Caloric theory
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The caloric theory is a superseded scientific theory that heat consists of a self-repellent fluid called "caloric" that flows from hotter bodies to colder bodies. Caloric was also thought of as a weig
The world's first ice-calorimeter, used in the winter of 1782–83, by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace, to determine the heat involved in various chemical changes; calculations which were based on Joseph Black’s prior discovery of latent heat. These experiments mark the foundation of thermochemistry.
1787 copy of "Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique," featuring work by Morveau.
Second law of thermodynamics
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The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontan
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in the traditional uniform of a student of the École Polytechnique
Rudolf Clausius
James Clerk Maxwell