1.
A General History of the Pyrates
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Its author uses the name Captain Charles Johnson, generally considered a pseudonym for one of Londons writer-publishers. The book also contains the name of the flag the Jolly Roger. First appearing in Charles Rivingtons shop in London, the book sold so well that by 1726 an enlarged fourth edition had appeared and it pandered to the British publics taste for the exotic, revelling in graphic stories on the high seas. English naval historian David Cordingly writes, it has said, and there seems no reason to question this. Scottish novelists Robert Louis Stevenson and J. M, the author has remained unknown in spite of numerous attempts by historians to discover his identity. Many scholars have suggested that the author could have been either Daniel Defoe or publisher Nathaniel Mist, the books first publisher of record, Charles Rivington, had printed many books for Mist, who lived just a few yards from his office. More importantly, the General History was registered at Her Majestys Stationery Office in Mists name, the author specifically cites two pirates as having named their flag Jolly Roger, Welsh pirate Bartholomew Roberts in June 1721, and English pirate Francis Spriggs in December 1723. The book gives an almost mythical status to the colourful characters, such as the infamous English pirates Blackbeard. It provides the account of the lives of many people still famous in the 21st century. The book was released in two volumes, the first mostly deals with early 18th-century pirates, while Volume II records the exploits of their predecessors a few decades earlier. In the first volume, the author sticks fairly close to the available sources and he stretches the truth farther in the second volume, and includes the biographies of three subjects who may be entirely fictional. The book has been influential in shaping popular notions of piracy. The buccaneers profiled in Volume I are, Volume II features, as well as biographies of the probably fictional captains James Misson, Lewis, under the Black Flag, The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Port Royal
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Port Royal is a village located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour, in southeastern Jamaica. Founded in 1518 by the Spanish, it was once the largest city in the Caribbean, functioning as the centre of shipping and it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1692, which had an accompanying tsunami. Severe hurricanes have regularly damaged it, another severe earthquake occurred in 1907. Port Royal was once home to privateers encouraged to attack Habsburg Spains vessels when smaller European powers dared not directly make war on Spain, as a port city, it was notorious for its gaudy displays of wealth and loose morals. It was a popular homeport for the English and Dutch-sponsored privateers to spend their treasure during the 17th century and they continued to use the city as their main base during the 17th century. Pirates from around the world congregated at Port Royal, coming from waters as far away as Madagascar, after the 1692 disaster, Port Royals commercial role was steadily taken over by the town of nearby Kingston. Plans were developed in 1999 to redevelop the small fishing town as a tourism destination to serve cruise ships. It could capitalize on its heritage, with archaeological findings from pre-colonial. The Taino Indians occupied this area for centuries before European encounter and they used the area, which they called Caguay or Caguaya, during their fishing expeditions. Although it is not known whether they settled at the spit. The Spanish first landed in Jamaica in 1494 under the leadership of Christopher Columbus, permanent settlement occurred when Juan de Esquivel brought a group of settlers in 1509. They came in search of new lands and valuable resources, like gold, instead they began to cultivate and process the sugar cane. Much like the Taino before them, the Spanish did not appear to have use for the Port Royal area. They did, however, retain its Taino name, Spain kept control of Jamaica mostly so that it could prevent other countries from gaining access to the island, which was strategically sited within the trade routes of the Caribbean. Spain maintained control over the island for 146 years, until the English took control following their invasion of 1655, the town was captured by England in 1655 during the invasion of Jamaica. By 1659 two hundred houses, shops and warehouses had been built around the fort, by 1692 five forts defended the port, the English initially called the place Cagway but soon renamed it as Port Royal. For much of the period between the English conquest and the 1692 earthquake, Port Royal served as the capital of Jamaica, after the earthquake, Spanish Town was designated as the capital. In 1872 the government designated Kingston, the largest city, as the capital, in 1657, as a solution to his defence concerns, Governor Edward DOley invited the Brethren of the Coast to come to Port Royal and make it their home port
4.
Colony of Jamaica
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Jamaica was an English colony from 1655 or 1670, and a British Colony from 1707 until 1962, when it became independent. Jamaica became a Crown colony in 1866, in late 1654, English leader Oliver Cromwell launched the Western Design armada against Spains colonies in the Caribbean. In April 1655, General Robert Venables led the armada in an attack on Spains fort at Santo Domingo, however, the Spanish repulsed this poorly-executed attack, known as the Siege of Santo Domingo, and the English troops were soon decimated by disease. In May 1655, around 7,000 English soldiers landed near Jamaicas Spanish Town capital, the English invasion force soon overwhelmed the small number of Spanish troops. Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the Battle of Ocho Rios in 1657, for England, Jamaica was to be the dagger pointed at the heart of the Spanish Empire, although in fact it was a possession of little economic value then. Cromwell increased the islands white population by sending indentured servants and prisoners captured in battles with the Irish and Scots, as well as some common criminals. This practice was continued under Charles II, and the population was also augmented by immigrants from the North American mainland and other islands. But tropical diseases kept the number of well under 10,000 until about 1740. At the beginning of the century, the number of slaves in Jamaica did not exceed 45,000. Beginning with the Stuart monarchys appointment of a governor to Jamaica in 1661. The second governor, Lord Windsor, brought him in 1662 a proclamation from the king giving Jamaicas non-slave populace the rights of English citizens. The legislature consisted of the governor and an elected but highly unrepresentative House of Assembly, England gained formal possession of Jamaica from Spain in 1670 through the Treaty of Madrid. Removing the pressing need for constant defense against Spanish attack, this served as an incentive to planting. For much of the 1670s and 1680s, Charles II and James II, the last Stuart governor, the Duke of Albemarle, who was more interested in treasure hunting than in planting, turned the planter oligarchy out of office. This settlement also improved the supply of slaves and resulted in more protection, including military support and this was of particular importance during the Anglo-French War in the Caribbean from 1689 to 1713. The sugar monoculture and slave-worked plantation society spread across Jamaica throughout the eighteenth century, when the British captured Jamaica in 1655, the Spanish colonists fled, leaving a large number of African slaves. These former Spanish slaves created three Palenques, or settlements, the third chose to join those who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live and intermarry with the Arawak people. Each group of Maroons established distinct independent communities in the interior of Jamaica
5.
Piracy
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Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship- or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates, the earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, a land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. While the term can include acts committed in the air, on land, or in major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against people traveling on the vessel as the perpetrator. Piracy or pirating is the name of a crime under customary international law. They also use larger vessels, known as ships, to supply the smaller motorboats. The international community is facing challenges in bringing modern pirates to justice. In the 2000s, a number of nations have used their naval forces to protect ships from pirate attacks. The English pirate is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek πειρατής, brigand, in turn from πειράομαι, I attempt, from πεῖρα, attempt, the meaning of the Greek word peiratēs literally is one who attacks. The word is cognate to peril. The term is first attested to c, spelling was not standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as pirrot, pyrate and pyrat were used until this period. It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce, the earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates, the ancient Greeks condoned piracy as a viable profession, it apparently was widespread and regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living. References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence many texts including in Homers Iliad and Odyssey, by the era of Classical Greece, piracy was looked upon as a disgrace to have as a profession. In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos brought impoverishment, among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, a people populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic and it was not until 229 BC when the Romans finally decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended
6.
Capture of the William
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The Capture of the William refers to a small single ship action fought between Calico Jacks pirate ship and a British sloop-of-war from Port Royal, Jamaica. The battle was fought in Dry Harbor Bay, and ended with the capture of the famed pirate, Calico Jack commanded the William, a small but fast twelve ton sloop during the action. Her armament was light, consisting of at least four cannons and at the time of battle carried a crew of fourteen including Jack, Calico Jack was originally a pirate under Captain Charles Vane but soon after turned to piracy. In 1719, he sailed to New Providence to receive a pardon, the War of the Quadruple Alliance had begun and England hoped to make privateers of Caribbean brigands to fight the Spanish. Captain Jack was capable of receiving a pardon, but he did not receive a commission to attack the Spanish fleet, Calico settled in New Providence, where he met Anne Bonny, but when his money was gone he returned to his life of crime. On August 22,1719, Jack and eight men others captured the William from Nassau harbor, Governor of Jamaica, Nicholas Lawes, directed Captain Jonathan Barnet to take two privateer sloops on a mission to hunt him down. The encounter is remembered more for its participants than the actual combat and it was around 10,00 at night on October 20,1720 when the Snow-Tyger discovered the William at anchor in Dry Harbor Bay near the shore. The Williams crew was mostly drunk and sleeping, including Captain Rackham, Barnet ordered his men to extinguish all lights and to silently approach the resting pirates. Once his sloop was near the William, Barnet ordered the pirates to surrender, Captain Rackham awoke and the pirates on deck answered with a few shots from their swivel gun. Captain Barnet then order his ship to return a broadside and to close in, the pirates immediately set sail, trying to flee, but most of the crew retreated into the cabins. The William made it only a few yards before the Snow-Tyger caught up with her, Mary Read, Anne Bonny and another pirate remained on deck and attempted to fight off the attackers, but eventually surrendered. Angered by the cowardice displayed by her shipmates, Read killed one of her fellow pirates after witnessing the retreat into the cabin, the boarding party stormed the cabins and the remaining pirates were captured along with the drunk Calico. A few British fighting men were wounded but none were killed in the quick action, the Snow-Tyger sustained light damage to her sails and rigging and the William suffered heavy damage to her poop. Calico Jack and his crew were taken to Port Royal, where Jack and eleven others were tried on November 16, Calico was disemboweled and his body placed in a cage and gibbeted on the small Deadmans Cay at the entrance of Port Royal. The remains of the pirates were placed at various locations around the port. Mary Read and Anne Bonny avoided hanging by claiming that they were pregnant, Read died several months later before her scheduled execution, some accounts say Bonny retired and settled in North America and others say she returned to piracy. Bonny spoke of Calico and reportedly said that if he had fought like a man, he need not have been hanged like a dog, a now famous saying
7.
