1.
Rioni of Rome
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A rione of Rome is a traditional administrative division of the city of Rome. Rione is an Italian term used since the 14th century to name a district of a town, the term was born in Rome, originating from the administrative divisions of the city. The word comes from the Latin word regio, during the Middle Ages the Latin word became rejones, currently, all the rioni are located in Municipio I of Rome. According to tradition, Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, first divided the city into regiones, all but Transtiberim were on the left bank of the river Tiber. During the 12th century a division in 12 parts started being used, though not officially, even if the areas were different from the ancient ones, they still used the same name, regio in Latin and rione in the vulgar language. The limits of the rioni became more definitive and official in the 13th century, their number increased to 13, in this period, anyway, the limits were quite uncertain. The rione was not an entity, but only an administrative one. The chief of a rione was the Caporione, during the Renaissance there was a deep reorganization and expansion of the city, so it became necessary to delimit the rioni exactly. In 1586 Sixtus V added to the 13 rioni another one, Borgo and this situation, thanks to the low population increase, did not change until the 19th century. In 1744 Pope Benedict XIV, because of frequent misunderstanding, decided to replan the administrative division of Rome, the marble plates defining the borders of each rione, many of which still exist, were installed in that year on the facades of houses lying at each riones border. So the smaller rioni were united to the large ones, at this time the French affixed in each street a plate with its name and the areas it belonged to. After Napoleon lost his power there were no significant changes in the organization of the city until Rome became the capital of the newborn Italy, the needs of the new capital caused a great urbanization and an increase of the population, both within the Aurelian walls and outside them. In 1874 the rioni became 15, with the addition of Esquilino, at the beginning of the 20th century some rioni started being split up and the first parts outside the Aurelian walls started being considered part of the city. In 1921 the number of the rioni increased to 22, Prati was the last rione to be established and the only one outside the walls of Urbanus VIII. The latest reform, which is still valid, was made in 1972, Rome was divided in 20 circoscrizioni and 20 rioni constituted the first one. The two remaining, Borgo and Prati, belonged to the XVIIth municipality until 2013, since then they belong too to the first Municipio. Media related to Districts of Rome at Wikimedia Commons
2.
Campus Martius
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The Campus Martius, was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about 2 square kilometres in extent. In the Middle Ages, it was the most populous area of Rome, the IV rione of Rome, Campo Marzio, which covers a smaller section of the original area, bears the same name. Washing ashore further downriver, the brothers would return later to found a new city. Romulus, who became Rome’s sole king, ruled for years until sometime in the seventh century B. C. As he came to the end of his life, a cloud descended upon the center of the open field outside the city’s pomerium in order to lift the elderly king to heaven. This land, “between the city and the Tiber, ” became the property of Rome’s last Etruscan king Tarquinius Superbus, after his defeat and exile, the plain was dedicated to the god Mars. Roman men assembled every spring before heading off to fight hostile tribes, surrounding Rome, with the exception of a small altar to Mars near the center of the field, it wasn’t until the fifth century B. C. that any visible changes were made to the field. In 435 B. C. the Villa Publica was established in a prepared 300m clearing, the area was meant to be a gathering space for citizens to congregate every five years, to be counted in a census. Free from any permanent structures, no additions would be made for two centuries. With the advent of the Punic Wars in the mid-third century B. C. Roman military expansion moved out of the Italian peninsula, the number of foreign wars, however, greatly increased the amount of wealth flowing into Rome. Generals who had sworn to various deities to build temples in their honor if victorious, besides temples and wooden markets, entertainment venues were built also, though they were to be temporary. Starting in the time of Sulla, building lots were sold or granted to influential Romans and it later became the place for comitia centuriata, civic meetings with weapons, and for the citys militia. In 55 BC, Pompey constructed a permanent theater made of stone, when the Curia Hostilia burnt down in 52 BC, the theater was sometimes used as a meeting place for the Senate. The area was used as the assembling ground for elections. Julius Caesar planned for the Saepta to be placed there, they were completed by his heir Augustus. In 33 BC, Octavian dedicated the Porticus Octaviae, built from spoils of the Dalmatian War, the Campus Martius also held the Ara Pacis, built by the Senate to mark the establishment of peace by Augustus. It was intended to symbolize the successful completion of Augustus efforts to stabilize the Empire, Marcus Agrippa had the original swampy ground made into a pool and baths in a setting of parkland and temples, the Laconicum Sudatorium or Baths of Agrippa. Also, he built the Porticus Argonautarum and the Pantheon, which was rebuilt by Hadrian as it still stands today
3.
