1.
Ballads
–
A ballad /ˈbæləd/ is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs, Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, Ballads are 13 lines with an ABABBCBC form, consisting of couplets of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides, the form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, the took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and is now often used for any love song. The ballad derives its name from medieval French dance songs or ballares, from which ballet is also derived, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. This means that the two words, ballad and ballet, are derived from the French language. Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines and these refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. Most northern and west European ballads are written in ballad stanzas or quatrains of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, known as ballad meter. Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed, there is considerable variation on this pattern in almost every respect, including length, number of lines and rhyming scheme, making the strict definition of a ballad extremely difficult. Ballads usually use the dialect of the people and are heavily influenced by the region in which they originate. Scottish ballads in particular are distinctively un-English, even showing some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of elements such as the fairies in the Scottish ballad Tam Lin. The ballads do not have any known author or correct version, instead, having passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages. The ballads remained a tradition until the increased interest in folk songs in the 18th century led collectors such as Bishop Thomas Percy to publish volumes of popular ballads. In all traditions most ballads are narrative in nature, with a story, often concise, and rely on imagery, rather than description. Themes concerning rural laborers and their sexuality are common, and there are many ballads based on the Robin Hood legend. Another common feature of ballads is repetition, sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, as a refrain, sometimes of third and fourth lines of a stanza and sometimes of entire stanzas
Ballads
–
Illustration by
Arthur Rackham of the ballad "
The Twa Corbies "
Ballads
–
A copy of
Walter Scott 's The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.
Ballads
–
Illustration by
Arthur Rackham to
Young Bekie.
Ballads
–
Painting based on
The Beggar's Opera, Act III Scene 2,
William Hogarth, c. 1728
2.
Acadian
–
The Acadians are the descendants of French colonists who settled in Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries, some of whom are also Métis. The colony was located in what is now Eastern Canadas Maritime provinces, as well as part of Quebec, although today most of the Acadians and Québécois are French-speaking Canadians, Acadia was a distinctly separate colony of New France. It was geographically and administratively separate from the French colony of Canada, as a result, the Acadians and Québécois developed two distinct histories and cultures. They also developed a slightly different French language, France has one official language and to accomplish this they have an administration in charge of the language. Since the Acadians were separated from this council, their French language evolved independently, the settlers whose descendants became Acadians came from many areas in France, but especially regions such as Île-de-France, Normandy, Brittany, Poitou and Aquitaine. Acadian family names have come from areas in France. For example, the Maillets are from Paris, the LeBlancs of Normandy, the surname Melanson is from Brittany, the Acadians lived for almost 80 years in Acadia, prior to the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710. After the conquest, they refused to sign an oath for the next forty-five years. During the French and Indian War, British colonial officers suspected, the British, together with New England legislators and militia, carried out the Great Expulsion of 1755–1764 during and after the war years. They deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region, approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning. Although one historian compared this event to contemporary ethnic cleansing, other historians suggested that the event is comparable with other deportations in history, many Acadians migrated to present day Louisiana state, where they developed what became known as Cajun culture. Some of those were settled secondarily to Louisiana by Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere, later on, many Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, most specifically New Brunswick. Most who returned ended up in New Brunswick because they were barred by the British from resettling their lands, before the US Revolutionary War, the Crown settled New England Planters in former Acadian communities and farmland as well as, after the war, Loyalists. British policy was to assimilate Acadians with the local populations where they resettled, Acadians speak a dialect of French called Acadian French. Many of those in the Moncton, New Brunswick, area speak Chiac, during the seventeenth century, about sixty French families were established in Acadia. They developed friendly relations with the Wabanaki Confederacy, learning their hunting and fishing techniques, the Acadians lived mainly in the coastal regions of the Bay of Fundy, farming land reclaimed from the sea through diking. Living in a borderland region between French Quebec and British territories, the Acadians often became entangled in the conflict between the powers. Over a period of years, six wars took place in Acadia and Nova Scotia in which the Confederacy
Acadian
–
Aubin-Edmond Arsenault
Acadian
–
Jean-Vincent Saint-Castin
Acadian
–
Joseph Broussard
Acadian
–
Roméo LeBlanc
3.
Cajun
–
Cajuns are an ethnic group mainly living in the U. S. state of Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles. Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisianas population and have exerted an impact on the states culture. The Acadia region to which modern Cajuns trace their origin consisted largely of what are now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island plus parts of eastern Quebec and northern Maine. Since their establishment in Louisiana, the Cajuns have developed their own dialect, Cajun French, and developed a vibrant culture including folkways, music, the Acadiana region is heavily associated with them. Arcadia derives from the Arcadia district in Greece which since classical antiquity had the extended meanings of refuge or idyllic place, samuel de Champlain fixed the orthography with the r omitted in the 17th century. The term eventually came to only to the northern part of the coast in what is now Canada. The Cajuns retain a unique dialect of the French language and numerous other cultural traits that distinguish them as an ethnic group, Cajuns were officially recognized by the U. S. government as a national ethnic group in 1980 per a discrimination lawsuit filed in federal district court. The Louisiana Acadian is alive and well and he is up front and mainstream. He is not asking for any special treatment, by affording coverage under the national origin clause of Title VII he is afforded no special privilege. He is given only the protection as those with English, Spanish, French, Iranian, Portuguese, Mexican, Italian, Irish. The British Conquest of French Acadia happened in 1710, over the next 45 years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this period, Acadians participated in militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French fortress of Louisbourg. During the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize the Acadian military threat, during 1755-1763 Acadia consisted of parts of present-day Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and the Gaspe Peninsula in the province of Quebec. The deportation of the Acadians from these areas has become known as the Great Upheaval or Le Grand Dérangement, the Acadians migration from Canada was spurred by the Treaty of Paris which ended the war. The treaty terms provided 18 months for unrestrained emigration, many Acadians moved to the region of the Atakapa in present-day Louisiana, often travelling via the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Joseph Broussard led the first group of 200 Acadians to arrive in Louisiana on February 27,1765, on April 8,1765, he was appointed militia captain and commander of the Acadians of the Atakapas region in St. Martinville. Some of the settlers wrote to their family scattered around the Atlantic to encourage them to them at New Orleans. For example, Jean-Baptiste Semer, wrote to his father in France, My dear father you can come here boldly with my dear mother and they will always be better off than in France
Cajun
–
Lee Benoit
Cajun
–
This article is about an ethnic culture. For other uses, see
Cajun (disambiguation).
Cajun
–
Cajun
boudin rolled into a ball and deep fried
Cajun
–
Musicians playing at a traditional Courir de Mardi Gras
4.
Louisiana
–
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
Louisiana
–
Louisiana entrance sign off
Interstate 20 in
Madison Parish east of
Tallulah.
Louisiana
–
Flag
Louisiana
–
Aerial view of Louisiana wetland habitats.
Louisiana
–
A field of yellow wildflowers in
Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana
5.