Jolly Roger
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Jolly Roger is the traditional English name for the flags flown to identify a pirate ship about to attack during the early 18th century. Use of the term Jolly Roger in reference to pirate flags goes back to at least Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates, johnson specifically cites two pirates as having named their flag Jolly Roger, Bartholomew Roberts in June 1721 and Francis Spriggs in December 1723. Neither Spriggs nor Roberts Jolly Roger consisted of a skull and crossbones, Richard Hawkins, who was captured by pirates in 1724, reported that the pirates had a black flag bearing the figure of a skeleton stabbing a heart with a spear, which they named Jolly Roger. The origin of the name is unclear, in 1703, a pirate named John Quelch was reported to have been flying the Old Roger off Brazil, Old Roger being a nickname for the devil. It is sometimes claimed that the term derives from Jolie Rouge in reference to a red flag used by French privateers and this hypothesis is considered a false etymology, as the phrase Jolie Rouge in reference to a pirate flag does not appear in any historical sources. Another early reference to Old Roger is found in a report in the Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. This Day,26 of the Pirates taken by his Majesty Ship the Greyhound and their black Flag, under which they had committed abundance of Pyracies and Murders, was affixd to one Corner of the Gallows. It had in it the Portraiture of Death, with an Hour-Glass in one Hand, and a Dart in the other, striking into a Heart and this Flag they called Old Roger, and usd to say, They would live and die under it. The first recorded uses of the symbol on naval flags date to the 17th century. It possibly originated among the Barbary pirates of the period, which would connect the black colour of the Jolly Roger to the Muslim black flag. But an early reference to Muslim corsairs flying a skull symbol, in the context of a 1625 slave raid on Cornwall, there are mentions of Francis Drake flying a black flag as early as 1585, but the historicity of this tradition has been called into question. An early record of the design being used on a flag by pirates is found in a December 6,1687 entry in a log book held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The entry describes pirates using the flag, not on a ship, before this time, British privateers such as Sir Henry Morgan sailed under English colours. An early use of a flag with skull, crossbones. Reportedly, these sources are based on the account of Captain John Cranby of HMS Poole and are verified at the London Public Record Office. With the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714 and they still used red and black flags, but now they decorated them with their own designs. Just as variations on the Jolly Roger design existed, red flags sometimes incorporated yellow stripes or images symbolic of death, colored pennants and ribbons could also be used alongside flags. Marcus Rediker claims that most pirates active between 1716 and 1726 were part of one of two large interconnected groups sharing many similarities in organisation, by 1730, the diversity of symbols in prior use had been mostly replaced by the standard design
8.
The Bahamas
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The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America
9.
Calico
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Calico is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached and often not fully processed cotton. It may contain unseparated husk parts, for example, the fabric is far less fine than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim, but it is still very cheap owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance. The fabric was originally from the city of Kozhikode in southwestern India and it was made by the traditional weavers called cāliyans. The raw fabric was dyed and printed in bright hues, Calico originated in Kozhikode in southwestern India during the 11th century. The cloth was known as cāliyan to the natives and it was mentioned in Indian literature by the 12th century when the writer Hēmacandra described calico fabric prints with a lotus design. By the 15th century calico from Gujǎrāt made its appearance in Egypt, trade with Europe followed from the 17th century onwards. Calico was woven using Sūrat cotton for both the warp and weft, in the 18th century, England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth. That industry, centred in the east and south in such as Norwich. Cotton processing was tiny, in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds of cottonwool was imported into England and this was due to commercial legislation to protect the woollen industry. Cheap calico prints, imported by the East India Company from Hindustān, had become popular, in 1700 an Act of Parliament passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India, China or Persia. This caused demand to switch to imported grey cloth instead—calico that had not been finished—dyed or printed and these were printed with popular patterns in southern England. Also, Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft, known as fustian, cottonwool imports recovered though, and by 1720 were almost back to their 1701 levels. Again the woolen manufacturers, in true protectionist fashion, claimed that the imports were taking away from workers in Coventry. A new law passed, enacting fines against anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico muslins, the Lancashire manufacturers exploited this exemption, coloured cotton weft with linen warp were specifically permitted by the 1736 Manchester Act. There now was a demand for woven cloth. In 1764,3,870,392 pounds of cotton-wool were imported and it has been noted that this change in consumer demand a key part of the process that brought the Indian economy from sophisticated textile production to supply of raw materials. These events occurred under colonial rule and were described by Nehru, early Indian chintz, that is, glazed calico with a large floral pattern. Were primarily produced by painting techniques, later, the hues were applied by wooden blocks, and the cloth manufacturers in Britain printing calico used wooden block printing
10.
Golden Age of Piracy
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The Golden Age of Piracy is a common designation given to usually one or more outbursts of piracy in the maritime history of the early modern period. The modern conception of pirates as depicted in culture is derived largely, although not always accurately. The colonial powers at the time fought with pirates and engaged in several notable battles. Powell uses the only once. Its golden age may be said to have extended from about 1650 to about 1720, Pirate historians of the first half of the 20th century occasionally adopted Fiskes term Golden Age, without necessarily following his beginning and ending dates for it. This idea starkly contradicted Fiske, who had denied that such Elizabethan figures as Drake were pirates. Of recent definitions, Pringle appears to have the widest range, as early as 1924, Philip Gosse described piracy as being at its height from 1680 until 1730. Bottings definition was followed by Frank Sherry in 1986. In a 1989 academic article, Professor Marcus Rediker defined the Golden Age as lasting only from 1716 to 1726, angus Konstam in 1998, reckoned the era as lasting from 1700 until 1730. David Cordingly, in his influential 1994 work Under the Black Flag, defined the age of piracy as lasting from the 1650s to around 1725. Rediker, in 2004, described the most complex definition of the Golden Age to date, most of these pirates were of Welsh, English, Dutch and French origin. This involved considerable seaborne trade, and an economic improvement. The buccaneers migration from Hispaniolas mainland to the more defensible offshore island of Tortuga limited their resources, the growth of buccaneering on Tortuga was augmented by the English capture of Jamaica from Spain in 1655. In the 1660s, the new French governor of Tortuga, Bertrand dOgeron and these conditions brought Caribbean buccaneering to its zenith. A number of factors caused Anglo-American pirates, some of whom had cut their teeth during the buccaneering period, the fall of Britains Stuart period had restored the traditional enmity between Britain and France, thus ending the profitable collaboration between English Jamaica and French Tortuga. The devastation of Port Royal by an earthquake in 1692 further reduced the Caribbeans attractions by destroying the pirates chief market for fenced plunder. Furthermore, much of the Spanish Main had simply been exhausted, at the same time, Englands less-favored colonies, including Bermuda, New York, and Rhode Island, had become cash-starved by the Navigation Acts. This set the stage for the piracies of Thomas Tew, Henry Every, Robert Culliford
11.
Mary Read
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Mary Read, also known as Mark Read, was an English pirate. Mary Read was illegitimately born in England, in the late 17th century and her date of birth is disputed among historians because of a reference to the Peace of Ryswick by her contemporary biographer Captain Charles Johnson in A General History of the Pirates. He very well may have made an error, intending to refer to the Treaty of Utrecht, whichever it is, her birth was around 1691. Because she had become pregnant as a result of a following the disappearance of her husband, Reads mother attempted to hide the birth of her daughter. She first began to disguise illegitimately born Mary as a boy after the death of Marys older and this was done in order to continue to receive financial support from Reads paternal grandmother. The grandmother was apparently fooled, and Read and her mother lived on the inheritance into her teenage years, still dressed as a boy, Read then found work as a foot-boy, and later found employment on a ship. She later joined the British military, allied with Dutch forces against the French, Read, in male disguise, proved herself through battle, but she fell in love with a Flemish soldier. When they married, she used their military commission and gifts from intrigued brethren in arms as a source to acquire an inn named De drie hoefijzers near Breda Castle in The Netherlands. Upon her husbands death, Read resumed male dress and military service in Holland. With peace, there was no room for advancement, so she quit, Reads ship was taken by Pirates, who forced her to join them. She took the Kings pardon c, 1718-1719, and took a commission to privateer, until that ended with her joining the crew in mutiny. In 1720 she joined pirate John Calico Jack Rackham and his companion, the pirate Anne Bonny, on 22 August 1720 the three stole an armed sloop named William from port in Nassau. Reads gender was revealed when Bonny told Read that she was a woman, realising this, Read revealed that she too was a woman. However, Rackham, as Bonnys lover, did not know this, to abate his jealousy, Bonny told him that Read was also a woman. After a volley of fire left the pirate vessel disabled, Rackhams crew and their guests fled to the hold, leaving only the women and one other to fight Barnets boarding party. Allegedly, Read angrily shot into the hold, killing one, Barnets crew eventually overcame the women. Rackham and his crew were arrested and brought to trial in what is now known as Spanish Town, Jamaica, however, the women escaped the noose when they revealed they were both quick with child, so they received a temporary stay of execution. Read died of a violent fever while in prison and her 28 April 1721 burial is in the records of St. Catherines church in Jamaica
12.