Municipio I
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The Municipio I, is an administrative subdivision of the city of Rome. It is the center of the municipality of Rome and it was firstly created by Romes City Council on 19 January 2001 and it has a president who is elected during the mayoral elections. Since 11 March 2013 its borders were modified and was expanded with the incorporation between Municipio I and Municipio XVII, Municipio I is home to the Rioni of Rome, which are the citys historic districts. Municipio I is divided into localities, The localities of Prati, Delle Vittorie. The current majority is formed by Democratic Party and Left Ecology Freedom
4.
Piazza del Popolo
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Piazza del Popolo is a large urban square in Rome. The piazza lies inside the gate in the Aurelian Walls, once the Porta Flaminia of ancient Rome. This was the point of the Via Flaminia, the road to Ariminum. At the same time, before the age of railroads, it was the travellers first view of Rome upon arrival, for centuries, the Piazza del Popolo was a place for public executions, the last of which took place in 1826. Peters Square, replacing the original cramped trapezoidal square centred on the Via Flaminia, an Egyptian obelisk of Sety I from Heliopolis stands in the centre of the Piazza. Three sides of the obelisk were carved during the reign of Sety I, the obelisk, known as the Flaminio Obelisk or the Popolo Obelisk, is the second oldest and one of the tallest obelisks in Rome. The obelisk was brought to Rome in 10 BC by order of Augustus and it was re-erected here in the piazza by the architect-engineer Domenico Fontana in 1589 as part of the urban plan of Sixtus V. The piazza also formerly contained a fountain, which was moved to the Piazza Nicosia in 1818. The twin churches of Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto, begun by Carlo Rainaldi and completed by Bernini and Carlo Fontana, define the junctions of the roads. The Via del Babuino, linking to Piazza di Spagna, takes its name from a sculpture of Silenus that gained the popular name of the Baboon. To the north of the stands the Porta del Popolo, beyond which lies the Piazzale Flaminio. Opposite Santa Maria del Popolo stands a Carabinieri station, with a dome reflecting that of the church, in his urbanistic project, Valadier constructed the matching palazzi that provide a frame for the scenography of the twin churches and hold down two corners of his composition. Valadier outlined this newly defined oval forecourt to the city of Rome with identical sweeps of wall, behind the western one, a screen of trees masks the unassorted fronts of buildings beyond. Ever since the Renaissance such terminal fountains also provided an occasion for the terminal water show called in Rome a mostra or a show. What makes a fountain a mostra is not essentially its size or splendor, Valadier had planned fountains in the upper tier of the Pincio slope, but these were not carried out, in part for lack of water. The Fontana del Nettuno stands on the west side, Neptune with his trident is accompanied by two dolphins, Rome between the Tiber and the Aniene on the east side, against the steep slope of the Pincio, represents the terminal mostra of the aqueduct. Dea Roma armed with lance and helmet, and in front is the she-wolf feeding Romulus and Remus, at the center of the piazza is the Fontana dell Obelisco, a group of four mini fountains, each comprising a lion on a stepped plinth, surround the obelisk. Valadiers masterstroke was in linking the piazza with the heights of the Pincio, the Pincian Hill of ancient Rome and he swept away informally terraced gardens that belonged to the Augustinian monastery connected with Santa Maria del Popolo
5.
