and includes more original journalism and analysis, more recently, the program has utilized local meteorologists from CBS stations to provide the forecast during major severe weather events. The first half-hour also includes a 30-second segment following the local weather break, more recently, the remaining time has been filled with a taped story introduced by that days anchor of the CBS Morning News
15.
NBC Nightly News
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NBC Nightly News is the flagship daily evening television news program for NBC News, the news division of the NBC television network in the United States. NBC Nightly News is produced from Studio 3B at NBC Studios at 30 Rockefeller Center in New York City, since 2015, the broadcast has been anchored by Lester Holt on weeknights, José Díaz-Balart on Saturday and Kate Snow on Sunday. Previous weekday anchors have included David Brinkley, John Chancellor, Tom Brokaw and its current theme music, The Mission was composed by John Williams. NBC Nightly News replaced the Huntley-Brinkley Report in August 1970 upon Chet Huntleys retirement, at first, David Brinkley, John Chancellor, and Frank McGee rotated duties as anchors. At least one, usually two, and very rarely all three anchored the program on a given night, Brinkleys appearances were always from Washington and McGees were always from New York. Chancellor moved between two cities depending on his partner for the evening. Chancellor became the anchor of the program on August 9,1971, with Brinkley providing a three-minute commentary segment, David Brinkleys Journal. On June 7,1976, NBC brought Brinkley back to the anchor desk, initially, Chancellor and Brinkley both reported from New York City, however Brinkley would later return to Washington. After stepping down from the desk on April 2,1982. On April 5,1982, Tom Brokaw, who had been serving as anchor of Today since 1976, joined the program and took over duties in New York City. Among other news items, he covered the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, EDSA Revolution, Loma Prieta earthquake, the fall of the Berlin Wall, as anchor, Brokaw conducted the first one-on-one American television interviews with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Russian President Vladimir Putin. He was the network anchor in Berlin when the Berlin Wall fell. Brokaws presence slowly attracted viewers, and during the 1990s, Nightly News battled for the lead with World News Tonight. He and Katie Couric hosted a prime-time newsmagazine, Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric, by 1997, NBC Nightly News had solidified its first place standing in the ratings, a spot it would retain solely for ten years. The once-dominant CBS Evening News, anchored by Dan Rather, had lost a portion of the audience it held during the Walter Cronkite era. Following the collapse of the tower, Brokaw said, In May 2002, Brokaw announced his retirement as anchor of Nightly News. Brokaws final broadcast took place on December 1,2004, ending 22 years on the Nightly News desk, Brian Williams, a frequent substitute for Brokaw for NBC Nightly News, succeeded him as the programs permanent anchor on December 2,2004. However, NBC Nightly News regained the lead a few months later, Williams rose to new levels of popularity for his live spot reporting during and after the 2005 hurricane season
16.
ABC World News Tonight
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ABC World News Tonight is the flagship daily evening television news program of ABC News, the news division of the American Broadcasting Company television network in the United States. Since 2014, the weekday broadcasts have been anchored by David Muir. Cecilia Vega and Tom Llamas rotated as anchors of the Saturday editions, the program has been anchored at various times by a number of other presenters since its debut in 1953. It also has used various titles, including ABC Evening News from 1970 to 1978, World News Tonight from 1978 to 2006, World News from 2006 to 2009 and it is the second-most watched network newscast in the United States, trailing behind NBC Nightly News in the ratings. ABC began a nightly newscast in the summer of 1948, when H. R. Baukhage and this was succeeded by After The Deadlines in 1951 and All Star News in 1952. In the fall of 1953, John Charles Daly began anchoring the then-15-minute John Charles Daly, Daly, who had served as host of the CBS game show Whats My Line. Contemporaneously, anchored the newscast until 1960, with hosts and formats succeeding him. Anchors of the program during the early 1960s included Alex Dreier, John Secondari, Fendall Winston Yerxa, Al Mann, Bill Shadel, John Cameron Swayze, Bill Laurence, in 1962, Ron Cochran was appointed as full-time anchor, staying with the program until 1965. After Cochran left the program, Peter Jennings, a Canadian journalist who was 26 years old at the time, was named anchor of the retitled Peter Jennings with the News. In 1967, the inexperienced Jennings left the chair and was reassigned by the news division as an international correspondent for the news program. The newly renamed ABC News was hosted, in succession, by Bob Young, and then by Frank Reynolds, the program expanded from 15 to 30 minutes in January 1967, nearly 3½ years after both CBS and NBC had expanded their evening news programs to a half-hour. Harry Reasoner, formerly of CBS News and 60 Minutes, joined ABC News in 1970 to co-anchor the relaunched ABC Evening News with Smith, beginning that December, replacing Reynolds. Ratings for the news broadcast declined shortly thereafter, possibly due in part to the lack of chemistry between Reasoner and Walters. Reasoner would eventually return to CBS and 60 Minutes, while Walters became a regular on the newsmagazine 20/20, the practice continued until 1982, when real-time closed captioning was first introduced in the United States by the National Captioning Institute. Always the perennial third in the ratings, ABC News president Roone Arledge reformatted the program. Reynolds, who was demoted when the network hired Reasoner, returned as anchor, reporting from ABC News Washington. Max Robinson – who became the first African American network news anchor upon his appointment on the program – anchored national news from the news divisions Chicago bureau, Peter Jennings, who also returned for a second stint, reported international headlines from the divisions London bureau. The programs distinct and easily identifiable theme was written by Bob Israel, a rotation of anchors hosted the program until August 9,1983, when Jennings became the sole anchor and senior editor of World News Tonight
17.