Cajun accordion
–
A Cajun accordion also known as a squeezebox is single-row diatonic button accordion used for playing Cajun music. Many different accordions were developed in Europe throughout the 19th century, accordions were brought to Acadiana in the 1890s and became popular by the early 1900s, eventually becoming a staple of Cajun music. Many of the German factories producing diatonic accordions for the United States market were destroyed during World War II, since the end of World War II, there has been a surge in the number of Cajun accordion makers in Louisiana, as well as several in Texas. The Cajun accordion is generally defined as a diatonic accordion, as compared to multiple-row instruments commonly used in Irish, Italian, polka. The Cajun accordion has multiple reeds for every button and the number of reeds sounding is controlled by four stops or knobs. The standard amount of buttons is ten, with a button each in the left hand for the root note and chord as well as the dominant fifth ditto. The root is played on the push and the fifth is played on the pull of the bellows, Louisiana constructed accordions are usually built in small backyard shops like Marc Savoys Acadian brand and Larry Millers Bon Cajun brand. Clarence junior Martin of Lafayette Louisiana is a Master Craftsman who also builds accordions in his shop, the most common tuning utilized is the key of C, although the key of D is also relatively common. Some rarer accordions are constructed to in the key of B flat, Cajun accordions are traditionally tuned to a Just Intonation. Although the instrument is called a Cajun accordion, both zydeco and creole musicians play the Cajun accordion with a zydeco and creole sound respectively, each musician below is considered important in influencing accordion technique and image. You Can Play Cajun Accordion, Designed For Beginners, Cajun Music a Reflection of a People
Cajun accordion
–
Shop in
Iota, Louisiana where
Larry Miller builds his Cajun accordions.
Cajun accordion
–
An
Acadian brand Cajun Accordion
Cajun accordion
–
Keys
Cajun accordion
–
A close up of the keys
6.
Fiddle
–
Fiddle is another name for the bowed string musical instrument more often called a violin. It is also a term for the instrument used by players in all genres. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, refers to various styles of music, Fiddle is also a common term among musicians who play folk music on the violin. The fiddle is part of traditional styles of music which are aural traditions. There are few distinctions between violins and fiddles, though more primitively constructed and smaller violins are more likely to be considered fiddles. In order to produce a tone, compared to the deeper tones of gut or synthetic core strings. Among musical styles, fiddling tends to produce rhythms focused on dancing, with associated quick note changes, whereas classical music tends to contain more vibrato and it is less common for a classically trained violinist to play folk music, but today, many fiddlers have classical training. The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira, lira spread widely westward to Europe, in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms fiddle and lira interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments. During the Renaissance the gambas were important and elegant instruments, they eventually lost ground to the viola da braccio family. The etymology of fiddle is uncertain, the Germanic fiddle may derive from the same early Romance word as does violin, the name seems however to be related to Icelandic Fiðla and also Old English fiðele. A native Germanic ancestor of fiddle may even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of violin, historically, fiddle also referred to a predecessor of todays violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, another family of instruments that contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the viols, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards. Violins, on the hand, are commonly grouped in sections. The difference was likely compounded by the different sounds expected of violin music, historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music, while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely. Violin music came to value a smoothness that fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, in situations that required greater volume, a fiddler could push their instrument harder than could a violinist. In the very late 20th century, a few artists have attempted a reconstruction of the Scottish tradition of violin and big fiddle. Notable recorded examples include Iain Fraser and Christine Hanson, Amelia Kaminski and Christine Hansons Bonnie Lasses and Alasdair Fraser and Natalie Haas Fire and Grace. In Hungary, a three stringed viola variant with a bridge, called the kontra or háromhúros brácsa makes up part of a traditional rhythm section in Hungarian folk music
Fiddle
–
A fiddler
Fiddle
–
Peter Stampfel from the Holy Modal Rounders
Fiddle
–
Fiddler Kenny Baker.
7.
Steel guitar
–
Steel guitar is a type of guitar or the method of playing the instrument. The term steel guitar is often used to describe any metal body resophonic guitar. Steel guitar can describe, The slide technique of playing guitar is generally by using a steel bar. Dobro is also a name of one of the leading manufacturers of resonator guitars. A specialized instrument built for playing in steel guitar fashion and these are of several types, Lap steel guitar, which may be, Lap slide guitar, with a conventional wooden guitar box. The square-necked variety of resonator guitar, the technique was invented and popularized in Hawaii. Thus, the lap steel guitar is known as the Hawaiian guitar, particularly in documents from the early 20th century. Steel guitar tunings tend to feature close intervals whereas slack key tunings more often contain 4ths and 5ths, dobro is a brand of resonator guitars, but the word is most often used to describe bluegrass instruments of several different brands. Bottleneck guitar may have developed from Steel guitar technique. The slide is almost never slanted, common bottleneck tunings are open D and E chords. A steel guitar is one designed to be played in steel-guitar fashion, historically, these have been of many types, but two dominate, Resonator guitars, particularly the square-necked variety which can be played only in steel guitar fashion. Electric instruments, starting with electric lap steel guitars and developing through the steel guitar to the pedal steel guitar. The lap steel guitar typically has 6 strings and may have various tunings, originally the standard EBGDAE tuning was changed to allow open i. e. major chord tunings to accommodate using the straight steel bar and not require changing string gauges. Hawaiian tunings evolved from A Major and E Major to E7, C sharp Minor, C sharp Minor 9th, F sharp Minor 9th, B11th and the popular E 13th. Jerry Byrd is credibly the originator of the C6+A7 tuning ECAGEC sharp which allows a wider ranging of chording for Hawaiian and it differs from a conventional or Spanish guitar in having a higher action and often a neck that is square in cross section. The frets, unused in steel style playing, may be replaced by markers, there are three main types, Lap slide guitars, which are acoustic instruments but may have electric pickups for amplification in addition. Resonator guitars, which are acoustic instruments but may have pickups for amplification in addition. Electric lap steel guitars, which are solid body
Steel guitar
–
Resonator guitar played lap steel fashion.
8.
Guitar
–
The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
Guitar
–
Illustration in a
Carolingian psalter from the 9th century showing an instrument of the
chordophone family, most probably a
lute
Guitar
–
A
classical guitar with nylon
strings
Guitar
–
A guitarra latina (left) and a guitarra morisca (right), Spain, 13th century
Guitar
–
Guitar collection in
Museu de la Música de Barcelona
9.