Piazza di Spagna
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Piazza di Spagna, at the bottom of the Spanish Steps, is one of the most famous squares in Rome. It owes its name to the Palazzo di Spagna, seat of the Embassy of Spain among the Holy See, nearby is the famed Column of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In the middle of the square is the famous Fontana della Barcaccia, dating to the beginning of the period, sculpted by Pietro Bernini and his son. At the left there is the Babingtons tea room, founded in 1893. The side near Via Frattina is overlooked by the two façades of the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide, a property of the Holy See. In front of it, actually in a lengthening of Piazza di Spagna named Piazza Mignanelli, rises the Column of the Immaculate Conception, erected in 1856, two years after the proclamation of the dogma. The imposing 135-step staircase was inaugurated by Pope Benedict XIII during the 1725 Jubilee, the final key was the one proposed by Francesco De Sanctis, a great staircase decorated with many garden-terraces, splendidly adorned with flowers in spring and summer. In effect, the creation of long, deep perspectives culminating in monumental wings or backdrops was typical of the baroque architecture. The Spanish Steps were restored in 1995, detailed information and 19th-century photographs and etchings by Giuseppe Vasi The Spanish Steps - 360° Panorama Photo gallery Piazza di Spagna on Secret Rome
6.
Via del Babuino
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Via del Babuino is a street in the historic centre of Rome, located in the rione Campo Marzio. It connects Piazza del Popolo to Piazza di Spagna and is part of the complex of streets known as Tridente, the origins of Via del Babuino dates back to 13th century. The first two names of the street were Via dell’Orto di Napoli and Via del Cavalletto, in 1525, works commissioned by Pope Clement VII gave the street a new aspect and a new name, Via Clementina, in honor of its creator. It later became Via Paolina, because of the carried out under Pope Paul III in 1540. In 1571, on the initiative of Pope Pius V, a new fountain for public use was installed along the street, in this occasion a statue of Silenus, an ancient classical deity related to springs and fountains, was also placed on the street. The statue quickly became infamous among the inhabitants of the rione because of its ugliness, the statues was compared to a monkey, and was thus nicknamed Babuino, this name soon came to indicate the whole street. A plate remembers the twinning ratified on October 16,2002 between Via del Babuino and Madison Avenue in New York City
7.
Via del Corso
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The Via del Corso, is a main street in the historical centre of Rome. It is remarkable for being absolutely straight in an area characterized by narrow meandering alleys, considered a wide street in ancient times, today the Corso is approximately 10 metres wide, and it only has room for two lanes of traffic and two narrow sidewalks. The northern portion of the street is a pedestrian area, the length of the street is roughly 1.5 kilometres. The Corso runs in a generally north-south direction, today, the Corso is a popular place for the passeggiata, the evening stroll for the populace to be seen and to see others. It is also an important shopping street for tourists and locals alike, the history of Via del Corso began in 220 BC when Gaius Flaminius censor built a new road to link Rome with the Adriatic Sea in the north. The starting point of the road was Porta Fontinalis, a gate in the Servian city walls near present-day Piazza Venezia, in its first miles Via Flaminia cut through the plain between the Tiber and the eastern hills in a straight line. The Field of Mars, as it was called, was at the used as a training ground. Numerous tombs must have lined the road similarly to the Appian Way, the open area outside the city walls went through a process of urbanization during the late Republican and early imperial age. The city gradually spread north and monumental public buildings were built along the road. A set of dynastic monuments around the Mausoleum of Augustus was the most important development in the unpopulated northern section of the district. The first was the Arcus Novus erected by Diocletian in 303-304, then the Arch of Claudius stood further ahead and the third was later known as the Arco di Portogallo. The most important ancient monuments along Via Lata were Aurelians Temple of the Sun, the Ara Pacis, the Ustrinum Domus Augustae, the Ara Providentiae and the Column of Marcus Aurelius. A densely populated residential quarter from the Hadrianic era was discovered on the side of the road between Via delle Muratte and Via delle Convertite. From around the year 600 AD, the Corso accommodated a welfare centre linked to feeding the populace at Santa Maria in Via Lata and granaries at its southern end. During the Middle Ages the Via Lata, the present day Corso, effectively denoted a boundary, to the city mainly developed to the south. From the fifteenth century, the Via del Corso became a street for new or renovated churches. The lack of regularity and decorum of this street of the city meant that it became a main urban priority of Pope Alexander VII. Where he met with success was over imposing order on the street by empowering the maestri di strade
8.
