1.
Hanson (band)
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Hanson is an American pop rock band from Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, formed by brothers Isaac, Taylor and Zac. Supporting members include Dimetres Collins, and Andrew Perusi who have toured and performed live with the band since 2007 and they are best known for the 1997 hit song MMMBop from their major label debut album Middle of Nowhere, which earned three Grammy nominations. Despite the enormous success of Middle of Nowhere, the band suffered from the merger that eliminated their label. The group was moved to Island Def Jam Music Group, which eventually left after a conflict with the label. Hanson has sold over 16 million records worldwide and have had 8 top 40 albums and 6 top 40 singles in the US, the band now records under its own label, 3CG Records. In the early to mid-1990s, Isaac, Taylor and Zac sang a cappella and recorded such songs as Rockin Robin, Splish Splash. Goode, as well as their own material and their first performance as a professional group took place in 1992 at the Mayfest Arts Festival in Tulsa. They were known as the Hanson Brothers, before shortening the name to Hanson in 1993, Hanson also appeared on Carmans Yo. Kidz, The Vidz, which cast Taylor as a young Biblical David facing Goliath, Isaac as an event announcer, all three boys started their musical careers as pianists, but Isaac eventually started playing guitar and Zac started playing drums, while Taylor continued as the keyboard player. The band recorded two independent albums in their hometown of Tulsa, Boomerang and MMMBop, the latter featured the original version of the song MMMBop, which would later become the runaway single on their debut commercial record Middle of Nowhere. The boys then found themselves at the South By Southwest music festival in Austin, there, they were promptly signed by manager Christopher Sabec. After this performance, they were signed almost immediately by Mercury and they soon became a worldwide sensation with the release of their first major-label album, Middle of Nowhere, which was produced by the Dust Brothers. Middle of Nowhere was released in the U. S. on May 6,1997, may 6 was declared Hanson Day in Tulsa by Oklahomas then-governor Frank Keating. Although Hanson Day was originally intended to be a one-time occurrence, Hanson also launched MOE, a fan club magazine that ran for 12 issues. After numerous unauthorized biographies of each of the brothers were published, Hanson turned to their friend, Jarrod Gollihare of Admiral Twin. Hanson, The Official Book reached number 9 on the New York Times Best Sellers List on February 1,1998. The band was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 1998, Record of the Year, Best New Artist, and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, during the summer of 1998, Hanson began a highly successful concert tour, the Albertane Tour. They performed a string of shows throughout stadiums and arenas in the U. S. targeting young audiences with a playful, a live album, titled Live From Albertane, was released the following fall, as well as their second documentary The Road to Albertane
2.
Give a Little
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Give a Little is the second single written and performed by American pop/rock band Hanson from their fifth studio album Shout It Out. Lead vocals are provided by Taylor Hanson, with Isaac Hanson, the single was announced by the band on January 13,2011 on the Hanson. NET members e-mail. It was released on April 05,2011 on iTunes as a single including remixes produced by the band. A 4-track US promo CD single surfaced on eBay mid, February and was sold for about $79. To further promote the song, the performed the song on twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars. The song is featured at the scene from the 2010 movie Trust. The movie is about a girl who is targeted by an online sexual predator. The upbeat pop/rock number is the single from American band Hansons eighth studio album. The song acts as the follow-up to Thinking Bout Somethin, Give a Little is the perfect connector to the first single, Taylor Hanson told MTV News. Were not known for our dancing, but dancing is this metaphor thats in the record, is kind of Get out there and let loose, Taylor added. Spring will be here before we know it, and the song is upbeat, gregory Robson from Absolute Punk has said, that, Give a Little seem to rely on the horn section to do most of the work, but this isnt necessarily a bad thing. Written by Isaac Hanson, Taylor Hanson and Zac Hanson, the band also performed it on Jimmy Kimmel Live. The music video was shot on the weekend as Thinking Bout Somethin and was released on VH1. com on February 22,2011. It features dancers from the Thinking Bout Somethin video, now having a dance-off on a white studio, the band also recreates some elements from the Shout It Out album cover using the same colors and imagery. Family members as daughters and sons, brothers, sisters and wives are also pictured dancing on the video as well, Taylor Hanson said the guys have a new mission with this video. With the Give A Little video, were thinking, Hey this is about creating a template. The difference with this song and the video is that its much simpler and much more about getting the song ingrained in your mind, when we made the video, it was kind of the release after the high production of Thinking Bout Somethin, Taylor explained. With the Give a Little video, its almost back to the blank slate and we just set up a room, cranked up the music and threw a party and let people dance
3.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
4.
Compact disc
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Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
5.
Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
6.
12-inch single
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The 12-inch single is a type of gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time compared to typical LPs. This allows for levels to be cut on the disc by the cutting engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range. This record type is used in disco and dance music genres. They are played at either 33 1⁄3 or 45 rpm, 12-inch singles typically have much shorter playing time than full-length LPs, thus require fewer grooves per inch. This extra space permits a broader dynamic range or louder recording level as the grooves excursions can be greater in amplitude. Many record companies began producing 12-inch singles at 33 1⁄3 rpm, although 45 rpm gives better treble response and was used on many 12-inch singles, the gramophone records cut especially for dance-floor DJs came into existence with the advent of recorded Jamaican mento music in the 1950s. With the 1967 Jamaican invention of remix, called dub on the island, those specials became valuable items sold to allied sound system DJs, who could draw crowds with their exclusive hits. The popularity of sound engineer King Tubby, who singlehandedly invented and perfected dub remixes from as early as 1967. By then 10-inch records were used to cut those dubs, by 1971, most reggae singles issued in Jamaica included on their B-side a dub remix of the A-side, many of them first tested as exclusive dub plates on dances. Those dubs basically included drum and bass-oriented remixes used by sound system selecters, the 10-inch acetate specials would remain popular until at least the 2000s in Jamaica. Most likely, the use of exclusive dub acetates in Jamaica also led American DJs to do the same. In the United States, the 12-inch single gramophone record came into popularity with the advent of music in the 1970s after earlier market experiments. In early 1970, Cycle/Ampex Records test-marketed a 12-inch single by Buddy Fite, the experiment aimed to energize the struggling singles market, offering a new option for consumers who had stopped buying traditional singles. The record was pressed at 33 rpm, with run times to the 7-inch 45-rpm pressing of the single. Several hundred copies were available for sale for 98 cents each at two Tower Records stores. Another early 12-inch single was released in 1973 by soul/R&B musician/songwriter/producer Jerry Williams, 12-inch promotional copies of Straight From My Heart were released on his own Swamp Dogg Presents label, with distribution by Jamie/Guyden Distribution Corporation. It was manufactured by Jamie Record Co. of Philadelphia, PA, the B-side of the record is blank. The first 12-inch single made specifically for DJs was actually a 10-inch acetate used by a mix engineer in need of a Friday-night test copy for famed disco mixer Tom Moulton, the song was Ill be holding on by Al Downing
7.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
8.
Poster
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A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative, Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers, propagandists, protestors, Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the 1840s and 1850s when the printing industry perfected colour lithography, according to the French historian Max Gallo, for over two hundred years, posters have been displayed in public places all over the world. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, First, the printing industry perfected colour lithography and made mass production of large and inexpensive images possible. Second, government censorship of public spaces in countries like France was lifted, and finally, advertisers began to market mass-produced consumer goods to a growing populace in urban areas. They have ranged in styles from Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Cubism, and Art Deco to the more formal Bauhaus, Posters, in the form of placards and posted bills, have been used since earliest times, primarily for advertising and announcements. Purely textual posters have a history, they advertised the plays of Shakespeare. The invention of lithography was soon followed by chromolithography, which allowed for mass editions of posters illustrated in vibrant colours to be printed, by the 1890s, the technique had spread throughout Europe. Chéret is considered to be the father of advertisement placards and he was a pencil artist and a scene decorator, who founded a small lithography office in Paris in 1866. He used striking characters, contrast and bright colours, and created over 1000 advertisements, primarily for exhibitions, theatres, the industry soon attracted the service of many aspiring painters who needed a source of revenue to support themselves. Not surprisingly, Chéret is said to have introduced sex in advertising or, at least, Posters soon transformed the thoroughfares of Paris, making the streets into what one contemporary called the poor man’s picture gallery. Their commercial success was such that some artists took up poster design in earnest. Some of these artists were, like Alphonse Mucha, in great demand, the popularity of poster art was such that in 1884 a major exhibition was held in Paris. By the 1890s, poster art had widespread usage in other parts of Europe, by the end of the 19th century, during an era known as the Belle Époque, the standing of the poster as a serious artform was raised even further. Between 1895 and 1900, Jules Chéret created the Maîtres de lAffiche series that became not only a commercial success, Alphonse Mucha and Eugène Grasset were also influential poster designers of this generation, known for their Art Nouveau style and stylized figures, particularly of women. Advertisement posters became a type of graphic art in the modern age. ”In the United States
9.