News broadcasting
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News broadcasting is the medium of broadcasting of various news events and other information via television, radio or internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom. It may also include additional material such as coverage, weather forecasts, traffic reports, commentary. Television news refers to disseminating current events via the medium of television, a news bulletin or a newscast are television programs lasting from seconds to hours that provide updates on world, national, regional or local news events. In addition to news outlets, there are specialized news outlets, for example about sports. Television channels may provide news bulletins as part of a scheduled news program. Less often, television shows may be interrupted or replaced by breaking news reports to news updates on events of great importance. In January 2000, freelance reporters for the former Pacifica Network News engaged in a strike, citing censorship by Pacificas then Executive Director, the strike lasted twenty-six months until March 2002 when the board was replaced. Free Speech Radio News was formed in 2000 as an independent newscast by the strikers and has remained an independent program since that time, from March 2002 to September 2013, FSRN was aired and distributed by the Pacifica Network, and received major financial support from Pacifica. In September,2013, the board of directors of FSRN issued a notice to all staff. The board cited financial difficulties as the reason for the decision, in most parts of the world, national television networks will have bulletins featuring national and international news. The top-rated shows will air in the evening during prime time. Rolling news channels broadcast news content 24 hours a day, local news may be presented by standalone local television stations, stations affiliated with national networks or by local studios which opt-out of national network programming at specified points. Different news programming may be aimed at different audiences, depending on age, magazine-style television shows may mix news coverage with topical lifestyle issues, debates or entertainment content. Public affairs programs provide analysis of and interviews about political, social, there may also be breaking news stories which will present live rolling coverage. Television news organizations employ several anchors and reporters to provide reports, packages will usually be filmed at a relevant location and edited in an editing suite in a newsroom or a remote contribution edit suite in a location some distance from the newsroom. They may also be edited in mobile editing trucks, or satellite trucks, Live coverage will be broadcast from a relevant location and sent back to the newsroom via fixed cable links, microwave radio, production truck, satellite truck or via online streaming. Most news shows are broadcast live, Radio news broadcasts can range from as little as a minute to as much as the stations entire schedule, such as the case of all-news radio, or talk radio
18.
Douglas Edwards
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Douglas Edwards was an American network news television anchor. He anchored CBSs first nightly news broadcast from 1948–1962, which was later to be titled CBS Evening News, a native of Oklahoma, Edwards grew up in Birmingham, Alabama. Edwards joined CBS Radio in 1942, eventually becoming anchor for the evening newscast The World Today as well as World News Today on Sunday afternoons. Edwards came to CBS, after stints as a newscaster and announcer at WSB in Atlanta, Georgia and WXYZ in Detroit, in the mid-1940s, Edwards was host of the radio program Behind the Scenes at CBS. The term anchor would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkites role in the political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC Newss Camel News Caravan, by the mid-1950s, the nightly 15-minute newscast Douglas Edwards with the News was watched by nearly 30 million viewers. He also received praise for his coverage, on both camera and radio, of the sinking of the SS Andrea Doria in July 1956. But by the end of the decade, viewership levels for the Edwards broadcast weakened severely as the Huntley-Brinkley Report began to attract a larger audience, by 1962, Edwards was replaced by Walter Cronkite, and the newscasts name was changed to CBS Evening News. For several years after leaving the CBS anchor chair, Edwards headed the local evening news team on WCBS-TV, channel 2, Edwards subsequently moved back to CBS Radio, where he delivered the networks flagship evening newscasts The World Tonight for many years. He also served, for a time, as a co-anchor of the CBS Morning News and his last radio newscast included a report of the death of singer Andy Gibb. Beginning June 2,1980, Douglas Edwards anchored a daily edition of Newsbreak at 11,57 a. m. In 1988, at the age of 70, Edwards retired from broadcasting work after 46 years with CBS, Edwards died of cancer at 73. Edwards was posthumously elected to the Radio Hall of Fame in 2006, in a 4 1⁄2 hour interview for the Archive of American Television, Walter Cronkite described Edwards as a true gentleman. One of the gentlest men Ive ever known
19.
Walter Cronkite
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Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. was an American broadcast journalist, best known as anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years. During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, Kennedy, civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King, Jr. and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his coverage of the U. S. space program. He was the only recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase And thats the way it is, Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. was born on November 4,1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena, and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. He had remote Dutch ancestry on his fathers side, the family surname originally being Krankheyt, Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri, until he was ten, when his family moved to Houston, Texas. He was a member of the Boy Scouts and he attended college at the University of Texas at Austin, entering in the Fall term of 1933, where he worked on the Daily Texan and became a member of the Nu chapter of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He also was a member of the Houston chapter of DeMolay, while attending UT, Cronkite had his first taste of performance, appearing in a play with fellow student Eli Wallach. He dropped out in 1935, not returning for the Fall term and he dropped out of college in his junior year, in the fall term of 1935, after starting a series of newspaper reporting jobs covering news and sports. He entered broadcasting as an announcer for WKY in Oklahoma City. In 1936, he met his wife, Mary Elizabeth Maxwell, while working as the sports announcer for KCMO in Kansas City. His broadcast name was Walter Wilcox and he would explain later that radio stations at the time did not want people to use their real names for fear of taking their listeners with them if they left. In Kansas City, he joined the United Press in 1937 and he became one of the top American reporters in World War II, covering battles in North Africa and Europe. With his name now established, he received a job offer from Edward R. Murrow at CBS News to join the Murrow Boys team of war correspondents, CBS offered Cronkite $125 a week along with commercial fees amounting to $25 for almost every time Cronkite reported on air. Up to that point, he had been making $57.50 per week at UP, when he informed his boss Harrison Salisbury, UP countered with a raise of $17.50 per week, Hugh Baillie also offered him an extra $20 per week to stay. Cronkite ultimately accepted the UP offer, a move which angered Murrow and he also landed in a glider with the 101st Airborne in Operation Market Garden and covered the Battle of the Bulge. After the war, he covered the Nuremberg trials and served as the United Press main reporter in Moscow from 1946 to 1948, in 1950, Cronkite joined CBS News in its young and growing television division, again recruited by Murrow. Cronkite began working at WTOP-TV, the CBS affiliate in Washington and he originally served as anchor of the networks 15-minute late-Sunday-evening newscast Up To the Minute, which followed Whats My Line. at 11,00 pm ET from 1951 through 1962
20.