Via Margutta
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Via Margutta is a narrow street in the centre of Rome, near Piazza del Popolo, accessible from Via del Babuino in the ancient Campo Marzio neighborhood also known as the foreigners quarter. Via Margutta originally was home to modest craftsmen, workshops and stables, after the film Roman Holiday became popular, Via Margutta developed into an exclusive neighborhood, where various famous people lived, such as film director Federico Fellini. From the north the area can be reached from Via Cassia or Flaminia, passing then through Piazzale Flaminio, from this point one walks several metres to the left of Flaminio Obelisk towards Via del Babuino, and on the left there is an alley that leads to Via Margutta. From Piazza di Spagna, one can take via del Babbuino, turn right on via Albert, via Margutta was behind the palaces of Via del Babuino, where warehouses and stables were found. At the base of Pincio hill, there were homes and shops of masons, marble cutters, and coachmen and these immigrants gradually replaced the shacks and stables with houses, workshops and gardens. During the reign of Pope Pius IX, a Belgian monsignor, Saverio de Merode, seeing the potential of the area, purchased land, built drains, via Margutta today is a charming, quiet lane. One hundred painters of Via Margutta, is an arts festival warmly celebrated by citizens. The expo is sponsored by the Mayor and the Province of Rome, the celebration makes Via Margutta a true public art gallery, presenting more than 1,000 works of art, including oil paintings, drawings, and watercolors in every expressive style. Some of the works on exhibit are of unknown or less-famous artists, admission is free, the exposition is open to everybody, the viewing of the works is casual and an easygoing attitude is the norm. Among the historical inhabitants of the street were Giulietta Masina, Federico Fellini, Renato Guttuso, in the same area can be found the Fontana delle Arti, which has a triangular base, crowned by a bucket of paint-brushes. Two masks are on sides, mounted over marble supports. The images are of the now familiar sad and happy faces, the two carved faces pour their weak water streams into two small bathtubs. Film by William Wyler with Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck, film by Carlo Vanzina with Carol Alt and Elliott Gould. Quelle Belle Ragazze di Via Margutta, book by Giampiero Mughini Via Margutta is also mentioned in the song Arrivederci Roma. Piazza del Popolo Via del Babuino Via del Corso Via di Ripetta Via Margutta in Roma segreta Artists fountain in Via Margutta
9.
Monti (rione of Rome)
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Monti is the name of one of the twenty-two Rioni of Rome, rione I, located in Municipio I. The name literally means mountains in Italian and comes from the fact that the Esquiline and the Viminal Hills, and parts of the Quirinal and its logo consists of three green mountains with three tops on a silver background. Today the Esquilino, Castro Pretorio and Celio districts do not belong to it anymore, in ancient times the rione was densely populated, in Monti there were the Forum Romanum and the so-called Suburra, this was the place poor people lived, full of disreputable locals and brothels. In the Middle Ages the situation was different, the Roman aqueducts were damaged. Hence many inhabitants moved to Campus Martius, a level part. From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 19th century, Monti was not densely populated because of the lack of water and because it was quite far from the Vatican, the center of Christian culture. The area did not become abandoned thanks to the church of San Giovanni in Laterano, still in the Middle Ages the inhabitants of Monti, called monticiani, developed a strong identity, their Roman dialect was different from that spoken in the other rioni. Their main enemies were the people from the other rione with an identity, Trastevere. The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum is located in Monti History, maps and images of the rione
10.