Dire Straits
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Dire Straits were a British rock band that formed in Deptford, London, in 1977 by Mark Knopfler, his younger brother David Knopfler, John Illsley, and Pick Withers. Dire Straits sound drew from a variety of influences, including jazz, folk, and blues. Despite the prominence of rock during the bands early years, their stripped-down sound contrasted with punk. Many of Dire Straits compositions were melancholic, Dire Straits biggest selling album, 1985s Brothers in Arms has sold over 30 million copies, and was the first album to sell a million copies on the then new compact disc format. They also became one of the worlds most commercially successful bands, Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards, three Brit Awards—winning Best British Group twice, two MTV Video Music Awards, and various other music awards. The bands songs include Money for Nothing, Sultans of Swing, So Far Away, Walk of Life, Brothers in Arms, Private Investigations, Romeo and Juliet, Tunnel of Love, Telegraph Road, and Lady Writer. According to the Guinness Book of British Hit Albums, Dire Straits have spent over 1,100 weeks on the UK albums chart and their career spanned a combined total of 15 years. They originally split up in 1988, but reformed in 1991, there were several changes in personnel over both periods, leaving Mark Knopfler and John Illsley as the only two original bandmates who remained throughout the bands career. Brothers Mark and David Knopfler, and friends John Illsley, after a performance at The Rock Garden in 1977, they took a demo tape to MCA in Soho but were turned down. Then they went to DJ Charlie Gillett, who had a show called Honky Tonk on BBC Radio London. The band simply wanted advice, but Gillett liked the music so much that he played Sultans of Swing on his show, two months later, Dire Straits signed a recording contract with the Vertigo division of Phonogram Inc. The groups first album, Dire Straits, was recorded at Basing Street studios in West London in February 1978, produced by Muff Winwood, the album was first released in the United Kingdom on Vertigo Records, then a division of Phonogram Inc. The album came to the attention of A&R representative Karin Berg and she felt that it was the kind of music audiences were hungry for, but only one person in her department agreed at first. Many of the songs on the album reflected Mark Knopflers experiences in Newcastle, Leeds and that same year, Dire Straits began a tour as opening band for Talking Heads after the re-released Sultans of Swing finally started to climb the UK charts. This led to a United States recording contract with Warner Bros, Records, before the end of 1978, Dire Straits had released their self-titled debut worldwide. They received more attention in the United States, but also arrived at the top of the charts in Canada, Australia, Dire Straits eventually went top 10 in every European country. The following year, Dire Straits embarked on their first North American tour and they played 51 sold-out concerts over a 38-day period. Sultans of Swing scaled the charts to number four in the United States, the song was one of Dire Straits biggest hits and became a fixture in the bands live performances
10.
Brothers in Arms (song)
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Brothers in Arms is a 1985 song by Dire Straits, appearing as the closing track on the album of the same name. It was originally written in 1982, the year of the Falklands War and it was re-released in 2007 as a special edition to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the conflict and raise funds for veterans of it with posttraumatic stress disorder. The version that appears on Dire Straits greatest hits album, Sultans of Swing, the version featured on the live album On the Night contains an extra pedal steel guitar solo and is 8,55. The full-length, studio version was also included on the 2005 compilation Private Investigations. During Dire Straits 1992 On Every Street tour, Knopfler used his Pensa-Suhr MK1 for this song, the song is reported to be the first CD single ever released, it was released in the United Kingdom in 1985. The songs meaning, influence and impact was discussed in the BBC radio programme, the song was featured in the second season finale of The West Wing, Two Cathedrals. It was also featured in the 2001 movie Spy Game, the music video uses rotoscoping and shows the band performing, overlaid with images of the First World War. In the first seconds of the clip, a zoom-out is seen from the clip from the single Money for Nothing from the same album. In contrast with the very modern clip in Money for Nothing
11.
John Martyn
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John Martyn, OBE, born as Iain David McGeachy, was a British singer-songwriter and guitarist. Over a 40-year career, he released 21 studio albums, Martyn began his career at age 17 as a key member of the British folk music scene, drawing inspiration from American blues and English traditional music, and signed with Island Records. By the 1970s he had begun incorporating jazz and rock into his sound on albums such as Solid Air and One World, as well as experimenting with guitar effects and tape delay machines such as Echoplex. He struggled with substance abuse and domestic problems throughout the 1970s and 1980s and he remained active until his death in 2009. He was described by The Times as an electrifying guitarist and singer whose music blurred the boundaries between folk, jazz, rock and blues, Martyn was born in Beechcroft Avenue, New Malden, London, England to an English mother and a Scottish father. His parents, both singers, divorced when he was five and he spent his childhood alternating between Scotland and England. Much of this was spent in the care of his grandmother and he attended Shawlands Academy in Glasgow. At school, he was a rugby player. On leaving school he attended Art College in Glasgow, but left to pursue his musical aspirations and he signed to Chris Blackwells Island Records in 1967 and released his first album, London Conversation, the following year. This first album was followed by The Tumbler, which was moving towards jazz. By 1970 Martyn had developed an original and idiosyncratic sound, acoustic guitar run through a fuzzbox, phase shifter. This sound was first apparent on Stormbringer. in 1970, which was written and performed by Martyn and his then-wife Beverley and her second album with Martyn was The Road to Ruin, also released in 1970. In 2009, a double CD Deluxe edition of Solid Air was released featuring unreleased songs and out-takes and he developed a new, slurred vocal style, the timbre of which resembled a tenor saxophone. Following the commercial success of Solid Air, Martyn quickly recorded and released the experimental Inside Out, in 1975, he followed this with Sundays Child, a more song-based collection My Baby Girl, Spencer the Rover, with several references to his young family. Martyn subsequently described this period as very happy, in September 1975 he released a live album, Live at Leeds — Martyn had been unable to convince Island to release the record, and resorted to selling individually signed copies by mail from home. Live at Leeds features Danny Thompson and drummer John Stevens, in 2010 a 2CD Deluxe version of Live at Leeds was released, and it was discovered that not all of the songs on the original album were from the Leeds concert. After releasing Live at Leeds, Martyn took a sabbatical, including a visit to Jamaica, in 1977, he released One World, which led some commentators to describe Martyn as the Father of Trip-Hop. It included tracks such as Small Hours and Big Muff, a collaboration with Lee Scratch Perry, Small Hours was recorded outside, the microphones picked up ambient sounds, such as geese from a nearby lake
12.
I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)
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I Wanna Dance with Somebody is the first single from Whitney Houstons second studio album Whitney. It was produced by Narada Michael Walden, and written by George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam of the band Boy Meets Girl, the original arrangement was more of a country tune, but was transformed by Walden to make it a dance song. The song received mixed reviews critics, who compared the musical arrangement to her own How Will I Know. The song won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 30th Grammy Awards, the single was a commercial success, topping the charts in 13 countries including Australia, Italy, Germany and the UK. In the US, it became her fourth number one single and sold over one million copies. It was eventually surpassed by her version of I Will Always Love You, I Wanna Dance with Somebody was written by George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam, who wrote Houstons 1985 song How Will I Know. How Will I Know became successful, and as a result, originally the song that gave Merrill and Rubicam their British top ten success as Boy Meets Girl, Waiting For a Star to Fall was intended by the duo to be a song for Houston. The duo sent it to Arista Records, but they passed on it citing it was not suitable for Houston. Undeterred by this setback, the pair continued working on finding a song that would be ideal for Houston. Later on, Rubicam explained the idea behind the song, I pictured somebody single wishing that they could find that person for themselves. It wasnt, I wanna go down the disco and dance and it was, I wanna do that dance of life with somebody. That was the thought behind the song, so we sent our demo version off to Clive Davis and he loved it. But, the song did not impress the producer, who again was Narada Michael Walden, who had produced How Will I Know. He took a little more persuading with regard to the songs potential and he said of it, reminded me of a rodeo song with Olivia Newton-John singing. I love Olivia Newton-John, but for Whitney Houston it didnt seem right, I felt the song needed a much more funkier feel. I slept, dreaming about it, woke up in the thinking about it. So, we just jumped in the water and lo and behold a magic record was born, Houston just knocked it out, I Wanna Dance with Somebody received mixed reviews from critics. The strategy is not so different from that behind Hollywoods blockbuster sequels, I Wanna Dance with Somebody won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single at the 15th American Music Awards on January 25,1988
13.
Whitney Houston
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Whitney Elizabeth Houston was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, Guinness World Records cited her as the most awarded female act of all time, Houston is one of pop musics best-selling music artists of all-time, with an estimated 170–200 million records sold worldwide. She released seven albums and two soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive No.1 Billboard Hot 100 hits and she is the second artist behind Elton John and the only woman to have two number-one Billboard 200 Album awards on the Billboard magazine year-end charts. Houstons debut album, Whitney Houston, became the debut album by a woman in history. Rolling Stone named it the best album of 1986, and ranked it at number 254 on the magazines list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Her second studio album, Whitney, became the first album by a woman to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart, Houstons first acting role was as the star of the feature film The Bodyguard. The films original soundtrack won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album of the Year and its lead single, I Will Always Love You, won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history. With the album, Houston became the first act to sell more than a million copies of an album within a week period under Nielsen SoundScan system. The album makes her the top female act in the top 10 list of the albums of all time. Houston continued to star in movies and contribute to their soundtracks, including the films Waiting to Exhale, the Preachers Wife soundtrack became the best-selling gospel album in history. On February 11,2012, Houston was found dead in her guest room at the Beverly Hilton, in Beverly Hills, the official coroners report showed that she had accidentally drowned in the bathtub, with heart disease and cocaine use listed as contributing factors. News of her death coincided with the 2012 Grammy Awards and featured prominently in American, Whitney Houston was born on August 9,1963 in what was then a middle-income neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey. She was the daughter of Army serviceman and entertainment executive John Russell Houston, Jr. and her elder brother Michael is a singer, and her elder half-brother is former basketball player Gary Garland. Her parents were both African American, through her mother, Houston was a first cousin of singers Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick. Her godmother was Darlene Love and her aunt was Aretha Franklin. Houston was raised a Baptist, but was exposed to the Pentecostal church. After the 1967 Newark riots, the moved to a middle-class area in East Orange, New Jersey
14.