Dan Rather
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Daniel Irvin Dan Rather Jr. is an American journalist and the former news anchor for the CBS Evening News. He is now managing editor and anchor of the news magazine Dan Rather Reports on the cable channel AXS TV. Rather was anchor of the CBS Evening News for 24 years, from March 9,1981 and he also contributed to CBSs 60 Minutes. Along with Peter Jennings at ABC News and Tom Brokaw at NBC News, Rather was one of the Big Three news anchors in the U. S. during the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. The three all hosted their networks flagship news programs for over 20 years, and all three started and retired within a year of one another. Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr. /ˈræðər/ was born on October 31,1931, in Wharton County, Texas, the son of Daniel Irvin Rather, Sr. a ditch digger, the Rathers moved to Houston, where Dan attended Love Elementary School and Hamilton Middle School. He graduated in 1950 from John H. Reagan High School in Houston, in 1953, he earned a bachelors degree in journalism from Sam Houston State University where he was editor of the school newspaper, The Houstonian. At Sam Houston, he was a member of the Caballeros, after obtaining his undergraduate degree, Rather briefly attended South Texas College of Law in Houston, which awarded him an honorary Juris Doctor in 1990. In 1954, Rather enlisted in the United States Marine Corps but was discharged because he had rheumatic fever as a child. Rather began his career in 1950 as an Associated Press reporter in Huntsville. Later, he was a reporter for United Press, several Texas radio stations, around 1955, Rather did a story on heroin. Under the auspices of the Houston Police, he experienced the drug which he characterized as a kind of hell. While at Sam Houston State, Rather worked for KSAM-FM radio in Huntsville, Texas, calling junior high, high school and he later spent four seasons as the play-by-play announcer for the University of Houston football team. During the 1959 minor league season, Rather was the play-by-play radio announcer for the Houston Buffs team of the triple A American Association. In 1959, he began his career as a reporter for KTRK-TV. Rather was subsequently promoted to the director of news for KHOU-TV, ray Miller, news director of KPRC-TV, the NBC affiliate in Houston, also mentored Rather in the early years. On February 28,1962, Rather left Houston for New York City for a six-month trial initiation, shortly after, Rather was made chief of CBSs Southwest bureau in Dallas. In August 1963, he was appointed chief of the Southern bureau in New Orleans, responsible for coverage of events in the South, Southwest, Mexico
21.
Connie Chung
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Constance Yu-Hwa Chung Povich, known as Connie Chung, is an American journalist. She has been an anchor and reporter for the U. S. television news networks NBC, CBS, ABC, CNN, some of her more famous interview subjects include Claus von Bülow and U. S. Representative Gary Condit, whom Chung interviewed first after the Chandra Levy disappearance, in 1993, she became only the second female to co-anchor a network newscast as part of CBS Evening News. She is married to show host Maury Povich and they have one adopted son. The youngest of five children, Chung was born and raised in Washington and her father, William Ling Chung, was an intelligence officer in the Chinese Nationalist Government. She graduated from Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland and went on to receive a degree in journalism at the University of Maryland and she has been married to talk show host Maury Povich since 1984. Chung converted to Judaism upon marrying Povich, Chung has since become devoted to the faith, and attends synagogue with her family. Chung has noted publicly that she and Povich maintain a kosher lifestyle year round, Chung announced that she was reducing her workload in 1991 in the hopes of getting pregnant. Together, they have one son, Matthew, whom they adopted on June 20,1995, Chung was a Washington-based correspondent for the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite in the early 1970s, during the Watergate political scandal. Later, Chung left to anchor evening newscasts for KNXT, the owned and operated station in Los Angeles. Chung also anchored the primetime news updates for West Coast stations from the KNXT studios at Columbia Square during her tenure there. In 1983 Chung returned to network news as anchor of NBCs new early program, NBC News at Sunrise and she was also anchor of the Saturday edition of NBC Nightly News starting in 1983. NBC also created American Almanac and 1986, which she co-hosted with Roger Mudd, in 1989, Chung left NBC for CBS where she hosted Saturday Night with Connie Chung, and anchored the CBS Sunday Evening News. On June 1,1993, she became the woman to co-anchor a major networks national news weekday broadcast. While hosting the CBS Evening News, Chung also hosted a side project on CBS, after her unsuccessful co-anchoring stint with Dan Rather ended in 1995, Chung left CBS. She eventually jumped to ABC News where she co-hosted the Monday edition of 20/20 with Charles Gibson and began independent interviews, a field which would soon become her trademark. Chung asked Mrs. Gingrich to just whisper it to me, many people interpreted Chungs suggestion that if Mrs. Gingrich would whisper this statement it would be promised that the statement would be off the record. Bill Carter for the New York Times reported, Ms, the interview was also parodied on Saturday Night Live
22.
Bob Schieffer
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Bob Lloyd Schieffer is an American television journalist. He is known for his moderation of presidential debates, where he has been praised for his capability and his career with CBS has almost exclusively dealt with national politics. He has interviewed every United States President since Richard Nixon, as well as most of those who sought the office. From March 2005 to August 31,2006, Schieffer was interim anchor of CBS Evening News. Schieffer is currently releasing episodes of a new podcast, Bob Schieffers About the News with H. Andrew Schwartz and he co-authored a book about Ronald Reagan, The Acting President, with Gary Paul Gates, that was published in 1989. In his memoir, This Just In, Schieffer credits the fact he was a reporter at CBS for his longevity at the network. Murrow Award given by Murrows alma mater, Washington State University, shieffer was inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame in 2002, and inducted into the National Academy of Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame in 2013. He was named a legend by the Library of Congress in 2008. Schieffer is currently serving as the Walter Shorenstein Media and Democracy Fellow at Harvard Kennedy Schools Shorenstein Center, Schieffer was born on February 25,1937, in Austin, Texas, to John Emmitt Schieffer and Gladys Payne Schieffer, and grew up in Fort Worth, Texas. He is an alumnus of North Side High School, and Texas Christian University, where he was a member of the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps, the College of Communication at TCU was renamed in Bob Schieffer’s honor in 2013. After graduating from TCU, Schieffer served in the U. S. Air Force as an information officer stationed at Travis Air Force Base. He was honorably discharged and joined the Fort Worth Star-Telegram as a reporter, at the Star Telegram, he received his first major journalistic recognition on November 22,1963. Schieffer married Patricia Penrose Schieffer in 1967 and they have two daughters and three granddaughters. Shortly after President Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas, while in the Star-Telegram office, the woman was Marguerite Oswald, Lee Harvey Oswalds mother, whom he accompanied to the Dallas police station. He spent the several hours there pretending to be a detective. In the company of Oswalds mother, Marguerite and his wife, Marina and this enabled the Star Telegram to create four Extra editions on the day of the assassination. Schieffer later joined the Star-Telegrams television station, WBAP-TV in Fort Worth before taking a job with CBS in 1969. Schieffer was anchor of the CBS Sunday Night News from 1973 to 1974, the CBS Sunday Evening News in 1976 and he also anchored the weekday CBS morning show at the time called Morning, which was titled in accordance to the day of the week from 1979 to 1980
23.
