1.
A General History of the Pyrates
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Its author uses the name Captain Charles Johnson, generally considered a pseudonym for one of Londons writer-publishers. The book also contains the name of the flag the Jolly Roger. First appearing in Charles Rivingtons shop in London, the book sold so well that by 1726 an enlarged fourth edition had appeared and it pandered to the British publics taste for the exotic, revelling in graphic stories on the high seas. English naval historian David Cordingly writes, it has said, and there seems no reason to question this. Scottish novelists Robert Louis Stevenson and J. M, the author has remained unknown in spite of numerous attempts by historians to discover his identity. Many scholars have suggested that the author could have been either Daniel Defoe or publisher Nathaniel Mist, the books first publisher of record, Charles Rivington, had printed many books for Mist, who lived just a few yards from his office. More importantly, the General History was registered at Her Majestys Stationery Office in Mists name, the author specifically cites two pirates as having named their flag Jolly Roger, Welsh pirate Bartholomew Roberts in June 1721, and English pirate Francis Spriggs in December 1723. The book gives an almost mythical status to the colourful characters, such as the infamous English pirates Blackbeard. It provides the account of the lives of many people still famous in the 21st century. The book was released in two volumes, the first mostly deals with early 18th-century pirates, while Volume II records the exploits of their predecessors a few decades earlier. In the first volume, the author sticks fairly close to the available sources and he stretches the truth farther in the second volume, and includes the biographies of three subjects who may be entirely fictional. The book has been influential in shaping popular notions of piracy. The buccaneers profiled in Volume I are, Volume II features, as well as biographies of the probably fictional captains James Misson, Lewis, under the Black Flag, The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Port Royal
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Port Royal is a village located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour, in southeastern Jamaica. Founded in 1518 by the Spanish, it was once the largest city in the Caribbean, functioning as the centre of shipping and it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1692, which had an accompanying tsunami. Severe hurricanes have regularly damaged it, another severe earthquake occurred in 1907. Port Royal was once home to privateers encouraged to attack Habsburg Spains vessels when smaller European powers dared not directly make war on Spain, as a port city, it was notorious for its gaudy displays of wealth and loose morals. It was a popular homeport for the English and Dutch-sponsored privateers to spend their treasure during the 17th century and they continued to use the city as their main base during the 17th century. Pirates from around the world congregated at Port Royal, coming from waters as far away as Madagascar, after the 1692 disaster, Port Royals commercial role was steadily taken over by the town of nearby Kingston. Plans were developed in 1999 to redevelop the small fishing town as a tourism destination to serve cruise ships. It could capitalize on its heritage, with archaeological findings from pre-colonial. The Taino Indians occupied this area for centuries before European encounter and they used the area, which they called Caguay or Caguaya, during their fishing expeditions. Although it is not known whether they settled at the spit. The Spanish first landed in Jamaica in 1494 under the leadership of Christopher Columbus, permanent settlement occurred when Juan de Esquivel brought a group of settlers in 1509. They came in search of new lands and valuable resources, like gold, instead they began to cultivate and process the sugar cane. Much like the Taino before them, the Spanish did not appear to have use for the Port Royal area. They did, however, retain its Taino name, Spain kept control of Jamaica mostly so that it could prevent other countries from gaining access to the island, which was strategically sited within the trade routes of the Caribbean. Spain maintained control over the island for 146 years, until the English took control following their invasion of 1655, the town was captured by England in 1655 during the invasion of Jamaica. By 1659 two hundred houses, shops and warehouses had been built around the fort, by 1692 five forts defended the port, the English initially called the place Cagway but soon renamed it as Port Royal. For much of the period between the English conquest and the 1692 earthquake, Port Royal served as the capital of Jamaica, after the earthquake, Spanish Town was designated as the capital. In 1872 the government designated Kingston, the largest city, as the capital, in 1657, as a solution to his defence concerns, Governor Edward DOley invited the Brethren of the Coast to come to Port Royal and make it their home port
4.