Triangle (musical instrument)
–
The triangle is an idiophone type of musical instrument in the percussion family. It is a bar of metal, usually steel but sometimes other metals like beryllium copper, the instrument is usually held by a loop of some form of thread or wire at the top curve. It was first made around the 16th century in England, on a triangle instrument, one of the angles is left open, with the ends of the bar not quite touching. This causes the instrument to be of indeterminate or not settled or decided pitch and it is either suspended from one of the other corners by a piece of, most commonly, fishing line, leaving it free to vibrate, or hooked over the hand. It is usually struck with a beater, giving a high-pitched. Although the shape is generally in the form of an equilateral triangle. In the early days the triangles did not have an opening and had jingling rings along the lower side, the triangle is often the subject of jokes and one liners in Europe and North America as an archetypal instrument that requires no skill to play. However, triangle parts in music can be very demanding. In the hands of an expert it can be a subtle, a triangle roll, similar to a snare roll, is notated with three lines through the stem of the note. It requires the player to move the wand back and forth in the upper corner. In European classical music, the triangle has been used in the classical orchestra since around the middle of the 18th century. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven all used it, the first piece to make the triangle really prominent was Franz Liszts Piano Concerto No. 1, where it is used as an instrument in the third movement. In the 19th century, the triangle was used in music by Richard Wagner. Johannes Brahms uses the triangle to particular effect in the movement of his Fourth Symphony. The triangle is used extensively in Hans Rotts Symphony in E major, particularly in the BIS recording, in later recordings, the conductor has reduced its role. Most difficulties in playing the triangle come from the rhythms which are sometimes written for it. Very quiet notes can be obtained by using a much lighter beater — knitting needles are used for the quietest notes
Triangle (musical instrument)
–
Triangle
Triangle (musical instrument)
–
Angelica Kauffman: L'Allegra, 1779
10.
Harmonica
–
There are many types of harmonica, including diatonic, chromatic, tremolo, octave, orchestral, and bass versions. A harmonica is played by using the mouth to direct air into or out of one or more holes along a mouthpiece, behind each hole is a chamber containing at least one reed. A harmonica reed is a flat elongated spring typically made of brass, stainless steel, or bronze, when the free end is made to vibrate by the players air, it alternately blocks and unblocks the airway to produce sound. Reeds are pre-tuned to individual pitches, tuning may involve changing a reeds length, the weight near its free end, or the stiffness near its fixed end. Longer, heavier and springier reeds produce deeper, lower sounds, an important technique in performance is bending, causing a drop in pitch by making embouchure adjustments. Such two-reed pitch changes actually involve sound production by the normally silent reed, the basic parts of the harmonica are the comb, reed plates and cover plates. The comb is the body of the instrument, which. The term comb may originate from the similarity between this part of a harmonica and a hair comb, Harmonica combs were traditionally made from wood but now are also made from plastic or metal. Some modern and experimental designs are complex in the way that they direct the air. There is dispute among players about whether comb material affects the tone of a harmonica, among those saying yes are those who are convinced by their ears. Few dispute, however, that comb surface smoothness and air-tightness when mated with the reedplates can greatly affect tone, the main advantage of a particular comb material over another one is its durability. In particular, a comb can absorb moisture from the players breath. This can cause the comb to expand slightly, making the instrument uncomfortable to play, various types of wood and treatments have been devised to reduce the degree of this problem. Much effort is devoted by serious players to restoring wood combs, some players used to soak wooden-combed harmonicas in water to cause a slight expansion, which they intended to make the seal between the comb, reed plates and covers more airtight. Modern wooden-combed harmonicas are less prone to swelling and contracting, players still dip harmonicas in water for the way it affects tone and ease of bending notes. The reed plate is a grouping of several reeds in a single housing, the reeds are usually made of brass, but steel, aluminium and plastic are occasionally used. Individual reeds are usually riveted to the plate, but they may also be welded or screwed in place. Reeds fixed on the side of the reed plate respond to blowing
Harmonica
–
A 16-hole chromatic (top) and 10-hole diatonic harmonica
Harmonica
–
Comb and two reedplates
Harmonica
–
Reed plate
Harmonica
–
Mark Wenner cups his hands around a "bullet mic" as he plays amplified harmonica.
11.
Bass guitar
–
The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
Bass guitar
–
A
Music Man StingRay bass
Bass guitar
–
(a standard tuned 4-string bass guitar)
Bass guitar
–
Musical instrument inventor Paul Tutmarc outside his music store in Seattle, Washington
Bass guitar
–
Design patent issued to Leo Fender for the second-generation
Precision Bass
12.
Upright bass
–
The double bass, or simply the bass, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. It is an instrument and is typically notated one octave higher than sounding to avoid excessive ledger lines below the staff. The double bass is the modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths, rather than fifths, with strings usually tuned to E1, A1, D2. The instruments exact lineage is still a matter of some debate, the double bass is a standard member of the orchestras string section, as well as the concert band, and is featured in concertos, solo and chamber music in Western classical music. The bass is used in a range of genres, such as jazz, 1950s-style blues and rock and roll, rockabilly, psychobilly, traditional country music, bluegrass, tango. The double bass is played either with a bow or by plucking the strings, in orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed. In jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, Classical music uses just the natural sound produced acoustically by the instrument, so does traditional bluegrass. In jazz, blues, and related genres, the bass is typically amplified with an amplifier and speaker, the double bass stands around 180 cm from scroll to endpin. However, other sizes are available, such as a 1⁄2 or 3⁄4 and these sizes do not reflect the size relative to a full size, or 4⁄4 bass, a 1⁄2 bass is not half the size of a bass but is only slightly smaller. It is typically constructed from several types of wood, including maple for the back, spruce for the top and it is uncertain whether the instrument is a descendant of the viola da gamba or of the violin, but it is traditionally aligned with the violin family. While the double bass is nearly identical in construction to other violin family instruments, like other violin and viol-family string instruments, the double bass is played either with a bow or by plucking the strings. In orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed, in jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, except for some solos and also occasional written parts in modern jazz that call for bowing. In classical pedagogy, almost all of the focus is on performing with the bow and producing a good bowed tone, some of these articulations can be combined, for example, the combination of sul ponticello and tremolo can produce eerie, ghostly sounds. Classical bass players do play pizzicato parts in orchestra, but these parts generally require simple notes, vibrato is used to add expression to string playing. In general, very loud, low-register passages are played with little or no vibrato, mid- and higher-register melodies are typically played with more vibrato. The speed and intensity of the vibrato is varied by the performer for an emotional and musical effect, in jazz, rockabilly and other related genres, much or all of the focus is on playing pizzicato. In jazz and jump blues, bassists are required to play extremely rapid pizzicato walking basslines for extended periods, as well, jazz and rockabilly bassists develop virtuoso pizzicato techniques that enable them to play rapid solos that incorporate fast-moving triplet and sixteenth note figures. In jazz and related styles, bassists often add semi-percussive ghost notes into basslines, to add to the rhythmic feel and to add fills to a bassline
Upright bass
–
Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French-style bow
Upright bass
–
Jazz bassist Ron Carter pictured playing with his Quartet at "Altes Pfandhaus" in Cologne
Upright bass
–
Example of a Busetto-shaped double bass: Copy of a Matthias Klotz (1700) by Rumano Solano
Upright bass
–
Principal parts of the double bass
13.