Anne Bonny
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Anne Bonny was an Irish pirate operating in the Caribbean, and one of several noted women in piracy. The little that is known of her life comes largely from Captain Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates, Anne Bonny was born around 1700. Her birth name was Anne McCormac, and her birthplace was Cork and she was the daughter of servant woman Mary Brennan and Brennans employer, lawyer William McCormac. Official records and contemporary letters dealing with her life are scarce, annes father William McCormac first moved to London to get away from his wifes family and he began dressing his daughter as a boy and calling her Andy. When discovered, McCormac moved to the Carolinas, taking along his former serving girl, annes father dropped the Mc from their Irish name to more easily blend into the Charles Town citizenry. At first the family had a start in their new home. Annes mother died when Anne was 12 and her father attempted to establish himself as an attorney, but did not do well. Eventually, he joined the more profitable merchant business and accumulated a substantial fortune. It is recorded that Anne had red hair and was considered a good catch and she married a poor sailor and small-time pirate named James Bonny. James hoped to win possession of his father-in-laws estate, but Anne was disowned by her father, there is a story that Bonny set fire to her fathers plantation in retaliation, but no evidence exists in support. However, it is known that, some time between 1714 and 1718, she and James Bonny moved to Nassau, on New Providence Island, many inhabitants received a Kings Pardon or otherwise evaded the law. It is also recorded that, after the arrival of Governor Woodes Rogers in the summer of 1718, while in the Bahamas, Bonny began mingling with pirates in the local taverns. She met John Calico Jack Rackham, captain of the pirate sloop Revenge, many different theories state that he was left with his family or simply abandoned. Bonny rejoined Rackham and continued the life, having divorced her husband. Bonny, Rackham, and Mary Read stole the ship William, then at anchor in Nassau harbour, Rackham and the two women recruited a new crew. Their crew spent years in Jamaica and the surrounding area, over the next several months, they enjoyed success, capturing many, albeit smaller, vessels and bringing in abundant treasure. Bonny took part in alongside the men, and the accounts of her exploits present her as competent, effective in combat. Governor Rogers had named her in a Wanted Pirates circular published in the only newspaper
13.
Charles Vane
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Charles Vane was an English pirate who preyed upon English and French shipping. His pirate career lasted from 1716–1720 and his death was by hanging at Gallows Point, Port Royal, Jamaica. Little is known of Vanes early life and he lived in Port Royal before becoming a pirate, but he was most likely not born there. Vane worked with Henry Jennings during Jennings attack on the camp for the wrecked Spanish 1715 Treasure Fleet. Vane first operated as an independent captain in the summer of 1717, by the winter of that year he was one of the leaders of the pirates operating out of Nassau. On 23 February 1718, Captain Vincent Pearse arrived at Nassau in HMS Phoenix, Vane was captured along with his sloop, the Lark, and he took the Kings pardon. But on March 21, Vane and his men (including Edward England and Calico Jack Rackham turned pirate again, Vane sailed back to Nassau and harassed Pearse repeatedly, recapturing the Lark. Vane left Nassau on 4 April, four days later Pearse left with HMS Phoenix, after leaving Nassau, Vane raided ships around the Bahamas. He gained a reputation for cruelty, he and his crew would often beat or torture captured sailors to force them to surrender their valuables, around this time Vanes crew renamed the Lark, calling it the Ranger. Vane cruised again in May and June, capturing, among other ships, Vane was back at Nassau on 22 July 1718 when Woodes Rogers reached Nassau to take office as the new governor. Rogers ships trapped Vane in the harbor, Vanes ship was too large to pass one of the two entrances, and the other was blocked by Rogers fleet. That night, Vane turned the French ship into a fireship, setting it on fire, the fireship failed to damage any of Rogers fleet, but the ships were forced to pull away, unblocking the channel. Vane commandeered a small sloop, the Katherine, and escaped out the entrance as Rogers ships returned. Vane took ships off the Bahamas in July, working with Charles Yeats, a brigantine that Vane captured became his new flagship. In August he sailed to Charleston and took eight ships there, after seizing a slave ship, he put the slaves aboard Yeats ship, Yeats sailed off with the slaves and surrendered to the governor of South Carolina in exchange for a pardon. The merchants of Charleston outfitted two sloops to hunt Vane, under the command of William Rhett, Rhett failed to find Vane, but his ships located and captured the pirate Stede Bonnet. Vane returned to Nassau in September, threatening to retake the city, in October Vane raided Eleuthera, carrying away liquor and livestock. On 23 November, Vane spotted a frigate, but when he hoisted the Jolly Roger the frigate replied by raising a French naval ensign
14.
Leeward Islands
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The Leeward Islands /ˈliːwərd/ are a group of islands in the West Indies. In English, the term refers to the islands of the Lesser Antilles chain. As a group they start east of Puerto Rico and reach southward to Dominica and they are situated where the northeastern Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. The more southerly part of the Lesser Antilles chain are called the Windward Islands, the name of this island group, Leeward Islands, dates from previous centuries, when sailing ships were the sole form of transportation across the Atlantic Ocean. In the West Indies, the winds, known as the trade winds. The early Spanish colonizers called Puerto Rico and the islands to the west Sotavento, the islands to the south and east of Puerto Rico were then called Islas de Barlovento, meaning windward islands. When the British gained control of many of the Lesser Antilles, they designated Antigua, Montserrat, guadeloupe and the islands to the south were designated Windward Islands. Later on, all north of Martinique became known as the Leeward Islands. Thus, Dominica is the first of the Leeward islands, the islands along the Venezuelan coast, known in English as the Leeward Antilles, in languages other than English are known as the Leeward Islands. The islands are affected by volcanism, and notable eruptions have occurred in Montserrat in the 1990s. The islands were among the first parts of the Americas to fall under the control of the Spanish Empire, mont serrat in Catalan means saw mountain, referring to the serrated appearance of the mountain range. The Leeward Islands became a British colony in 1671, in 1699, prior to the War of the Spanish Succession, Christopher Codrington became the governor of the Leeward Islands. The war lasted from 1701 to 1714, daniel Parke II was the British governor of the Leeward Islands from 1706 to 1710. He was assassinated during a mutiny triggered by his self-enriching enforcement of Stuart imperialism, although comparatively much smaller than the surrounding islands in the Caribbean, the Leeward Islands posed the most significant rebellion to the British Stamp Act. In 1816 the colony was dissolved, with its last governor being James Leith, in 1833, the colony was reformed. From 1833 until 1871, the Governor of Antigua performed the duties of the Governor of the Leeward Islands, today the Islands are governed by a number of national and colonial administrations. Digital Library of the Caribbean−dloc. org, Antigua, Montserrat and Virgin Islands Gazette — openly−freely available, with searchable text and full page images
15.
Jamaica Channel
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The Jamaica Channel is a strait separating the islands of Jamaica and Hispaniola, in the Caribbean Sea. Along with the Windward Passage to its north, it connects the Caribbean Sea to the North Atlantic Ocean, the strait is about 190 kilometres wide with depths of up to 1,200 metres. Located in the strait about 55 kilometres west of Haiti is Navassa Island, an uninhabited and disputed island measuring 5.2 km²
16.
Windward Passage
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The Windward Passage is a strait in the Caribbean Sea, between the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. The strait specifically lies between the easternmost region of Cuba and the northwest of Haiti,80 km wide, the Windward Passage has a threshold depth of 1,700 m. From either the tip of the Guantánamo Province of Cuba, or the western tip of Haitis Nord-Ouest Department. The Septentrional-Oriente fault zone passes through the Windward Passage from the southern coast of Cuba to the northern coast of Hispaniola, during the Holocene the slip rate between these two islands was 9 ±3 mm /year. The Septentrional Fault extends east at least to the still active Mona Rift in the Mona Passage, where extension occurs between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico
17.