Colony of Jamaica
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Jamaica was an English colony from 1655 or 1670, and a British Colony from 1707 until 1962, when it became independent. Jamaica became a Crown colony in 1866, in late 1654, English leader Oliver Cromwell launched the Western Design armada against Spains colonies in the Caribbean. In April 1655, General Robert Venables led the armada in an attack on Spains fort at Santo Domingo, however, the Spanish repulsed this poorly-executed attack, known as the Siege of Santo Domingo, and the English troops were soon decimated by disease. In May 1655, around 7,000 English soldiers landed near Jamaicas Spanish Town capital, the English invasion force soon overwhelmed the small number of Spanish troops. Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the Battle of Ocho Rios in 1657, for England, Jamaica was to be the dagger pointed at the heart of the Spanish Empire, although in fact it was a possession of little economic value then. Cromwell increased the islands white population by sending indentured servants and prisoners captured in battles with the Irish and Scots, as well as some common criminals. This practice was continued under Charles II, and the population was also augmented by immigrants from the North American mainland and other islands. But tropical diseases kept the number of well under 10,000 until about 1740. At the beginning of the century, the number of slaves in Jamaica did not exceed 45,000. Beginning with the Stuart monarchys appointment of a governor to Jamaica in 1661. The second governor, Lord Windsor, brought him in 1662 a proclamation from the king giving Jamaicas non-slave populace the rights of English citizens. The legislature consisted of the governor and an elected but highly unrepresentative House of Assembly, England gained formal possession of Jamaica from Spain in 1670 through the Treaty of Madrid. Removing the pressing need for constant defense against Spanish attack, this served as an incentive to planting. For much of the 1670s and 1680s, Charles II and James II, the last Stuart governor, the Duke of Albemarle, who was more interested in treasure hunting than in planting, turned the planter oligarchy out of office. This settlement also improved the supply of slaves and resulted in more protection, including military support and this was of particular importance during the Anglo-French War in the Caribbean from 1689 to 1713. The sugar monoculture and slave-worked plantation society spread across Jamaica throughout the eighteenth century, when the British captured Jamaica in 1655, the Spanish colonists fled, leaving a large number of African slaves. These former Spanish slaves created three Palenques, or settlements, the third chose to join those who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live and intermarry with the Arawak people. Each group of Maroons established distinct independent communities in the interior of Jamaica
5.
Piracy
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Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship- or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates, the earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, a land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. While the term can include acts committed in the air, on land, or in major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against people traveling on the vessel as the perpetrator. Piracy or pirating is the name of a crime under customary international law. They also use larger vessels, known as ships, to supply the smaller motorboats. The international community is facing challenges in bringing modern pirates to justice. In the 2000s, a number of nations have used their naval forces to protect ships from pirate attacks. The English pirate is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek πειρατής, brigand, in turn from πειράομαι, I attempt, from πεῖρα, attempt, the meaning of the Greek word peiratēs literally is one who attacks. The word is cognate to peril. The term is first attested to c, spelling was not standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as pirrot, pyrate and pyrat were used until this period. It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce, the earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates, the ancient Greeks condoned piracy as a viable profession, it apparently was widespread and regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living. References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence many texts including in Homers Iliad and Odyssey, by the era of Classical Greece, piracy was looked upon as a disgrace to have as a profession. In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos brought impoverishment, among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, a people populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic and it was not until 229 BC when the Romans finally decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended
6.
Capture of the William
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The Capture of the William refers to a small single ship action fought between Calico Jacks pirate ship and a British sloop-of-war from Port Royal, Jamaica. The battle was fought in Dry Harbor Bay, and ended with the capture of the famed pirate, Calico Jack commanded the William, a small but fast twelve ton sloop during the action. Her armament was light, consisting of at least four cannons and at the time of battle carried a crew of fourteen including Jack, Calico Jack was originally a pirate under Captain Charles Vane but soon after turned to piracy. In 1719, he sailed to New Providence to receive a pardon, the War of the Quadruple Alliance had begun and England hoped to make privateers of Caribbean brigands to fight the Spanish. Captain Jack was capable of receiving a pardon, but he did not receive a commission to attack the Spanish fleet, Calico settled in New Providence, where he met Anne Bonny, but when his money was gone he returned to his life of crime. On August 22,1719, Jack and eight men others captured the William from Nassau harbor, Governor of Jamaica, Nicholas Lawes, directed Captain Jonathan Barnet to take two privateer sloops on a mission to hunt him down. The encounter is remembered more for its participants than the actual combat and it was around 10,00 at night on October 20,1720 when the Snow-Tyger discovered the William at anchor in Dry Harbor Bay near the shore. The Williams crew was mostly drunk and sleeping, including Captain Rackham, Barnet ordered his men to extinguish all lights and to silently approach the resting pirates. Once his sloop was near the William, Barnet ordered the pirates to surrender, Captain Rackham awoke and the pirates on deck answered with a few shots from their swivel gun. Captain Barnet then order his ship to return a broadside and to close in, the pirates immediately set sail, trying to flee, but most of the crew retreated into the cabins. The William made it only a few yards before the Snow-Tyger caught up with her, Mary Read, Anne Bonny and another pirate remained on deck and attempted to fight off the attackers, but eventually surrendered. Angered by the cowardice displayed by her shipmates, Read killed one of her fellow pirates after witnessing the retreat into the cabin, the boarding party stormed the cabins and the remaining pirates were captured along with the drunk Calico. A few British fighting men were wounded but none were killed in the quick action, the Snow-Tyger sustained light damage to her sails and rigging and the William suffered heavy damage to her poop. Calico Jack and his crew were taken to Port Royal, where Jack and eleven others were tried on November 16, Calico was disemboweled and his body placed in a cage and gibbeted on the small Deadmans Cay at the entrance of Port Royal. The remains of the pirates were placed at various locations around the port. Mary Read and Anne Bonny avoided hanging by claiming that they were pregnant, Read died several months later before her scheduled execution, some accounts say Bonny retired and settled in North America and others say she returned to piracy. Bonny spoke of Calico and reportedly said that if he had fought like a man, he need not have been hanged like a dog, a now famous saying
7.