Mandolin
–
A mandolin is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or pick. It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison, although five, the courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello. There are many styles of mandolin, but three are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a bottom, constructed of strips of wood. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a shallower, arched back. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music, carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature a fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course. There has also been a type and an instrument with sixteen-strings. Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard, pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, the modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections, there is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic f. A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling, Mandolins evolved from the lute family in Italy during the 17th and 18th centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin, produced particularly in Naples, became common in the 19th century. Dating to around c.13,000 BC, a painting in the Trois Frères cave in France depicts what some believe is a musical bow. From the musical bow, families of stringed instruments developed, since each string played a note, adding strings added new notes, creating bow harps, harps. In turn, this led to being able to play dyads and chords, another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a bridge used to lift the strings off the stick-neck, creating the lute
Mandolin
–
An American A-style left-handed mandolin, with F-holes
Mandolin
–
Modern Neapolitan bowlback mandolin manufactured by the
Calace family workshop.
Mandolin
–
Mandolin with six courses of strings (2 strings per course), labeled Milanese at the museum.
Mandolin
–
Advertisement for a Lyon and Healy made, Washburn brand mandolin from an 1897 short-stories magazine, The Black Cat.
14.
Banjo
–
The banjo is a four-, five- or six-stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity as a resonator, called the head. The membrane, or head, is made of plastic, although animal skin is still occasionally but rarely used. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by Africans in America, the banjo is frequently associated with country, folk, Irish traditional and bluegrass music. Historically, the banjo occupied a place in African American traditional music. The banjo, with the fiddle, is a mainstay of American old-time music and it is also very frequently used in Traditional Jazz. The modern banjo derives from instruments that had used in the Caribbean since the 17th century by enslaved people taken from West Africa. Written references to the banjo in North America appear in the 18th century, the etymology of the name banjo is uncertain. The word could have come from the Yoruba word Bami jo and it may derive from the Kimbundu word mbanza. A Banza, a five double string courses Portuguese viuhela with two short strings, mbanza is a string African instrument that has been built after the Portuguese Banza. Banza is quite similar to Banjo, various instruments in Africa, chief among them the kora, feature a skin head and gourd body. Banjos with fingerboards and tuning pegs are known from the Caribbean as early as the 17th century, 18th- and early 19th-century writers transcribed the name of these instruments variously as bangie, banza, bonjaw, banjer and banjar. Instruments similar to the banjo have been played in many countries, another likely relative of the banjo is the akonting, a spike folk lute played by the Jola tribe of Senegambia, and the ubaw-akwala of the Igbo. Early, African-influenced banjos were built around a body and a wooden stick neck. These instruments had varying numbers of strings, though often including some form of drone, the five-string banjo was popularized by Joel Walker Sweeney, an American minstrel performer from Appomattox Court House, Virginia. In the 1830s Sweeney became the first white performer to play the banjo on stage and his version of the instrument replaced the gourd with a drum-like sound box and included four full-length strings alongside a short fifth string. This new banjo was at first tuned dGdf♯a, though by the 1890s this had been transposed up to gcgbd, Banjos were introduced in Britain by Sweeneys group, the American Virginia Minstrels, in the 1840s, and became very popular in music halls. In the Antebellum South, many black slaves played the banjo, two techniques closely associated with the five-string banjo are rolls and drones. Rolls are right hand fingering pattern that consist of eight notes that subdivide each measure
Banjo
–
A five-string bluegrass banjo
Banjo
–
Open strings and highest note of a standard-tuned five-string bluegrass banjo.
Banjo
–
A five-string banjo.
Banjo
–
Plectrum banjo from Gold Tone
15.
Swamp pop
–
Swamp pop is a musical genre indigenous to the Acadiana region of south Louisiana and an adjoining section of southeast Texas. Created in the 1950s and early 1960s by teenaged Cajuns, it combines New Orleans-style rhythm and blues, country and western, and traditional French Louisiana musical influences. It is not to be confused with swamp rock, which is a genre that drew more on 1960s rock than on the 1950s rhythm. The swamp pop sound is typified by highly emotional, lovelorn lyrics, tripleting honky-tonk pianos, undulating lines, bellowing horn sections. It is exemplified by slow ballads like Cookie and the Cupcakes Mathilda, but the genre has also produced many upbeat compositions, such as Bobby Charles Later Alligator, popularly covered by Bill Haley & His Comets. During the genres heyday, several swamp pop songs appeared on national U. S. record charts, in swamp pops south Louisiana-southeast Texas birthplace, fans regarded many songs that never became national hits as classics. By the late 1950s, swamp pop musicians had developed their own distinct sound and they performed to receptive crowds in local dancehalls like the Southern Club in Opelousas, Landrys Palladium in Lafayette, the OST Club in Rayne, and the Green Lantern in Lawtell. Swamp pop musicians often adopted Anglo-American stage names that masked their Cajun surnames, some of these musicians changed their names because they were ashamed of their rural French heritage — a feeling shared at the time by a segment of the Cajun population. Despite its obvious rock and roll and rhythm & blues influences, joe Barry re-recorded his swamp pop hit Im A Fool To Care in French under the title Je suis bête pour taimer. And Randy and the Rockets issued Lets Do The Cajun Twist, since the genres origin in the mid-1950s, over 20 swamp pop songs have appeared in the Billboard Hot 100. Five of these songs broke into the Top 10, and three of them reached number one, Swamp pop also left its imprint on the related but distinct genre known as swamp blues, including Slim Harpos classic Rainin In My Heart. Swamp pop influenced Tex-Mex music, particularly the recordings of Freddy Fenders early swampy songs like Before The Next Teardrop Falls and Wasted Days and Wasted Nights in 1975. Although the genre began a decline with the onslaught of the British Invasion, swamp pop music continues to draw devoted fans to south Louisiana and southeast Texas festivals. Only a few younger swamp pop musicians, such as Don Rich, are replacing the original generation of swamp pop pioneers, some younger non-swamp musicians, such as Cajun musician Zachary Richard and rockers Marc Broussard and C. C. Adcock, have acknowledged a strong pop influence. Johnnie Allan, Promised Land, Ace 380,1992, Johnnie Allan, Swamp Pop Legend, Johnnie Allan – The Essential Collection, Jin 9044,1995. Rod Bernard, Swamp Pop Legend, Rod Bernard – The Essential Collection, Rod Bernard, Swamp Rock n Roller, Ace 488,1994. The Boogie Kings, Swamp Boogie Blues, Jin 9045,1995, van Broussard, The Early Years, CSP1007,1993
Swamp pop
–
Swamp pop musician Jivin' Gene, c. 1959.
Swamp pop
–
Swamp pop duo Dale & Grace, c. 1963.
Swamp pop
–
Johnnie Allan
16.
