1.
Carleton College
–
Carleton College is a private liberal arts college in the historic town of Northfield, Minnesota. The college enrolled 2,014 undergraduate students and employed 245 instructional faculty members in fall 2015, Carleton is one of few liberal arts colleges that runs on the trimester system. In its 2017 edition of national liberal arts college rankings, U. S, the schools location in Northfield places it 40 miles from the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan complex. The school was founded on October 12,1866, when the Minnesota Conference of Congregational Churches unanimously accepted a resolution to locate a college in Northfield, two Northfield businessmen, Charles Augustus Wheaton and Charles Moorehouse Goodsell, each donated 10 acres of land for the first campus. The first students enrolled at the unit of Northfield College in the fall of 1867. In 1870, the first college president, James Strong, traveled to the East Coast to raise funds for the college. On his way from visiting a potential donor, William Carleton of Charlestown, Massachusetts, impressed by Strongs survival of the accident, Carleton donated $50,000 to the fledgling institution in 1871. As a result, the Board of Trustees renamed the school in his honor, the college graduated its first college class in 1874, in which the first two graduates, James J. Dow and Myra A. Brown, married each other later that year, on September 7,1876, the James-Younger Gang, led by outlaw Jesse James, tried to rob the First National Bank of Northfield. Joseph Lee Heywood, Carletons Treasurer, was acting cashier at the bank that day and he was shot and killed for refusing to open the safe. Carleton later named a library fund after Heywood, the Heywood Society is the name for a group of donors who have named Carleton in their wills. In its early years under the presidency of James Strong, Carleton reflected the theological conservatism of its Minnesota Congregational founders, in 1903, modern religious influences were introduced by William Sallmon, a Yale Divinity School graduate, who was hired as college president. Sallmon was opposed by conservative faculty members and alumni, and left the presidency by 1908, after Sallmon left, the trustees hired Donald J. Cowling, another theologically liberal Yale Divinity School graduate, as his successor. In 1916, under Cowlings leadership, Carleton began an affiliation with the Minnesota Baptist Convention. It lasted until 1928, when the Baptists severed the relationship as a result of fundamentalist opposition to Carletons liberalism, non-denominational for a number of years, in 1964 Carleton abolished its requirement for weekly attendance at some religious or spiritual meeting. In 1927, students founded the first student-run pub in the nation, located in the basement of Evans Hall, it continues to host live music shows and other events several times each week. In 1942, Carleton purchased land in Stanton, about 10 miles east of campus, during World War II, several classes of male students went through air basic training at the college. Since being sold by the college in 1944, the Stanton Airfield has been operated for commercial use, the world premiere production of the English translation of Bertolt Brechts play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, was performed in 1948 at Carletons Nourse Little Theater
Carleton College
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Aerial view of the campus
Carleton College
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Seal of Carleton College
Carleton College
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Carleton College Glee Club, 1913
Carleton College
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The philosopher Friedrich Schiller's bust at the college has been subject to a number of campus traditions
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
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Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
–
Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
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Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
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Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
4.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
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Basic investment types
5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
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The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
6.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
Ottawa
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Centre Block on Parliament Hill, the
National War Memorial in
downtown Ottawa, the
National Gallery of Canada, and the
Rideau Canal and
Château Laurier.
Ottawa
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Bytown in 1853. Military Barracks on hill top was occupied by "A" Company of the
Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment, presently home to
Parliament Hill.
Ottawa
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Centre Block on
Parliament Hill under construction in 1863
Ottawa
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Looking east down
Rideau Street. In view: the
Union Station on the right, and the (now demolished)
Daly Building on the left. 1922
7.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
Ontario
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Algonquin Provincial Park, Cache Lake
Ontario
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Flag
Ontario
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Summer at
Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.
Ontario
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The
Niagara Escarpment on the
Bruce Peninsula.
8.
Carleton Ravens
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The Carleton Ravens are the athletic teams that represent Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The most notable sports team for Carleton is the basketball team. In mens basketball, the Ravens have won 13 of the last 15 national mens championships, the Ravens went on an 87-game winning streak from 2003 to 2006. They also had a 54-game home winning streak, the Ravens finished 2nd in the World University Basketball Championships in 2004. Outside of basketball, the Ravens are the current Womens Curling national champions and they are also the Mens Water Polo and Mens Fencing provincial champions. The Mens Hockey team also placed 3rd in the province and made an appearance at nationals, Carleton participates in the Ontario University Athletics Conference for all varsity sports, except the Womens Hockey and Rugby teams who play in Quebec Student Sport Federation. Carletons biggest rivals are the Ottawa Gee-Gees of the University of Ottawa, an annual football game, known as the Panda Game is played between the cross-town rivals. It is the most well known game in Canadian collegiate football. Since its inception in 1955, the Gee-Gees have won 33 to Carletons 13, from 1998 to 2012, Carleton did not have a football program so the Panda Game was not held. Today, the rivalry is also extremely heated between the basketball teams, as both universities have mens and womens teams that finish near the top of the standings. The Ottawa Gee-Gees won the inaugural event 64–62, the event, now known as the Capital Hoops Classic, has been expanded to include the womens teams as well, with the Classic featuring a doubleheader of both teams. The January 28,2009 edition of the broke the 2007 record with 10,523 fans attending the two games, with both of Carletons teams posting victories over Ottawa. In the 2013–14 season the teams faced each other both in the provincial and national finals, with winning the OUA championship and Carleton winning the national title. In 2014-15, the two teams faced off in national championship games, with Carleton once again winning. Mens basketball womens basketball fencing football golf mens hockey womens hockey nordic skiing rowing womens rugby mens soccer womens soccer swimming mens water polo womens water polo,15 club sports, http, //goravens. ca/clubs/ The Ravens have won 13 of the last 15 national championships. Below is their season record since 1996–97. Carleton has had success in womens basketball, though the program has recently become one of the most competitive in the OUA North. The womens field hockey team has not participated in U Sports since 2010, the Carleton Ravens football team returned to the Ontario University Athletics football conference in 2013 after a 15-year absence
Carleton Ravens
–
Men's basketball game between Carleton and uOttawa
Carleton Ravens
–
Carleton Ravens
Carleton Ravens
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Carleton goaltender Francis Dupuis during 2013-14 season vs.