Jolly Roger
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Jolly Roger is the traditional English name for the flags flown to identify a pirate ship about to attack during the early 18th century. Use of the term Jolly Roger in reference to pirate flags goes back to at least Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates, johnson specifically cites two pirates as having named their flag Jolly Roger, Bartholomew Roberts in June 1721 and Francis Spriggs in December 1723. Neither Spriggs nor Roberts Jolly Roger consisted of a skull and crossbones, Richard Hawkins, who was captured by pirates in 1724, reported that the pirates had a black flag bearing the figure of a skeleton stabbing a heart with a spear, which they named Jolly Roger. The origin of the name is unclear, in 1703, a pirate named John Quelch was reported to have been flying the Old Roger off Brazil, Old Roger being a nickname for the devil. It is sometimes claimed that the term derives from Jolie Rouge in reference to a red flag used by French privateers and this hypothesis is considered a false etymology, as the phrase Jolie Rouge in reference to a pirate flag does not appear in any historical sources. Another early reference to Old Roger is found in a report in the Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. This Day,26 of the Pirates taken by his Majesty Ship the Greyhound and their black Flag, under which they had committed abundance of Pyracies and Murders, was affixd to one Corner of the Gallows. It had in it the Portraiture of Death, with an Hour-Glass in one Hand, and a Dart in the other, striking into a Heart and this Flag they called Old Roger, and usd to say, They would live and die under it. The first recorded uses of the symbol on naval flags date to the 17th century. It possibly originated among the Barbary pirates of the period, which would connect the black colour of the Jolly Roger to the Muslim black flag. But an early reference to Muslim corsairs flying a skull symbol, in the context of a 1625 slave raid on Cornwall, there are mentions of Francis Drake flying a black flag as early as 1585, but the historicity of this tradition has been called into question. An early record of the design being used on a flag by pirates is found in a December 6,1687 entry in a log book held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The entry describes pirates using the flag, not on a ship, before this time, British privateers such as Sir Henry Morgan sailed under English colours. An early use of a flag with skull, crossbones. Reportedly, these sources are based on the account of Captain John Cranby of HMS Poole and are verified at the London Public Record Office. With the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714 and they still used red and black flags, but now they decorated them with their own designs. Just as variations on the Jolly Roger design existed, red flags sometimes incorporated yellow stripes or images symbolic of death, colored pennants and ribbons could also be used alongside flags. Marcus Rediker claims that most pirates active between 1716 and 1726 were part of one of two large interconnected groups sharing many similarities in organisation, by 1730, the diversity of symbols in prior use had been mostly replaced by the standard design
8.
The Bahamas
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The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America
9.
Calico
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Calico is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached and often not fully processed cotton. It may contain unseparated husk parts, for example, the fabric is far less fine than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim, but it is still very cheap owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance. The fabric was originally from the city of Kozhikode in southwestern India and it was made by the traditional weavers called cāliyans. The raw fabric was dyed and printed in bright hues, Calico originated in Kozhikode in southwestern India during the 11th century. The cloth was known as cāliyan to the natives and it was mentioned in Indian literature by the 12th century when the writer Hēmacandra described calico fabric prints with a lotus design. By the 15th century calico from Gujǎrāt made its appearance in Egypt, trade with Europe followed from the 17th century onwards. Calico was woven using Sūrat cotton for both the warp and weft, in the 18th century, England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth. That industry, centred in the east and south in such as Norwich. Cotton processing was tiny, in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds of cottonwool was imported into England and this was due to commercial legislation to protect the woollen industry. Cheap calico prints, imported by the East India Company from Hindustān, had become popular, in 1700 an Act of Parliament passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India, China or Persia. This caused demand to switch to imported grey cloth instead—calico that had not been finished—dyed or printed and these were printed with popular patterns in southern England. Also, Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft, known as fustian, cottonwool imports recovered though, and by 1720 were almost back to their 1701 levels. Again the woolen manufacturers, in true protectionist fashion, claimed that the imports were taking away from workers in Coventry. A new law passed, enacting fines against anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico muslins, the Lancashire manufacturers exploited this exemption, coloured cotton weft with linen warp were specifically permitted by the 1736 Manchester Act. There now was a demand for woven cloth. In 1764,3,870,392 pounds of cotton-wool were imported and it has been noted that this change in consumer demand a key part of the process that brought the Indian economy from sophisticated textile production to supply of raw materials. These events occurred under colonial rule and were described by Nehru, early Indian chintz, that is, glazed calico with a large floral pattern. Were primarily produced by painting techniques, later, the hues were applied by wooden blocks, and the cloth manufacturers in Britain printing calico used wooden block printing
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