A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by artists and microscopists. By looking through the prism in its standard, a user sees an optical superimposition of the subject positioned
Camera lucida in use
Camera Lucida or Drawing Prism for Biological Microscopic Drawing
Scenery from Mr Jenkins' cottage, Illawarra, ca. 1850, by John Rae, watercolour drawing created using a camera lucida, State Library of New South Wales, DL PXX 74 no.16
The Hockney–Falco thesis is a controversial theory of art history that argues that advances in naturalism and accuracy in Western art since the early Renaissance were due primarily to optical aids suc
Camera lucida
…artist David Hockney's book Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters was met with controversy. His argument, known as the Hockney-Falco thesis, is that the notable transition in style for greater precision and visual realism that occurred around the decade of the 1420s is attributable to the…
Illustration of a "portable" camera obscura studio in Kircher's Ars Magna Lucis Et Umbrae (1645). According to the Hockney–Falco thesis, such optical aids were central to much of the great art from the Renaissance period to the dawn of modern art.
Detail from Husband and Wife by Lorenzo Lotto (1523): Hockney realized that the rug pattern goes out of focus in the painting, something that would only happen when using a lens.
Detail of the chandelier and mirror from Jan van Eyck's 1434 Arnolfini Portrait, one of Hockney's key examples
Jean Siméon Chardin's "La Pourvoyeuse" (1738) seems to have a very long arm with two elbows, possibly from piecing together consecutive projections of different parts of the figure