Mini CD single
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The mini CD single is a music single released on a mini Compact Disc that measures 8 cm in diameter, rather than the standard 12 cm. They are manufactured using the methods as standard full-size CDs. The format was first released in the United Kingdom, Japan, United States, France, West Germany and they also remain a popular, low cost way for independent musicians and groups to release music. These were released in both a 5 size slim jewel case and snap-packs or as they are known in Japan, the compact disc is 3 inches or 8 Japanese. The singles were called 3 CD snap-packs, as they could be snapped and folded into a square rather than being the original 6×3-inch length type of packaging when sold. Most cost about ¥1000 at the time of release during the late 1980s to early 2000s, the last single released was I Was Born to Love You by Queen in 2004. The singles packaged in 5 single jewel cases contained a 5 CD adapter, US versions were often packaged in cardboard slipcases, either 3 square or 6 by 3 gatefold. Others were released in 5 slimline single cases, which allowed an adapter to be included with the CD, UK3 CDs were made mostly in a small square case/cover form only, some including a 5 CD adapter to use in normal compact disc players. Most of the mini CD singles had at least two tracks, often consisting of an edit, and an instrumental version. From a technical standpoint, a 3-inch CD follows the Red Book standard for CD digital audio, the major difference is that the smaller physical size of the disc allows for fewer data sectors, meaning the disc can store less audio. The majority of audio CD players and CD-ROM drives have a circular indentation in the CD tray for holding these discs. Some slot-loading drives, such as found in some car CD players, are unable to manipulate the smaller discs or their adapters. Laptop drives generally only require the centre hole to hold the disc so the diameter is irrelevant. In fact, software and drivers for some hardware are provided on the 3 discs, in the United States and United Kingdom, the format barely lasted into the early 1990s, being replaced by simply putting less music on a regular full-size CD, at least among major labels. The full-size discs are a more standard manufacturing process and so may end up being cheaper to press, the CD single format continued until 2000 for Japanese releases. As of December 2007, the format is used in small CD runs by a range of independent artists and labels, many of which burn 3 inch CDR discs. Data, 185-210MB Audio, 21–24 minutes The slim jewel boxes used for 3 CDs are nearly the size as 3.5 floppy disks
15.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
16.
Herald Sun
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The Herald Sun primarily serves Victoria and shares many articles with other News Corporation daily newspapers, especially those from Australia. In March 2009, the paper had a circulation of 530,000 from Monday to Friday. It was first published on 8 October 1990 as the Herald-Sun, the Herald was founded on 3 January 1840 by George Cavenagh as the Port Phillip Herald. In 1849, it became The Melbourne Morning Herald, at the beginning of 1855, it became The Melbourne Herald before settling on The Herald from 8 September 1855 - the name it would hold for the next 135 years. From 1869, it was an evening newspaper, colonel William Thomas Reay was sometime literary editor and later associate editor, before becoming managing editor in 1904. When The Argus newspaper closed in 1957, The Herald and Weekly Times bought out, in 1986, The Heralds Saturday edition - The Weekend Herald - which had adopted a tabloid format, in order to distinguish it from the Monday to Friday editions broadsheet format - was closed. The Sun News-Pictorial was founded on 11 September 1922, and bought by The Herald and this was much less than that of the morning Sun. The next day, The Sun News-Pictorial published its last edition, the Sunday editions of the two newspapers, The Sunday Herald and The Sunday Sun, were also merged to form the Sunday Herald Sun. The resulting newspaper had both the size and style of The Sun News-Pictorial, Bruce Baskett, the last Editor of The Herald, was the first Editor of the Herald Sun. After a progressive decline in circulation the afternoon edition was cancelled, recent editors include Peter Blunden, Simon Pristel, Phil Gardner and Bruce Guthrie. The Herald Sun is the daily newspaper in Australia, with a weekday circulation of 515,000. According to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, Herald Suns website is the 74th and 125th most visited in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the 15th most visited news website in Australia, attracting almost 6.6 million visitors per month. The Greens complained to the Australian Press Council, the text of their adjudication reads, In the context of an approaching election, the potential damage was considerable. The actual electoral impact cannot be known but readers were seriously misled, the controversy resulted in agitation to change the law to introduce shield laws in Australia to take into consideration the journalists code of ethics. The Sunday edition is called the Sunday Herald Sun and its counterparts in Sydney are The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph. In Brisbane, it is linked with The Courier-Mail and The Sunday Mail, in Adelaide, The Advertiser and Sunday Mail. In Hobart, The Mercury and The Sunday Tasmanian, in Darwin, The Northern Territory News and Sunday Territorian. Video accessed online 6 June 2006
17.
JB Hi-Fi
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JB Hi-Fi is an Australian and New Zealand retailer of consumer goods, specialising in video games, Blu-rays, DVDs, CDs, electronics/hardware and home appliances. It is one of the fastest growing and most successful businesses of its kind, JB Hi-Fis main competitors are Harvey Norman, as well as Myer, David Jones and Target Australia and Big W The company has its Head Office at Chadstone Shopping Centre in Melbourne. There are 112 stores alone combining VIC, NSW, ACT & TAS, JB Hi-Fi was established in the Melbourne suburb of Keilor East by John Barbuto in 1973. It was subsequently floated on the Australian Stock Exchange in October 2003, at first, the company specialised in Hi-Fi equipment. This allowed JB Hi-Fi to open new stores in Melbourne. The chain now has all around Australia and in New Zealands largest cities. Recently, while many music stores claim to have been losing money, JB also specialises in imported CDs, mainly from the United Kingdom and the United States, although CDs from other places, such as Africa, Asia and South America are available on special order. JB Hi-Fi is also the retail chain in Australia that sells Dell Computer hardware in retail stores. In June 2007 that JB Hi-Fi was Australias biggest CD retailer and is second in terms of sales of games, televisions. As of 7 June 2016, the company has 184 stores operating across Australia, and 15 stores operating in New Zealand. In July 2004, JB Hi-Fi bought 70% of the Clive Anthonys chain in Queensland, on 13 December 2006, JB Hi-Fi acquired the Hill and Stewart chain of electronics stores selling and operating in New Zealand for NZ$17.5 million. In February 2010, JB Hi-Fi ceased to renew leases on Hill and Stewart stores in New Zealand and liquidated the business, citing managements wish to build the JB Hi-Fi brand in New Zealand. In October 2016 JB Hi-Fi struck a deal which acquired The Good Guys warehouses within Australia making the JB-HiFi group the largest electronics retailer in Australia spread between the two brands, JB Hi-Fi Australia JB Hi-Fi New Zealand Clive Anthonys
18.
Jessica Mauboy
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Jessica Hilda Mauboy is an Australian R&B and pop singer, songwriter, and actress. After releasing an album of her Idol performances and briefly being a member of the girl group Young Divas in 2007, Mauboy released her debut studio album, Been Waiting. It earned Mauboy her first number-one single Burn, became the second highest-selling Australian album of 2009, Mauboys second studio album, Get Em Girls, showcased a more hard-edged R&B sound than her previous release, and produced four platinum singles. Her third studio album, Beautiful, which explored a mixture of dance-oriented tracks with R&B and pop, included the top-ten hits Pop a Bottle, Never Be the Same and Can I Get a Moment. Aside from her career, Mauboy has also ventured into acting, with starring roles in films Bran Nue Dae and The Sapphires. She returned to acting in 2016, playing the role in the television drama series The Secret Daughter. It is Mauboys first major TV role and was especially for her. Mauboy released a soundtrack album for The Secret Daughter, which made her the first Indigenous artist to achieve a number-one album on the ARIA Albums Chart. Mauboy is one of Australias most successful female artists and she has achieved four top-ten albums and 15 top-twenty singles. She has won two ARIA Music Awards from 18 nominations, and was ranked sixteenth on the Herald Suns list of the 100 Greatest Australian Singers of All Time. Mauboy has collaborated with several artists such as Flo Rida, Snoop Dogg, Ludacris, Jay Sean. She has also toured with Beyoncé and Chris Brown, and performed at notable events, including the Australian visits for Oprah Winfrey. Mauboy was the first solo artist from outside Europe to perform as a guest, Jessica Hilda Mauboy was born on 4 August 1989 and raised in Darwin, Northern Territory. Her father, Ferdy, is an Indonesian born electrician who came from East Timor, Mauboys mother is from the indigenous Kuku Yalanji people in the rainforest regions of Far North Queensland. Mauboy has three older sisters Sandra, Jenny and Catherine, and a younger sister Sophia, from an early age, she was involved in the local church choir with her grandmother Harriett. Her home was described as the noisiest house on the block, with her mother often singing, her playing guitar. Mauboy attended Wulagi Primary School and Sanderson High School in Darwin and she dropped out of school in year 11. At the age of fourteen, Mauboys talents were exposed through the Telstra Road to Tamworth competition at the 2004 Tamworth Country Music Festival in Tamworth, as the first winner of the competition, Mauboy travelled to Sydney to perform and scored a recording deal with Sony Music Australia
19.