Windsor Lancers.
Carleton Ravens
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Carleton during 2013-14 season vs.
Windsor Lancers.
9.
Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada
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Universities Canada is an organization that represents Canadas colleges and universities. It is a non profit organization that coordinates university policies, guidance. Formed in 1911, as the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, it represents 97 public and private not-for-profit Canadian Universities and it provides member services in public policy and advocacy, communications, research and information-sharing, and scholarships and international programs. In April 2015, the organization renamed itself Universities Canada, Universities Canada is not a national accreditation body. Membership in the association requires universities to meet strict criteria and adhere to set principles of institutional quality assurance that must be reaffirmed every five years and this reinforces the recognition of a Canadian university degree around the world as a high-quality academic achievement. The association produces a number of publications, such as University Affairs magazine, the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canadas Arms, Supporters and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on May 10,2004. On 25 October 2011, the AUCC announced a new Statement on Academic Freedom which was adopted unanimously by the membership at its centennial meeting, Universities Canada works in an advocacy role with governments to promote higher education and awareness of the contributions Canadas universities make to the country. Its priorities are increasing funding for operating and capital costs, research. It is also involved in the copyright reform process. The association is active in managing government-funded international partnership programs. In partnership with Community Foundations of Canada and Rideau Hall Foundation, u15 Group of Canadian Research Universities Association of Commonwealth Universities Official website
Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada
–
Arms of the AUCC
10.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
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The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
Association of Commonwealth Universities
–
Logo of the ACU
11.
Ontario University Athletics
–
This is similar to what would be called a college athletic conference in the United States. OUA, which covers Ontario, is one of four such bodies that are members of the governing body for university athletics. OUA came into being in 1997 with the merger of the Ontario Universities Athletics Association, the first formal organization of intercollegiate athletics in Canada took place in 1906 with the formation of the Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union. This organization had four members, Ottawa College, Trinity College, McMaster College. As the years passed, the CIAU expanded until in 1954 the union had nineteen members, in 1954, the administration of the CIAU was becoming somewhat unwieldy. It was also felt that the name Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union was not truly appropriate since intercollegiate athletic associations were also in existence in other parts of the country. The original members of the O-QAA had been joined by the Assumption College and were joined in 1961 by Waterloo and 1968 by Carleton University, in 1968, the O-QAA was divided into Eastern and Western Divisions in order to facilitate the scheduling of events. The 1960s also saw the creation of Canadas first national governing body for university athletics, in 1971, the Quebec-based universities in the O-QAA withdrew from the Association. Laval, McGill and Montreal elected to pursue their future athletic endeavours in the newly formed Quebec Universities Athletic Association, in the resulting reorganization meetings, the remaining members of the O-QAA voted to change their name to the OUAA. Invitations were extended to all Ontario universities to participate in the reorganization meeting, as part of the reorganization, it was decided that all the trophies, records, etc. of the O-QAA would remain with and be recognized by the OUAA. The Ontario Womens Interuniversity Athletic Association was founded in 1971, which provided competition for women students in the universities of Ontario. The OWIAA was unique in North America in both its longevity and singleness of purpose and this coalition was the only association for womens athletics to have survived through 60 years of commitment to women athletes in Ontario universities. The Royal Military College of Kingston was admitted to the OUAA in 1973, also in 1973, Waterloo Lutheran University changed its name to Wilfrid Laurier University. The continuing evolution of the OUAA saw three Quebec-based universities receive playing privileges in the OUAA football league in 1974, in 1978, the CIAU changed its name to Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union. In 1980, football was reorganized so that the teams of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference- West Division would form the new OUAA Football League, the OQIFC East teams, Ottawa, Carleton and Queens would join the three Quebec schools in the new OQIFC. In 1987, the OUAA awarded playing privileges in hockey to three Quebec schools, McGill, Concordia and Trois Rivieres, nipissing University was admitted in 1993 with full membership. July 1,1997 marked a new era of university sport in Ontario, both the OUAA and the OWIAA amalgamated to form one association, Ontario University Athletics. In November,1997 the OUA hired the organization’s first Executive Director. The “new” OUA office opened on September 1,1998 in Hamilton
Ontario University Athletics
–
2012 men's hockey playoffs,
Windsor Lancers vs.