Trevi (rione of Rome)
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Trevi is the rione II of Rome, located in Municipio I. Its logo is made of three swords on a red background and this rione, during the Roman republic belonged to the third region, while during the Roman empire was split up into two regions, the VI, called Alta Semita and the VII, called via Lata. During the ancient Roman period, in rione Trevi there were groups of private houses with some monumental buildings. Since that time the area was split up into two parts, a lower one, level and next to the river Tiber, and a higher one on the hills. The first one was one of the center of the activities of the city, while the one was a rich. After the fall of the Roman empire, a lot of people moved away from the hills to settle next to the river, in the lower part. The urbanization followed the people, next to the river Tiber the rione was full of buildings while almost nothing was built again on the hills until the Renaissance. In 1600 urbanization, new streets, churches and fountains caused the rione Trevi to be quite crowded, the Quirinal Hill, partially isolated from the crowded part close to the river, was slowly becoming a center of power thanks to numerous buildings belonging to the Pope. Under the domination of Napoleon, in 1811, the Quirinal Hill was selected to be the center of the power in Rome. The plan was not completed because of the fall of Napoleon, in fact nowadays several ministers are placed in the rione Trevi. This changed completely the appearance of the part of the rione. The most famous monument in the rione is Trevi Fountain, public libraries in Trevi include Romana Sarti and Casa delle Traduzioni. Piazza Barberini Piazza della Pilota Piazza del Quirinale Piazza San Bernardo Piazza San Silvestro Piazza Santi Apostoli Piazza Scanderbeg Piazza di Trevi
11.
Colonna, City of Rome
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Colonna is the III rione of Rome and located at the citys historic center in Municipio I. It takes its name from the Column of Marcus Aurelius in the Piazza Colonna, today the rione covers 0.2689 km2 and as of 2011 had 2547 inhabitants. The rione reaches to one side of the Pincian Hill, during the short-lived Roman Republic of 1798 it also included the hill itself and was called Pincio rather than Colonna. The riones insignia is a now a column representing the Column of Marcus Aurelius on a red background. However, the insignia originally consisted of three azure bands against a silver background
12.
Ponte (rione of Rome)
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Ponte is the fifth rione of Rome, and is located in Municipio I. Its name comes from Ponte SantAngelo, which connects Ponte with the rione of Borgo and this bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian in 134 AD to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city. Though Pope Sixtus V changed the limits so that the bridge belongs now to Borgo, not to Ponte any more. Its logo is obviously a bridge, in ancient Rome, the area belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circus Flaminius, that was a part of the Campus Martius. Neros bridge was also called Pons Vaticanus, because it connected the Ager Vaticanus to the bank, later Pons ruptus. In ancient Rome there was a port that was used to carry the materials for temples, the active life of the area went on during the Middle Ages and the modern period, and this activity deleted almost all signs of ancient Rome in the rione. Moreover, the rione was on the edge of Ponte SantAngelo, thus all the streets of Rome were leading there. That is why it was full of locals, restaurants, shops of holy objects, a common event in the area was to see a small procession led by a person dressed in black, covering his face, carrying a crucifix on his shoulders. On a wagon there was a condemned man kissing continuously another image of Jesus. The destination of the procession was the square in front of Ponte SantAngelo, although Ponte was a quite rich area, it was the one most affected by the frequent flooding of the River Tiber. All the narrow leading to the river were lost, to make space for the embankments. La grande guida dei Rioni di Roma, ISBN 88-7983-509-2 History, maps and images of the rione
13.