Kylie Minogue
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Kylie Ann Minogue, OBE, often known simply as Kylie, is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. She achieved recognition starring in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, where she played tomboy mechanic Charlene Robinson, since then, Minogue has been a recording artist and has achieved commercial success and critical acclaim in the entertainment industry. Minogue has been recognised with several nicknames including Princess of Pop. She is recognised as the highest-selling Australian artist of all time by the Australian Recording Industry Association, born and raised in Melbourne, Australia, Minogue has for many years worked and lived in London. She signed to PWL in 1987 and released her first studio album Kylie the next year, in 1992, she left PWL and signed with Deconstruction Records and where she created her self-titled studio album and Impossible Princess, both of which received positive reviews from critics. Returning to more mainstream dance-oriented music, Minogue signed to Parlophone and her 2001 single Cant Get You Out of My Head became one of the most successful singles during the 2000s, selling over ten million units. It is recognised as her song and was named the catchiest song ever by Yahoo. Her album Fever was a hit in countries, including the United States. In 2005, while Minogue was on her Showgirl, The Greatest Hits Tour, after treatment, she resumed the tour under the title Showgirl, The Homecoming Tour, which critics viewed as a triumph. Minogue resumed work as an actress and appeared in the films Moulin Rouge, Jack & Diane, and Holy Motors. In 2014, she appeared as a judge on the series of The Voice UK. Her other ventures include product endorsements, children books and fashion, as of 2015, Minogue has had worldwide record sales of more than 80 million. She has mounted several successful and critically acclaimed concert world tours and she was appointed OBE by Charles, Prince of Wales in 2008. She was appointed by the French government as a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for her contribution to the enrichment of French culture, Minogue was awarded an honorary Doctor of Health Science degree by Anglia Ruskin University for her work in raising awareness for breast cancer. In November 2011, on the 25th anniversary of the ARIA Music Awards, in December 2016, Billboard ranked her as the 18th most successful dance artist of all-time. Kylie was born to Ronald Charles Minogue and Carol Ann Jones in Melbourne, Australia and her father is a fifth generation Australian, and has Irish ancestry, while her mother came from Maesteg, Wales. Jones had lived in Wales until age ten when her mother and father, Millie and Denis Jones, just before Kylies birth, Ron qualified as an accountant and worked through several jobs while Carol worked as a professional dancer. Kylies younger brother, Brendan, is a cameraman in Australia, while her younger sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer
20.
Delta Goodrem
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Delta Lea Goodrem is an Australian singer-songwriter and actress. Born and raised in Sydney, New South Wales, she enrolled in dancing, acting, singing and she began her career as a child actress, starring in various television shows and rose to prominence in 2002 in the Australian soap opera Neighbours as Nina Tucker. This made Goodrem the first and only artist to have five singles from a debut album. Innocent Eyes is the album of the 2000s decade in Australia. Her second studio album, Mistaken Identity, was created while she was suffering from cancer and it became her second number-one album and brought her two more number-one singles, including Out of the Blue. In 2007, Goodrem released Delta, her third number-one album and her fourth studio album, Child of the Universe, produced the successful single Sitting on Top of the World. In 2016, her album, Wings of the Wild, became her fourth number-one album on the ARIA Albums Chart, while giving her another number-one single. Goodrem has a total of nine singles and 17 top-ten hits on the ARIA Singles Chart. She has sold eight million albums globally and won three World Music Awards,9 ARIA Music Awards, an MTV Video Music Award and several other awards. From 2012 to 2013, she served as a coach on The Voice Australia and she returned to The Voice Australia in 2015. Goodrem was born on 9 November 1984, to Denis and Lea and she has a younger brother, Trent, who is an Australian rules football player with the Central District Football Club in the South Australian National Football League. Goodrems parents named her Delta after Joe Cockers song Delta Lady and she appeared in numerous commercials for companies such as Optus and Nesquik, and had several minor roles in episodes of successful Australian television shows including Hey Dad. A Country Practice, and Police Rescue, while residing at Glenhaven, a suburb of Sydney, Goodrem attended the Hills Grammar School in neighbouring Kenthurst, from kindergarten until Year 11. She is known to return to her alma mater for visits, at the age of thirteen, Goodrem recorded a five-song demo CD, financed through her television work. It was sent to the Sydney Swans and they passed it onto Glenn Wheatley, interested in Goodrems potential as a recording artist, Wheatley signed Goodrem to an artist development deal with independent label, Empire Records. The album has yet to surface, Goodrem preventing its release years later via civil action in 2004, the album and proposed second single A Year Ago Today were pushed aside as a result, allowing Goodrem and Sony to re-evaluate her future musical direction. In 2002, Goodrem took up the role as shy school girl and aspiring singer Nina Tucker in the popular soap Neighbours, which helped re-launch Goodrems music career. The piano-based ballad Born to Try, co-written by Audius Mtawarira, premiered on the show and reached number one on the ARIA Singles Chart, Born to Try was certified triple Platinum in Australia for sales of over 210,000 copies
21.
What Happened to Us
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What Happened to Us is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. What Happened to Us was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the single from Mauboys second studio album. The song received positive reviews from critics, a remix of What Happened to Us made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011, what Happened to Us charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association. An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a relationship between Mauboy and Sean. What Happened to Us was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and it was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus, what Happened to Us was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboys official Facebook page, a CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day, majhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a Jordin Sparks-esque duet, and wrote that it has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love. Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a mid-tempo duet ballad which signifies Mauboys strength as a global player, on 21 March 2011, What Happened to Us debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, what Happened to Us spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty. The music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010, the video was shot during Seans visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, jessicas voice is amazing and were shooting in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour. The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had directed the video for Mauboys single Let Me Be Me. It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011, the video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean and it then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a dress, surrounded by green grass
22.
Put Your Hands Up (If You Feel Love)
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Put Your Hands Up is a song recorded by Australian singer Kylie Minogue for her eleventh studio album, Aphrodite. The song was released as the fourth and final single from the album on 29 May 2011 and its release was heralded by the Pete Hammond remix, published on YouTube months before as promotion for the album and Minogues Aphrodite World Tour. Initially scheduled to be part of the edition of her Aphrodite album. On 3 June 2011, the bundle and a second remixes-only bundle were released in Europe. The same digital bundles were released in Australia, as well as an exclusive limited-edition CD single which includes two versions of album track Cupid Boy. The tracks on the CD were also released digitally, making a total of three different digital bundles released in Minogues native country, all on 3 June 2011. The artwork used for most bundles features a picture of Minogue posing with one of the Dolce & Gabbana costumes designed specifically for her tour, the CD artwork was completely different, using a picture from the album artwork photo sessions. Put Your Hands Up was written by Finlay Dow-Smith and sisters Miriam and it was co-produced by Dow-Smith and Stuart Price. When asked about the creation of the song, Starsmith said he penned the track with the Nervo sisters in a night. The sisters later stated that they didnt really have anyone in mind when they wrote the song, but as they continued, after writing was finished, Starsmith and the Nervo twins offered the track to Parlophone Records for inclusion on Minogues Aphrodite album. Parlophone approved, Put You Hands Up was picked for the album, subsequently, they were invited to a studio session with Minogue and Price in late February 2010. Kylie was there, and ready to cut the vocals, and her, Stuart had the executive producer role on the album, and he was more over there to oversee what I was doing. So, after Kylie cut her vocals, we spent two days in the studio together, cutting up some parts and making sure he was happy, a huge amount of pressure when I went in. I wasnt just going in with Kylie, I was going in with my hero as well, the Nervo Sisters were sticking to Kylie, and I was sticking to Stuart. It was amazing when we combined and it was such a long day, but we got so much done. It was a very memorable session, meriam Nervo also commented on the experience. The kindest, sweetest, most professional yet approachable artist and person, im just so thankful that we got the opportunity to work with her and record with her, because she is just supreme. She makes me so happy and honoured to be Australian, in a March 2011 interview with Perth Now, Minogue talked about her disappointment with the singles from Aphrodite, Its confusing
23.