York Lions at
Windsor Arena (February 16, 2012).
Ontario University Athletics
–
Ontario University Athletics (OUA)
Ontario University Athletics
–
The
Ottawa Gee Gees taking on the
Windsor Lancers at the 2013
Wilson Cup semi final.
12.
Quebec Student Sport Federation
–
The Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec is the current name for the organisation formerly known as the Quebec Student Sports Federation in English. RSEQ is the body of primary and secondary school, collegiate. This is similar to what would be called a college athletic conference in the United States, the RSEQ, which covers Quebec, is one of four such bodies that are members of the countrys governing body for university athletics, U Sports. After the merger between the university, collegiate and high school governing bodies in 1989, the association was named to the QSSF. As with all of Canadas provincial high school associations, the RSEQ is an affiliate member of the United States-based National Federation of State High School Associations. Starting with the 2017–18 school year, Bishops will play football in AUS, note, The following universities below are not members of U Sports, and are solely RSEQ members and participate in certain sports. Canadian athletic facilities are listed by their maximum capacity, which is often an estimate of their largest recorded crowd in the facility. These maximum capacities can and often do include standing room patrons, seated Capacity is the actual number of permanent seats, be they grandstands or permanently in use bleachers. This is why you will sometimes see larger capacities listed for these sites when searching for them on line, when capacity numbers have mismatched on source sites, unless the larger capacity could be confirmed as a seated capacity, the smaller capacity number has been listed here. Please update with verified seated capacities only when the release more accurate official seated capacities
Quebec Student Sport Federation
–
Quebec Student Sport Federation (Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec) (RSEQ)
13.
Fields Institute
–
The institute is named for University of Toronto mathematician John Charles Fields, founder of the Fields Medal. It was established in 1992, and was based at the University of Waterloo before relocating to Toronto in 1995. As a centre for mathematical activity, the institute brings together mathematicians from Canada and it also holds monthly meetings on mathematics education, attended by participants from secondary school boards, university mathematics departments and the private sector. The institute occupies a building at the university that was conceived and constructed for its activities. It accommodates up to 66 visitors and their staff, providing office spaces. The Fields Institute Monographs features the work of the institute. CRM-Fields-PIMS prize Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences
Fields Institute
–
The exterior of the Fields Institute
Fields Institute
–
Colleges
14.
Network of International Business Schools
–
NIBS was formed in 1993 and currently has approximately 70 member institutions in over 30 countries. Previously, the position was held by Dr. David Gillingham, who served in the role from its inception in 1993 until 2012, and by Ian Charles, who led the organization from 2012 to 2016. Since 2008, a key function of the organization has been the accreditation of internationally oriented schools of business around the world, the NIBS accreditation scheme is thus generally regarded as a supplement to other accreditations, as well as a signal that an institution is committed to deep internationalization. As of March 2017, a total of 24 institutions have been accredited by NIBS, the 2017 event will be held in Leeds, UK, and will focus on the role of business schools in preparing students for a rapidly changing global economy. NIBS is also publisher of the NIBS Journal, an academic journal focused on advancing business theory. Founded in 1996, the NIBS Worldwide Case Competition is among the undergraduate business case competitions in the world. In the current format, adopted in 2013, the event begins with a qualifying round, consisting of a written case analysis conducted under controlled conditions at participating universities. The results of qualifying round are then used to select the 16 teams that will advance to the championship round. The next edition of the competition will be hosted by Guatemalas Universidad del Istmo in 2018
Network of International Business Schools
–
Network of International Business Schools logo
Network of International Business Schools
–
Presentation at the 2012 NIBS Worldwide Case Competition in Rotterdam, Netherlands
15.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
16.
Humanities
–
Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture. In the Middle Ages, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, today, the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural, and sometimes social, sciences as well as professional training. The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, religion, art, scholars in the humanities are humanity scholars or humanists. The term humanist also describes the position of humanism, which some antihumanist scholars in the humanities refuse. The Renaissance scholars and artists were also called humanists, some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of English literature, global studies and art. Human disciplines like history and cultural anthropology study subject matters that the method does not apply to—and instead mainly use the comparative method. Anthropology is the science of humans, a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the sciences, humanities. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been divided into three broad domains. The natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments, the humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. Anthropology does not easily fit into one of these categories, within the United States, anthropology is divided into four sub-fields, archaeology, physical or biological anthropology, anthropological linguistics, and cultural anthropology. It is an area that is offered at most undergraduate institutions, the word anthropos is from the Greek for human being or person. Eric Wolf described sociocultural anthropology as the most scientific of the humanities, the goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological and it is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. Archaeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture, the archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a science and a branch of the humanities. It has various goals, which range from understanding culture history to reconstructing past lifeways to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time
Humanities
–
The philosopher
Plato – Roman copy of a work by
Silanion
Humanities
–
Bust of
Homer, a Greek poet
Humanities
–
A trial at a criminal court, the
Old Bailey in
London
Humanities
–
Shakespeare wrote some of the most acclaimed works in
English literature.
