1.
Garrard County, Kentucky
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Garrard County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 16,912, the county was formed in 1796 and was named for James Garrard, Governor of Kentucky from 1796 to 1804. It is a prohibition or dry county but Lancaster is wet, Lancaster was founded as a settlement of log cabins in 1776 at a springs that later provided a constant source of water to early pioneers. It is one of the oldest citys in the Commonwealth, boonesborough,25 miles to the east, was founded by Daniel Boone in 1775. Lexington,28 miles to the north, was founded in 1775, stanford, originally known as St. Asaph, is 10 miles south of Lancaster. It too was founded in 1775, the oldest permanent settlemenet in Kentucky, Harrodsburg, was founded in 1774 and is 18 miles to the west. The present day courthouse is one of the oldest courthouses in Kentucky in continuous use, Garrard County was formed in 1796 from parts of Lincoln County, Madison County and Mercer County and was the 25th county of Kentucky out of 120. It was named for Col. James Garrard, second Governor of Kentucky, the cabin of the inspiration for Uncle Tom stood behind the plantation house. County officials intend to recreate the slave cabin on the grounds of the Governor William Owsley House, Garrard County is historically a Whig and Republican County. Its early political leaders were outspoken supporters of Henry Clay and it was strongly pro-Union during the Civil War and has remained a Republican stronghold in the Bluegrass Region which was, until recently, largely Democratic. Histories from the Civil War era record that On August 6,1861, Union recruits marched into Camp Dick Robinson, Union military figures such as Col. George C. Kniffen stated the wisdom of President Lincoln commissioning. Gen, William Nelson to organize a military force on the soil of Kentucky prevented making the state a battle ground for many months and. Thereby changed the direction of the war. Six years later, Indiana Senator Daniel D. Pratt reported to the U. S. Senate that Camp Dick Robinson was one of the most noted military encampments of the war. From its admirable locality and advantages, it was almost indispensable for the operations of the War. Correspondence from President Lincoln indicates the Camps importance militarily as well as sympbolically, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 234 square miles, of which 230 square miles is land and 3.9 square miles is water. Each member of the Fiscal Court is elected to a four-year term, the Fiscal Court is represented by the County Attorney. Judge Executive Hon. John Wilson Deputy Judge Executive Hon. James Bushnell County Attorney, Hon. Mark H. Metcalf County Magistrates, portions of John Michael Montgomerys 1997 hit I miss you a little were filmed in Garrard County
2.
Leavenworth, Kansas
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Leavenworth is the largest city in and the county seat of Leavenworth County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 35,251, located on the west bank of the Missouri River 25 mi northwest of Kansas City, Missouri, it is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The site of Fort Leavenworth, built in 1827, the city known in American history for its role as a key supply base in the settlement of the American West. It is important in nineteenth-century African-American history, during the American Civil War, it was the destination of numerous African-American refugee slaves who escaped from Missouri and other slave states. The city has been notable as the location of several prisons, particularly the United States Disciplinary Barracks and United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, founded in 1854, was the first city incorporated in the territory of Kansas. The city developed south of Fort Leavenworth, which was established as Cantonment Leavenworth in 1827 by Colonel Henry Leavenworth and its location on the Missouri River made it a destination for refugee African-American slaves seeking freedom from the slave state of Missouri in the antebellum years. Abolition supporters helped them find refuge, in the years before the American Civil War, Leavenworth was a hotbed of anti-slavery and pro-slavery agitation, often leading to open physical confrontations on the street and in public meetings. On April 3,1858, it was in Leavenworth, Kansas that the Leavenworth Constitution for the state of Kansas was adopted, refugee African Americans continued to settle in the city during the war. By 1865 it had attracted nearly one-fifth of the 12,000 blacks in the state, charles Henry Langston was an important African-American leader in Leavenworth and northeast Kansas in the Reconstruction era and afterward. In Kansas, Langston worked for suffrage and the right to sit on juries, testify in court. African Americans gained suffrage in 1870 after passage of the federal 15th constitutional amendment, and the legislature voted for their right to sit on juries in 1874. African Americans continued to migrate to the state after the war, there were a total of 17,108 blacks in Kansas in 1870, with 43,107 in 1880, and 52,003 by 1900. Fort Leavenworth was located outside the city limits until its territory was annexed by the city on April 12,1977, in 2008, an underground series of vaults was found in the city, apparently built during the late 19th century. Leavenworth is located at 39°18′40″N 94°55′21″W at an elevation of 840 feet, the city lies on the west bank of the Missouri River in the Dissected Till Plains region of North Americas Central Lowlands. Four small tributaries of the river flow generally east through the city, from north to south, these are Quarry Creek, Corral Creek, Three Mile Creek, and Five Mile Creek. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 24.06 square miles. Fort Leavenworth occupies the half of the citys area. Leavenworth, along with the rest of Leavenworth County, lies within the Kansas City metropolitan area, Lansing, Kansas, is located to the south
3.