Parione
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Parione is the VI rione of Rome. It is located in Municipio I and its logo is a rampant griffon, a Greek mythological creature with the head of an eagle and the body of a lion. It was chosen as a symbol of pride and nobility, during Antiquity, it belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circo Flaminio. In this area Domitianus built his stadium and an Odeon, for musical, under Sixtus IV the rione lost its chaotic look, typical of the Middle Ages, for a cleaner and tidier one, typical of the Renaissance. Recovering buildings, enlarging streets, building the new bridge ponte Sisto connecting Trastevere and Parione, thanks to this renewal, urbanization increased between the 1400 and 1500. In the same period, several artists were asked to renew the front of the greatest buildings, in 1500 most of the commercial activity slowly moved from Campo de Fiori to Piazza Navona, that was the favorite place since it was wider. From 1574 to 1674, the appearance of Piazza Navona changed vastly, thanks to the work of Bernini, Borromini, if one palace was jutting, its front was moved backwards to preserve it
14.
Regola
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Regola is the 7th rione of Rome, Italy. It is located in Municipio I of the city, the name comes from Arenula, which was the name of the soft sand that the river Tiber left after the floods, and that built strands on the left bank. The logo of the rione is a rampant deer with a turquoise background, during the Roman empire, the area belonged to the Campus Martius. In particular, in the modern Regola there was the Trigarium, emperor Augustus divided Rome into 14 regions, according to this, the modern Regola belonged to the IX region called Circus Flaminius. In the Middle Ages it entered the fourth of the seven new ecclesiastic regions, also because of the very frequent floods of the river Tiber, the area was unhealthy and it was drained at the end of the Middle Ages. In 1586, when rione Borgo was made, the number of rioni increased to 14, and Regola became the VII with the name of Arenule et Chacabariorum. In 1875, after the walls to stop the floods of the Tiber were built, though small, the rione contains many kinds of buildings, palaces, hospitals, churches, embassies, run down prisons and dirty poor houses. Public libraries in Regola include the Biblioteca centrale Centrale dei Ragazzi, media related to Rione VII - Regola at Wikimedia Commons History, maps and images of the rione
15.
Pigna (rione of Rome)
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Pigna is the name of rione IX of Rome, located in Municipio I of the city. The name means pine cone in Italian, and the symbol for the rione is the bronze pine cone. The giant bronze pine cone once decorated a fountain in Ancient Rome next to a vast Temple of Isis, there water flowed copiously from the top of the pinecone. The Pigna was moved first to the Old Basilica of Saint Peter, there it stands today under Pirro Ligorios vast niche at the far end, flanked by a pair of Roman bronze peacocks brought from Hadrians mausoleum, the Castel SantAngelo. This rione is centrally located in the Campus Martius area of ancient Rome and it is roughly square-shaped, extending from the Pantheon on its northwest corner to the Piazza Venezia on the southeast. This relatively small area contains numerous churches and palazzi, public libraries in Pigna include Rispoli
16.
Sant'Angelo, Rome
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SantAngelo is the eleventh historic district or rione of Rome, and is located in Municipio I. Often written as rione XI - SantAngelo, its coat of arms is an angel on a red background, in another version, the angel holds a sword in its right hand and a scale in its left. SantAngelo, the smallest of Romes rioni, lies along the Tiber river east of Tiber Island, rioni bordering this district, clockwise from north to south, include Regola, SantEustachio, Pigna, Campitelli, and Ripa. SantAngelos western border is the river, the riones terrain is low and flat and, until recent times, particularly susceptible to flooding from the river. The historical significance of SantAngelo is mainly the result of the here of the Roman Ghetto. During the early Roman period, the occupied by SantAngelo lay outside the Servian walls. This location, at a point where the river could be forded easily had great strategic importance, the Cestian and Fabrician bridges, built during the 1st century BC to connect the island with the right and the left bank, respectively, increased the importance of the area. During the Empire, the district was part of IX Circus Flaminius, the regio was named after the Circus Flaminius, the