Sitting on Top of the World (Delta Goodrem song)
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Sitting on Top of the World is a song by Australian pop singer and songwriter Delta Goodrem. It was sent to Australian contemporary hit radio on 5 April 2012, Sitting on Top of the World was released physically and digitally on 13 April 2012. Sitting on Top of the World marked the return to multi-platinum certified singles for Goodrem since 2003s Predictable, the release of Sitting on Top of the World was much anticipated. This was mostly due to the four years since Goodrems last solo single, Sitting on Top of the World is about Goodrem feeling like herself again and feeling connected to the world through music/friendship. Sitting on Top of the World was written by Goodrem and co-written, lyrically, it talks about stars aligning and being together as one. So get up, stand up / What you waiting for and we gotta live life, give in to begin / Weve got a love like no one knows. She sings on the pop track. Brad Stern wrote for an MTV Buzzworthy article that the song is a swoon-filled, carefree pop ditty. In another review, Stern wrote for MuuMuse that probably the most fun, feel good and he also praised her sublime vocals, the powerhouse instrumentation and called it an absolutely massive smash. In Australia, Sitting on Top of the World debuted and peaked at two on the ARIA Charts, being held off the top spot by Carly Rae Jepsens Call Me Maybe. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 140,000 copies. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 38 and moved to number 23 in its second week, a striking similarity between Sitting on Top of the World and Arcade Fires song Rebellion was noted by some in the Australian media. The official music video for Sitting on Top of the World was released on 6 April 2012 on Vevo and it is set in various places in Melbourne, Australia. Goodrem herself stated in the video on YouTube that it is about how you may get distracted from your main focus in life. About seeing signs, wanting to be in the place at the right time. The balloons symbolize various paths she has taken over her own life, the video features Goodrem and a lot of dancers twirling around in a giant field like fanciful forest creatures while holding balloons. At one point, she plays a piano while standing in black stilettos, brad Stern from MTV News wrote that the video is equally amazing, featuring Goodrem and a troupe of happy-go-lucky ladies and gents dancing around with balloons in hands. Goodrem performed Sitting on Top of the World for the first time during the Logie Awards on 15 April 2012, the singer made several instore appearances to promote the single in Melbourne, Newcastle, Sydney and Queensland
24.
ARIA Charts
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The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia, ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report which had been Australias national charts since 1974. The Go-Set charts were Australias first national singles and albums charts published from 5 October 1966 until 24 August 1974, succeeding Go-Set, the Kent Music Report began issuing the national top 100 charts in Australia from May 1974. The compiler, David Kent, also published Australias national charts from 1940–1974 in a retrospective fashion using state based data, in mid 1983, the Australian Recording Industry Association commenced licensing the Kent Music Report chart. The first printed national top 50 chart available in record stores, ARIA began compiling its own charts in-house from the chart dated week ending 26 June 1988. Various artists compilation albums were included in the albums chart, as they had been on the Kent Report chart, until 2 July 1989. The ARIA Report, detailing the top 100 singles and albums charts, was first available via subscription in January 1990, the printed top 50 chart ceased publication in June 1998, but resumed publication later in the year. The printed top 50 chart again ceased publication at the end of 2000, the ARIA charts are based on data collected from physical and digital retailers in Australia. Data of physical sales come from such as Sanity and JB Hi-Fi, while data of digital sales come from online retailers such as iTunes, Bandit FM, GetMusic. Since 17 February 1997, all physical sales data contributing towards the chart has been recorded electronically at point of sale. In March 1991, Do the Bartman by The Simpsons was the first single to reach #1 in Australia that was not available on 7 inch vinyl, but cassingle only. Starting from 8 October 2006, due to low physical single sales at the time, in 2006, it was announced that the Brazin retailing group, comprising major retailers HMV, Sanity and Virgin music/DVD stores would no longer contribute sales data to the ARIA charts. However, after an absence, Brazin reportedly re-commenced contributing sales figures to the ARIA Charts on 26 November 2006. The ARIA website publishes the top 50 singles and albums charts, top 40 digital tracks chart, the ARIA Report lists all charts in full and is available via paid e-mail subscription each week. These reports are uploaded to the Pandora Archive periodically, on 5 February 2006, the ARIA Chart Show was a radio program launched on the Nova network and broadcast throughout Australia, playing the official ARIA top 50 singles. The live music program was hosted by Jabba each Sunday afternoon at 3, the show was aired before the top 50 chart, dated for the following Monday, is published on the ARIA website at 6,00 pm. The charts were published online at 6,00 pm each Sunday. The diamond certification was created for albums in November 2015 to mark 500,000 sales/shipments, for music DVDs, a gold accreditation originally represented 7,500 copies shipped, with a platinum accreditation representing 15,000 units shipped. co. uk
25.
Australian Recording Industry Association
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It oversees the collection, administration and distribution of music licenses and royalties. The association has more than 100 members, including small labels typically run by one to five people, medium size organisations, ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, both large and small. As of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin, George Ash, Mark Poston, Sebastian Chase, David Vodica, in 1956, the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers was formed by Australias major record companies. It later included smaller record companies representing independent acts/labels and has over 100 members, by 1997, the six major labels provided 90% of all recordings made in Australia. ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, as of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin, George Ash, Mark Poston, Sebastian Chase, David Vodica and Tony Harlow. Australian TV pop music show Countdown presented its own awards ceremony, Countdown Music and Video Awards. ARIA provided peer voting for awards, while Countdown provided coupons in the related Countdown Magazine for viewers to vote for populist awards. At the 1985 Countdown awards ceremony, held on 14 April 1986, fans of INXS and Uncanny X-Men scuffled during the broadcast and as a result ARIA decided to hold their own awards. Since 2 March 1987, ARIA administered its own entirely peer-voted ARIA Music Awards, to recognise excellence, initially included in the same awards ceremonies, it established the ARIA Hall of Fame in 1988 and has held separate annual ceremonies since 2005. The ARIA Hall of Fame honours Australian musicians achievements have had a significant impact in Australia or around the world, in February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association announced its own legal action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on 29 November 2004, on 6 February 2005, the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial. In 2006, ARIA formed sponsorship deals with Motorola and Nova and changed the appearance, Motorola took naming-rights sponsorship seeing the charts referred to in the media as the Motorola ARIA Charts. ARIA, have commented that as part of the same marketing printed charts would be reintroduced into media retailing shops, as part of the deal Nova began broadcasting the charted singles in reverse order on a Sunday afternoon show before it was released on the ARIA charts website. The ARIA Charts is the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association, the charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres. All charts are compiled from data of both physical and digital sales from retailers in Australia, the ARIA No.1 Chart Awards were established in 2002 to recognise Australian recording artists, who reached number one on the ARIA albums, singles and music DVDs charts. The ARIA Music Awards is a series of awards nights celebrating the Australian music industry. This criticism is stauncher in Australia due to the absence of an equivalent Digital Millennium Copyright Act or state crimes acts which clearly establish copyright infringement as a crime, in February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association took legal action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on 29 November 2004, on 6 February 2005, the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial
26.
On a Mission (song)
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On a Mission is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Gabriella Cilmi from her second studio album, Ten. The song was released as the lead single in Australia on 5 February 2010. The song has been praised by critics for its disco/electronic-oriented sound. Its accompanying music video was directed by Michael Gracey and is inspired by the 1968 science fiction film Barbarella. A remix of the song features American rapper Eve, in an interview with Digital Spy music editor Nick Levine, Cilmi said, I guess it will surprise people who thought I was going to make Sweet About Me part two. I surprised myself when I recorded On a Mission and it shifted the whole album in a new direction. Ive loved playing it to all my friends and watching their reactions—they certainly werent expecting it either and she added, I like to think of it as I Will Survive for the 21st century. Its about unleashing your inner superhero and doing what you gotta do to get where you need to be - no matter how many brick walls you have to smash along the way. I really wanted to make a track with an influence too. And its not just for women—I actually co-wrote it with a big bald guy, in an interview with BBC News, Cilmi also admitted to borrowing the bassline from Joe Jacksons hit single Steppin Out. This is especially obvious in the songs introduction, the song has received generally positive reviews from music critics. Its a bold statement of intent that indicates from the offset that far from the half-expected tortured singer/songwriter vibe, Ten is only concerned with having fun. Nick Levine from Digital Spy reviewed the song positively, stating that its a pop stomper that sounds like something the Pointer Sisters could have had a hit with in 1982. There are Casio-ish synths on the verses, the take the song into disco territory. Later, he gave to the song 4 stars and completes the review, saying that the song is instantly satisfying, moreish too and just as cheesy as it needs to be. Popjustice named On a Mission their Song of the Day on 6 January 2010, further commenting that the song sounds like a mix of Blondie, Joan Jett, Van Halen. It also was ranked the 45th best single of 2010 by Popjustice, the song was the number-one most added track to Australian radio in its second week of release, getting played 296 times. On 10 March 2010, midweek sales estimated that On a Mission would debut on the UK Singles Chart at number seven, however, on 14 March 2010, the single debuted at number nine
27.