Belton, Missouri
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Belton is a city in Cass County, Missouri, and part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The population was 23,116 at the 2010 census, the city was likely named for surveyor Capt. Marcus Lindsey Belt. A post office called Belton has been in operation since 1872, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.32 square miles, of which,14.25 square miles is land and 0.07 square miles is water. As of the census of 2013, there were 23,175 people,8,623 households, the population density was 1,622.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 9,440 housing units at a density of 662.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 7% White,6. 0% African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,3. 7% from other races, and 3. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 1% of the population,24. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the family size was 3.15. The median age in the city was 33.6 years. 28. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,28. 2% were from 25 to 44,24. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 10. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 21,730 people,7,945 households, and 5,807 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,622.2 people per square mile, there were 8,411 housing units at an average density of 627.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 95% White,3. 85% Black,0. 60% Native American,0. 58% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,1. 08% from other races, and 1. 85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 69% of the population,22. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.15. The population is out with 30. 0% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,32. 6% from 25 to 44,18. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $45,581, and the median income for a family was $51,268
4.
University of Central Missouri
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The University of Central Missouri, formerly Central Missouri State University, is a public state university located in Warrensburg, Missouri, United States. It serves more than 12,000 students from 49 states and 59 countries on its 1, UCM offers 150 programs of study, including 10 pre-professional programs,27 areas of teacher certification, and 37 graduate programs. Students also have the ability to study abroad in about 60 different countries in the world through the International Center, the University was founded in 1871 as Normal School No.2 and became known as Warrensburg Teachers College. The name was changed to Central Missouri State Teachers College in 1919, Central Missouri State College in 1945, in 1965, the institution established a graduate school. In 2006, the name was changed to the University of Central Missouri, there are 150 majors and minors,32 professional accreditations and 37 graduate programs. UCM has off-campus locations in Lees Summit, Missouri and provides online courses. College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, UCM students take College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences courses that develop critical-thinking, writing, the current dean is Dr. Gersham Nelson. Accreditations include National Association of Schools of Music and National Council for Social Studies, U. S. News & World Report has cited UCM’s MBA program in America’s Best Graduate Schools. The current dean is Dr. Roger Best, other accreditations include Aviation Accreditation Board International and Council on Social Work Education. The current dean is Dr. Michael Wright, the college’s goal is to prepare students to be competent leaders in the rapidly changing global marketplace and to provide a high-quality work force for the future. The current dean is Dr. Alice Griefe, the Honors College, First-time incoming freshmen must have a minimum ACT score of 25 and a minimum cumulative high school GPA of 3.5 to be considered for admission to The Honors College. Once incoming freshmen have completed a semester at UCM as a student and have a college cumulative GPA of 3.5 or higher. Current UCM students or students transferring to UCM must have achieved a minimum cumulative college GPA of 3.5 or higher. Benefits of being an Honors College student include, but are not limited to, early enrollment, one-on-one advising with the Dean, smaller classes, Honors-only courses, the current dean of the Honors College and International Affairs is Dr. Joseph D. Lewandowski. The University of Central Missouri continues to hold an important role in the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, the GIMPS project at UCM is a university-wide effort managed by Dr. Curtis Cooper and Dr. Steven Boone. Centrals team is currently the No, the university has more than 200 student organizations with academic, cultural, recreational, community service and special interest clubs and associations. There are also more than 20 intramural sports to compete in, free movie nights on campus, freshman and sophomore students are required to live in one of the 16 residence halls their first year to help ease the adjustment from high school to college. Students can also choose to live in a Special Housing Interest Program, the University of Central Missouri is home to 26 Greek organizations, recruitment takes place in both the spring and fall semesters
5.