New Providence
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New Providence is the most populous island in the Bahamas, containing more than 70% of the total population. It houses the national city of Nassau. The island was originally under Spanish control following Christopher Columbuss discovery of the New World, Nassau, the islands largest city, was formerly known as Charles-town, but it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684. It was laid out and renamed Nassau in 1695 by Nicholas Trott, the three branches of Bahamian Government, the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary, are all headquartered on New Providence. New Providence functions as the commercial hub of the Bahamas. It is also home to more than 400 banks and trust companies, the name New Providence Island is derived from a 16th‐century governor who gave thanks to Divine Providence for his survival after a shipwreck. The New was added later to distinguish it from Providencia off the Mosquito Coast used by pirates, after 1670, Bermudian salt rakers gathering sea salt in Grand Turk and Inagua became regular visitors to the island. The first lasting European occupation was on Eleuthera in 1648, by 1670, there were over 900 people on the settlement of Charles-Town. Due to ineffective governors, Charles-Town was attacked by the French and Spanish navies, became a base for pirates. However, two later in 1686, new English colonists from Jamaica came and settled. They were called back by the governor of Jamaica, but they ignored this order, in 1695, Governor Nicolas Trott rebuilt the town and added a fort, both were called Nassau. However, the fort was damaged in a Spanish attack in 1700. Due to the lack of cannon and soldiers in the fort, by 1713, there were over 1000 pirates in Nassau and they outnumbered the 400–500 law-abiding inhabitants. In 1718, Governor Woodes Rogers came in and offered a pardon for any willing to give up their ways. Using his intelligence and threatening to them if they did not take the pardon. In February 1776, American Esek Hopkins led a squadron of seven ships in an effort to raid the British-held island in order to secure supplies. In an event known as the Battle of Nassau, on March 3 and 4, Hopkins landed the first-ever amphibious assault by American military forces consisting of 250 Marines, under the covering fire of the Providence and Wasp, the attackers overwhelmed Fort Montague. The British retreated to Fort Nassau, but then surrendered to Continental forces, the Americans managed to secure 88 cannon and 15 mortars, but most of the much desired gunpowder was evacuated before capture
18.
Sloop
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A sloop is a sailing boat with a single mast and a fore-and-aft rig. A sloop has only one head-sail, if a vessel has two or more head-sails, the cutter is used, and its mast may be set further aft than on a sloop. The most common rig of modern sailboats is the Bermuda-rigged sloop, typically, a modern sloop carries a mainsail on a boom aft of the mast, with a single loose-footed head-sail forward of the mast. Sloops are either masthead-rigged or fractional-rigged, on a masthead-rigged sloop, the forestay attaches at the top of the mast. The mainsail may be smaller than the headsail, which is called a genoa jib. On a fractional-rigged sloop, the forestay attaches to the mast at a point below the top, typically 3/4 of the way to top, or perhaps 7/8 or some other fraction. The mast of a fractional-rigged sloop may be placed forward, compared to a masthead-rigged sloop. After the cat rig, which has only a mainsail, the rig is one of the simpler sailing rig configurations. A sloop typically has two sails, a mainsail and a headsail, while the cutter has a mainsail and two or more headsails, next in complexity are the ketch, the yawl and the schooner, each of which has two masts and a minimum of three sails. A sloop has a system of mast rigging — a forestay. By having only two sails, the sails of a sloop are larger than those of an equivalent cutter. Until the advent of lightweight sailcloth and modern sail-handling systems, the sails of a sloop could be a handful. So, until the 1950s, sailboats over 10 metres Length Over All would typically use a rig or a two-mast rig. After the advent of modern winches and light sailcloth, the became the dominant sailing rig type for all. No rig type is perfect for all conditions, sloops, with their paucity of spars and control lines tend to impart less aerodynamic drag. Compared to other rigs, sloops tend to very well when sailing close hauled to windward. Cutters, ketches and yawls are often preferred to sloops when venturing far offshore, because it is easier to reef small sails as the wind increases, while still keeping the boat balanced. To maximize the amount of sail carried, the classic sloop may use a bowsprit, for downwind sailing, the typical foresail may be replaced by larger curved sails known as spinnakers or gennakers
19.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
20.
Hanging
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Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck. Hanging has been a method of capital punishment since medieval times. The first account of execution by hanging was in Homers Odyssey, in this specialised meaning of the common word hang, the past and past participle is hanged instead of hung. Hanging is also a method of suicide in which a person applies a ligature to the neck and brings about unconsciousness. There are four ways of performing a judicial hanging, suspension hanging, the drop, the standard drop. A mechanised form of hanging, the upright jerker, was experimented with in the 18th century. Suspension, like the drop, causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The short drop is performed by placing the condemned prisoner on the back of a cart, horse, or other vehicle, the object is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope. A ladder was also used with the condemned being forced to ascend, after which the noose was tied. Another method involves using a stool, which the condemned is required to stand on, the executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 4 feet high beside the condemned, and guides the head downward with his hand simultaneous to the efforts of his assistants. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank was also executed in this manner in 1946 in Prague and its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those where judicial systems had an English origin. It was considered an improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the persons neck, causing immediate paralysis. This method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that, The hangman botched the execution, a Life magazine report on the execution merely says, The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight and this process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. The careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose contributed to breaking the neck, between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were taken into account
21.
Quartermaster
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Quartermaster is a military or naval term, the meaning of which depends on the country and service. In land armies, a quartermaster is generally a senior soldier who supervises stores and distributes supplies. In many navies, quartermaster is an officer rank. In some navies, it is not a rank but a related to navigation. The term appears to derive from the title of a German royal official and this term meant master of quarters. Or it could have derived from master of the quarterdeck where the helmsman. The term was adopted by some European armies and navies. The first use in English was as a term, entering English via the equivalent French and Dutch naval titles quartier-maître. The term began to refer to officers in English around 1600. For land armies, the term was first coined in Germany as Quartiermeister, in the 17th century, it started to be used in various militaries in the sense of organizing supplies. In the British Army, the Quartermaster is the officer in a battalion or regiment responsible for supply, by longstanding tradition, he or she is always commissioned from the ranks and holds the rank of captain or major. Some units also have a Technical Quartermaster, who is in charge of technical stores, the Quartermaster is assisted by the Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant and a staff of storemen. The QM, RQMS and storemen are drawn from the regiment or corps in which work, not from the Royal Logistic Corps. Units which specialize in supply are known as units, not quartermaster units. From at least the English Civil War period until 1813, the Quartermaster was the senior NCO in a British cavalry troop, in that year, the position was replaced by the new appointment of Troop Sergeant Major, with the cavalry adopting commissioned, regimental Quartermasters as described above. In recent years, the Quartermaster has been a trained officer of the Logistics Branch. The Quartermaster was responsible for operations in the Imperial Russian Army. In the United States Army, the term is used to describe all supply personnel, in the Swiss Army, a Quartermaster is an Officer in charge with the coordination of the Kommissariatsdienst of a Battalion, Regiment and Brigade/Division
22.
Republic of Pirates
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The Republic of Pirates is the nomenclature for the base or stronghold run by privateers-turned-pirates in Nassau on New Providence island in the Bahamas for about eleven years from 1706 until 1718. Although not a state or republic in a sense, it was governed by its own informal Code of Conduct. The activities of the pirates caused havoc with trade and shipping in the West Indies, until governor Woodes Rogers reached Nassau in 1718 and restored British control. The era of piracy in the Bahamas began in 1696, when the privateer Henry Every brought his ship the Fancy loaded with loot from plundering Indian Empire trade ships into Nassau harbour. Every bribed the governor Nicholas Trott with gold and silver, and with the Fancy itself and this established Nassau as a base where pirates could operate safely, although various governors regularly made a show of suppressing piracy. Although the governors were still legally in charge, the pirates became increasingly powerful, Nassau was then taken over by English privateers, who became completely lawless pirates over time. The pirates attacked French and Spanish ships, while the French, Pirates established themselves in Nassau, and essentially established their own republic with its own governors. By 1713 the War of the Spanish Succession was over, but many British privateers were slow to get the news, or reluctant to accept it and this led to large numbers of unemployed privateers making their way to New Providence to join the republic and swell its numbers. The republic was dominated by two pirates who were bitter rivals – Benjamin Hornigold and Henry Jennings. Hornigold was mentor to such as the infamous Edward Teach, known as Blackbeard, along with Sam Bellamy. Jennings was mentor to Charles Vane, Calico Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, despite their rivalries, the pirates formed themselves into the Flying Gang and quickly became infamous for their exploits. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1000 pirates in Nassau at that time, Blackbeard was later voted by the pirates of Nassau to be their Magistrate, to be in command of their Republic and enforce law and order as he saw fit. The amount of havoc the pirates were causing led to an outcry for their destruction, in 1718 Rogers arrived in Nassau with a fleet of seven ships, carrying a pardon for all those who turned themselves in and refrained from further piracy. As a former privateer himself, Hornigold was well placed to understand what needed to be done, although pirates such as Charles Vane and Blackbeard evaded capture, Hornigold did take ten pirates prisoner and on the morning of 12 December 1718, nine of them were executed. This act re-established British control and ended the republic in the Bahamas. Those pirates who had fled successfully continued their piratical activities elsewhere in the Caribbean in what has become known as the Golden Age of Piracy. The pirates ran their affairs using what was called the Pirate code, according to the code, the pirates ran their ships democratically, sharing plunder equally and selecting and deposing their captains by popular vote. Some of the pirates were also Jacobites, who had become pirates to help restore the recently deposed Stuart line to the throne
23.
Man-of-war
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The man-of-war was a British Royal Navy expression for a powerful warship or frigate from the 16th to the 19th century. The term often refers to an armed with cannon and propelled primarily by sails. The man-of-war was developed in England in the early 16th century from earlier roundships with the addition of a second mast to form the carrack, the 16th century saw the carrack evolve into the galleon and then the ship of the line. The evolution of the term has been given thus, Man-of-war, a phrase applied to a line of battle ship, contrary to the usual rule in the English language by which all ships are feminine. It probably arose in the manner, Men of war were heavily armed soldiers. A ship full of them would be called a man-of-war ship, in process of time the word ship was discarded as unnecessary and there remained the phrase a man-of-war. The man-of-war design developed by Sir John Hawkins, had three masts, each three to four sails. The ship could be up to 60 metres long and could have up to 124 guns, four at the bow, eight at the stern, all these cannons required three gun decks to hold them, one more than any earlier ship. It had a maximum sailing speed of eight or nine knots
24.