Katie Couric
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Katherine Anne Katie Couric is an American journalist and author. Couric has been a television host on all Big Three television networks in the United States and she worked for NBC News from 1989 to 2006, CBS News from 2006 to 2011, and ABC News from 2011 to 2014. In addition to her television roles, she hosted Katie. Some of her most important notable roles include co-host of Today, anchor of the CBS Evening News and she also reported for nearly every television news broadcast across ABC, CBS and NBC. Courics first book, The Best Advice I Ever Got, Lessons from Extraordinary Lives, was a New York Times best-seller, in 2004, Couric earned induction into the Television Hall of Fame. C. Although her mother was Jewish, Couric was raised as a Presbyterian, in a report for Today, she traced her patrilineal ancestry back to a French orphan who immigrated to the U. S. in the 19th century and became a broker in the cotton business. Couric attended Arlington Public Schools, Jamestown Elementary, Williamsburg Middle School, as a high school student, she was an intern at Washington, D. C. all-news radio station WAVA. She enrolled at her fathers alma mater, the University of Virginia, Couric served in several positions at UVAs award-winning daily newspaper, The Cavalier Daily. During her fourth year at UVA, Couric was chosen to live as Senior Resident of The Lawn and she graduated in 1979 with a bachelors degree in American Studies. Courics first job in 1979 was at the ABC News bureau in Washington, between 1984 and 1986, she worked as a general-assignment reporter for the then-CBS affiliate WTVJ in Miami, Florida. During the following two years, she reported for WRC-TV, the NBC owned- and -operated station in Washington, D. C. work which earned her an Associated Press award, Couric joined NBC News in 1989 as Deputy Pentagon Correspondent. From 1989 to 1991, Couric was an anchor substitute and she also subbed for Daniels, Norville, and John Palmer as the news anchor on Today. In 1989, Couric joined Today as national political correspondent, becoming a substitute co-host in February 1991 when Norville had to leave, Norville did not return and Couric became permanent co-anchor on April 5,1991. While at NBC, Katie Couric occasionally filled in for Tom Brokaw on NBC Nightly News, from 1989–1993, Couric also filled in for Maria Shriver on the Sunday Edition of NBC Nightly News and for Garrick Utley on the Saturday Edition of NBC Nightly News. In addition, during her time on Today she served as a host of the annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade for 15 years from 1991-2005, Couric hosted or worked on a number of news specials, like Everybodys Business, Americas Children in 1995. Similar entertainment specials were Legend to Legend Night, A Celebrity Cavalcade in 1993, Couric has also co-hosted the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games. She has broadcast with Bob Costas, beginning with the 2000 Summer Olympics, John F. Kennedy, Jr. gave Couric his first and last interviews. Couric has won multiple television reporting awards through her career, including the prestigious Peabody Award for her series Confronting Colon Cancer, Couric has also interviewed former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, U. S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Harry Potter author J. K
24.
Scott Pelley
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Scott Cameron Pelley is an American television reporter. Pelley has been the Anchor and Managing Editor of the CBS Evening News since 2011 and he served as a Correspondent on 60 Minutes II from 1999 to 2004, and as the CBS News Chief White House Correspondent from 1997 to 1999. Staying close to home, he majored in journalism at Texas Tech University, Pelley began his career as a broadcast journalist at Lubbocks KSEL-TV in 1975. He moved on to KXAS-TV in Fort Worth in 1978, and to WFAA-TV in Dallas in 1982, remaining there for seven years. In 1985, Pelleys reporting on Guatemalan refugees living in jungles of Mexico caught the attention of executives at CBS News. Pelleys CBS career started in New York City in 1989, later, he returned to Dallas to cover national affairs from the CBS bureau. Pelley covered the 1990/91 Gulf war, reporting from Baghdad and traveling with the XVIII Airborne Corps in its assault on Iraq, Pelley served as CBS News Chief White House Correspondent from 1997 to 1999. During that time, President Clinton was impeached by the United States House of Representatives, in covering the investigation of the president, Pelley broke the news that Monica Lewinsky had become a cooperating witness in the investigation conducted by the Office of Independent Counsel. Pelley was also first to report that President Clinton had been subpoenaed to testify before the grand jury, later, in 2001, Pelley got the first interview with former president Clinton in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. In 1999, Pelley left the White House to join 60 Minutes II shortly after its inception, in 2000, Pelley landed the first interview with president-elect George W. Bush. The next year, on the morning of September 11, Pelley reported from the scene of the collapsing World Trade Center towers, in 2002, Pelley landed the only interview with President Bush on the anniversary of 9/11. In 2003, Pelley began filing reports for 60 Minutes on Sunday and he moved to the Sunday edition of the broadcast in 2004. Pelleys work has also featured reporting on the collapse of 2008-2009, on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and reporting on climate change from Antarctica. In 2008, Pelley conducted an interview with Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, the interview was the first with a Fed Chairman in decades and broke a long-standing Federal Reserve tradition. The broadcast was honored with an Emmy Award, in September 2015, Pelley met Pope Francis at the Vatican ahead of the pontiffs visit to the United States, and later led CBS News coverage of the visit. Starting with the Persian Gulf crisis of 1990 and the 1991 invasion of Iraq, in 1991, he accompanied the XVIII Airborne Corps on its invasion of Iraq to force the liberation of Kuwait. In 2001, Pelley and his team joined U. S, in 2003, Pelley and a 60 Minutes team were the first to break the news of the second invasion of Iraq, reporting from an outpost they had created in the DMZ between Iraq and Kuwait. The team opted out of the Pentagons embed system and covered the invasion of Iraq independently from the strike to the fall of Baghdad
25.
Anthony Mason (journalist)
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Anthony Mason is a Senior Correspondent for business and economics for CBS News. He has been a correspondent for CBS since 1986 and he is a news anchor for the weekday edition of CBS This Morning and co-anchor of CBS This Morning Saturday with Alex Wagner. Mason was educated at St. C. where he obtained a B. A. in English with a minor in government, Mason has reported from more than 30 countries for CBS. He has been working in New York City since 1993 and he contributed award-winning coverage of the 1991 Soviet coup attempt from Moscow. In 1985, Mason won the New York Associated Press award for General Excellence of Individual Reporting on Vietnam veterans and he also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement by a reporter and the Pennsylvania Associated Press Award for best feature story. Mason is married to Christina Anne Unhoch and together they have one daughter, the family reside in Manhattan, New York. Mason also has one daughter from a marriage to advice columnist Amy Dickinson
26.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
27.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
28.