17.
International business
–
International business comprises all commercial transactions that take place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political boundaries. Usually, private companies undertake transactions for profit, governments undertake them for profit, the term international business refers to all those business activities which involve cross-border transactions of goods, services, and resources between two or more nations. A multinational enterprise is a company that has an approach to markets. As shown, multinational enterprises can make business in different types of market, each of these factors may require changes in how individual business units operate from 1 country to the next. International business can be defined as the study of multinational companies, one of the first scholars to engage in developing a theory of multinational companies was Stephen Hymer. Throughout his academic life he developed theories that sought to explain foreign direct investment, There were three phases in Hymers work. The first phase was his dissertation in 1960 called the International Operations of National Firms, in this thesis, Hymer departs from neoclassical theory and opens up a new area of international production. At first Hymer started analyzing neoclassical theory and the financial investment wherein the main reason for capital movement is difference in interest rates, then he started analyzing the characteristics of foreign investment by large companies for production and direct business purposes, calling this Foreign Direct Investment. By analyzing the two types of investments Hymer distinguished financial investment from direct investment, the main distinguishing feature was control. Where in portfolio investment is a passive approach, and the main purpose is financial gain. So the traditional theory of investment based on differential interest rates does not explain the motivations for FDI, According to Hymer there are two main determinants of FDI wherein an imperfect market structure is the key element. The first is the specific advantages which are developed at the specific companies home country and, profitably. This paper includes theory of internationalization and explains the direction of growth of the expansion of firms. Hymer is the father of the theory of MNE, and explains the motivations for companies doing business abroad. Among modern economic theories of multinationals and foreign investment are internalization theory. Hymer and Dunning are considered founding fathers of international business as a specialist field of study, the conduct of international operations depends on a companys objectives and the means with which they carry them out. The operations affect and are affected by the physical and societal factors, merchandise imports, The import goods are the ones brought into a country. Service exports and imports are not product purchasing, services exports and imports can be divided into three most important categories Tourism and transportation, service performance, asset use
International business
–
Business administration
18.
International relations
–
International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State. As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides, in practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary. The history of international relations based on sovereign states is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, the centuries of roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of the independent, sovereign states, the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. The French Revolution added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy, such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state. The term republic increasingly became its synonym, the same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism, the contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War. While the nation-state system is considered modern, many states have not incorporated the system and are termed pre-modern, further, a handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered post-modern. The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of different types of states is disputed. What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I, IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the I and R in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, in the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism, Marxism has been a foundation of international relations. International relations as a field of study began in Britain. IR emerged as an academic discipline in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship. Georgetown Universitys Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States and this was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US and in Geneva, Switzerland. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE, furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed a focus on the history of IR in the early modern, colonial and Cold War periods. The first university dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International Studies. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 2012, Ramon Llull University initiated the first International Relations degree in Barcelona, fully in English
International relations
–
The
Palace of Nations. In 2012 alone, the Palace of Nations hosted more than 10 000 intergovernmental meetings.
Geneva (
Switzerland) is the city that hosts the highest number of
international organisations in the world.
International relations
–
The field of international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian
Thucydides.
International relations
–
The official portraits of King
Władysław IV dressed according to
French,
Spanish and Polish fashion reflects the complex politics of the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the
Thirty Years' War
International relations
–
Flags of the member states of the
United Nations
19.
Political economy
–
Political economy is a term used for studying production and trade, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth. Political economy originated in moral philosophy and it was developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states, or polities, hence the term political economy. In the late 19th century, the term came to replace political economy. Earlier, William Stanley Jevons, a proponent of mathematical methods applied to the subject, advocated economics for brevity and it is available as an area of study in certain colleges and universities. Originally, political economy meant the study of the conditions under which production or consumption within limited parameters was organized in nation-states, in that way, political economy expanded the emphasis of economics, which comes from the Greek oikos and nomos. Thus, political economy was meant to express the laws of production of wealth at the state level, the phrase économie politique first appeared in France in 1615 with the well-known book by Antoine de Montchrétien, Traité de l’economie politique. The French physiocrats, along with Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, Henry George, the worlds first professorship in political economy was established in 1754 at the University of Naples Federico II in southern Italy. The Neapolitan philosopher Antonio Genovesi was the first tenured professor, in 1763, Joseph von Sonnenfels was appointed a Political Economy chair at the University of Vienna, Austria. Thomas Malthus, in 1805, became Englands first professor of economy, at the East India Company College, Haileybury. This left the class of 1998 as the last to be graduated with a Master of Arts in Political Economy. In the United States, political economy first was taught at the College of William and Mary, an early and continuing focus of that research program is what came to be called constitutional political economy. Other traditional topics include analysis of public policy issues as economic regulation, monopoly, rent-seeking, market protection, institutional corruption. From the mid-1990s, the field has expanded, in part aided by new data sets that allow tests of hypotheses on comparative economic systems. New political economy may treat economic ideologies as the phenomenon to explain, thus, Charles S. Maier suggests that a political economy approach interrogates economic doctrines to disclose their sociological and political premises. In sum, regards economic ideas and behavior not as frameworks for analysis and this approach informs Andrew Gambles The Free Economy and the Strong State, and Colin Hays The Political Economy of New Labour. It also informs much work published in New Political Economy, a journal founded by Sheffield University scholars in 1996. International political economy is a field comprising approaches to the actions of various actors. They are also associated with the journal The Review of International Political Economy, there also is a more critical school of IPE, inspired by thinkers such as Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi, two major figures are Matthew Watson and Robert W. Cox
Political economy
–
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l'oeconomie politique, 1758
Political economy
–
World GDP (PPP) per capita by country (2014)
Political economy
–
Robert Keohane, international relations theorist
20.