Bermuda
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Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately 1,070 km east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,1,236 km south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Bermuda is an associate member of Caribbean Community. The first person known to have reached Bermuda was the Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 and he claimed the islands for the Spanish Empire. Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but made two visits to the archipelago, of which he created a recognisable map, shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription on Portuguese Rock. Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, the island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615, at that time, the companys charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, after 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda became the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory and its first capital, St. Georges, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World. Bermudas economy is based on insurance and reinsurance, and tourism. Bermuda had one of the worlds highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century, recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. The island is in the belt and prone to severe weather. However, it is protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island. It is 898 nautical miles northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west-northwest of Cape Verde, southeast of New York City, New York, north-northwest of Brazil and north of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The archipelago is formed by points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the process that formed the floor of the Atlantic. It has 103 km of coastline, the two incorporated municipalities in Bermuda are the City of Hamilton and the Town of St George. Bermuda is divided into nine parishes, which have some localities called villages, such as Flatts Village, although usually referred to in the singular, the territory consists of 181 islands, with a total area of 53.3 square kilometres
25.
Nassau, Bahamas
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Nassau is the capital, largest city, and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The city has an population of 274,400 as of 2016. The city is located on the island of New Providence, which much like a business district. Nassau is the site of the House of Assembly and various departments and was considered historically to be a stronghold of pirates. The city was named in honour of William III of England, nassaus modern growth began in the late eighteenth century, with the influx of thousands of American Loyalists and their slaves to the Bahamas following the American Revolutionary War. Many of them settled in Nassau and eventually came to outnumber the original inhabitants, as the population of Nassau grew, so did its populated areas. Today the city dominates the island and its satellite, Paradise Island. However, until the post-Second World War era, the outer suburbs scarcely existed, most of New Providence was uncultivated bush until Loyalists were resettled there following the American Revolutionary War, they established several plantations, such as Clifton and Tusculum. In addition, slaves freed from American ships, such as the Creole case in 1841, were allowed to settle there, Nassau was formerly known as Charles Town, it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684 during one of their frequent wars with the English. The name Nassau derives from the House of Nassau and ultimately from the town of Nassau, due to a lack of effective Governors, Nassau fell on hard times. In 1703 Spanish and French allied forces briefly occupied Nassau, from 1703 to 1718 there was no governor in the colony and by 1713, the sparsely settled Bahamas had become a pirate haven. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1,000 pirates in Nassau and they proclaimed Nassau a pirate republic, establishing themselves as governors. Examples of pirates that used Nassau as their base are Charles Vane, Thomas Barrow, Benjamin Hornigold, Calico Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, Mary Read, in 1718, the British sought to regain control of the islands and appointed Captain Woodes Rogers as Royal governor. He successfully clamped down on the pirates, reformed the civil administration, Rogers cleaned up Nassau and rebuilt the fort, using his own wealth to try to overcome problems. In 1720 the Spanish made an attempt to capture Nassau. During the wars in the Thirteen Colonies, Nassau experienced an economic boom, with funds from privateering, a new fort, street lights and over 2300 sumptuous houses were built and Nassau was extended. In addition to this, mosquito breeding swamps were filled, in 1778 after an overnight invasion, American raiders led by Captain Rathburn, left with ships, gunpowder and military stores after stopping in Nassau for only two days. In 1782 Spain captured Nassau for the last time when Don Juan de Cagigal, governor-general of Cuba, attacked New Providence with 5000 men
26.
Woodes Rogers
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Woodes Rogers was an English sea captain and privateer and, later, the first Royal Governor of the Bahamas. He is known as the captain of the vessel that rescued marooned Alexander Selkirk, Rogers came from an affluent seafaring family, grew up in Poole and Bristol, and served a marine apprenticeship to a Bristol sea captain. His father held shares in ships, but he died when Rogers was in his mid-twenties. In 1707, Rogers was approached by Captain William Dampier, who sought support for a privateering voyage against the Spanish, Rogers led the expedition, which consisted of two well-armed ships, Duke and Duchess, and was the captain of Duke. In three years, Rogers and his men went around the world, capturing several ships in the Pacific Ocean, en route, the expedition rescued Selkirk, finding him on Juan Fernandez Island on 1 February 1709. The expedition made Rogers a national hero, but his brother was killed, on his return, he was successfully sued by his crew on the grounds that they had not received their fair share of the expedition profits, and Rogers was forced into bankruptcy. He wrote of his experiences in the book A Cruising Voyage Round the World. Rogers was twice appointed Governor of the Bahamas, where he succeeded in warding off threats from the Spanish, however, his first term as governor was financially ruinous, and on his return to England, he was imprisoned for debt. During his second term as governor, Rogers died in Nassau at the age of about 53, Woodes Rogers was the eldest son and heir of Woods Rogers, a successful merchant captain. Sometime between 1690 and 1696, Captain Rogers moved his family to Bristol, in November 1697, Woodes Rogers was apprenticed to Bristol mariner John Yeamans, to learn the profession of a sailor. At 18, Rogers was somewhat old to be starting a seven-year apprenticeship, little also suggests that it is likely that Rogers gained his maritime experience with Yeamans ship on the Newfoundland fleet. Rogers completed his apprenticeship in November 1704, the following January Rogers married Sarah Whetstone, daughter of Rear Admiral Sir William Whetstone, who was a neighbour and close family friend. Rogers became a freeman of Bristol because of his marriage into the prominent Whetstone family, in 1706, Captain Rogers died at sea, leaving his ships and business to his son Woodes. Between 1706 and the end of 1708, Woodes and Sarah Rogers had a son, at least four vessels in which Rogers had an ownership interest were granted the letters. One, Whetstone Galley, named for Rogers father in law and it did not reach Africa, but was captured by the French. Rogers suffered other losses against the French, although he does not record their extent in his book and he turned to privateering as a means of recouping these losses. In late 1707, Rogers was approached by William Dampier, a navigator and friend of Rogers father and this was a desperate move on the part of Captain Dampier to save his career. Commanding two frigates, Duke and Duchess, and captaining the first, Rogers spent three years circumnavigating the globe, the ships departed Bristol on 1 August 1708
27.
Jamaica
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Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
28.
Spanish Town
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Spanish Town is the capital and the largest town in the parish of St. Catherine in the historic county of Middlesex, Jamaica and the second largest city in the country after Kingston. It was the Spanish and English/British capital of Jamaica from 1534 until 1872, the town is home to numerous memorials, the national archives, and one of the oldest Anglican churches outside England. The Spanish settlement of Villa de la Vega was founded by governor Francisco de Garay in 1534 as the capital of the colony, later, it was also called Santiago de la Vega or St. Jago de la Vega. Indigenous Taino had been living in the area for approximately a millennium before this, when the English conquered Jamaica in 1655, they renamed the settlement as Spanish Town. Since the town was damaged during the conquest, Port Royal took on many administrative roles. By the time Port Royal was devastated by an earthquake in 1692, Spanish Town remained the capital until 1872, when the seat of the colony was moved to Kingston. Kingston had been founded in the aftermath of the 1692 earthquake, by 1755, serious rivalry from lobbyists caused increasing speculation about the continued suitability of Spanish Town as the capital. In 1836, Governor Lionel Smith observed that the capital was in ruins, with no commercial, manufacturing, to worsen the situation, following the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865, Sir John Peter Grant ordered the removal of the capital in 1872 to Kingston. As a larger port, it had come to be considered the capital of the island. After the seat of government was relocated, Spanish Town lost much of its economic, built on the west bank of the Rio Cobre, the town lies thirteen miles from Kingston on the main road. Its history was shaped by two significant colonial periods, Spanish rule from 1534–1655 and the English from 1655–1872, after that the capital was relocated to Kingston. The Anglican Church took over the 16th century cathedral, Nugent and Manchester streets were named for the British Colonial Governors, George Nugent and William Montagu, 5th Duke of Manchester. King Street runs past the Kings House, the governors residence, regency buildings in the town centre include the Rodney Memorial and the façade of the Old Kings House, which was the residence of the governors until 1872. Spanish Town is the site of an early cast-iron bridge, designed by Thomas Wilson and manufactured by Walker and Company of Rotherham, spanning the Rio Cobre, the bridge was erected in 1801 at a cost of £4,000. Its four arched ribs are supported on masonry abutments. After the abutments deteriorated, endangering the structure, it was listed in the 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund, a restoration project began in 2004, with funding provided by American Express through World Monuments Fund. Progress was slow until 2008, when a restoration effort was made. A first phase of restoration was completed in April 2010, when the repair of the abutments allowed the bridge to be reopened for the public, more recently, violence in the area has prevented the bridge from achieving the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site
29.