Temperance movement
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The Temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The temperance movement began in the early 19th century, before this, although there were pieces published against drunkenness and excess, total abstinence from alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced. There was also a concentration on hard spirits rather than on abstinence from alcohol, an early temperance movement began during the American Revolution in Connecticut, Virginia and New York state, with farmers forming associations to ban whiskey distilling. The movement spread to eight states, advocating temperance rather than abstinence, the American Temperance Society was formed in 1826, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members. He mainly concentrated his fire on the elimination of spirits rather than wine, on 14 August 1829 he wrote a letter in the Belfast Telegraph publicizing his views on temperance. He also formed the Ulster Temperance Movement with other Presbyterian clergy, the 1830s saw a tremendous growth in temperance groups, not just in England and the United States, but also in British colonies, especially New Zealand and Australia. In the 1830s a more form of temperance emerged called teetotalism. This movement originated in Preston, England, in 1833, the Catholic temperance movement started in 1838 when the Irish priest Theobald Mathew established the Teetotal Abstinence Society in 1838. In 1838, the working class movement for universal suffrage for men, Chartism. During the Victorian period, the movement became more radical, advocating the legal prohibition of all alcohol. It was also perceived to be tied in both religious renewal and progressive politics, particularly female suffrage. In 1855, an organisation was formed amidst an explosion of Band of Hope work. Meetings were held in churches throughout the UK and included Christian teaching, the group also campaigned politically for the curtailment of the influence of pubs and brewers. In this period there was success at restricting or banning the sale of alcohol in many parts of the United States, New Zealand. The Temperance movement was a significant mass movement at this time, numerous periodicals devoted to temperance were also published and temperance theatre, which had started in the 1820s, became an important part of the American cultural landscape at this time. The Salvation Army quickly spread internationally, maintaining an emphasis on abstinence, many of the most important prohibitionist groups, such as the avowedly prohibitionist United Kingdom Alliance and the US-based Womans Christian Temperance Union, were started in this time. In 1898 the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association was formed by James Cullen, an Irish Catholic, the Anti-Saloon League was an organization that began in 1893 in Ohio. A favorite goal of the British Temperance movement was to reduce the heavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possible
6.
Prohibition in the United States
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition, Prohibition supporters, called drys, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Promoted by the dry crusaders, a movement was led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and it gained a national grass roots base through the Womans Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban, for example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, in the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Opposition mobilized nationwide, and Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant. Some researchers contend that its failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself. Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations, as an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929. The U. S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18,1917, upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16,1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30,1919, with July 1,1919, on October 28,1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilsons veto. The act established the definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the government lacked resources to enforce it. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, by 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs. While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes, when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime. On March 22,1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with a content of 3. 2%
7.
Hatchet
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A hatchet is a single-handed striking tool with a sharp blade on one side used to cut and split wood, and a hammer head on the other side. Hatchets may also be used for hewing when making flattened surfaces on logs, a hatchet should not be confused with a hand axe, which is a small axe meant to be used with one hand. Technically, a hatchet has a head on the back side. A hand axe, like an axe, has a broad flat area on the back side. Hatchets have a variety of uses, such as tasks normally done by a knife when one is not present. The hatchet can also be used to create a fire through sparks, hatchet throwing is increasing in popularity. Burying the hatchet has become a phrase meaning to make peace, hachet was used to describe a battle-ax during the Norman Conquest period
8.