Public administration
–
Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service. As a field of inquiry with a diverse scope its fundamental goal, is to advance management and policies so that government can function. Public administrators are public servants working in departments and agencies. In the US, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s, however, until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Webers theory of bureaucracy there was not much interest in a theory of public administration. In 1947 Paul H. Appleby defined public administration as public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action. In a democracy, it has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity, the worth, and the potentials of the citizen. One year later, Gordon Clapp, then Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority defined public administration as a public instrument whereby democratic society may be completely realized. This implies that it must relate itself to concepts of justice, liberty, and fuller economic opportunity for human beings and is concerned with people, with ideas. The key term product refers to items that are constructed or produced such as prisons, roads, laws, schools. As implementors, public managers engage these products and they participate in the doing and making of the living democracy. A living democracy is an environment that is changing, organic, imperfect, inconsistent, more recently scholars claim that public administration has no generally accepted definition, because the scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define. Public administration is a field of study and an occupation, scholar Donald Kettl is among those who view public administration as a subfield within political science. The moral purpose of administration, implicit in its acceptance of its role, is the maximisation of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants. The North American Industry Classification System definition of the Public Administration sector states that public administration, dating back to Antiquity, Pharaohs, kings and emperors have required pages, treasurers, and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government. Prior to the 19th century, staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism, favoritism, and political patronage, Public administrators have long been the eyes and ears of rulers. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, add, as the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over other continents and people, the need for a sophisticated public administration grew. Far in advance of the rest of the world until almost the end of the eighteenth century, the eighteenth-century noble, King Frederick William I of Prussia, created professorates in Cameralism in an effort to train a new class of public administrators. The universities of Frankfurt an der Oder and University of Halle were Prussian institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines, johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi was the most well-known professor of Cameralism
Public administration
–
Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice; the latter is depicted in this picture of US federal public servants at a meeting.
Public administration
–
Even in the digital age, public servants tend to work with both paper documents and computer files [
citation needed] (pictured here is Stephen C. Dunn, Deputy Comptroller for the US Navy)
Public administration
–
Woodrow Wilson
Public administration
–
Luther Gulick (1892–1993) was an expert on public administration.
21.
Legal studies
–
Jurisprudence is the study and theory of law. It includes principles behind law that make the law, scholars of jurisprudence, also known as jurists or legal theorists, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems, and of legal institutions. Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the law, civil law. Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems in two groups, Problems internal to law and legal systems. Problems of law as a social institution as law relates to the larger political and social situation in which it exists. Answers to these questions come from four schools of thought in general jurisprudence. The foundations of law are accessible through reason and it is from these laws of nature that human-created laws gain whatever force they have. Legal positivism, by contrast to natural law, holds that there is no connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from some basic social facts. Legal positivists differ on what facts are. Critical legal studies are a younger theory of jurisprudence that has developed since the 1970s and it holds that the law is largely contradictory, and can be best analyzed as an expression of the policy goals of a dominant social group. A further relatively new field is known as jurisprudence, concerned with the impact of legal processes on wellbeing. The English word is based on the Latin maxim jurisprudentia, juris is the form of jus meaning law. The word is first attested in English in 1628, at a time when the word prudence had the meaning of knowledge of or skill in a matter, the word may have come via the French jurisprudence, which is attested earlier. Ancient Indian jurisprudence is available in various Dharmaśāstra texts starting from the Dharmasutra of Bhodhayana. Jurisprudence already had this meaning in Ancient Rome even if at its origins the discipline was a in the jus of mos maiorum, an iudex then would judge a remedy according to the facts of the case. The law was implemented with new evolutive Institutiones, while remaining in the traditional scheme. Praetors were replaced in the 3rd century BC by a body of prudentes. Admission to this body was conditional upon proof of competence or experience, under the Roman Empire, schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic
Legal studies
–
Philosophers of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?"
Legal studies
–
Aristotle, by
Francesco Hayez
Legal studies
–
Thomas Aquinas was the most important Western medieval legal
scholar
Legal studies
–
Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century
22.