Zydeco
–
The origin of the word zydeco is uncertain. One theory is that it derives from the French phrase Les haricots ne sont pas salés, which and this literally translates as the snap beans arent salty but idiomatically as I have no spicy news for you signifying the speakers fatigue or lack of energy. The earliest recorded use of the term may have been the country, initially, several different spellings of the word existed, including zarico and zodico. In 1960, musicologist Robert Mack McCormick wrote liner notes for an album, A Treasury of Field Recordings. The word was used in reviews, and McCormick began publicizing it around Houston as a standard spelling, in an alternative theory the term derives from the Atakapa people, whose enslaved women were well known for forming marital unions with male African slaves in the early 1700s. The Atakapa word for dance is shi and their word for the youths is ishol, in 1528 Spanish people, the first Europeans to contact the Atakapa, translated shi ishol as zy ikol. Four hundred years later, the descendants of Atakapas and Africans would still sway in synchrony to their raucous music. Another possible root word for zydeco is as a West African term for Musicking, however recent studies based on early Louisiana recordings made by Alan and John Lomax suggests that the term, as well as the tradition, may have African origins. The languages of West African tribes affected by the slave trade provide some clues as to the origins of zydeco, in at least a dozen languages from this culture-area of Africa, the phonemes za, re, and go are frequently associated with dancing and/or playing music. As a result, the music integrated waltz, shuffles, two-steps, blues, rock and roll, and other dance music forms of the era. Today, zydeco integrates genres such as R&B, soul, brass band, reggae, hip hop, ska, rock, Afro-Caribbean and other styles, in addition to the traditional forms. The original French settlers came to Louisiana in the late 1600s, sent by the Regent of France, Philippe dOrléans, Duke of Orléans, arriving in New Orleans on seven ships, the settlers quickly moved into the bayous and swamps. There the French culture permeated those of the Irish, Spanish, for 150 years, Louisiana Creoles enjoyed an insular lifestyle, prospering, educating themselves without the government and building their invisible communities under the Code Noir. The French created the Code Noir in 1724 to establish rules for treatment of slaves, as well as restrictions and rights for gens de couleur libres and they had the right to own land, something few blacks in the American South had at that time. The disruption of the Louisiana Creole community began when the United States made the Louisiana Purchase, the new settlers typically recognized only the system of race that prevailed where they came from. When the Civil War ended and the slaves were freed. Creoles continued to press for education and advancement while negotiating the new society, zydecos rural beginnings and the prevailing economic conditions at its inception are reflected in the song titles, lyrics, and bluesy vocals. The music arose as a synthesis of traditional Creole music, some Cajun music influences, and African-American traditions, including R&B, blues, jazz and it was also often just called French music or le musique Creole known as la-la
Zydeco
–
Early Creole musicians playing an accordion and a washboard in front of a store, near
Opelousas, Louisiana (1938). Zydeco music originated from Creole music — today's rubboard or frottoir ("rubbing the washboard") is a stylized version of the early washboard.
Zydeco
–
Chenier Brothers performing at Jay's Lounge and Cockpit,
Cankton, Louisiana, Mardi Gras, 1975
Zydeco
–
C. J. Chenier performing in the Ross Bandstand
Zydeco
–
A zydeco musician wearing a vest frottoir.
17.
Music of Louisiana
–
The music of Louisiana can be divided into three general regions, rural south Louisiana, home to Creole Zydeco and Old French, New Orleans, and north Louisiana. The region in and around Greater New Orleans has a musical heritage tied to Dixieland jazz, blues. The music of the portion of the state starting at Baton Rouge. Rural south Louisianas music also very significant input from non-Creoles. Four main musical genres are indigenous to this area — Creole music, swamp pop and these historically-rooted genres, with unique rhythms and personalities, have been transformed with modern sounds and instruments. The southwestern and south central Louisiana areas herald many artists and songs that have international hits, won Grammy awards. In the late 19th century German immigrants spreading outward from central and eastern Texas, Creoles at the time sang a rhythmic type of song called juré. When accordion, fiddle and the iron were added later, the music evolved into French music or form la la. La la was primarily rural, played at house dances also known as la las, in 1901, oil was discovered at Jennings and immigration boomed. Despite the law, many Creoles and Cajuns still spoke French at home, the term Creole music is used to describe both the early folk or roots music traditions of French and Metis rural Creoles of South Louisiana and the later more contemporary genre called Zydeco. It was often simply called French music or La La and it was sung in French patois by Creoles. This early American roots music evolved in the 1930s into a richer sound accompanied by more instruments, Creole pioneer Amede Ardoin is said to be the first Creole to record this indigenous music. He has also credited for greatly influencing the foundation of Cajun music. Melodies from pioneers like Ardoin provided a basis for works by composers Louis Moreau Gottschalk and Moses Hogan, Zydeco comes from French les haricots, meaning snap or green beans as in les haricots sont pas salés. This fusion was birthed in the Creole lala, jazz and blues halls of Frenchtown, Houston, Texas which were frequented by Creole immigrants from West Louisiana and East Texas. Cajun music is rooted in the music of the preexisting Creoles, in earlier years of the late 18th century the fiddle was the predominant instrument and the music tended to sound more like early country music. Cajun music is typically a waltz or two step, unlike the folk music of Quebec, it is not associated with the Celtic tradition. In the early 1950s, zydeco evolved from the music of the Creoles in southwest, along with the accordion, the second main instrument in a zydeco group is a corrugated metal washboard, called a Zydeco Rubboard or frottoir
Music of Louisiana
–
Mahalia Jackson
18.
Louisiana Creole people
–
Louisiana Creole people, are persons descended from the inhabitants of colonial Louisiana during the period of both French and Spanish rule. The term creole was originally used by French settlers to distinguish persons born in Louisiana from those born in the country or elsewhere. As in many other societies around the world, creole was a term used to mean those who were native-born. It also came to be applied to African-descended slaves and Native Americans who were born in Louisiana, Louisiana Creoles share cultural ties, such as the traditional use of the French language and a predominance of practice of Catholicism. As more refugees were allowed in Louisiana, Haitian émigrés who had first gone to Cuba also arrived and these groups had strong influences on the city and its culture. Later immigrants to New Orleans, such as Irish, Germans and Italians, Louisiana Creoles are mostly Catholic in religion. Through the 19th century, most spoke French and were connected to French colonial culture. Only the small Spanish Creole communities of Saint Bernard Parish and Galveztown spoke Spanish and they have maintained cultural traditions from the Canary Islands, where their ancestors came from, to the present. The varieties of Louisiana Creoles shaped the culture, particularly in the southern areas around New Orleans. Louisiana is known as the Creole State, other enclaves of Creole culture have been located in south Louisiana, Frilot Cove, Bois Mallet, Grand Marais, Palmetto, Lawtell, Soileau and others. These communities have had a history of cultural independence. Another area where many creoles can be found is within the River Parishes, St. Charles, St. John, and St. James. Through both the French and Spanish regimes, parochial and colonial governments used the term Creole for ethnic French, parisian French was the predominant language among colonists in early New Orleans. Later the regional French evolved to contain local phrases and slang terms, the French Creoles spoke what became known as Colonial French. Because of isolation, the language in the colony developed differently from that in France and it was spoken by the ethnic French and Spanish and their Creole descendants. The commonly accepted definition of Louisiana Creole today is a person descended from ancestors in Louisiana before the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803. An estimated 7,000 European immigrants settled in Louisiana during the 18th century, Louisiana attracted considerably fewer French colonists than did its West Indian colonies. After the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, which lasted more than two months, the colonists had numerous challenges ahead of them in the Louisiana frontier
Louisiana Creole people
–
Delphine LaLaurie
Louisiana Creole people
–
Map of
North America in 1750, before the
French and Indian War (part of the international
Seven Years' War (1756 to 1763). Possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain (orange)
Louisiana Creole people
–
Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau, better known as "Madame X", was a Creole from New Orleans
Louisiana Creole people
–
Adah Isaacs Menken, Creole actress, painter and poet
19.