Nevada, Missouri
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Nevada /nəˈveɪdə/ is a city and a county seat of Vernon County, Missouri, United States. The population was 8,386 at the 2010 census, and 8,171 in the 2012 estimate, Nevada is the home of Cottey College. Nevada was originally called Hog Eye, and under the name was platted in 1855. The towns name was changed to Nevada after Nevada City, California by circuit, hunter, for the city where he had been a miner. Nevada was home of the Weltmer Institute of Suggestive Therapeutics from 1897−1933, during the early 20th century, the business this healing institution generated was a driving force in the growing prosperity of the town. Nevada is located at 37°50′27″N 94°21′20″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.06 square miles, of which 8.98 square miles is land and 0.08 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,386 people,3,491 households, the population density was 933.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,018 housing units at a density of 447.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 1% White,1. 1% African American,0. 8% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 0% of the population. 40. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age in the city was 38.3 years. 23. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,11. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 6% were from 25 to 44,24. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45. 3% male and 54. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 8,607 people,3,463 households, and 1,973 families residing in the city. The population density was 964.1 people per square mile, there were 3,857 housing units at an average density of 432.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 79% White,1. 03% African American,0. 94% Native American,0. 44% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 49% from other races, and 1. 25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 29% of the population,38. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the family size was 2.95. In the city, the population was out, with 25. 8% under the age of 18,11. 8% from 18 to 24,24. 7% from 25 to 44,18. 8% from 45 to 64
9.
Independence, Missouri
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Independence is the fifth-largest city in the state of Missouri. It lies within Jackson County, of which it is the county seat, Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2010, it had a population of 116,830. Independence is known as the Queen City of the Trails because it was a point of departure for the California, Oregon and Santa Fe Trails. Independence was also the hometown of U. S. President Harry S. Truman, the Truman Presidential Library and Museum is located in the city, and Truman and First Lady Bess Truman are buried here. The city is also sacred to many Latter Day Saints, with Joseph Smiths 1831 Temple Lot being located here, Independence was originally inhabited by Missouri and Osage Indians, followed by the Spanish and a brief French tenure. It became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, Lewis and Clark recorded in their journals that they stopped in 1804 to pick plums, raspberries, and wild apples at a site that would later form part of the city. Named after the Declaration of Independence, Independence was founded on March 29,1827, Independence immediately became a jumping-off point for the emerging fur trade, accommodating merchants and adventurers beginning the long trek westward on the Santa Fe Trail. In 1831, members of the Latter Day Saint movement began moving to the Jackson County, Missouri area. Shortly thereafter, founder Joseph Smith declared a spot west of the Courthouse Square to be the place for his temple of the New Jerusalem. Tension grew with local Missourians until the Latter Day Saints were driven from the area in 1833, several branches of this movement gradually returned to the city beginning in 1867, with many making their headquarters there. These include the Community of Christ, the Church of Christ, the Church of Jesus Christ, Independence saw great prosperity from the late 1830s through the mid-1840s, while the business of outfitting pioneers boomed. Between 1848 and 1868, it was a hub of the California Trail, on March 8,1849, the Missouri General Assembly granted a home-rule charter to the town and on July 18,1849, William McCoy was elected as its first mayor. In the mid-19th century an Act of the United States Congress defined Independence as the start of the Oregon Trail. The war took its toll on Independence and the town was never able to regain its previous prosperity, United States President Harry S. Truman grew up in Independence, and in 1922 was elected judge of the county Court of Jackson County, Missouri. Although he was defeated for reelection in 1924, he won back the office in 1926 and was reelected in 1930 and he would later return to the city after two terms as President. His wife, First Lady Bess Truman, was born and raised in Independence, the Harry S. Truman National Historic Site and the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum are both located in Independence, as is one of Trumans boyhood residences. Independence is located at 39°4′47″N 94°24′24″W and it lies on the south bank of the Missouri River, near the western edge of the state
10.
Holden, Missouri
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Holden is a village in Johnson County, Missouri, United States. The population was 2,252 at the 2010 census, Holden was laid out in 1857. It was named for Major Nathaniel Holden, a politician who was instrumental in bringing the railroad to the area. Anti-saloon advocate Carrie Nation lived in Holden in the 1870s, where she worked as a teacher, Holden is located at 38°43′N 93°59′W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.42 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,252 people,901 households, the population density was 934.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,060 housing units at a density of 439.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 6% White,1. 4% African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 4% Pacific Islander,0. 8% from other races, and 2. 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 5% of the population,29. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 2.98. The median age in the city was 37.7 years. 24. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 8% were from 25 to 44,27. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 7% male and 52. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,510 people,990 households, and 656 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,040.8 people per square mile, there were 1,089 housing units at an average density of 451.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 50% White,1. 91% African American,1. 08% Native American,0. 12% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 16% from other races, and 2. 19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 08% of the population,29. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the family size was 3.11. In the city the population was out with 30. 0% under the age of 18,11. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,17. 3% from 45 to 64
11.