Gibbeting
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See also Halifax gibbet, a kind of guillotine. In earlier times up to the late 18th century, live gibbeting also took place in which the condemned was placed alive in a metal cage, the term gibbet may also be used to refer to the practice of placing a criminal on display within a gibbet. This practice is called hanging in chains. Gibbeting was a common law punishment, which a judge could impose in addition to execution and this practice was regularised in England by the Murder Act 1751, which empowered judges to impose this for murder. It was most often used for traitors, murderers, highwaymen, pirates, the structures were therefore often placed next to public highways and waterways. Exhibiting a body could backfire against a monarch, especially if the monarch was unpopular, the rebels Henry of Montfort and Henry of Wylynton, enemies of Edward II, were drawn and hanged before being exhibited on a gibbet near Bristol. However, the people made relics of these bloody and mutilated remains out of respect, miracles were even reported at the spot where the bodies were hanging. Although the intention was deterrence, the response was complex. Samuel Pepys expressed disgust at the practice, there was Christian objection that prosecution of criminals should end with their death. The sight and smell of decaying corpses was offensive and regarded as pestilential, pirates were sometimes executed by hanging on a gibbet erected close to the low-water mark by the sea or a tidal section of a river. Their bodies would be left dangling until they had been submerged by the three times. There were objections that these displays offended foreign visitors and did not uphold the reputation of the law, in some cases, the bodies would be left until their clothes rotted or even until the bodies were almost completely decomposed, after which the bones would be scattered. In cases of drawing and quartering, the body of the criminal was cut four or five portions. So that the display might be prolonged, bodies were sometimes coated in tar or bound in chains. Sometimes, body-shaped iron cages were used to contain the decomposing corpses, for example, in March 1743 in the town of Rye, East Sussex, Allen Grebell was murdered by John Breads. Breads was imprisoned in the Ypres Tower and then hanged, after which his body was left to rot for more than 20 years in a cage on Gibbet Marsh. The cage and Breads skull are still kept in the town hall, another example of the cage variation is the gibbet iron, on display at the Atwater Kent Museum in Philadelphia, U. S. The cage, created in 1781, was intended to be used to display the body of convicted pirate Thomas Wilkinson, because Wilkinsons planned execution never took place, the gibbet was never used
30.
Port Royal Cays
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The land area is about 0.03 km². There are eight named cays, including South Cay Rock which is sometimes subsumed with South Cay, gun Cay, the northernmost, is only 400 metres from the Jamaican mainland. The main cay is Lime Cay, on the northeastern rim and it measures 380 metres northwest-southeast, and is up to 80 metres wide, measuring 2 ha in area. About half of the area is wooded, the rest is sand, on the western beach is a wooden hut. 4, 207-225 Sailing Directions, Caribbean Sea, Vol, I Gazetteer, Geographic Names of Jamaica
31.
The Adventures of Tintin
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The Adventures of Tintin is a series of 24 comic albums created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, who wrote under the pen name Hergé. The series was one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century, by 2007, a century after Hergés birth in 1907, Tintin had been published in more than 70 languages with sales of more than 200 million copies. The series first appeared in French on 10 January 1929 in Le Petit Vingtième, the success of the series saw the serialised strips published in Belgiums leading newspaper Le Soir and spun into a successful Tintin magazine. In 1950, Hergé created Studios Hergé, which produced the canonical versions of ten Tintin albums, the Adventures of Tintin have been adapted for radio, television, theatre, and film. The series is set during a largely realistic 20th century and its hero is Tintin, a young Belgian reporter and adventurer. He is aided by his faithful dog Snowy, the series has been admired for its clean, expressive drawings in Hergés signature ligne claire style. Its well-researched plots straddle a variety of genres, swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy, mysteries, political thrillers, the stories feature slapstick humour, offset by dashes of sophisticated satire and political or cultural commentary. Georges Remi, best known under the pen name Hergé, was employed as an illustrator at Le Vingtième Siècle, run by the Abbé Norbert Wallez, the paper described itself as a Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information and disseminated a far-right, fascist viewpoint. Wallez appointed Hergé editor of a new Thursday youth supplement, titled Le Petit Vingtième, propagating Wallezs socio-political views to its young readership, it contained explicitly pro-fascist and anti-Semitic sentiment. In addition to editing the supplement, Hergé illustrated Lextraordinaire aventure de Flup, Nénesse, Poussette et Cochonnet, dissatisfied with this, Hergé wanted to write and draw his own cartoon strip. He already had experience creating comic strips, from July 1926 he had written a strip about a Boy Scout patrol leader titled Les Aventures de Totor C. P. des Hannetons for the Scouting newspaper Le Boy Scout Belge. Totor was an influence on Tintin, with Hergé describing the latter as being like Totors younger brother. Although Hergé wanted to send Tintin to the United States, Wallez ordered him to set his adventure in the Soviet Union, the result, Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, was serialised in Le Petit Vingtième from January 1929 to May 1930. Popular in Francophone Belgium, Wallez organised a publicity stunt at the Gare du Nord station, the storys popularity led to an increase in sales, so Wallez granted Hergé two assistants. At Wallezs direction, in June he began serialisation of the story, Tintin in the Congo. The Adventures of Tintin had been syndicated to French Catholic magazine Cœurs Vaillants since 1930, and Hergé was soon receiving syndication requests from Swiss and Portuguese newspapers too. Hergé went on to pen a string of Adventures of Tintin, sending his character to real locations such as the Belgian Congo, the United States, Egypt, India, China, in May 1940, Nazi Germany invaded Belgium as World War II broke out across Europe. Although Hergé briefly fled to France and considered a self-imposed exile, for political reasons, the Nazi authorities closed down Le Vingtième Siècle, leaving Hergé unemployed
32.
The Secret of the Unicorn
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The Secret of the Unicorn is the eleventh volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. The story was serialised daily in Le Soir, Belgiums leading francophone newspaper, the Secret of the Unicorn was a commercial success and was published in book form by Casterman shortly after its conclusion. Hergé concluded the arc begun in this story with Red Rackhams Treasure, the Secret of the Unicorn remained Hergés favourite of his own works until creating Tintin in Tibet. While browsing on the Brussels Voddenmarket/Marché aux puces at the Vossenplein in the Marollen, two strangers, model ship collector Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine and antique-scout Barnaby, independently try to persuade Tintin to sell the model to them. He also sees the two detectives, Thomson and Thompson, on the look out for a pickpocket. At Tintins flat, Snowy accidentally knocks the model over and breaks its mainmast, having repaired it, and shown the ship to Haddock, Tintin discovers that the ship is named the Unicorn, after a ship commanded by Haddocks ancestor. While Tintin is out, the ship is stolen from his apartment, in the investigation, he discovers that Sakharine owns an identical model, also named the Unicorn. At home, Tintin discovers a scroll, and realises that this must have been hidden in the mast of the model which Snowy had broken. Written on the parchment is a riddle, Three brothers joyned, Three Unicorns in company sailing in the noonday sunne will speak. For tis from the light that light will dawn, and then shines forth the Eagles cross. Upon hearing of the riddle, Captain Haddock explains that the Unicorn was a 17th-century warship captained by his ancestor, Sir Francis Haddock, but seized by a pirate band led by Red Rackham. Alone of his crew to survive the capture, Sir Francis killed Rackham in single combat and destroyed the Unicorn, but later built three models, which he left to his sons. Meanwhile, Barnaby requests a meeting with Tintin, but is gunned down on Tintins doorstep before he can speak, Tintin escapes from the cellars of the Bird brothers country estate, Marlinspike Hall, while the Captain arrives with officers Thomson and Thompson to arrest them. It is found that the Bird Brothers have only one of the parchments and it is also revealed that Barnaby survived the Bird brothers shooting him on Tintins doorstep, and has made a full recovery, much to Max Birds enragement. By combining the three parchments and holding them to the light, Tintin and Haddock discover the coordinates of the lost treasure, amidst the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, Hergé had accepted a position working for Le Soir, Belgians largest Francophone daily newspaper. Faced with the reality of Nazi oversight, Hergé abandoned the political themes that had pervaded much of his earlier work. It was Hergés discussions with Van Melkebeke that led him to craft a more story than he had in prior Adventures. Van Melkebeke had been influenced by the adventure novels of writers like Jules Verne and Paul dIvoi
33.
Red Rackham's Treasure
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Red Rackhams Treasure is the twelfth volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. The story was serialised daily in Le Soir, Belgiums leading francophone newspaper, Red Rackhams Treasure was a commercial success and was published in book form by Casterman the year following its conclusion. Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with The Seven Crystal Balls, the synopsis continues a plot begun in The Secret of the Unicorn. Tintin and his friend Captain Haddock plan an expedition to the West Indies aboard a fishing trawler, an eccentric, hard-of-hearing inventor named Professor Cuthbert Calculus offers to aid them with the use of his shark-shaped one-man submarine, but they decline his assistance. Setting sail, they are joined by the police detectives Thomson and Thompson and soon discover that Calculus has stowed away on board, when they reach the coordinates shown on the parchments, there is no island in sight. As they have been using the Greenwich Meridian, they realise that they are too far west, after traveling to the correct position, they discover an unknown island. There, they find a statue of Sir Francis Haddock and other evidence, Tintin deduces that Francis Haddock had taken refuge on the island and that the wreck of the Unicorn must be nearby. They locate the wreck using Calculus submarine and recover various artefacts from it, among the artefacts is a strongbox containing old documents revealing that Sir Francis Haddock had been the owner of the country estate Marlinspike Hall. Back in Belgium, Calculus purchases the Hall using funds from the sale of his submarine design, Tintin and Haddock search the houses cellars, where Tintin spots a statue of Saint John the Evangelist holding a cross with a globe and eagle at its feet. Tintin locates the island on the globe, presses a button he finds there. Amidst the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, Hergé had accepted a position working for Le Soir, faced with the reality of Nazi oversight, Hergé abandoned the overt political themes that had pervaded much of his earlier work, instead adopting a policy of neutrality. Red Rackhams Treasure was to be the half of a series of connected events in two parts which had begun with the previous adventure, The Secret of the Unicorn. This two-part series was the first that Hergé had produced since Cigars of the Pharaoh, Red Rackhams Treasure introduced Professor Cuthbert Calculus to The Adventures of Tintin, who became a recurring character. The characters deafness had been inspired by a colleague whom Hergé had worked years earlier at Le Vingtième Siècle. Visually, Calculus was based on a real scientist, the Swiss inventor Auguste Piccard, Hergé had observed Piccard walking about Brussels on a number of occasions, however the character of Calculus would be notably much shorter than Piccard. Hergé named this character Tryphon Tournesol, while the surname meant sunflower, Tryphon Tournesol was later renamed Cuthbert Calculus in the English translation and Balduin Bienlein for the German translation. Calculus shark-shaped submarine was based on a real American submarine. The diving suit worn in the story was based on clippings that Hergé had accumulated
34.
