Carolingian minuscule or Caroline minuscule is a script which developed as a calligraphic standard in the medieval European period as part of an overall effort to create a clear, uniform, and consiste
Carolingian minuscule alphabet.
Page of text (folio 160v) from a Carolingian Gospel Book (British Library, Add MS 11848), written in Carolingian minuscule. Text is Vulgate Luke 23:15–26.
A page of the Freising manuscripts, showing 10th-century Slovene text written in Carolingian minuscule. Bavarian State Library, Munich.
Insular script is a medieval script system originating in Ireland that spread to England and continental Europe under the influence of Irish Christianity. Irish missionaries took the script to contine
Carolingian minuscule
…by the issuance of imperial capitularies, with the script continuing to spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire and beyond, ultimately replacing Insular script in Britain and Ireland in the eleventh and twelfth centuries as well as Visigothic script in the Iberian peninsula. Carolingian minuscule subsequently…
The beginning of the Gospel of Mark from the Book of Durrow
St Chad Gospels: Et factum est iter[um cum sabbatis ambula] / ret ihs [Ihesus] per sata (Mark 2:23, p. 151) "And it came to pass, that Jesus went through the corn fields on the sabbath day".