Warrensburg, Missouri
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Warrensburg is a city in Johnson County, Missouri, United States. The population was 18,838 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Johnson County. The Warrensburg Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Johnson County and it is home to the University of Central Missouri. Warrensburg was founded in 1835 by European-American settlers John and Martin D. Warren, a post office called Warrensburg has been in operation since 1837. The phrase Mans best friend is based on a trial over the killing of Old Drum. Warrensburg is located at 38°45′47″N 93°44′06″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.92 square miles, of which,8.85 square miles is land and 0.07 square miles is water. The current mayor is Casey Renfrow, as of the census of 2010, there were 18,838 people,6,803 households, and 3,400 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,128.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 7,450 housing units at an average density of 841.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 3% White,7. 5% African American,0. 5% Native American,2. 8% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 3. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 1% of the population,31. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 2.96. The median age in the city was 23.7 years. 17. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,36. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 8% were from 25 to 44, 15% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 5% male and 50. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 16,340 people,5,951 households, and 3,035 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,938.5 people per square mile, there were 6,380 housing units at an average density of 756.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90% White,6. 46% African American,0. 64% Native American,2. 79% Asian,0. 14% Pacific Islander,0. 78% from other races, and 2. 28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 44% of the population,30. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the family size was 2.93
12.
San Bernard River
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The San Bernard River is a river in Texas. San Bernard River flows from a spring near New Ulm, Texas to its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico and its principal tributary is Caney Creek. It passes through portions of Austin, Brazoria, Colorado, Fort Bend, Matagorda, the San Bernard River is one of a small number of rivers in Texas which empties directly into the Gulf. Its mouth was impeded in 2005 causing it to drain into the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, shortly after being opened back up, the entrance silted in again, and remains so at this time. The San Bernard drains approximately 1,850 square miles of land, the region was once the home of the Karankawa Indians. The river runs near West Columbia, Texas and along one side of Camp Karankawa, the basin receives approximately 35 to 70 inches of rainfall annually. List of rivers of Texas Official Website of F. O. R, San Bernard San Bernard River from the Handbook of Texas Online
13.
Brazoria County, Texas
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Brazoria County is a county in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population of the county was 313,166, Brazoria County is included in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the Gulf Coast region of Texas, regionally, parts of the county are within the extreme southernmost fringe of the regions locally known as Southeast Texas. Brazoria County is among a number of counties that are part of the known as the Texas Coastal Bend. Its county seat is Angleton, and its largest city is Pearland, Brazoria County, like nearby Brazos County, takes its name from the Brazos River. The county also includes what was once Velasco, Texas, which was the first capital of the Republic of Texas and it served as the first settlement area for Anglo-Texas, when the Old Three Hundred emigrated from the United States in 1821. Brazoria County, like Brazos County, takes its name from the Brazos River, Anglo-Texas began in Brazoria County when the first of Stephen F. Austins authorized 300 American settlers arrived at the mouth of the Brazos River in 1821. Many of the leading to the Texas Revolution developed in Brazoria County. In 1832, Brazoria was organized as a municipal district by the Mexican government. An early resident of Brazoria County, Joel Walter Robison, fought in the Texas Revolution, Stephen F. Austins original burial place is located at a church cemetery, Gulf Prairie Cemetery, in the town of Jones Creek, on what was his brother-in-laws Peach Point Plantation. His remains were exhumed in 1910 and brought to be reinterred at the capital in Austin. The town of West Columbia served as the first capital of Texas, Temple Lea Houston, youngest son of Sam Houston, was c.1880 the county attorney of Brazoria County. His life story is reflected in the 1963 film The Man from Galveston, lake Jackson is a community developed beginning in the early 1940s to provide housing to workers at a new Dow Chemical Company plant in nearby Freeport. The county has elements of rural and suburban communities, as it is part of the Greater Houston area. On June 2,2016, the flooding of the Brazos River required evacuations for portions of Brazoria County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,609 square miles. The population density was 174 people per square mile, there were 90,628 housing units at an average density of 65 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 77. 09% White,8. 50% Black or African American,0. 53% Native American,2. 00% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,9. 63% from other races, and 2. 22% from two or more races
14.