second-largest circus of Rome, built here during the 3rd century BC by Gaius Flaminius Nepos. The Circus stood near the Capitoline Hill and the Forum, Augustus intended the area near the Circus to be part of Romes monumental center, with buildings devoted to dramatic performances and temples. Moreover, two magnificent porticos, both built in the tradition of Republican-era porticoes, were built toward the end of the 1st century BC, the Porticus Octaviae and the Porticus Philippi. The first was built by Augustus, who dedicated it to his sister Octavia, part of the area used for these buildings was obtained at the expense of the Circus Flaminius, which was partially dismantled by Augustus. After the end of the Empire the monumental edifices collapsed, several factors played an important role in this transformation, first, the size and solidity of construction, then, the closeness to the Tiber. Finally, the possibility of controlling the access to the bank via the Pons Fabricius, Cestius and Aemilius. Later appeared also the appellation SantAngelo, after the most important church of the rione and this church, erected in 770 AD inside the Propylea of the Portico of Octavia, had a great historical importance during the Middle Ages. From here, on the Whitsunday of 1347, the Romans, led by Cola di Rienzo, launched the assault on the Capitol, attempting to restore the Roman Republic. Along the Botteghe Oscure —as the arcades of the Theater of Balbus were called— was produced quicklime, on the wall near the Portico is still visible a copy of the marble plaque, whose length gives the maximum size of the fishes which could be sold whole. Those which were longer would have their heads cut off and these had to be given as a perquisite to the Conservatori, who used them to prepare a fish soup. The most typical activity in the market was the auction, known as cottío
17.
Trastevere
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Trastevere is the 13th rione of Rome, on the west bank of the Tiber, south of Vatican City, and within Municipio I. Its name comes from the Latin trans Tiberim, meaning literally beyond the Tiber and its logo is a golden head of a lion on a red background, the meaning of which is uncertain. To the north, Trastevere borders the XIV rione, Borgo, in Romes Regal period, the area across the Tiber belonged to the hostile Etruscans, the Romans named it Ripa Etrusca. Rome conquered it to control of and access to the river from both banks, but was not interested in building on that side of the river. In fact, the connection between Trastevere and the rest of the city was a small wooden bridge called the Pons Sublicius. By the time of the Republic c.509 BC, the number of sailors and fishermen making a living from the river had increased, immigrants from the East also settled there, mainly Jews and Syrians. The area began to be considered part of the city under Augustus, since the end of the Roman Republic the quarter was also the center of an important Jewish community, which inhabited there until the end of the Middle Ages. With the wealth of the Imperial Age, several important figures decided to build their villae in Trastevere, including Clodia, and Julius Caesar. The regio included two of the most ancient churches in Rome, the Titulus Callixti, later called the Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere, and the Titulus Cecilae, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. In the Middle Ages Trastevere had narrow, winding, irregular streets, moreover, at the end of the 15th century these mignani were removed. Nevertheless, Trastevere remained a maze of narrow streets, there was a strong contrast between the large, opulent houses of the upper classes and the small, dilapidated houses of the poor. The streets had no pavement until the time of Sixtus IV at the end of the 15th century, at first bricks were used, but these were later replaced by sampietrini, which were more suitable for carriages. In 1744 Benedict XIV modified the borders of the rioni, giving Trastevere its modern limits, nowadays, Trastevere maintains its character thanks to its narrow cobbled streets lined by ancient houses. At night, natives and tourists flock to its many pubs and restaurants. The unique character of this neighborhood has attracted artists, foreign expats, in the sixties and seventies, the American musicians/composers Frederic Rzewski and Richard Teitelbaum, of the group Musica Elettronica Viva, lived in Via della Luce. Sergio Leone, the director of Spaghetti Westerns, grew up in Viale Glorioso, ennio Morricone, the film music composer, went to the same school, and for one year was in the same class as Sergio Leone. Public libraries in Trastevere include Casa della Memoria e della Storia
18.