Broadcast delay
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In radio and television, broadcast delay refers to the practice of intentionally delaying broadcast of live material. A short delay is used to prevent profanity, bloopers, violence, or other undesirable material from making it to air. In this instance, it is referred to as a seven-second delay or profanity delay. Longer delays can also be introduced, often to allow a show to air at the time for the local market as is sometimes done with nationally broadcast programs in countries with multiple time zones. That can sometimes be achieved with a video tape recorder or similar technology. In the context of digital video recorders, this can now be considered a class of time shifting. This includes Southern California, despite the fact that Southern California is where many live televised events take place, nationally telecast morning news shows in the US typically are aired live only in the Eastern time zone, while on tape delay in the remaining time zones. This allows post-production staff to edit out any glitches that occurred during the live broadcast, tape delay also refers to the process of broadcasting an event at a later scheduled time. This is because either a scheduling conflict prevents a live telecast and this can also be done due to time constraints where certain portions are edited out, or availability of hosts or other key production staff only at certain times of the day. Sporting events aired on tape delay are often edited down for time considerations, highlighting what the broadcaster feels are the most interesting portions of the event, a system of rollers guided the tape over the playback head before it wound up on the take up reel. This system was introduced in 1952 when WKAP started a show called Open Mic. It is believed that this was the first time a telephone call-in show was broadcast with the telephone conversation live on the air, the FCC rules at the time prohibited the broadcasting of a live phone conversation. However, there was no rule prohibiting a taped playback of a phone call, the six-second delay constituted a taped phone conversation, thus complying with FCC regulations, that being a legal fiction. The broadcast profanity delay was invented by C, frank Cordaro who was Chief Engineer of WKAP, originally on AM1320, in Allentown, Pennsylvania, during the 1950s and early 1960s. This new device was to be used on the Open Mic radio talk show, the device Cordaro developed was the first tape delay system. WKAP was one of stations owned by the Rahal brothers of West Virginia. First tested and used at WKAP, this system for broadcast profanity delay was then installed at the other Rahal-owned radio stations. From the Rahal brothers stations, the broadcast profanity delay went into common usage throughout the US, john Nebel, who began a pioneering radio talk show in New York City in 1954, was one of the early users of a tape delay system
29.
Mountain Time Zone
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The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the specification for the location of time zones. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called Mountain Time. Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time when observing standard time, the term refers to the fact that the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this zone is known as the Pacific Zone. In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is one ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. Sonora in Mexico and most of Arizona in the United States do not observe daylight saving time, and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time. The Navajo Nation, most of which lies within Arizona, does observe DST, although the Hopi Nation, as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, the largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. TV broadcasting in the Mountain Time Zone is typically tape-delayed one hour, sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST. Sinaloa Revillagigedo Islands, three of the four islands have the time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island. The following states or areas are part of the Mountain Time Zone, Arizona – no daylight saving time, always on MST, except on the Navajo Nation. Colorado Idaho – southern half, south of the Salmon River Kansas – only the counties of Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton, the remaining three counties that border Colorado, Cheyenne, Morton and Stanton, observe Central Time, as do all other Kansas counties. However, the state of Oklahoma is officially in the Central Time Zone. Additionally, northwestern Culberson County, Texas unofficially observes Mountain Time
30.
Breaking news
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Its use is also assigned to the most significant story of the moment or a story that is being covered live. It could be a story that is simply of wide interest to viewers and has little impact otherwise, many times, breaking news is used after the news organization has already reported on the story. When a story has not been reported on previously, the graphic, there is then an opening graphic, featuring music which adds an emphasis on the importance of the event. This is usually followed with the introduction of a news anchor, lower thirds and other graphics may also be altered to convey a sense of urgency. Additionally, the coverage may be passed to a reporter at the location of the breaking event, possibly sharing more information about the story as it breaks. Depending upon the story being followed, the report may last only a few minutes, or continue for multiple hours – or with the most significant events, days – at a time. The anchor will usually remind viewers to check the networks website, usually regular daytime programming is re-joined in progress and segments may be missed. If the event occurs during prime time, the anchor will usually remind viewers that there will be more details on their local newscast. Some events, like State of the Union addresses and presidential debates, are scheduled to start at the top of the hour during prime time, under those circumstances, regularly scheduled network programming is preempted for the duration of the event. Also, no reverse countdown is provided to allow affiliates to change to the networks news feed. Instead, the network may announce the preemption of regularly scheduled prime time programming, on radio, the process of a breaking news story is somewhat the same, though some different considerations are made for the medium. For instance, a breaking news theme is required by default to have an urgent tenor and be used only for the purpose of true breaking news or bulletins. For local events, continuous coverage may be imposed, or else the station may wait until they have a reporter at the scene and will promise more details of the event as they become available. Other considerations are also, FM music stations rarely relay breaking news unless it is an event of grave national concern. Less urgent events allow a network to feed updates to stations at 20,30 and 50 minutes after the hour to give a summary of events, News bulletins have been a fixture of radio broadcasting since at least the 1920s. In the decades before 24-hour news networks such as CNN began to exist, programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news, such breaks are now common at 24-hour news channels, which may have an anchor available for live interruption at any time. Some networks, such as Sky News, largely emphasize this, another type of breaking news is that of severe weather events, which had such coverage evolve in a very similar manner. In various countries and at various outlets, terms such as breaking, urgent, flash, bulletin
31.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
32.