Richmond, Texas
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Richmond is a city in the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Fort Bend County, within the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. As of the 2010 U. S. census, the city population was 11,679. Even though it is the county seat, thus containing most of the government offices. Nearby Sugar Land is the largest city in the county, in 1822, a group of Austins colonists went up the Brazos River, stopping near present-day Richmond where they built a fort called Fort Bend. Named after Richmond, England, the town was among the 19 cities first incorporated by the short-lived Republic of Texas, in 1837. Early residents of the city include many prominent figures in Texas lore such as Jane Long, Deaf Smith, and Mirabeau Lamar, the mayor from 1949 until his death in 2012 was Hilmar Moore. Historically Richmond had government agencies and nonprofit organizations, while most of the private businesses were located in Rosenberg. Richmond is located near the center of Fort Bend County at 29°34′51″N 95°45′47″W, most of the city is situated on the southwest side of the Brazos River, with a small portion on the northeast side, connected by US Highway 90A. Richmond is bordered to the southwest by the city of Rosenberg, US 90A leads east 8 miles to Sugar Land and west through Rosenberg 19 miles to East Bernard. Downtown Houston is 30 miles to the northeast. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Richmond has an area of 4.3 square miles, of which 3.9 square miles is land and 0.35 square miles. In 2003 Jeannie Kever of the Houston Chronicle said, Some of the old buildings have been reincarnated as shops or law offices. But in other ways, life in Richmond isnt so different from that in the big city, with its Wal-Mart and fast-food joints, check-cashing businesses, as of 2006 several strip malls are along U. S. Route 59 south of town. During the same year the community included tack stores, two-lane blacktop roads, john P. Lopez of the Houston Chronicle said, Richmond is a city of contradiction and transition. Its as if the place is not sure if it wants to be a part of Houstons bustle or remain a slow-paced farm and it tries to be both, and, It is part Acres Homes, part Fort Bend County Fair. John P. Lopez of the Houston Chronicle said in 2006, and there are places where reality has polluted neighborhoods. The wealthiest neighborhood, as of 2003, in Richmond is Hillcrest, winston Terrace, another neighborhood, had its first houses built in 1940. Construction increased around the end of World War II, most of the houses were built between 1940 and 1965
15.
Medicine Lodge, Kansas
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Medicine Lodge is the most populous city in and the county seat of Barber County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,009 and it was located in the valley of the Medicine Lodge River, several miles below the present town of Medicine Lodge, which is at the mouth of Elm Creek. In their own language, the Kiowa people called this stream A-ya-dalda P’a, the Kiowa had considered the site sacred due to the high content of Epsom salts in the river. The Medicine Lodge Treaty was a set of three treaties signed between the United States of America and the Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache, Southern Cheyenne, and Southern Arapaho in October 1867. The site of the Peace Council camp was three miles above that of the future town and on the same side of the river. A Peace Treaty Pageant, first presented in 1927 in an amphitheater on a quarter section of Kansas prairie. Settlers led by a man named John Hutchinson founded the town of Medicine Lodge north of the confluence of Elm Creek, the community grew rapidly with a hotel, stores, and a post office established within a year. In 1874, in response to Native raids in the region, residents, a group of Osage killed three settlers within a few miles of the compound, but no direct attack on the fortifications occurred. Medicine Lodge was incorporated as a city in 1879, temperance activist Carrie Nation launched her crusade against the sale of alcohol while living in Medicine Lodge in 1900. Her home and a reproduction of the 1873 stockade are open to the public, Medicine Lodge is located at 37°17′4″N 98°34′52″W in south-central Kansas in the Red Hills region of the Great Plains. The city sits north of the confluence of the Medicine Lodge River. The city is on the northeast side of the river, Elm Creek flows south around the eastern and southern sides of the city. A tributary of Elm Creek, which south through Medicine Lodge, has been dammed immediately north of the city to form a reservoir. The city is located at the junction of U. S, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.21 square miles, all of it land. Medicine Lodge has a subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and cold. The average temperature in Medicine Lodge is 57.3 °F, on average, January is the coolest month, July is the warmest month, and June is the wettest month. The hottest temperature recorded in Medicine Lodge was 118 °F in 1936, as of the census of 2010, there were 2,009 people,876 households, and 530 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,660.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 1,031 housing units at an average density of 852.1 per square mile