The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)
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The Adventures of Tintin was a French-Canadian animated television series based on The Adventures of Tintin. It debuted in 1991 and 39 half-hour episodes were produced over the course of its three seasons, the television series was directed by Stephen Bernasconi and produced by Ellipse and Nelvana on behalf of the Hergé Foundation. It was the first television adaptation of Hergés books in over 20 years since the Belgian animation company Belvision was responsible for Hergés Adventures of Tintin, philippe Goddin, an expert in Hergé and Tintin, acted as a consultant to the producers. The writers for the series included Toby Mullally, Eric Rondeaux, Martin Brossolet, Amelie Aubert, Dennise Fordham, the series used traditional animation techniques and adhered closely to the original books, going so far as transposing some frames from the original albums directly to screen. In the episodes Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon, 3D animation was used for the Moon rocket—an unusual step in 1989, each frame of the animation was then printed and recopied onto celluloid, hand painted in gouache, and then laid onto a painted background. The rocket seen in the sequence is animated using the same 3D techniques. Artistically, the series chose a constant style, unlike in the books, in literature, the imagery had been drawn over the course of 47 years, during which Hergés style developed considerably. However, later televised episodes such as the Moon Story and Tintin in America clearly demonstrated the development during the course of the series. The series was filmed with English language narration, but all remained in French. Certain aspects of the stories posed difficulties for the producers, who had to adapt features of the books for a younger audience, nevertheless, this series was far more faithful to the books than the earlier Hergés Adventures of Tintin, which had been made from 1959 to 1963. Some examples of changes included toning down the high amount of violence, death. Tintins role was downplayed and he scolded his dog Snowy less than he did in the books. Twice in the series, Tintin is portrayed as knowing various characters already, however, the story chronology of the TV series is different from the comics, and on these occasions Tintin did indeed already know the characters, having interacted with them in earlier TV episodes. Haddocks penchant for whiskey posed a problem for audience sensitivities, while the original books did not promote alcohol, they featured it heavily, with much humor based around it and the results of drinking. However, in countries where the producers hoped to sell the series. Therefore, international versions of the series had some alterations, specifically, Haddock is often seen drinking, but not as heavily as in the books. The Crab with the Golden Claws is the adventure where Haddocks drunken state is not reduced. In Tintin in Tibet, Haddock is seen taking a nip from a flask in order to set up a scene in which Snowy is tempted to lap up some spilled whiskey
35.
The Adventures of Tintin (film)
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The cast includes Jamie Bell, Andy Serkis, Daniel Craig, Nick Frost and Simon Pegg. Spielberg acquired rights to produce a film based on The Adventures of Tintin series following Hergés death in 1983, Sony chose to co-produce the film. The delay resulted in Thomas Sangster, who had originally cast as Tintin. Producer Peter Jackson, whose company Weta Digital provided the computer animation, Spielberg and Jackson also hope to co-direct a third film. The world première took place on 22 October 2011 in Brussels, the film was released in the UK and other European countries on 26 October 2011, and in the USA on 21 December 2011, in Digital 3D and IMAX. The Adventures of Tintin grossed over $373 million, and received reviews from critics. It was the first non-Pixar animated film to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, Williams was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score. It was nominated for six Saturn Awards, including Best Animated Film, Best Director for Spielberg, in 1955, 17-year-old journalist Tintin and his dog Snowy are browsing in an outdoor market in Brussels, Belgium. Tintin takes the ship home, but it is broken in an incident with Snowy. A parchment scroll slips out, and rolls under the furniture, meanwhile, bumbling police detectives Thomson and Thompson are on the trail of a pickpocket, Aristides Silk. After a visit to Maritime Library to search for clues, Tintin returns to find that the Unicorn has been stolen and he visits Sakharine in Marlinspike Hall and accuses him of the theft. When he sees a model of the Unicorn, he notices that Sakharines model is not broken. Returning home once again, Snowy shows him the scroll, after reading an old message written on it, they are interrupted by the arrival of Barnaby, who is then assassinated while attempting to recover the Unicorn one last time. Tintin places the scroll in his wallet, but it is stolen by Silk the next morning, later, Tintin is abducted by accomplices of Sakharine, and imprisoned on the SS Karaboudjan. He learns that Sakharine formed an alliance with the ships staff, on board, Tintin meets Captain Haddock, the ships captain. Haddock is permanently drunk and thus unaware of the happenings on board his ship, Tintin, Haddock, and Snowy eventually outrun the crew, and escape from the Karaboudjan in a lifeboat. The ship fails to ram their boat, because they instead rammed an empty lifeboat the captain accidentally released during his escape, presuming them to have survived by the number of lifeboats, Sakharine sends a seaplane to find and capture them. The trio seize the plane, and use it to fly towards the fictitious Moroccan port of Bagghar, however, the seaplane crashes in the desert due to low fuel
36.
Starz
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Starz is an American premium cable and satellite television network which serves as Starz Inc. s flagship service. Starzs programming features theatrically released motion pictures and first-run original television series, the headquarters of Starz, and its sister networks Starz Encore and MoviePlex, are located at the Meridian International Business Center complex in Englewood, Colorado. Through March 31,2016, STARZs programming was subscribed to approximately 24.0 million television households in the United States, the network was originally operated as a joint venture between TCI and Liberty Media, with TCI owning a 50. 1% controlling interest in the channel. The network carried the moniker Encore 8 in its branding as part of a numbering system that was used by Encores multiplex channels. Early trademark filings indicated that TCI/Liberty originally proposed names including Applause, Starz focused more on recent feature films, while Starz ENCORE focused on films released between the 1960s and the 1980s, before adding recent film fare itself in July 1999. Films from those studios were not carried on STARZ until 1997, the network restricted the scheduling of films that contained graphic sexual or violent content to late evening and overnight time periods. Starz was available to an estimated 2.8 million pay television subscribers by 1996, as a startup network, Starz endured major losses during its early years, with total deficits topping US$203 million and annual losses of US$150 million by 1997. It was predicted to lose an additional US$300 million in revenue before it was predicted to break even, Liberty Media assumed the former companys stake in the subsidiary in 1999, following TCIs merger with AT&T Corporation. By May 1998, Starz maintained a subscriber base reaching 7.6 million households with a cable or satellite television subscription, Encore Media Group was later renamed the Starz Encore Media Group in 2000. As part of a restructuring plan in 2003, Starz Encore Group eliminated 100 jobs in its nine regional offices. On March 25,2005, the Starz Encore Group corporate entity was renamed Starz Entertainment, on November 19,2009, Liberty Media spun off Starz into a separate public tracking stock called Liberty Starz. The spin-off of the subsidiary was completed on January 11,2013, on April 5,2016, Starz was rebranded and added all the Encore channels to its moniker, therefore increasing the Starz channel lineup to 14 Starz premium channels. Its main channel was rebranded Starz Encore and carries reruns of Starz Originals in addition to films, on June 30,2016, Lionsgate agreed to acquire Starz Inc. for $4.4 billion in cash and stock. On December 8,2016, the merger between Lionsgate and Starz was completed, Starz broadcasts its primary and multiplex channels on Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules. Some providers offer Encore and MoviePlexs multiplex channels on a digital cable tier from Starz. However, Encore and, depending on its carriage, MoviePlex are frequently sold together in a package with Starz, in 1994, Encore launched the pay television industrys first themed multiplex service – seven additional movie channels that each focused on a specific genre. Starz continued to include the Encore 8 moniker in its main IDs, feature presentation bumpers and select bumpers until 2002. The tie to Encore branding-wise continued even as Starz was given its own slate of multiplex channels in the late 1990s, the first of these to debut was Starz
37.