Alaska Time Zone
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The Alaska Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting nine hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time its time offset is eight hours, the clock time in this zone is based on mean solar time at the 135th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. The zone includes all of the U. S. state of Alaska and is one hour behind the Pacific Time Zone. Standard time, Alaska Standard Time daylight saving time, Alaska Daylight Time The western Aleutian Islands observe Hawaii–Aleutian Time, one hour behind the remainder of the state. Effective from 2007, the time changes from AKST to AKDT at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the second Sunday in March. The Standard Time Act of 1918 authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to define each time zone, the United States Standard Alaska Time was designated as UTC−10. Some references prior to 1967 refer to this zone as Central Alaska Standard Time or as Alaska Standard Time, in 1966, the Uniform Time Act renamed the UTC−10 zone to Alaska-Hawaii Standard Time, effective April 1,1967. This zone was renamed in 1983 to Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time when the majority of Alaska was moved out of the zone, prior to 1983, the current Alaska Time Zone was known as the Yukon Time Zone, observing Yukon Standard Time. This time zone included Canadas Yukon Territory and a portion of Alaska including Yakutat. The Alaska Panhandle communities were in the Pacific Time Zone, while most of the interior was on UTC−10, Nome and the Aleutians previously observed Bering Standard Time or UTC−11. In 1975, the Yukon Territory switched to Pacific Standard Time, with the reorganization of Alaskas time zones in 1983 to place the entire state in either a UTC−9- or UTC−10-based zone, the UTC−9-zone was renamed the Alaska Time Zone. The Alaska Time Zone applies to the territory of the state of Alaska east of 169°30′ W. Given that the UTC−9 time corresponds to the time at 9 × 15° = 135° W. This means that when a clock set to Alaska time, at a location just east of 169°30′ W, shows noon. When UTC−8 is applied in the summer, this becomes even more apparent. For example, on June 12 at noon AKDT, the time at the extreme westerly points of the Alaskan time zone will be only 8,42 a. m. By contrast, in Juneau, which is closer to the 135° west meridian, mean solar noon occurs around 11,57 a. m. very close to clock noon. In Anchorage, visitors from more southerly latitudes are often surprised to see the sun set at 11,41 p. m. on the summer solstice while the time is 9,41 p. m
33.
Coaxial cable
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Coaxial cable, or coax, is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. Its applications include feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, computer network connections, digital audio and this allows coaxial cable runs to be installed next to metal objects such as gutters without the power losses that occur in other types of transmission lines. Coaxial cable also provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference, the cable is protected by an outer insulating jacket. Normally, the shield is kept at ground potential and a signal carrying voltage is applied to the center conductor, the advantage of coaxial design is that electric and magnetic fields are restricted to the dielectric with little leakage outside the shield. Conversely, electric and magnetic fields outside the cable are largely kept from interfering with signals inside the cable, larger diameter cables and cables with multiple shields have less leakage. Common applications of coaxial cable include video and CATV distribution, RF and microwave transmission, the characteristic impedance of the cable is determined by the dielectric constant of the inner insulator and the radii of the inner and outer conductors. A controlled cable characteristic impedance is important because the source and load impedance should be matched to ensure maximum power transfer, other important properties of coaxial cable include attenuation as a function of frequency, voltage handling capability, and shield quality. Coaxial cable design choices affect physical size, frequency performance, attenuation, power handling capabilities, flexibility, strength, the inner conductor might be solid or stranded, stranded is more flexible. To get better performance, the inner conductor may be silver-plated. Copper-plated steel wire is used as an inner conductor for cable used in the cable TV industry. The insulator surrounding the conductor may be solid plastic, a foam plastic. The properties of control some electrical properties of the cable. A common choice is a solid polyethylene insulator, used in lower-loss cables, solid Teflon is also used as an insulator. Some coaxial lines use air and have spacers to keep the conductor from touching the shield. Many conventional coaxial cables use braided copper wire forming the shield and this allows the cable to be flexible, but it also means there are gaps in the shield layer, and the inner dimension of the shield varies slightly because the braid cannot be flat
34.
Videotape
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Videotape is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either a signal or digital signal. Videotape is used in video tape recorders or, more commonly, videocassette recorders and camcorders. Videotapes are also used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the produced by an electrocardiogram. Tape is a method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality video recording media such as hard disks. Since then, videotape has been relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosbys production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises, overall the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best kinescope recordings on film. Bing Crosby Enterprises hoped to have a version available in 1954. The BBC experimented from 1952 to 1958 with a high-speed linear videotape system called VERA and it used half-inch tape traveling at 200 inches per second. RCA demonstrated the magnetic recording of both black-and-white and color television programs at its Princeton laboratories on December 1,1953. The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record, the color system used half-inch tape to record five tracks, one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch tape with two tracks, one for video and one for audio, both systems ran at 360 inches per second. RCA-owned NBC first used it on The Jonathan Winters Show on October 23,1956 when a song sequence by Dorothy Collins in color was included in the otherwise live television program. BCE demonstrated a color system in February 1955 using a longitudinal recording on half-inch tape. CBS, RCAs competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system, BCE was acquired by 3M Company in 1956. Quad employed a transverse four-head system on a tape. On January 22,1957, the NBC Television game show Truth or Consequences, produced in Hollywood, Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed it from an Ampex black-and-white recorder
35.
Western United States
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The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. Because European settlement in the U. S. expanded westward after its founding, prior to about 1800, the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier. Since then, the frontier moved westward and eventually lands west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West. The West contains several major biomes, the Western U. S. is the largest region of the country, covering more than half the land area of the United States. Given this expansive and diverse geography it is no wonder the region is difficult to specifically define, a majority of the historian respondents placed the eastern boundary of the West east of the Census definition out on the eastern edge of the Great Plains or on the Mississippi River. The survey respondents as a whole showed just how little agreement there was on the boundaries of the West, within a region as large and diverse as the Western United States, smaller areas with more closely shared demographics and geography have developed as subregions. Meanwhile, the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington can be considered part of the Northwest or Pacific Northwest, West Texas in the Chihuahuan Desert may be considered as part of the Western U. S. Fort Worth has long laid claim to be Where the West Begins, the West is still one of the most sparsely settled areas in the United States with 49.5 inhabitants per square mile. Only Texas with 78.0 inhabitants/sq mi, Washington with 86.0 inhabitants/sq mi. and California with 213.4 inhabitants/sq mi. exceed the national average of 77.98 inhabitants/sq mi. The entire Western region has also strongly influenced by European, Hispanic or Latino, Asian and Native Americans. African and European Americans, however, continue to wield a stronger political influence because of the rates of citizenship and voting among Asians. The West also contains much of the Native American population in the U. S. particularly in the reservations in the Mountain. The Western United States has a sex ratio than any other region in the United States. Because the tide of development had not yet reached most of the West when conservation became an issue, agencies of the federal government own. National parks are reserved for activities such as fishing, camping, hiking, and boating, but other government lands also allow commercial activities like ranching, logging. The largest city in the region is Los Angeles, located on the West Coast, Other West Coast cities include San Diego, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Bakersfield, Sacramento, Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland. Prominent cities in the Mountain States include Denver, Colorado Springs, Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Boise, El Paso, and Cheyenne. Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which and they collect a large part of the airborne moisture moving in from the ocean
36.