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
–
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, KB, known between 1776 and 1786 as Sir Guy Carleton, was an Anglo-Irish soldier and administrator. He twice served as Governor of the Province of Quebec, from 1768 to 1778, concurrently serving as Governor General of British North America in that time, the title Baron Dorchester was created on 21 August 1786. In 1782 and 1783 he led as the commander-in-chief of all British forces in North America, the military and political career of his younger brother, Thomas Carleton, was interwoven with his own, and Thomas served under him in the Canadas. Guy Carleton was born to a Protestant military family that had lived in Ireland since the 17th century and he also had a sister Connolly Crawford. When he was fourteen his father, Christopher Carleton died, in 1742, at the age of seventeen, Carleton was commissioned as an ensign into the 25th Regiment of Foot, in which in 1745 he was promoted lieutenant. During this period he became a friend of James Wolfe, he may have served with Wolfe at the Battle of Culloden during the Jacobite Rebellion, two of his brothers, William and Thomas, also joined the British army. In 1740 the War of the Austrian Succession had broken out in Europe, despite British troops having been engaged on the European Continent since 1742, it was not until 1747 that Carleton and his regiment were despatched to Flanders. They fought the French, but were unable to prevent the Fall of Bergen-op-Zoom, a major Dutch fortress, in 1748 the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed and Carleton returned to Britain. He was frustrated to still only be a lieutenant, and believed his opportunities of advancement would be limited with the end of the war, in 1751 he joined the 1st Foot Guards and in 1752 was promoted to captain. His career received a major boost when he was chosen, at the suggestion of Wolfe, Richmond would become an influential patron to Carleton. In 1757 was made a lieutenant colonel and served as part of the Army of Observation made up of German troops designed to protect Hanover from French invasion. The army was forced to retreat following the Battle of Hastenbeck and eventually concluded the Convention of Klosterzeven, after the Convention was signed, Carleton returned to Britain. In 1758 he was made the lieutenant colonel of the newly formed 72nd Regiment of Foot, James Wolfe selected Carleton as his aide in the 1758 attack on Louisburg. King George II declined to make this appointment, possibly because of comments he made about the soldiers of Hanover during his service on the Continent. For some time he was unable to gain active position, until he was sent back to Germany to serve as an aide-de-camp to Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick. In December 1758 Wolfe, now a Major General was given command of the campaign against the city of Quebec. King George refused to make this appointment also until Lord Ligonier talked to the king about the matter, when Lieutenant-Colonel Carleton arrived in Halifax he assumed command of six hundred grenadiers. He was with the British forces when they arrived at Quebec in June 1759, Carleton was responsible for the provisioning of the army and also acting as an engineer supervising the placement of cannon
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
–
General The Right Honourable The Lord Dorchester
KB
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
–
Bergen-op-Zoom where Guy Carleton first saw action in 1747. His son, George Carleton, would be killed in a later battle there.
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
–
Drawing by a soldier of Wolfe's army depicting the easy climbing of Wolfe's soldiers
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
–
Sir Guy Carleton
23.
British North America
–
British North America refers to the former territories of the British Empire in mainland North America. The term was first used informally in 1783, but it was uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America and these territories today form modern-day Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. British colonization of North America, began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1775, on the eve of the American Revolution, the British Empire included 20 territories in the Western Hemisphere northeast of New Spain. Nova Scotia was split into modern-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in 1784, the part of Quebec retained after 1783 was split into the primarily French-speaking Lower Canada and the primarily English-speaking Upper Canada in 1791. After the War of 1812, the Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel as the United States–British North America border from Ruperts Land west to the Rocky Mountains. Britain gave up Oregon south of the 49th parallel, which was part of the Hudsons Bay Companys Columbia District, the boundary of British North America with Maine was clarified by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The Canadas were united into the Province of Canada in 1841, the former Province of Canada was split back into its pre-1841 parts, with Canada East renamed Quebec, and Canada West renamed Ontario. These were the four provinces of Canada. In 1870, Ruperts Land was annexed to Canada as the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, the British colony on the west coast north of the 49th parallel, joined as Canadas sixth province in 1871, and Prince Edward Island joined in 1873. The boundary of British Columbia with Washington Territory was settled by arbitration in 1872, the Arctic Archipelago was ceded by Britain to Canada in 1880 and added to the Northwest Territories. Subsequently, large sections of the NWT were split off as new territories or provinces, in 1949 the island of Newfoundland, and its associated mainland territory of Labrador, joined Canada as the tenth province. This agreement was implemented when the British Parliament passed the Constitution Act of 1982 at the request of Parliament of Canada. From 1783 to 1801 it was administered by the Home Office and by the Home Secretary, then from 1801 to 1854 under the War Office and Secretary of State for War, when the Colonial Office was re-established it was under the responsibility of the Colonial Secretary. Prince Edward Island Terms of Union, the Peopling of British North America, An Introduction excerpt and text search Cooke, Jacob E. Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies Foster, Stephen, ed. British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries excerpt and text search,11 essays by scholars Garner, the franchise and politics in British North America, 1755–1867 Gipson, Lawrence Henry. The British Empire Before the American Revolution, extremely comprehensive study, Pulitzer Prize Morton, the Kingdom of Canada, A General History from Earliest Times Savelle, Max. Empires To Nations, Expansion In America 1713-1824 online
British North America
–
Flag
24.