Acadiana
–
Acadiana, or The Heart of Acadiana, is the official name given to the French Louisiana region that is home to a large Francophone population. Many are of Acadian descent and are now identified as Cajun, of the 64 parishes that make up the U. S. state of Louisiana,22 named parishes and other parishes of similar cultural environment make up this intrastate region. The word Acadiana reputedly has two origins and its first recorded appearance dates to the mid-1950s, when a Crowley, Louisiana, newspaper, the Crowley Daily Signal, coined the term in reference to Acadia Parish, Louisiana. However, KATC television in Lafayette independently coined Acadiana in the early 1960s, giving it a new, broader meaning, founded in 1962, KATC was owned by the Acadian Television Corporation. In early 1963, the ABC affiliate received an invoice erroneously addressed to the Acadiana Television Corp, someone had typed an extra a at the end of the word Acadian. The station started using it to describe the region covered by its broadcast signal, the public, however, prefers the one-word place name Acadiana to refer to the region. The official term appears on maps and highway markers. Today, numerous business, governmental and nonprofit organizations incorporate Acadiana in their names, notably KLFY-TV, the regional CBS affiliate, used the term in its very successful Hello News branding campaign as Hello Acadiana. In 1965, Thomas J. Arceneaux designed a flag for Acadiana, Arceneaux was a professor at University of Southwestern Louisiana, now University of Louisiana at Lafayette. He derived the flag from the university seal, in 1974, the Louisiana legislature officially adopted Arceneauxs design as the official Acadiana flag. The gold tower on the red field represents Spain, which was governing Louisiana when the Acadians arrived, the flag is used in a variety of ways in the Acadiana region. Some local governments fly the flag of Acadiana with their respective local colors, many residents of Acadiana fly the flag on their homes or businesses. Many consider it a symbol of the historic and present socio-economic ties that bind the region, cajuns are the descendants of 18th-century Acadian exiles from what are now Canadas Maritime Provinces, expelled by the British and New Englanders during and after the French and Indian War. They prevail among the regions visible cultures, but not everyone who lives in Acadiana is culturally Acadian or speaks Cajun French, similarly, not everyone who is culturally Acadian or Cajun is descended from the Acadian refugees. German settlers found their way to area as early as 1721. Since the late 20th century, political refugees from southeast Asia have brought their families, cultures, and languages to the area, Acadiana is home to several Native American tribes, including the Chitimacha, Houma, Tunica-Biloxi, Attakapas, and Coushatta. The region also boasts a population of Creoles, descendants of the regions original Old World settlers who arrived in Louisiana before. Acadiana also is home to ethnic groups, including Anglo-Americans
Acadiana
–
Downtown
Lafayette,
LA
Acadiana
–
Map of Louisiana with Acadiana highlighted
Acadiana
–
Tree blown down during Hurricane Lili
20.
French Louisiana
–
Each term has been in use for many years. Colonial French Louisiana was a part of New France, beginning in 1682 this region, known in French as la Louisiane française, functioned as an administrative district of New France. It extended from the Gulf of Mexico to Vincennes, now in Indiana, France ceded the region to Spain and Britain in 1763 after the French and Indian War, regained it by treaty in 1800, and sold it to the United States in 1803 through the Louisiana Purchase. Greater New Orleans and the twenty-two parish cultural region known as Acadiana compose present-day French Louisiana, in addition, some French Louisiana influences can be found in cities adjacent to the region, such as Alexandria and Baton Rouge. Louisiana List of French possessions and colonies
French Louisiana
–
This map shows the
Louisiana Purchase area, which corresponds approximately with colonial French Louisiana.
21.
American popular music
–
American popular music has had a profound effect on music across the world. In addition, the American music industry is diverse, supporting a number of regional styles such as zydeco, klezmer. These popular styles included country, R&B, jazz and rock, the 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music, including the development of a number of new styles, such as heavy metal, punk, soul, and hip hop. Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream, they were recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music. Minstrel shows generally used African instruments and dance, and featured performers with their faces blackened, a technique called blackface. By the middle of the 19th century, touring companies had taken this music not only to part of the United States, but also to the UK, Western Europe. Minstrel shows were advertised as though the music of the shows was in an African American style. However, these important milestones still occurred entirely within the conventions of European music, the first extremely popular minstrel song was Jump Jim Crow by Thomas Daddy Rice, which was first performed in 1832 and was a sensation in London when Rice performed it there in 1836. Rice used a dance that he copied from a boy with a tune adopted from an Irish jig. The African elements included the use of the banjo, believed to derive from West African string instruments, fosters songs were typical of the minstrel era in their unabashed sentimentality, and in their acceptance of slavery. Blackface minstrel shows remained popular throughout the last part of the 19th century, during that time, a form of lavish and elaborate theater called the extravaganza arose, beginning with Charles M. Barras The Black Crook. Extravaganzas were criticized by the newspapers and churches of the day because the shows were considered sexually titillating, david Ewen described this as the beginning of the long and active careers in sex exploitation of American musical theater and popular song. Later, extravaganzas took elements of burlesque performances, which were satiric and parodic productions that were popular at the end of the 19th century. Like the extravaganza and the burlesque, the variety show was a comic and ribald production, popular from the middle to the end of the 19th century, at which time it had evolved into vaudeville. By the early 20th century, vaudeville was an entertainment for women and children. Tin Pan Alley was an area called Union Square in New York City, the songwriters of this era wrote formulaic songs, many of them sentimental ballads. During this era, a sense of consciousness was developing, as the United States became a formidable world power. The increased availability and efficiency of railroads and the postal service helped disseminate ideas, Some of the most notable publishers of Tin Pan Alley included Willis Woodward, M. Witmark & Sons, Charles K. Harris, and Edward B
American popular music
–
Shoe Tickler Rag, cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell.
American popular music
–
The first major American popular songwriter,
Stephen Foster.
American popular music
–
Sheet music cover for " Dandy Jim from Caroline " by
Dan Emmett, London, c. 1844.
American popular music
–
Joan Baez and Bob Dylan
22.
Country music
–
Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
Country music
–
Jimmie Rodgers
Country music
–
Vernon Dalhart
Country music
–
Roy Acuff
Country music
–
Publicity photo of Roy Rogers and Gail Davis, 1948
23.