Gabriella Cilmi
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Gabriella Lucia Cilmi is an Australian singer-songwriter. In 2008, Cilmi was awarded six ARIA Music Awards, including Single of the Year and her debut album, Lessons to Be Learned, was released in March 2008, becoming a moderate international success. Her second studio album, Ten, was released in March 2010 and her third studio album, The Sting, was released in November 2013. Gabriella Cilmi was born in the Melbourne suburb of Dandenong, of mostly Italian family with some Arbëreshë heritage and she moved to London with her family when she was fifteen, where she currently lives with her parents Paula and Joe and her brother Joseph. At an early age, Cilmi developed an interest in a range of pop music acts, including Nina Simone, Led Zeppelin, Janis Joplin, Sweet. She has also cited Suzi Quatro as a particular influence, despite her natural aptitude and vocal talent, Cilmi was told that she lacked the discipline necessary to pursue a singing career. Idolising Janis Joplin, during this time she sang with a band covering songs by Led Zeppelin, Jet, Silverchair, Cilmi recorded original songs with writer/producers Barbara and Adrian Hannan of The SongStore. At the age of 13, Cilmi travelled to the US and she eventually signed a contract with Island Records UK. The tracks Dont Tell Me and Sorry, co-written with Barbara and Adrian Hannan, Cilmi shares a manager, writer/producers and UK record label with the Sugababes, and supported former Sugababe Mutya Buena at the Jazz Café in London in 2007. She made her UK TV debut in December 2007 when she sang her single Sweet About Me on Later, the same month, Cilmis song Sanctuary featured in the film St Trinians and on its soundtrack. Cilmi recorded the theme to UK TV series Echo Beach, which aired in early 2008 on ITV1, it is a cover of Echo Beach by Martha, in February 2008, she supported the Parisian band Nouvelle Vague on their UK tour. Cilmis first album, Lessons to Be Learned, was written, Cilmi has been compared to Amy Winehouse. The first single, Sweet About Me, debuted on the UK Singles Chart that month and it reached number seventeen on the Irish Singles Chart, and peaked at number one on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. The song was used in an advertising campaign for the deodorant Sure/Rexona. Cilmis second UK single, Save the Lies, was not as successful as Sweet About Me, in Australia, the second single from the album was Dont Wanna Go to Bed Now, which reached number twenty-eight. The subsequent single, Sanctuary, was issued in November 2008, from March to May 2008, Cilmi supported the Sugababes on their UK Change Tour. She opened for James Blunt on his June 2008 Australian tour, in January 2009, Cilmi was nominated in the International Female category at the BRIT Awards and sang in the Rod Laver Arena before the 2009 Australian Open Mens Final. Cilmi performed at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 2009 for Sound Relief, the event was held simultaneously with a concert at the Sydney Cricket Ground
28.
Kmart
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Kmart Corporation is a chain of big box department stores headquartered in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States. The chain purchased Sears for $11 billion in 2005, forming a new corporation under the name Sears Holdings Corporation, the Kmart name was incorporated in 1916 while the first store didnt open its doors until 1962. At its peak in 2000, Kmart operated 2,171 stores including 105 Super Center locations, for the 2005 fiscal year under the new company, the Kmart store count was at 1,416 with only 55 Super Center locations. Currently, the chain is operating 734 stores with only 1 Super Center location remaining and this number will decrease further due to the previously announced closings that will take place in Q12017. It operates stores in 49 states, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands and it also used to operate stores in Canada, Mexico, and Eastern Europe. At the height of Kmarts popularity, the phrase Attention Kmart shoppers. Entered into the American pop psyche, appearing in films and other such as Troop Beverly Hills, Six Days Seven Nights, Rain Man, Beetlejuice, Madea Goes to Jail. Kmarts world headquarters were located in Troy, Michigan, in Metro Detroit, but since the purchase of Sears, it has relocated to Hoffman Estates, Illinois. Kmart also exists in Australia and New Zealand, although it now has no relation to the American stores except in name, in 1912, Kresge incorporated the S. S. Kresge Corporation with eighty-five stores. The company was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange on May 23,1918, during World War I, Kresge experimented with raising the limit on prices in his stores to $1. By 1924, Kresge was worth approximately $375 million and owned real estate of the value of $100 million. Early century growth remained brisk, with 257 stores in 1924 growing to 597 stores operating in 1929, Kresge retired as president in 1925. The Great Depression reduced profitability and resulted in store closings, with the reduced to 682 in 1940. After the war shopping patterns changed and many moved out of the cities into the suburbs. The Kresge company followed them and closed and merged many urban stores so that by 1954 the total number of stores in the US had declined to 616. Under the leadership of executive Harry Cunningham, S. S. Kresge Corp. opened the first Kmart store on March 1,1962, in Garden City, Michigan, just four months before the first Walmart opened. This store is still in operation as a Big Kmart store but will be closed in March 2017, eighteen Kmart stores opened that year. Kmart Foods, a chain of Kmart supermarkets, opened in that decade
29.
Target Australia
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Target Australia Pty Ltd is a mid-price department store chain and Australias largest, owned by Wesfarmers. It operates 183 Target stores and 125 Target Country stores across Australia making 308 combined stores with its national store support office located in North Geelong, Victoria. An established and well known retailer, the company sells branded clothing, cosmetics, toys, homewares, electrical, fitness, in 1968, Target Australia, then known as Lindsay’s Target Pty Ltd. adopted the Target name. Despite the similar logo, name and type of outlets, there is no connection to Target in the United States. The reason the United States and Australia can both have Target stores despite having no connection to other is that trademark law is not international but is on a country-by-country basis. In 1968 Myer Emporium Ltd purchased the chain of 14 stores with the idea of re-inventing the chain as a discount department store, in March 1973, it was renamed Target Australia Pty Ltd. By 1982, Myer was operating 27 stores under the Target brand,1985 In August 1985, Myer Emporium Ltd and GJ Coles & Coy Ltd merged to become Coles Myer Limited. In 1996, Coles Myer merged the Target and Fosseys brands, then in 1998, their second speciality store, Target Home opened. Fosseys stores were later renamed Target Country, becoming the third speciality store under the Target name,2001 In 2001 Target announced its first ever loss, to the sum of $43m. Store fittings and layouts were altered to reflect this change, in 2006 Target appointed Launa Inman as managing director, named Telstra Business Women of the Year in 2003, a result of her achievements as an apparel retail buyer for the company. Her position saw Targets $32 million loss at the end of 2000 turn into a $68 million profit 18 months later,2007 Prior to its November 2007 takeover of Coles Group, Wesfarmers stated in August 2007 that it would consider converting some Kmart stores to the Target brand. 2009 In May 2009, Target’s managing director Launa Inman announced a ban of free plastic bags for Target customers. In the press release, Inman explained, We all have a role to play in reducing our impact on the environment, one way is to reduce the use of plastic shopping bags in our business. Target stores currently issue over 100 million plastic shopping bags each year to customers,2011 In November 2011, Dene Rogers, the former chief executive of North American retailer Sears Canada, replaced Inman as Targets managing director. 2013 In April 2013, Stuart Machin, the former Deputy of Coles,2014 In 2014, Target began their next chapter by beginning the transition in completely refurbishing their ageing stores from ground up. Their goal was to make an environment that made customers want to spend more time in stores. Launching in mid 2014, Target Frankston, was the first store to be refurbished with new store layout, exclusively found at the new transformed stores is personalised T-shirt printing, clothes tailoring, fashion stylist advice and a Target Café. Throughout 2015, another two stores re-opened at Eastland and Chadstone shopping centre, located in the eastern Melbourne suburbs, in 2016, these renovations were removed from stores
30.
Big W
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Big W is an Australian chain of discount department stores, which was founded in regional New South Wales in 1964. The company is a division of Woolworths Limited and currently operates 186 stores, the company has recently suffered setbacks and its future is in doubt. Woolworths Limited developed the Big W brand to provide Australian shoppers with a range of general merchandise products in a dedicated one-stop-shop. The Big W chain grew out of Woolworths Limiteds original Variety stores, the first Big W stand-alone store opened in 1964 at Jesmond, New South Wales. Big Ws name reflects the relationship it has with Woolworths Supermarkets. The separation of Big W and Woolworths supermarkets was largely completed by 1989, the store is divided into two main departments, the soft goods department and the hard goods department. In August 2014, Big W launched its first Party store at Rouse Hill in New South Wales, there are currently 134 such stores across Australia. Big W is the leading and largest physical retailer of books, speculation regarding the future of Big W rose following losses reported in August 2016 and the resignation of its chief executive in November 2016
31.
Sanity (music store)
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Sanity is an Australian chain of music and entertainment stores and is the countrys second largest retailer of recorded audio and video discs. It is privately owned by Ray Itaoui, and as of March 2015, Sanity comprises 155 outlets in every state, the brand specialises in the sale of CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays and related merchandise and accessories, sold from its network of stores and website. In 1980, 20-year-old Brett Blundy and a partner he met from school bought two rundown record stores called Disco Duck. They immediately closed one, combined the stock into the Pakenham store and reopened as Jetts, selling vinyls, the lease for this store was for a three-year period, but it was losing money from day one. The Parkmore outlet lasted until 2010 under the Jetts, Delta, in 1986, Blundy and his business partner went their separate ways with Blundy selling his 60% stake in the eight-store Jetts chain to his former partner for $600,000. Knowing that most lingerie at that time were beige in colour with unflattering cuts, he wanted to sell underwear in various cuts and colours, Brazin Limited officially commenced operation after Blundy expanded Bras N Things into South Australia and then Queensland. In 1990, Brazin Limited bought back the failed Jetts chain from the liquidators at a discount, when he found out the centres only record shop closed without notice he brazenly talked his way into that lease with the centre manager even though it was earmarked for another music retailer. Also in that year, Blundys company started the designer, marketer and distributor of womens surfwear brand, in 1997, the company acquired 14 CC Records outlets in Victoria, folding them into the Sanity/Delta network. Brazin Limited also listed publicly with the ASX in December of that year with an IPO at $1.50 a share, Blundy retained a 62% stake in the company. After these acquisitions, Sanity and Delta had 148 outlets combined with Brazin publicly stating their aim was for 250 nationwide, the share price was now up to $2.29. In September 1998, Brazin introduced IN2 Music stores by converting three Delta outlets in North Queensland and outer Melbourne. Like Delta, IN2 Music targeted a wider demographic than Sanitys focus on the youth 16-26 age group, giving Brazin more scope after the collapse of adult-orientated chain, Brashs. IN2 Music expanded the year after the company purchased a further 23 CC Records stores in South Australia and Queensland. In May 1999, the company created Viva Lingerie, targeting a different demographic to Bras N Things - the former, focused on young, also in that year, Brazin acquired another 9 lingerie retail stores from Triumph International Pty Ltd. Rival retailers or other services were meant to be blocked from Festival Mushrooms catalogue for that period unless Sanity chose to strike separate deals with their rivals to let them in. In June of this year, Brazin opened the Gosh Coffee chain with an aim of 50 outlets within the year, the store count at the end of June 2000 saw Sanity contain 233 outlets, and Bras N Things with 120. Duffell remained a director until April 2003, Brazin paid £7.7 million to the Virgin Group while getting that exact amount back from Virgin for tax reasons. Brazins managing director, Ian Duffel said that the UK music market was one of the strongest in the world that year, further to the deal, Virgin would get 1 per cent of all turnover in the stores in conjunction to offering Brazin a £2 million loan facility
32.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
33.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
34.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
35.