Black Sails (TV series)
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Black Sails is a South African/American historical adventure television series set on New Providence Island and a prequel to Robert Louis Stevensons novel Treasure Island. The series was created by Jonathan E. Steinberg and Robert Levine for Starz and it debuted online for free on YouTube and other various streaming platform and video on demand services on January 18,2014. The debut on television followed a week later on January 25,2014. Steinberg is executive producer, alongside Michael Bay, Brad Fuller and Andrew Form, while Michael Angeli, Doris Egan, on July 26,2013, Starz renewed the show for a ten-episode second season, which premiered on January 24,2015. The early renewal, six months before the first season premiered, was based on the fan reaction to the show at the San Diego Comic-Con. The series was renewed for a season on October 12,2014. On July 20,2016, Starz announced that the fourth season would be its last, the season premiered on January 29,2017. Black Sails is set two decades before the events of Treasure Island and during the Golden Age of Piracy. Feared Captain Flint brings on a crew member as they fight for the survival of New Providence island. According to the first episode, In 1715 West Indies, the pirates of New Providence Island threaten maritime trade in the region, the laws of every civilized nation declare them hostis humani generis, enemies of all mankind. In response, the pirates adhere to a doctrine of their own. war against the world, real life pirates who are fictionalized in the show include Anne Bonny, Benjamin Hornigold, Jack Rackham, Charles Vane, Ned Low, Israel Hands and Blackbeard. The plot of the first season focuses on the hunt for the Spanish treasure galleon Urca de Lima, during the second season, the questions of how and why Flint—a man who was a navy officer and London gentleman—turned to piracy are answered. The third and the seasons focus on the war for the control of New Providence between the pirates and the British Empire, represented by Captain Woodes Rogers. The series is filmed at Cape Town Film Studios in Cape Town, South Africa and it accurately features an instrument of the period in the form of the hurdy-gurdy. For the amount of detail that was added to the vessels, in real life, recurring actors Nick Boraine, Anna-Louise Plowman, Chris Larkin and Guy Paul are Louise Barness husband, Toby Stephenss wife and brother and Harriet Walters husband, respectively. The first season of Black Sails received mixed reviews from critics, on Rotten Tomatoes the season holds a rating of 64%, based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The sites consensus reads, Black Sails boasts visual appeal, on Metacritic season one has a score of 58 of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating mixed or average reviews. Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said, This ambitious pirate story is helped immensely by going beyond the pay cable freedoms that often bog down lesser shows in boobs, blood and sex
38.
Ubisoft
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Ubisoft Entertainment SA is a French multinational video game publisher, headquartered in Rennes, France. In March 1986, five brothers of the Guillemot family founded the game publisher, Ubisoft, in Carentoir. Yves Guillemot soon made deals with Electronic Arts, Sierra On-Line, by the end of the decade, Ubisoft began expanding to other markets, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. They entered the game distribution and wholesale markets, and by 1993 they had become the largest distributor of video games in France. In the early 1990s, Ubisoft initiated its in-house game development program and it later became their administrative and commercial head office, even as the company continues to register its headquarters in Rennes. Ubisoft became a traded company in 1996 and continued its expansion around the globe, opening locations in Annecy, Shanghai, Montreal. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Ubisoft committed itself to online games by supporting Uru, Ages Beyond Myst, The Matrix Online, the publisher established an online division. However, in February 2004, Ubisoft cancelled the portion of Uru. The company is noted for its teams of female game developers/testers, in March 2001, Gores Technology Group sold The Learning Companys entertainment division to them. The sale included the rights to properties such as the Myst. In July 2006, Ubisoft bought the Driver franchise from Atari for a sum of €19 million in cash for the franchise, technology rights, and most assets. In July 2008, Ubisoft made the acquisition of Hybride Technologies, in November 2008, Ubisoft acquired Massive Entertainment from Activision. In January 2013, Ubisoft acquired South Park, The Stick of Truth from THQ for $3.265 million, in December 2004, rival gaming corporation Electronic Arts purchased a 19. 9% stake in the firm, an action Ubisoft referred to as hostile on EAs part. Ubisoft announced plans in 2013 to invest $373 million into its Quebec operations over seven years, the publisher is investing in the expansion of its motion capture technologies, and consolidating its online games operations and infrastructure in Montreal. The significant investment is expected to generate 500 jobs in Quebec over a seven-year period, by 2020, the company will employ more than 3,500 staff at its studios in Montreal and Quebec City. In March 2015, the set up a Consumer Relationship Centre in Newcastle upon Tyne. The centre is intended to integrate consumer support teams and community managers, Consumer Support and Community Management teams at the CRC are operational seven days a week. In October 2015, French mass media company Vivendi bought a 6% stake in Ubisoft, in February 2016, Ubisofts Yves Guillemot and his brother asked for more Canadian investors, to help prevent a hostile takeover by Vivendi
39.
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag
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Assassins Creed IV, Black Flag is a 2013 action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is the sixth installment in the Assassins Creed series. Its historical timeframe precedes that of Assassins Creed III, though its modern-day sequences succeed IIIs own. Black Flag was first released on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later on the PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, the framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent. The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia is a significant plot element, multiplayer also returns, albeit with only land-based modes and settings. The game spans across the Caribbean with the three cities of Havana, Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands, sunken ships. Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals, for the first time in the series, naval exploration is a major part of an Assassins Creed game, where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw, a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet. Assassins Creed IV, Black Flag was positively received upon release and it has sold more than 11 million copies to date. Critics praised the open world gameplay, numerous side-quests, graphics. The light-hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics, the modern day story however, received a slightly more mixed response, while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive. The game received awards and nominations, including winning the Spike VGX2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game. It was followed by Assassins Creed Unity and Assassins Creed Rogue, set during the French Revolution and Seven Years War respectively, the game features three main cities, Havana, Kingston, and Nassau, which reside under Spanish, British, and pirate influence, respectively. Assassins Creed IV has a open world feel, with missions similar to those found in Assassins Creed. The world opens up sooner in the game, as opposed to Assassins Creed III, in addition, the hunting system has been retained from Assassins Creed III, allowing the player to hunt on land, and fish in the water, with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment. A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw, the ship that the player captains, the Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game, and is easily accessible to the player when needed. In addition, a new underwater component has been added, the player has access to a spyglass, allowing the examination of distant ships, along with their cargo and strength. An updated form of the system introduced in Assassins Creed, Brotherhood has returned. Ubisoft removed this aspect of the system, believing it allowed players to bypass tense
40.
George McDonald Fraser
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George MacDonald Fraser OBE FRSL was a Scottish author who wrote historical novels, non-fiction books and several screenplays. He is best known for a series of works featured the character Flashman. Fraser was born to Scottish parents in Carlisle, England on 2 April 1925 and his father was a doctor and his mother a nurse. It was his father who passed on to Fraser his love of reading, Fraser was educated at Carlisle Grammar School and Glasgow Academy, he later described himself as a poor student due to sheer laziness. This meant that he was unable to follow his fathers wishes, in 1943, during World War II, Fraser enlisted in the Border Regiment and served in the Burma Campaign, as recounted in his memoir Quartered Safe Out Here. After completing his OCTU course, Fraser was granted a commission into the Gordon Highlanders and he served with them in the Middle East and North Africa immediately after the war, notably in Tripoli. In 1947, Fraser decided against remaining with the army and took up his demobilisation and he has written semi-autobiographical stories and anecdotes of his time with the Gordon Highlanders in the McAuslan series. After his discharge, Fraser returned to the United Kingdom, through his father he got a job as a trainee reporter on the Carlisle Journal and married another journalist, Kathleen Hetherington. They travelled to Canada, working on newspapers there, before returning to Scotland, starting in 1953, Fraser worked for many years as a journalist at the Glasgow Herald newspaper, where he was deputy editor from 1964 until 1969. He briefly held the title of acting editor, the book proved popular and sale of the film rights enabled Fraser to become a full-time writer. He moved to the Isle of Man where he could pay less tax, there were a series of further Flashman novels, presented as packets of memoirs written by the nonagenarian Flashman looking back on his days as a hero of the British Army during the 19th century. The series is notable for the accuracy of its historical settings, wodehouse said of Flashman, If ever there was a time when I felt that watcher-of-the-skies-when-a-new-planet stuff, it was when I read the first Flashman. The first Flashman sequel was Royal Flash, the following year Fraser published a third Flashman, Flash for Freedom. As well as a non fiction work, The Steel Bonnets, the film rights to Flashman were bought by Richard Lester, who was unable to get the film funded but hired Fraser to write the screenplay for The Three Musketeers in Christmas 1972. This would be turned into two films, The Three Musketeers and The Four Musketeers, both popular at the box office, and it launched Fraser as a screenwriter. For the next 20 years, Fraser alternated between writing novels and film scripts, he worked as a script doctor. Following Flashman at the Charge, Fraser wrote the screenplay for the movie Royal Flash and it was not a success at the box office. There was another collection of Dand McNeill stories, McAuslan in the Rough, then Flashman in the Great Game and he was hired to rewrite Crossed Swords and Force 10 from Navarone
41.
Port Royal (album)
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Port Royal is the fourth album by Running Wild. This release expanded on the theme introduced in their album Under Jolly Roger. The album has sold nearly 1.8 million records worldwide, the song Conquistadores had some air play on MTVs Headbangers Ball. The music video is also the first recorded use of a 5 string bass in a metal context, uaschitschun is song written by singer and guitarist Rolf Kasparek which tells about the pollution of nature through an Native Americans perspective. Uaschitschun is a word that the Native Americans used for white males and this was probably just because of the pale appearance of the conquerors and not for their deeds, since ghosts werent considered evil by Native Americans. The ending words were spoken by Chief Seattle in a famous speech he made to the whites when they came to buy the lands of Seattle
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