Intertitle
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In motion pictures, an intertitle is a piece of filmed, printed text edited into the midst of the photographed action at various points. Intertitles used to convey character dialogue are referred to as dialogue intertitles, film scholar Kamilla Elliott identifies one of the earliest uses of intertitles in the 1901 British film Scrooge, or, Marleys Ghost. The first Academy Awards presentation in 1929 included an award for Best Title Writing that went to Joseph W. Farnham for no specific film, the award was never given again, as intertitles went out of common use due to the introduction of talkies. In modern film, intertitles are used to supply an epigraph, such as a poem, however, they are most commonly used as part of a historical dramas epilogue to explain what happened to the depicted characters and events after the conclusion of the story proper. The development of the soundtrack slowly eliminated their utility as a narrative device, for instance, intertitles were used as a gimmick in Frasier. The BBCs drama Threads uses them to location, date. Law & Order used them to not only the location. Guy Maddin is a filmmaker known for recreating the style of older films. Some locally produced shows, such as quiz bowl game shows, intertitles have had a long history in the area of amateur film as well. The efforts of home movie aficionados to intertitle their works post-production have led to the development of a number of approaches to the challenge. Frequently lacking access to high quality film dubbing and splicing equipment, intertitles may be printed neatly on a piece of paper, a card, or a piece of cardboard and filmed, or they may be formed from adhesive strips and affixed to glass. In the early 1980s, digital recording technology improved to the point where intertitles could be created in born-digital format, several specialty accessories from this period such as Sonys HVT-2100 Titler and cameras such as Matsushitas Quasar VK-743 and Zenith VC-1800 could be used to generate intertitles for home movies. Early 1980s video game consoles and applications catering to the scene were also adapted for the generation. Among these were included the ColecoVision, the Magnavox Odyssey², the Bally Astrocade, acknowledgment Billing Character generator Closing credits Credit Digital on-screen graphic Lower third Opening credits Subtitle Supertitle Title sequence WGA screenwriting credit system
37.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
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Martin Luther King Jr. was an American clergyman and civil rights leader who was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4,1968. King was rushed to St. Josephs Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 7,05 p. m. that evening and he was a prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who was known for his use of nonviolence and civil disobedience. James Earl Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested on June 8,1968, in London at Heathrow Airport, extradited to the United States, and charged with the crime. On March 10,1969, Ray entered a plea of guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in the Tennessee State Penitentiary. Ray later made attempts to withdraw his guilty plea and be tried by a jury. The King family and others believe that the assassination was carried out by a conspiracy involving the U. S. government, as alleged by Loyd Jowers in 1993, in 1999 the King family filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Jowers for the sum of $10 million. During closing arguments, the Kings attorney asked the jury to award damages of $100, during the trial both the family and Jowers presented evidence alleging a government conspiracy. The government agencies accused could not defend themselves or respond because they were not named as defendants, based on the evidence, the jury concluded that Jowers and others were part of a conspiracy to kill King and awarded the Kings $100. The allegations and the finding of the Memphis jury were later rejected by the United States Department of Justice in 2000 due to lack of evidence, King received frequent death threats due to his prominence in the Civil Rights Movement. He had confronted the risk of death and made that part of his philosophy. He taught that murder could not stop the struggle for equal rights, after the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, King told his wife Coretta, This is what is going to happen to me also. I keep telling you, this is a sick society, King traveled to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of striking African American city sanitation workers. The workers had staged a walkout on February 11,1968, to protest unequal wages, at the time, Memphis paid black workers significantly lower wages than whites. Several sanitation workers had been killed on the job due to working conditions. In addition, unlike workers, black workers received no pay if they stayed home during bad weather, consequently, most blacks were compelled to work even in driving rain. On April 3, King returned to Memphis to address a gathering at the Mason Temple and his airline flight to Memphis was delayed by a bomb threat but he made his planned speech. King delivered the speech, now known as the Ive Been to the Mountaintop address, as he neared the close, he referred to the bomb threat, And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out
38.
Owned-and-operated station
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In the broadcasting industry, an owned-and-operated station usually refers to a television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate, which is independently owned, the concept of an O&O is clearly defined in the United States and Canada, where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule. In the broadcasting industry, the term owned-and-operated station refers exclusively to stations that are owned by television, on the other hand, the term affiliate only applies to stations that are not owned by networks, but instead are contracted to air programming from one of the major networks. The term station correctly applies to the ownership of the station, for example, a station that is owned and operated by the American Broadcasting Company is referred to as an ABC station or an ABC O&O, but normally should not be referred to as an affiliate. Likewise, a station not owned by ABC but contracted to air the networks programming is referred to as an ABC affiliate, that is. A correct formal phrasing could be, ABC affiliate WFAA is a Gannett station, some stations that are owned by companies that operate a network, but air another networks programming are referred to as an affiliate of the network that they carry. For example, WBFS-TV in Miami is owned by the CBS networks parent company CBS Corporation, prior to the September 2006 shutdown of the CBS-owned UPN television network, WBFS aired that networks programming, therefore, WBFS was a UPN O&O. The stations carrying The WB Television Network were another exception, the controlling shares in the network were held by Time Warner, with minority interests from the Tribune Company and, for a portion of networks existence, the now-defunct ACME Communications. While Tribune-owned stations such as WGN-TV in Chicago, WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles aired programming from The WB, a similar exception existed when UPN launched in January 1995 by co-owners Chris-Craft and Viacom. Each of the owned a number of stations that aired the network. However, the stations were not considered O&Os under the initial standard definition. This ambiguity ended with Viacoms buyout of Chris-Crafts share of the network in 2000, the stations were referred to informally as UPN O&Os. Following the shutdowns of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation, Entertainment became co-owners of the new CW Television Network, which largely merged the programming from both networks onto the scheduling model used by The WB. The network launched in September 2006 on 11 UPN stations owned by CBS Corporation, certain UPN and WB affiliates in markets where Tribune and CBS both owned stations carrying those networks either picked up a MyNetworkTV affiliation or became independent stations. The standard definition of an O&O again does not apply to The CW, in Australia, Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten each own and operate stations in the five largest metropolitan areas. These television markets together account for two thirds of the countrys population, in addition, Seven also owns and operates its local station in regional Queensland, and Nine owns and operates its station in Darwin. Nine also owns and operates NBN Television, based in Newcastle, the two national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service, own and operate all of their local stations. In Japan, commercial terrestrial television is focused on five organizations, the four largest of these – Nippon TV, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji Television, and TV Asahi – each own and operate stations in the Tokyo, Keihanshin, Chukyo and Fukuoka metropolitan areas
39.