Cyprus
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Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt, the earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC, Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders, following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. On 15 July 1974, a coup détat was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis and these events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute. The Cyprus Republic has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus, as well as its territorial sea and exclusive economic area, another nearly 4% of the islands area is covered by the UN buffer zone. The international community considers the part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union. Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean, on 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone. The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th century BC Mycenaean Greek
36.
IFPI Greece
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Currently a Top-75 combined repertoire albums sales chart is compiled. The charts is published by IFPI Greece and sponsored by Cyta Hellas, the domestic trade name of IFPI Greece is Ένωση Ελλήνων Παραγωγών Ηχογραφημάτων. However, it is referred to, and branded as. IFPI Greece founded the first official charts in Greece in 1989. There were two top 20 albums charts, one for domestic and the other for foreign repertoire, the broadcast rights of the charts were acquired by ANT1 radio. Prior to the introduction of industry charts by IFPI Greece, unreliable charts were being published by various magazines which lacked credibility and authority over the monitoring of record sales, by May 1991, the charts were discontinued after it was discovered that they were easily manipulated. Executives blamed artists who made themselves appear more popular by buying hundreds of copies of their own albums in an attempt to gain bargaining power for shows. Also cited was the number of small shops which lacked detailed sales data required as a basis toward an accurate tracking system. In response to the discontinuation, Viko Antypas, managing director of PolyGram Greece, in March 2009 IFPI Greece announced that they would close their charts for a period of time in order to renew their charting system. There will be a shift from wholesale to point of sale sales, inclusion of digital downloads will also prompt the revival of the singles chart, as the decrease in sales and releases of CD singles had led to the discontinuation of the physical singles chart. Nielsen Soundscan is already engaged in the monitoring of digital downloads sold in Greece, in January 2010, IFPI Greece announced that they would start providing the Top 50 Foreign Albums chart on their website again, although the reformed charting system is not yet functional. Thus the Top 50 Foreign Albums chart continues to utilize the old charting system, IFPI debuted its new chart in early October 2010. The new chart, Top 75 Combined Repertoire, is now the sole chart by IFPI Greece and lists the top 75 domestic, the Top 75 Combined Repertoire chart is the official albums chart of Greece. It debuted in October 2010, replacing and combining the prior separate Greek-language, in 2011 IFPI Greece partnered up with a new radio monitoring service called Media Inspector to provide an official airplay chart. Top 50 Greek Albums The Top 50 Greek Albums chart was the albums chart of Greece for Greek-language repertoire. Sales of domestic repertoire are higher in Greece compared to other IFPI nations, the chart was discontinued in March 2009, and later replaced by the Top 75 Combined Repertoire chart. Top 50 Foreign Albums The Top 50 Foreign Albums chart was the sales chart for Greece of foreign repertoire. The chart was discontinued in March 2009, and later replaced by the Top 75 Combined Repertoire chart, Prior to 1997, the sales thresholds for foreign repertoire were the same as domestic ones
37.
Optical disc
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The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path covering the disc surface. Most optical discs exhibit a characteristic iridescence as a result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves and this side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer. The reverse side of a disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper. Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm in diameter, with 12 cm being the most common size, a typical disc is about 1.2 mm thick, while the track pitch ranges from 1.6 µm to 320 nm. An optical disc is designed to support one of three recording types, read-only, recordable, or re-recordable, write-once optical discs commonly have an organic dye recording layer between the substrate and the reflective layer. Rewritable discs typically contain an alloy recording layer composed of a phase change material, most often AgInSbTe, an alloy of silver, indium, antimony, Optical discs are most commonly used for storing music, video, or data and programs for personal computers. The Optical Storage Technology Association promotes standardized optical storage formats, although optical discs are more durable than earlier audio-visual and data storage formats, they are susceptible to environmental and daily-use damage. Libraries and archives enact optical media preservation procedures to ensure continued usability in the optical disc drive or corresponding disc player. For computer data backup and physical data transfer, optical discs such as CDs and DVDs are gradually being replaced with faster, smaller solid-state devices and this trend is expected to continue as USB flash drives continue to increase in capacity and drop in price. Additionally, music purchased or shared over the Internet has significantly reduced the number of audio CDs sold annually. The first recorded use of an optical disc was in the 1884 when Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell. An early optical disc system existed in 1935, named Lichttonorgel, an early analog optical disc used for video recording was invented by David Paul Gregg in 1958 and patented in the US in 1961 and 1969. This form of optical disc was an early form of the DVD. It is of special interest that U. S, patent 4,893,297, filed 1989, issued 1990, generated royalty income for Pioneer Corporations DVA until 2007 —then encompassing the CD, DVD, and Blu-ray systems. In the early 1960s, the Music Corporation of America bought Greggs patents and his company, american inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record a digital signal on an optical transparent foil which is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966 and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. Both Greggs and Russells disc are floppy media read in transparent mode, in the Netherlands in 1969, Philips Research physicist, Pieter Kramer invented an optical videodisc in reflective mode with a protective layer read by a focused laser beam U. S
38.
International standard
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International standards are standards developed by international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide, the most prominent organization is the International Organization for Standardization. International standards may be used either by application or by a process of modifying an international standard to suit local conditions. Technical barriers arise when different groups together, each with a large user base. Establishing international standards is one way of preventing or overcoming this problem, the implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the need for high-precision machine tools and interchangeable parts. Henry Maudslay developed the first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe in 1800, maudslays work, as well as the contributions of other engineers, accomplished a modest amount of industry standardization, some companies in-house standards spread a bit within their industries. Joseph Whitworths screw thread measurements were adopted as the first national standard by companies around the country in 1841 and it came to be known as the British Standard Whitworth, and was widely adopted in other countries. By the end of the 19th century differences in standards between companies were making trade increasingly difficult and strained, the Engineering Standards Committee was established in London in 1901 as the worlds first national standards body. After the First World War, similar national bodies were established in other countries, by the mid to late 19th century, efforts were being made to standardize electrical measurement. An important figure was R. E. B, Crompton, who became concerned by the large range of different standards and systems used by electrical engineering companies and scientists in the early 20th century. Many companies had entered the market in the 1890s and all chose their own settings for voltage, frequency, current, adjacent buildings would have totally incompatible electrical systems simply because they had been fitted out by different companies. Crompton could see the lack of efficiency in this system and began to consider proposals for a standard for electric engineering. In 1904, Crompton represented Britain at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis as part of a delegation by the Institute of Electrical Engineers. He presented a paper on standardisation, which was so well received that he was asked to look into the formation of a commission to oversee the process. By 1906 his work was complete and he drew up a permanent constitution for the first international standards organization, the body held its first meeting that year in London, with representatives from 14 countries. In honour of his contribution to electrical standardisation, Lord Kelvin was elected as the bodys first President, the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations was founded in 1926 with a broader remit to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards and specifications. The body was suspended in 1942 during World War II, after the war, ISA was approached by the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee with a proposal to form a new global standards body. List of international common standards List of technical standard organisations Global Frameworks and standards organized along function lines, accessed 2014 ^ Cordova
39.
Compact Disc Digital Audio
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Compact Disc Digital Audio is the standard format for audio compact discs. The standard is defined in the Red Book, one of a series of Rainbow Books that contain the specifications for all Compact Disc formats. These parameters are common to all discs and used by all logical formats. The standard also specifies the form of audio encoding, 2-channel signed 16-bit Linear PCM sampled at 44,100 Hz. Although rarely used, the specification allows for discs to be mastered with a form of emphasis, the second edition of IEC60908 was published in 1999 and it cancels and replaces the first edition, amendment 1 and the corrigendum to amendment 1. The IEC60908 however does not contain all the information for extensions that is available in the Red Book, such as the details for CD-Text, CD+G, the standard is not freely available and must be licensed. It is available from Philips and the IEC, as of 2013, Philips outsources licensing of the standard to Adminius, which charges US$100 for the Red Book, plus US$50 each for the Subcode Channels R-W and CD Text Mode annexes. The audio contained in a CD-DA consists of two-channel signed 16-bit Linear PCM sampled at 44,100 Hz, the sampling rate is adapted from that attained when recording digital audio on a PAL videotape with a PCM adaptor, an earlier way of storing digital audio. An audio CD can represent frequencies up to 22.05 kHz, the selection of the sample rate was based primarily on the need to reproduce the audible frequency range of 20–20,000 Hz. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a rate of more than twice the maximum frequency of the signal to be recorded is needed. The exact sampling rate of 44, the device that converts an analog audio signal into PCM audio, which in turn is changed into an analog video signal is called a PCM adaptor. This technology could store six samples in a horizontal line. 60 field/s black and white video was required, and in NTSC countries that video signal has 245 usable lines per field, similarly, PAL has 294 lines and 50 fields, which gives 44,100 samples/s/stereo channel. This system could store 14-bit samples with some correction, or 16-bit samples with almost no error correction. There was a debate over the use of 14-bit or 16-bit quantization. When the Sony/Philips task force designed the Compact Disc, Philips had already developed a 14-bit D/A converter, in the end,16 bits and 44.1 kilosamples per second prevailed. Philips found a way to produce 16-bit quality using its 14-bit DAC by using four times oversampling, some CDs are mastered with pre-emphasis, an artificial boost of high audio frequencies. The pre-emphasis improves the apparent signal-to-noise ratio by making use of the channels dynamic range
40.