16.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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It was influential in the temperance movement, and supported the 18th Amendment. The WCTU was originally organized on December 23,1873, in Hillsboro, Ohio and it operated at an international level and in the context of religion and reform, including missionary work and womans suffrage. Two years after its founding, the American WCTU sponsored a conference at which the International Womens Christian Temperance Union was formed. The Worlds Womans Christian Temperance Union was founded in 1883 and became the arm of the organization. At its founding in 1874, the purpose of the WCTU was to create a sober and pure world by abstinence, purity. Annie Wittenmyer was its first president, the constitution of the WCTU called for the entire prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage. Frances Willard, a noted feminist, was elected the WCTUs second president in 1879 and she remained president until her death in 1898. Its members were inspired by the Greek writer Xenophon, who defined temperance as moderation in all things healthful, the WCTU perceived alcohol as a cause and consequence of larger social problems rather than as a personal weakness or failing. The WCTU also agitated against tobacco, the American WCTU formed a Department for the Overthrow of the Tobacco Habit as early as 1885 and frequently published anti-tobacco articles in the 1880s. Agitation against tobacco continued through to the 1950s, as a consequence of its stated purposes, the WCTU was very interested in a number of social reform issues, including labor, prostitution, public health, sanitation, and international peace. As the movement grew in numbers and strength, members of the WCTU also focused on suffrage, the WCTU was instrumental in organizing womans suffrage leaders and in helping more women become involved in American politics. Local chapters, known as “unions”, were autonomous, though linked to state. Willard pushed for the Home Protection ballot, arguing that women, being the superior sex, needed the vote in order to act as citizen-mothers and protect their homes. At a time when suffragists were viewed as radicals and alienated most American women, as the WCTU grew internationally, it developed various approaches that helped with the inclusion of women of religions other than Christianity. But, it was primarily, and still is, a Christian womens organization. The WCTUs work extended across a range of efforts to bring about personal and social moral reform, in the 1880s it worked on creating legislation to protect working girls from the exploitation of men, including raising Age of Consent laws. It also focused on keeping Sundays as Sabbath days and restrict frivolous activities, in 1901 the WCTU said that golf should not be allowed on Sundays. The WCTU also wanted to aid immigrants coming into the United States through Americanization activities, between 1900 and 1920, much of their budget was given to their center on Ellis Island, which helped to start the Americanization process
17.
Kiowa, Kansas
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Kiowa is a city in Barber County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,026 and it was named for the Kiowa people. On June 7,1900, anti-saloon advocate Carrie Nation vandalized her first saloon in Kiowa, in 1905, the Denver, Enid and Gulf Railroad was built from Enid, Oklahoma to Kiowa. In 1907, it was sold to the Atchison, Topeka, in 1996, the line from Kiowa to Blanton, Oklahoma was abandoned. Kiowa is located at 37°1′3″N 98°29′5″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.07 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,026 people,466 households, the population density was 958.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 578 housing units at a density of 540.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 3% White,0. 2% African American,1. 2% Native American,0. 2% Asian,1. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 1% of the population. 36. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age in the city was 46.9 years. 21. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 5% were from 25 to 44,28. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 23. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 0% male and 51. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,055 people,467 households, and 292 families residing in the city. The population density was 995.3 people per square mile, there were 569 housing units at an average density of 536.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 83% White,0. 28% African American,1. 23% Native American,1. 71% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 27% of the population. 36. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 24. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.87. In the city, the population was out with 23. 6% under the age of 18,4. 7% from 18 to 24,21. 3% from 25 to 44,24. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 84.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $31,141, and the median income for a family was $41,806
18.