Old Ottawa South
–
Old Ottawa South is an older urban neighbourhood in Capital Ward in Ottawa, Canada. Old Ottawa South is a small and compact neighbourhood, located between the Rideau Canal and the Rideau River. The eastern boundary is Avenue Road, Bronson Avenue forms the western border of the residential neighbourhood. Carleton University is on the side of Bronson but the campus can be considered to be geographically within Old Ottawa South as the campus is also nestled between the river and the canal. According to the Canada 2011 Census, the population of the neighbourhood was 6,293 Today, proximity to the university has meant that the neighbourhood has been a haven for professors and students, although rising housing prices are driving out the latter. It is also one of Ottawas more politically progressive neighbourhoods and has been a stronghold for the New Democratic Party, many neighbourhood businesses line Bank Street, including several pubs, the Mayfair Theatre, and some Lebanese stores towards the Southern end. This section of Bank Street is also known for its antique stores. As part of a 2004 Bank Street redesign, inlaid metal maple leaves were added to the sidewalks inscribed with the names of Canadian folk musicians, other new features included the removal of over-head powerlines, traffic calming measures, and the addition of more brick to the sidewalks. The area was settled around 1814 by American and British settlers. In those years, even after the construction of the canal the area was sparsely populated. The larger community south of the Rideau River around the Billings estate exerted more influence over the community than the city of Ottawa did in those days. Shortly after Confederation in 1867 a bridge was built over the canal increasing access from the city to the north. The area was tentatively called Rideauville at the time, after the turn of the century the area grew very rapidly. Rideauville was incorporated as a village in 1905 and was annexed to Ottawa in 1907. The streetcar tracks were extended to the area around 1910, again encouraging rapid growth, the old streetcar ran along a route roughly similar to todays bus route #7, turning around in what is now Brewer Park. Hopewell school was built around this time, the architectural style is mostly Craftsman, with many houses in the American Foursquare style popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Many of these houses have been upgraded and added to over the years, since the 1920s, the streetcars have been replaced by buses, stores have changed, and Carleton University has been constructed on the site of an old garbage dump. Many of the streetscapes and much of the housing has been preserved however, in the 1920s, the area opened Brighton Beach, a public swimming venue on the shore of the Rideau River
Old Ottawa South
–
The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada is headquartered in Old Ottawa South in this former monastery (built c. 1914).
Old Ottawa South
–
Ottawa South
Old Ottawa South
–
Typical
architecture dating from the early 20th century
Old Ottawa South
–
The Bank Street Bridge and canal in winter. The canal marks the northern boundary of Old Ottawa South.
25.
The Glebe
–
The Glebe is a neighbourhood in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located just south of Ottawas downtown area in the Capital Ward with its northern border being demarcated by the Queensway highway and it is bounded by the Rideau Canal to the south and east. Many maps show the western edge as Bronson Avenue, but some include the triangle farther west formed by Bronson, Carling Avenue. The Glebe Community Association uses the latter definition, as of 2011, the areas population was 11,184. The Glebe has a community association which, in addition to running a large community centre, lobbies the local government on issues such as traffic calming. The Glebe has a community newspaper, Glebe Report, that has published independently since 1973. The Glebe is mostly populated by families, the area has many children, the Glebe lies in the federal riding of Ottawa Centre, and the same provincial electoral district. The stretch of Bank Street that runs through the Glebe is one of Ottawas premier shopping areas, with small stores. Much of the rest of the Glebe consists of detached homes, some of these homes are owner-occupied family residences, while others have been subdivided into multiple rental apartments. The Glebe is home to Lansdowne Park which contains TD Place Stadium, where Ottawas Canadian Football League football team and the University of Ottawa Gee-Gees play their home games. Lansdowne Park also contains the Ottawa Civic Centre, which is the permanent home of the Ottawa 67s and was the home for the Ottawa Senators before Canadian Tire Centre was completed. The area that became the park was purchased from farmers in 1868 by the City of Ottawa Agricultural Society. From the canal two bodies of water jut into the Glebe, Patterson Creek and Browns Inlet and these areas are surrounded by parks and some of the citys most expensive homes. Sellers are expected to donate a portion of the proceeds to a designated charity, the area is called the Glebe because in the initial 1837 survey of Ottawa the area of 178 acres was deeded by the Crown to St. Andrews Presbyterian Church as Clergy Reserve. The word glebe means church lands, and the area was known as the glebe lands of St. Andrews Presbyterian Church. When the area was opened for development in 1870, real estate began to refer to it simply as The Glebe. The initial area was bounded by Carling Avenue and Fifth Avenue on the north and south sides, the original city limits on the south side had been set at Gladstone Avenue when the city was incorporated. Annexation in 1889 extended the new limits to the Rideau Canal, by Act of the Provincial Legislature, the Glebe became part of a small but growing city
The Glebe
–
Bank Street heading North through the Glebe
The Glebe
–
Map of The Glebe, with highway
417 being the northern border
The Glebe
–
The
Rideau Canal passing through the Glebe
The Glebe
–
A typical Glebe street in autumn
26.