Mass media
–
The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which communication takes place include a variety of outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically, via such media as film, radio, recorded music, digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as email, social sites, websites. Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as books, comics, magazines, newspapers, event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media. The organizations that control these technologies, such as studios, publishing companies. In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries, books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television. The explosion of digital technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question. For example, it is whether to include cell phones, computer games. In the 2000s, a called the seven mass media became popular. For example, the Internet includes blogs, podcasts, web sites, the sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as digital media, and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as broadcast media. Some argue that video games have developed into a mass form of media. While a telephone is a communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a phone which is equipped with Internet access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium. There is currently a system by which marketers and advertisers are able to tap into satellites and this transmission of mass advertising to millions of people is another form of mass communication. Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium, video games provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online, excluding the Internet however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually
Mass media
–
Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon, 1902
Mass media
–
A family listening to a
crystal radio in the 1920s
Mass media
–
A panel in the
Newseum in
Washington, D.C., shows the September 12 headlines in America and around the world
Mass media
–
Early
minstrel shows lampooned the assumed stupidity of black people. Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843
24.
Television commercials
–
A television advertisement is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertisers and marketeers may refer to television commercials as TVCs, Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately-owned television networks. As of 2016 the vast majority of television advertisements consist of advertising spots. Advertisements of this sort have promoted a variety of goods, services. The effects of television advertising upon the public have been the subject of philosophical discourse by such luminaries as Marshall McLuhan. In many countries, including the United States, television advertisements are considered indispensable for a political campaign. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted, while some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00, displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase Bulova Watch Time, appeared in the lower quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute. The first TV ad broadcast in the UK went to air on ITV on September 22,1955, the first TV ad broadcast in Asia appeared on Nippon Television in Tokyo on August 28,1953, advertising Seikosha, it also displayed a clock with the current time. To accomplish the first step means different things in different parts of the world depending on the regulation in place, in the UK for example, clearance must be given by the body Clearcast. Another example is Venezuela where clearance is governed by a body called CNAC, the clearance provides guarantee to the broadcasters that the content of the advertisement meets legal guidelines. Because of this, special extended clearance sometimes applies to food, after the advent of cheap video software and consumer cameras, numerous individuals have offered video production services on the internet. Some of these ad jingles or catch-phrases may take on lives of their own, spawning gags that appear in films, television shows, magazines, comics, or literature. These long-lasting advertising elements may be said to have taken a place in the pop culture history of the demographic to whom they appeared. An example is the phrase, Winston tastes good like a cigarette should. Variations of this dialogue and direct references to it appeared as long as two decades after the advertising campaign expired, another example is Wheres the Beef. which grew so popular it was used in the 1984 presidential election by Walter Mondale. Another popular catch-phrase is Ive fallen and I cant get up, Advertising agencies often use humor as a tool in their creative marketing campaigns
Television commercials
–
Television was still in its experimental phase in 1928, but the medium's potential to sell goods was already predicted.
Television commercials
–
A still from an animated TV advertisement
Television commercials
–
Television commercial in 1948
Television commercials
–
Filming a movie ad
25.
History of Cajun music
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This article is about the history of Cajun music, which is not to be confused with Acadian music or French Creole music. Cajun music has its roots based in the ballads of the French-speaking Acadians of Canada, the first form of traditional cajun music began before the 20th century in south Louisiana. When the Acadians came from New Brunswick & Nova Scotia to Louisiana in 1764, many of these songs can be traced back to France and many songs from France drifted to the bayou and the prairie region via Nova Scotia and New Orleans. These ballads are not widely performed today, but were the basis of what is now accepted as cajun music, in the late 19th century, affordable accordions were introduced into Louisiana and were adopted by both Cajun and Creole musicians. Cajun and Creole musical styles at this time grew in parallel, mostly two-steps and waltzes meant for dancing, played by accordion and fiddle. Some of the first accordions imported in America were Lester, Pine Tree and Bruno brands and these were assembled in Klingenthal, Saxony, Germany by several different families. They were les tit noirs, meaning the black ones. They were a bit smaller than some of the brands and were all black with pewter trim. They were the best ever at that time, later the Sterling family bought the factory in about the 1920s, then the Eagle family operated the factory, but both were virtually the same instrument as the Monarch, except for the name. During World War II, the Nazi government focused on building its war machine, eventually, the factories were bombed by the allies effectively ending the production of these accordions. The first recorded Cajun song, Allons à Lafayette was recorded in 1928 by Joe Falcon, standard versions of songs started to emerge due to the increase in the availability of phonographs. Some of the earliest recordings of Cajun music that exist were done in Louisiana during the late 1920s by noted historian and American folklorist Alan Lomax, by the mid-to-late 1930s, a large influx of English speaking people came for the oil fields in Southwest Louisiana. Also, a migration of French speaking Cajuns expanded to Texas. It was common for performers to sing in both French and English and borrow heavily from the country music and Texas swing music on the radio. Harry Choates recorded the first national Cajun hit song, Jolie Blonde, newman, Rufus Thibodeaux, Doug Kershaw, Jo-El Sonnier, and others. During the 1970s and beyond the trend continued, sometimes with elements of music of the day. A performance by Dewey Balfa, Gladius Thibodeaux and Vinus LeJeune at the 1964 Newport Folk Festival was one reason behind a revived interest in traditional Cajun music in the mid-1960s. In 1972, the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana started a festival that came to be known as Festivals Acadiens
History of Cajun music
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Cajun musicians at a 2010
Courir de Mardi Gras
History of Cajun music
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Joe Falcon's last accordion, a pre-WWII German "Eagle" brand.
History of Cajun music
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Musicians in
Crowley 1938
History of Cajun music
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Dewey Balfa playing in
Bordeaux,
France in 1977
26.
Cajun fiddle
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Cajun fiddle music is a part of the American fiddle music canon. It is derived from the music of southwest Louisiana and southeast Texas, as well as sharing repertoire from the Quebec and it is one of the few extant North American folk music traditions rooted in French chanson. According to Ron Yule, Louisiana fiddling had its roots in Europe. Zydeco music is a geographically, culturally, and musically related style, Cajun music, an emblematic music of Louisiana, is rooted in the ballads of the French-speaking Acadians of Canada. Cajun music is mentioned in tandem with the Creole-based, Cajun-influenced zydeco form. These French Louisiana sounds have influenced American popular music for decades, especially country music. It is a tradition dating past the Acadian conquest of southwest Louisiana after their displacement from Nova Scotia. Blues fiddle has been influential in the development of Cajun fiddling, as with all music in the New Orleans music scene. According to Bill Malone and David Sticklin, authors of Southern Music/American Music, by 1928 Cajun fiddle had already diverged into variegated styles. The fiddle was the instrument in Cajun sound until the twenties when it was somewhat eclipsed by the accordion. In the early 1930s strings once again dominated, mandolins, pianos, and banjos joined fiddles to create a jazzy swing beat strongly influenced by the western swing of Texas. Cajun fiddle includes quadrilles, jigs, hornpipes, reels, one-steps, two-steps, airs, mazurkas, schottisches, dewey Balfa Al Berard Breaux Brothers Hadley Castille Harry Choates Varise Conner Sady Courville Luderin Darbone Michael Doucet Wade Fruge J
Cajun fiddle
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Michael Doucet
27.