Inch
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The inch is a unit of length in the imperial and United States customary systems of measurement now formally equal to 1⁄36 yard but usually understood as 1⁄12 of a foot. Derived from the Roman uncia, inch is also used to translate related units in other measurement systems. The English word inch was a borrowing from Latin uncia not present in other Germanic languages. The vowel change from Latin /u/ to English /ɪ/ is known as umlaut, the consonant change from the Latin /k/ to English /tʃ/ or /ʃ/ is palatalisation. Both were features of Old English phonology, inch is cognate with ounce, whose separate pronunciation and spelling reflect its reborrowing in Middle English from Anglo-Norman unce and ounce. In many other European languages, the word for inch is the same as or derived from the word for thumb, the inch is a commonly used customary unit of length in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. It is also used in Japan for electronic parts, especially display screens, for example, three feet two inches can be written as 3′ 2″. Paragraph LXVII sets out the fine for wounds of various depths, one inch, one shilling, an Anglo-Saxon unit of length was the barleycorn. After 1066,1 inch was equal to 3 barleycorns, which continued to be its legal definition for several centuries, similar definitions are recorded in both English and Welsh medieval law tracts. One, dating from the first half of the 10th century, is contained in the Laws of Hywel Dda which superseded those of Dyfnwal, both definitions, as recorded in Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, are that three lengths of a barleycorn is the inch. However, the oldest surviving manuscripts date from the early 14th century, john Bouvier similarly recorded in his 1843 law dictionary that the barleycorn was the fundamental measure. He noted that this process would not perfectly recover the standard, before the adoption of the international yard and pound, various definitions were in use. In the United Kingdom and most countries of the British Commonwealth, the United States adopted the conversion factor 1 metre =39.37 inches by an act in 1866. In 1930, the British Standards Institution adopted an inch of exactly 25.4 mm, the American Standards Association followed suit in 1933. By 1935, industry in 16 countries had adopted the industrial inch as it came to be known, in 1946, the Commonwealth Science Congress recommended a yard of exactly 0.9144 metres for adoption throughout the British Commonwealth. This was adopted by Canada in 1951, the United States on 1 July 1959, Australia in 1961, effective 1 January 1964, and the United Kingdom in 1963, effective on 1 January 1964. The new standards gave an inch of exactly 25.4 mm,1.7 millionths of a longer than the old imperial inch and 2 millionths of an inch shorter than the old US inch. The United States retains the 1/39. 37-metre definition for survey purposes and this is approximately 1/8-inch in a mile
41.
Music single
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
42.
Mini CD
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Mini CDs, or pocket CDs, are CDs with a smaller diameter and one third the storage capacity of a standard 120 mm disc. Amongst the various formats are the Mini CD single, a small disc, the format is mainly used for audio CD singles in certain regions, much like the old vinyl single. An 80 mm disc can hold up to 24 minutes of music and they are often referred to as Maxi CDs in some countries. The low density version holds 18 minutes, or 155 MB. Other formats are 185 MB, which has the data density as a 650 MB full-sized CD. Business card CD, a disc with a storage capacity from 30 MB to 100 MB. The long axis is 80 mm while the axis is generally between 58 and 68 mm The disc may be rectangular with wings added on, to square off the rounded 80 mm disc. A variety of laser cut shapes were developed, now, they are known as either Mini CDs or 80 mm CDs. Most tray-loading CD devices have 2 wells, one sized for a regular 120 mm CD, devices that feature a spindle also support MiniCDs, as the disc can simply be placed onto the spindle as with a normal CD. Some vertically aligned tray-loading devices, such as the older pre-slimline PlayStation 2 consoles when placed vertically, a popular adapter model, Memorex 30183001, was discontinued in 2006. Most CD players in the late 1980s and early 1990s didnt handle the Mini CD well and required the use of an adapter, not until after the major record labels discontinued them, did the CD Players start to have the 80 mm wells as standard. Since the mid-1990s, all tray loading players have wells for the Mini CD, Mini CD-R, Mini CD-RW, As of 2007, many manufacturers offer 80 mm CD-R and CD-RW discs for sale in retail electronics and office supply stores. These are sometimes marketed as Pocket CD-R/CD-RW or Mini CD-R, most of the blank discs available in retail hold either 185 MB or 210 MB of data. The mini discs, despite having less weight and plastic, are more expensive than full size CD-R/CD-RW discs. Mini CD Replication Manufacturing, Custom-manufactured Mini CDs with integral data are available to the retail market, the short lived Lid Rock promotion that gave away CD singles on the underside of soda lids from Regal Movie Theaters used Mini CDs. While almost any spindle-based or tray-based CD device can utilize mini CD media, some devices have been designed expressly to use the smaller format, the first shirt-pocket CD player was the Sony D-88. It only played standard PCM audio CDs and it could play 120 mm discs if a guard was moved to allow the disc to protrude from the unit. Memorex offered a portable CD player that matched the form factor for the 80 mm CD, the player could also play Red Book audio content burned onto mini CDs
43.
CD player
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A CD player is an electronic device that plays audio compact discs, which are a digital optical disc data storage format. CD players were first sold to consumers in 1982, CDs typically contain recordings of audio material such as music. CD players are often a part of home systems, car audio systems. With the exception of CD boomboxes, most CD players do not produce sound by themselves, most CD players only produce an output signal via a headphone jack and/or RCA jacks. To listen to using a CD player with a headphone output jack. To use a CD player in a stereo system, the user connects an RCA cable to the RCA jacks or other outputs and connects it to a hi-fi. They are also manufactured as portable devices, which are battery powered, modern units can play other formats in addition to PCM audio coding used in CDs, such as MP3, AAC and WMA. DJs playing dance music at clubs often use specialized players with a playback speed to alter the pitch. Audio engineers using CD players to play music for an event through a reinforcement system use professional audio-grade CD players. CD playback functionality is also valuable on CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drive equipped computers as well as on DVD players, American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
44.
CD-ROM
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A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable. From the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software for computers, some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer. An early CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced at a Japanese computer show in 1984 and it was an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, and adapted the format to hold any form of digital data, with a capacity of 540 MiB. The Yellow Book is the standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a similar manner. Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations. A laser is shone onto the surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits. This pattern of changing intensity of the beam is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on discs, known as the Rainbow Books. The Yellow Book, published in 1988, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, the CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs, the Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM, ISO9660 defines the standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW, as well as multiple sessions. The ISO13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs. The bootable CD specification was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk, is called El Torito, data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification. This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, eight-to-fourteen modulation, and the use of pits, the structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book
45.
Disk storage
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Disk storage is a general category of storage mechanisms where data are recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism, notable types are the hard disk drive containing a non-removable disk, the floppy disk drive and its removable floppy disk, and various optical disc drives and associated optical disc media. Audio information was recorded by analog methods. Similarly the first video disc used a recording method. In the music industry, analog recording has mostly replaced by digital optical technology where the data are recorded in a digital format with optical information. The first commercial digital disk storage device was the IBM350 which shipped in 1956 as a part of the IBM305 RAMAC computing system, the random-access, low-density storage of disks was developed to complement the already used sequential-access, high-density storage provided by tape drives using magnetic tape. Disk storage is now used in computer storage and consumer electronic storage, e. g. audio CDs and video discs. Digital disk drives are block storage devices, each disk is divided into logical blocks. Blocks are addressed using their logical block addresses, read from or writing to disk happens at the granularity of blocks. Originally the disk capacity was low and has been improved in one of several ways. Improvements in mechanical design and manufacture allowed smaller and more precise heads, advancements in data compression methods permitted more information to be stored in each of the individual sectors. The drive stores data onto cylinders, heads, and sectors, the sectors unit is the smallest size of data to be stored in a hard disk drive and each file will have many sectors units assigned to it. The smallest entity in a CD is called a frame, which consists of 33 bytes, the other nine bytes consist of eight CIRC error-correction bytes and one subcode byte used for control and display. The information is sent from the processor to the BIOS into a chip controlling the data transfer. This is then sent out to the drive via a multi-wire connector. Once the data are received onto the board of the drive. The data are passed to a chip on the circuit board that controls the access to the drive. The drive is divided into sectors of data stored onto one of the sides of one of the internal disks, an HDD with two disks internally will typically store data on all four surfaces
46.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