WCBS-TV
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WCBS-TV, channel 2, is the flagship station of the CBS Television Network, located in New York City. WCBS-TV is owned by the CBS Television Stations division of CBS Corporation, WCBS-TVs studios are located within the CBS Broadcast Center and its transmitter is based at the Empire State Building, both in midtown Manhattan. In the few areas of the eastern United States where a CBS station is not receivable over-the-air, WCBS is available on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network. WCBS-TVs history dates back to CBS opening of experimental station W2XAB on July 21,1931 and its first broadcast featured New York Mayor Jimmy Walker, Kate Smith, and George Gershwin. The station had the first regular seven-day broadcasting schedule in American television, among its early programming included The Television Ghost, Helen Haynes and Piano Lessons. Announcer-director Bill Schudt was the only paid employee, all other staff were volunteers. W2XAB pioneered program development including small-scale dramatic acts, monologues, pantomime, on November 8,1932, W2XAB broadcast the first television coverage of presidential election returns. The station suspended operations on February 20,1933, as monochrome television transmission standards were in flux, W2XAB returned with an all-electronic system in 1939 from a new studio complex in Grand Central Station and a transmitter atop the Chrysler Building broadcasting on channel 2. W2XAB transmitted the first color broadcast in the United States on August 28,1940, on June 24,1941, W2XAB received a commercial construction permit and program authorization as WCBW. The station went on the air at 2,30 p. m. on July 1, one hour after rival WNBT, making it the second authorized fully commercial television station in the United States. The Federal Communications Commission issued permits to CBS and NBC at the time and intended WNBT and WCBW to sign on simultaneously on July 1. WCBWs initial broadcast was the first local newscast aired on a station in the country. Its assigned frequency was 60–66 MHz, now known as channel 3, program schedules were irregular through the summer and early fall of 1941. Regular daily operations began on October 29 and WCBW received a license to cover its construction permit. After the war, the FCC re-allocated the television and FM bands, WCBW closed down its operation on the old channel 2 at the end of February 1946 in order to move to a new channel 2 at 54–60 MHz. It quickly began operation on the new frequency, where it remained from the spring of 1946 until the end of analog full power television service in the spring of 2009. On February 26,1951, WCBS-TV became the first station to broadcast a regularly scheduled feature film series, on August 11,1951, WCBS-TV broadcast the first baseball game on color television, between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Braves from Ebbets Field. As were all programs at the time, it was transmitted via a field-sequential color system developed by CBS
40.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
41.
Vietnam
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Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 92.7 million inhabitants as of 2016, it is the worlds 14th-most-populous country, and its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976, with Ho Chi Minh City as a historical city as well. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, an independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War, thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War, the war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975. Vietnam was then unified under a communist government but remained impoverished, in 1986, the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms which began Vietnams path towards integration into the world economy. By 2000, it had established relations with all nations. Since 2000, Vietnams economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world and its successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade Organization in 2007. It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, Vietnam remains one of the worlds four remaining one-party socialist states officially espousing communism. The name Việt Nam is a variation of Nam Việt, a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC. The word Việt originated as a form of Bách Việt. The form Vietnam is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình, the name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558. Then, as recorded, rewarded Yuenan/Vietnam as their nations name, to also show that they are below the region of Baiyue/Bach Viet. Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long and it was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châus History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted Việt Nam. Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age, Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can, and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu, Lang Gao and Lang Cuom. The Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered the first Vietnamese state, in 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán, who consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương
42.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
43.
United States presidential election, 1968
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The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5,1968. The Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon, won the election over the Democratic nominee, analysts have argued the election of 1968 was a major realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years. The 1968 Democratic National Convention was a scene of violent confrontations between police and anti-war protesters as the Democrats split into multiple factions, Richard Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nations cities and provide new leadership in the Vietnam War. A year later, he would popularize the term silent majority to describe those he viewed as being his target voters, Nixon won the popular vote by a narrow margin of 0.7 percentage points, but won easily in the Electoral College, 301–191. The election also featured a third party effort by former Alabama Governor George Wallace. He carried five states in the Deep South and ran well in some ethnic enclave industrial districts in the North. This was the first election after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and it was the last election in which New York had the most votes in the electoral college. After the 1970 census, California gained the most electoral votes and has remained the most populous state since then, in the election of 1964, incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won the largest popular vote landslide in U. S. Presidential election history over Republican Barry Goldwater, despite making significant achievements, his popular support would be short-lived. At the same time, the country endured large-scale race riots in the streets of its cities, along with a generational revolt of young people. The most important reason for the decline of President Johnsons popularity was the Vietnam War. By late 1967, over 500,000 American soldiers were fighting in Vietnam, draftees made up 42 percent of the military in Vietnam, but suffered 58% of the casualties as nearly 1000 Americans a month were killed and many more were injured. Though a U. S. military victory, Tet led many Americans to ponder whether the war was winnable or worth it, in addition, voters felt they could not trust their governments assessment and reporting of the war effort. The Pentagon called for sending several hundred thousand soldiers to Vietnam. The Secret Service also prevented Johnson from appearing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Vice President Hubert Humphrey Senator Robert F. Kennedy from New York Senator Eugene McCarthy from Minnesota Senator George McGovern from South Dakota President Lyndon B. As a result, it was assumed when 1968 began that President Johnson would run for another term. Despite growing opposition to Johnsons policies in Vietnam, it appeared that no prominent Democratic candidate would run against a president of his own party. Even Senator Robert F. Kennedy from New York, a critic of Johnsons policies with a large base of support
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