Rhythm
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Rhythm generally means a movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions. In the performance arts, rhythm is the timing of events on a scale, of musical sounds and silences that occur over time, of the steps of a dance, or the meter of spoken language. In some performing arts, such as hip hop music, the delivery of the lyrics is one of the most important elements of the style. Rhythm may also refer to visual presentation, as timed movement through space, in recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, Godfried Toussaint, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester. In Thinking and Destiny, Harold W. Percival defined rhythm as the character and meaning of thought expressed through the measure or movement in sound or form, or by written signs or words. In his television series How Music Works, Howard Goodall presents theories that human rhythm recalls the regularity with which we walk, other research suggests that it does not relate to the heartbeat directly, but rather the speed of emotional affect, which also influences heartbeat. Yet other researchers suggest that certain features of human music are widespread. The perception and abstraction of rhythmic measure is the foundation of human instinctive musical participation, Joseph Jordania recently suggested that the sense of rhythm was developed in the early stages of hominid evolution by the forces of natural selection. Plenty of animals walk rhythmically and hear the sounds of the heartbeat in the womb, some types of parrots can know rhythm. There is not a report of an animal being trained to tap, peck. For this reason, the fast-transient sounds of percussion instruments lend themselves to the definition of rhythm, Musical cultures that rely upon such instruments may develop multi-layered polyrhythm and simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature, called polymeter. Such are the cross-rhythms of Sub-Saharan Africa and the interlocking kotekan rhythms of the gamelan, for information on rhythm in Indian music see Tala. For other Asian approaches to rhythm see Rhythm in Persian music, Rhythm in Arabian music and Usul—Rhythm in Turkish music and this consists of a series of identical yet distinct periodic short-duration stimuli perceived as points in time. It is currently most often designated as a crotchet or quarter note in western notation, faster levels are division levels, and slower levels are multiple levels. Rhythms of recurrence arise from the interaction of two levels of motion, the faster providing the pulse and the slower organizing the beats into repetitive groups. Once a metric hierarchy has been established, we, as listeners, a durational pattern that synchronises with a pulse or pulses on the underlying metric level may be called a rhythmic unit. A rhythmic gesture is any pattern that, in contrast to the rhythmic unit
Rhythm
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Percussion instruments have clearly defined dynamics that aid the creation and perception of complex rhythms
Rhythm
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Rhythm, a sequence in time repeated, featured in dance: an
early moving picture demonstrates the
waltz.
28.
Staccato
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Staccato is a form of musical articulation. In modern notation it signifies a note of shortened duration, separated from the note that may follow by silence and it has been described by theorists and appeared in music since at least 1676. In 20th-century music, a dot placed above or below a note indicates that it should be played staccato, a number of signs came to be used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to discriminate more subtle nuances of staccato. This does not, however, alter the rhythm of the music, the opposite musical articulation of staccato is legato, signifying long and continuous notes. The scope of the dot, In the first measure. The staccato applies to both notes of the pairs, in the second measure, the pairs of notes are stemmed separately indicating two different parts, so the staccato applies only to the upper note. Playing staccato is the opposite of playing legato, a staccato passage for strings is by definition a bowed rather than a pizzicato technique, though pizzicato itself might be thought of as a kind of staccato effect. For example, Leroy Andersons Jazz Legato/Jazz Pizzicato, there is an intermediate articulation called either mezzo staccato or non-legato. In musical notation, staccatissimo indicates that the notes are to be played extremely separated and distinct, a few composers, such as Mozart, have used staccato dots accompanied by a written instruction staccatissimo when they mean the passage to be played staccatissimo. Glissando Legato Marcato Portato Slur Basic Music Theory Neil V. Hawes, organist and choirmaster of St. Marys Church, Osterley Staccato—video example of staccato playing
Staccato
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Staccato.
29.
Double stops
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In music, a double stop refers to the technique of playing two notes simultaneously on a bowed stringed instrument such as a violin, a viola, a cello, or a double bass. In performing a double stop, two strings are bowed or plucked simultaneously. Although the term itself suggests these strings are to be fingered, a triple stop is the same technique applied to three strings, a quadruple stop applies to four strings. Double, triple, and quadruple stopping are collectively known as multiple stopping, early extensive examples of the double-stop and string chords appear in Carlo Farinas Capriccio Stravagante from 1627, and in certain of the sonatas of Biagio Marinis op.8 of 1629. On instruments with a bridge, it is difficult to bow more than two strings simultaneously. Early treatises make it clear that composers did not expect three notes to be played at once, even though the notes may be written in a way as to suggest this, playing four notes at once is almost impossible. The normal way of playing three or four note chords is to sound the lower notes briefly and allow them to ring while the bow plays the upper notes and this gives the illusion of a true triple or quadruple stop. In forte, however, it is possible to play three notes at once, especially when bowed toward the fingerboard, with this technique more pressure than usual is needed on the bow, so this cannot be practiced in softer passages. This technique is used in music with great force, such as the cadenza-like solo at the beginning of the last movement of Tchaikovskys violin concerto. An invention called the Bach bow with an arched back uses a system of levers to slacken or tighten bow hair immediately while playing so as to facilitate the performance of polyphonic music. Such a bow was conceived early in the 20th century by Arnold Schering and Albert Schweitzer, a similar device called the Vega bow was built in 1954 under the sponsorship of the violinist Emil Telmányi. Neither of these bears any particular relation to historical Baroque bows. In longer three-note or four-note chords, either the top note or the top two notes are sustained after the notes have been played as grace notes. Sometimes the noteheads for the notes are filled in to show they are of short duration while the noteheads for the notes to be held are left open. This notation occurs, for example, at the beginning of the movement of Beethovens fifth symphony. Simultaneous notes in a part for an orchestral string section may played as multiple stops or the individual notes may be distributed among the players within the section. Where the latter is intended, divisi or div. is written above the staff
Double stops
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A violin bridge blank (unfinished) and the finished bridge.
Double stops
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Cello triple and quadruple stops from the opening of
Breval 's Sonata in C major for cello and piano. Play (
help ·
info)
30.
Major scale
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The major scale or Ionian scale is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music. It is one of the diatonic scales, like many musical scales it is made up of seven notes, the eighth duplicates the first at double its frequency so that it is called a higher octave of the same note. In Carnatic music, it is known as Dheerasankarabharanam, and in Hindustani classical music it is known as Bilaval, a major scale is a diatonic scale. The sequence of intervals between the notes of a scale is, whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half where whole stands for a whole tone. A major scale may be seen as two tetrachords separated by a whole tone. Each tetrachord consists of two whole tones followed by a semitone, whole, whole, half, seven sharps or flats make major keys that may be more conveniently spelled with five flats or sharps. The term major scale is used in the names of some other scales whose first, third. The harmonic major scale has a minor sixth and it differs from the harmonic minor scale only by raising the third degree. The melodic major scale is the mode of the jazz minor scale. It is the Ionian scale with a sixth and minor seventh. The combined scale that goes as Ionian ascending and as melodic major descending is also called melodic major, the double harmonic major scale has a minor second and a minor sixth. It is the mode of the Hungarian minor scale. Ionian mode Major and minor Listen to and download harmonised Major scale piano MP3s The major scale for guitar in one position, with derivation
Major scale
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Major scales