Rideau Canal
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The Rideau Canal, also known unofficially as the Rideau Waterway, connects the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on the Ottawa River to the city of Kingston, Ontario, on Lake Ontario. It is 202 kilometres in length, the name Rideau, French for curtain, is derived from the curtain-like appearance of the Rideau Rivers twin waterfalls where they join the Ottawa River. The canal system uses sections of two rivers, the Rideau and the Cataraqui, as well as several lakes, the Rideau Canal is operated by Parks Canada. The canal was opened in 1832 as a precaution in case of war with the United States and it remains in use today primarily for pleasure boating, with most of its original structures intact, operated by Parks Canada. The locks on the open for navigation in mid-May and close in mid-October. It is the oldest continuously operated system in North America. Lawrence River, which would have severed the lifeline between Montreal and Kingston, the British built a number of other canals as well as a number of forts to impede and deter any future American invasions of Canadian territory. The initial purpose of the Rideau Canal was military, as it was intended to provide a secure supply, westward from Montreal, travel would proceed along the Ottawa River to Bytown, then southwest via the canal to Kingston and out into Lake Ontario. The objective was to bypass the stretch of the St. Lawrence bordering New York, the canal also served a commercial purpose. The Rideau Canal was easier to navigate than the St. Lawrence River because of the series of rapids between Montreal and Kingston, as a result, the Rideau Canal became a busy commercial artery from Montreal to the Great Lakes. However, by 1849, the rapids of the St. Lawrence had been tamed by a series of locks, the construction of the canal was supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers. Colonel John By decided to create a canal system instead of constructing new channels. This was an approach as it required fewer workers, was more cost effective. The canal work started in the fall of 1826, and it was completed by the spring of 1832, the final cost of the canals construction was £822,804 by the time all the costs, including land acquisitions costs, were accounted for. Given the unexpected cost overruns, John By was recalled to London and was retired with no accolades or recognition for the tremendous accomplishment hed achieved, once the canal was constructed, no further military engagements took place between Canada and the United States. Although the Rideau Canal never had to be used as a supply route. Tens of thousands of immigrants from the British Isles travelled the Rideau in this period, hundreds of barge loads of goods were shipped each year along the Rideau, allowing Montreal to compete commercially in the 1830s and 40s with New York as a major North American port. In 1841, for instance, there were 19 steamboats,3 self-propelled barges and 157 unpowered or tow barges using the Rideau Canal, as many as one thousand of the workers died from malaria, other diseases and accidents
Rideau Canal
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Locks in summer
Rideau Canal
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An engraving of the Rideau Canal locks at Bytown
Rideau Canal
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1845 painting of the canal and
Lower Town by
Thomas Burrowes
Rideau Canal
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The lock at Lower Brewers nearing completion in 1831 by
Thomas Burrowes
27.
Rideau River
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The Rideau River is an Eastern Ontario river which flows north from Upper Rideau Lake and empties into the Ottawa River at Rideau Falls in Ottawa, Ontario. The Rideau Canal, which travel from Ottawa to the city of Kingston. The river diverges from the Canal at Hogs Back Falls in Ottawa and this practice has been going on for more than 100 years. The regulatory authority charged with protecting the Rideau River and its tributaries is the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority, ISBN 0-8020-2573-0 – via Google Books. Rideau Valley Conservation Authority Biodiversity of the Rideau River
Rideau River
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Rapids on the Rideau River opposite
Carleton University
Rideau River
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Rideau River under
Cummings Bridge separating
Sandy Hill from
Vanier in
Ottawa
Rideau River
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Rideau River and
Rideau Canal opposite
Carleton University
Rideau River
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1826 painting of the
Rideau Falls, where the Rideau River empties out into the Ottawa River, by
Thomas Burrowes
28.
Henry Marshall Tory
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His brother was James Cranswick Tory, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. Born on a farm near Guysborough, in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, after graduating, he studied theology and received a B. D. from Wesleyan College affiliated with McGill. He spent the two years preaching at a church. He married Annie Gertrude Frost in 1893, who has never had any mentions outside of being a good hostess, in 1893, he became a lecturer in mathematics at McGill University, and received an M. A. in Mathematics in 1896. He received a D. Sc. degree in 1903 and was promoted to professor of mathematics. In 1906, he set up the McGill University College of British Columbia which was absorbed into the University of British Columbia in 1915, from 1908 to 1929, he was the first President of the University of Alberta. During World War I, Tory, initially reluctantly, became a Colonel in the Canadian Forces in 1916. Tory returned to Alberta in 1919, and resumed his position as President of the University of Alberta, nearing retirement, on June 1,1928, he accepted an appointment as the first President of the Council and Chief Executive Officer of the National Research Laboratories. From 1939 to 1940, he was president of the Royal Society of Canada, from 1942, until his death in 1947, he was the first president of Carleton College. The Henry Marshall Tory Building and the Tory Theatre at the University of Alberta were named in his honour, the Henry Marshall Tory Medal at the University of British Columbia was established in 1941. Gibson Wesbrook & His University George Woodcock & Tim Fitzharris, the University of British Columbia – A Souvenir
Henry Marshall Tory
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Henry Marshall Tory
Henry Marshall Tory
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Alberta Research Council grounds in
Edmonton Alberta
Henry Marshall Tory
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Tory Theatre at the
University of Alberta
Henry Marshall Tory
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Tory building at the University of Alberta
Media related to Carleton University at Wikimedia Commons