Borgo (rione of Rome)
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Borgo, is the 14th historic district of Rome, Italy. It lies on the west bank of the Tiber, within Municipio I and its coat of arms shows a lion, lying in front of three mounts and a star. These - together with a lion rampant - are also part of the coat of arms of Pope Sixtus V who annexed Borgo as fourteenth rione to the city of Rome. The Borgo is bordered by Vatican City to the west, the Tiber to the east, Prati to the north, the quartiere Aurelio to the southwest and Trastevere to the south. The territory of the quarter includes a part, which is made of the alluvial sands of Tiber, and a hilly zone. In administrative terms, the Borgo, following the city decree n.11 issued on 11 March 2013, before then, he was part of the XVII Municipio, together with the rione of Prati and the quartieri Trionfale and Della Vittoria. The main roads run east-west and are not named Vie, although heavily transformed during the first half of the 20th century, the Borgo maintains its historical importance as a forecourt to Saint Peters Basilica and the Vatican Palace. The territory of the Borgo during the Roman age was part of the fourteenth Regio, Transtiberim, and was named Ager Vaticanus, after the auguries, since it lay outside the Pomerium, and was plagued by malaria, this territory was used as a burial place. Some tombs reached notable proportions, among them, the so-called Terebinthus Neronis, which was a round tomb surmounted by a narrow tower, while the Meta Romuli, was demolished only in 1499. At the foot of the Vatican Hill, two roads started, the Via Cornelia, which joined the Via Aurelia near Tarquinii, and the Via Triumphalis, which met the Via Cassia a few kilometers north. The latter was so named because, beginning with Titus, the Roman Emperors used it to enter the city when celebrating their Triumphs, Emperor Gaius built on the Vatican a circus, which was then enlarged by Nero. The obelisk standing today in St. Peters Square was erected along its raised median, the circus was connected to the city through an archway. Nero also substituted the timber bridge of the Via Triumphalis with a stone bridge, Emperor Hadrian built near the Tiber his huge Mausoleum, which he connected to the left bank of the river with another Bridge, the Pons Ælius. But what changed forever the destiny of the zone was the martyrdom of St. Peter at the foot of the Vatican hill in 67, the saint was buried nearby, and this turned the Vatican into a place of pilgrimage. Above the tomb of the saint, Pope Anacletus built an oratory and this church, known today as Old Saint Peters, soon became one of the centers of Christianity. During the early Middle Ages the bridge of Nero fell into ruins, while the Mausoleum of Hadrian was converted into a stronghold, despite the wars and invasions that plagued Rome during those centuries, the flood of pilgrims to the tomb of the apostle never stopped. Pilgrims of the same nationality gathered together in associations named Scholae, whose task was to host, the most famous were those of the Franks, Saxons, Frisians and Lombards. Each Schola had its own hospice and church, one of the first – the Schola Saxonum - was built during the 8th century by Ina or Ine, king of the West Saxons
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Testaccio
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Testaccio is the 20th rione of Rome, deriving its name from Monte Testaccio. It is located in the citys Municipio I, the rione seal depicts one of these amphorae. In modern times, the area has been a center of activity for butchers, Testaccio was one of Rome’s traditional working class neighbourhoods, but the recent process of gentrification has changed its reputation from hard-at-work to hipster. The neighborhood is home to several of Romes culinary highlights, testaccios reputation among tourists is expanding. Story and Pictures of Testaccio Pictures of Testaccio
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Prati
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Prati is a historic neighbourhood of Rome in the centre of the city, bordering with the north of the Vatican State, within Romes Municipio I. Its logo is the shape of Hadrians mausoleum, in a color on a silver background. Although it technically belongs to the rione Borgo, the Hadrians mausoleum is one of Pratis landmarks. In administrative terms, Prati since 2013 belongs to I Municipio while before that year together with the rione of Borgo, a solidly bourgeois district, Prati is one of the wealthiest neighbourhoods in Rome. Prati is immediately to the north of the city centre of the City. The busy Via Cola di Rienzo, one of the most famous streets in Rome, is ranked among the most important shopping streets in the city. San Gioacchino in Prati Sacro Cuore del Suffragio Santa Maria del Rosario in Prati Beata Vergine Maria del Carmine Chapel of Santa Maria Assunta Court of Cassation, Italys highest court
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
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