Wichita, Kansas
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Wichita is the largest city in the state of Kansas and the 48th-largest city in the United States. Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, Wichita is the county seat of Sedgwick County, as of the 2010 United States Census, the city population was 382,368, as of 2014, it was estimated to have increased to 389,965. In 2015, the population of the Wichita metropolitan area was 644,610. The city began as a trading post on the Chisholm Trail in the 1860s and it subsequently became a key destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads, earning it the nickname Cowtown. In the 1920s and 1930s, businessmen and aeronautical engineers established a number of aircraft manufacturing companies in Wichita including Beechcraft, Cessna. The city transformed into a hub of U. S. aircraft production, in 1937, the city of Wichita established their official flag. As an industrial hub and the largest city in the state, Wichita is a center of culture, media. It hosts several museums, theatres, parks, and entertainment venues. Several universities are located in the city including Wichita State University, the citys daily newspaper, The Wichita Eagle, has the highest circulation of any newspaper in Kansas, and the Wichita broadcast television market includes the western two-thirds of the state. Wichita is also home to the Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center and Kansass largest airport, archaeological evidence indicates human habitation near the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers, the site of present-day Wichita, as early as 3000 B. C. In 1541, a Spanish expedition led by explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado found the area populated by the Quivira, or Wichita, conflict with the Osage in the 1750s drove the Wichita further south. Prior to American settlement of the region, the site was located in the territory of the Kiowa, the Wichita returned in 1864 due to the American Civil War and established a settlement on the banks of the Little Arkansas. During this period, trader Jesse Chisholm established a trading post at the site, after the war, the Wichita permanently relocated south to Indian Territory. In 1868, trader James R. Mead established another trading post at the site, and surveyor Darius Munger built a house for use as a hotel, community center, Business opportunities attracted area hunters and traders, and a new settlement began to form. That summer, Mead and others organized the Wichita Town Company, in 1870, Munger and German immigrant William Dutch Bill Greiffenstein filed plats laying out the citys first streets. Wichita formally incorporated as a city on July 21,1870, Wichitas position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads which led to markets in eastern U. S. cities. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached the city in 1872, as a result, Wichita became a railhead for the cattle drives, earning it the nickname Cowtown. Across the Arkansas River, the town of Delano became an entertainment destination for cattlemen thanks to its saloons, brothels
19.
Guthrie, Oklahoma
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Guthrie is a city and county seat in Logan County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City Metroplex. The population was 10,191 at the 2010 census, a 2.7 percent increase from the 9,925 at the 2000 census. First known as a station stop, after the April 1889 land run. It was rapidly improved and was designated as the territorial capital, in 1910 state voters chose the larger Oklahoma City as the new capital in a special election. Guthrie is nationally significant for its collection of late 19th and early 20th century commercial architecture, the Guthrie Historic District includes more than 2,000 buildings and is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Guthrie was established in 1887 as a station called Deer Creek on the Southern Kansas Railway running from the Kansas–Oklahoma border to Purcell. The name was changed to Guthrie, named for jurist John Guthrie of Topeka. A post office was established on April 4,1889, in 1889 some fifty thousand potential settlers gathered at the edges of the Unassigned Lands in hopes of staking a claim to a plot. At noon on April 22,1889, cannons resounded at a 2-million acre section of Indian Territory, people ran for both farmlands and towns. During the next six hours, about 10,000 people settled in what became the capital of the new Territory of Oklahoma, hobart Johnstone Whitley, also known as HJ and the Father of Hollywood, was the first president of the Guthrie Chamber of Commerce. Whitley built the first brick building in the territory for his National Loan & Trust Company. He was asked by the people to be the first Governor of Oklahoma. Whitley traveled to Washington, D. C. where he persuaded the U. S. Congress to allow Guthrie to be the new capital of the state of Oklahoma. This was specified in the 1906 Oklahoma Enabling Act, which established requirements for the new state constitution. By 1907, when Guthrie became the capital, it looked like a well-established Eastern city. Guthrie prospered as the center of the territory, but it was eclipsed in economic influence by Oklahoma City early in the 20th century. Oklahoma City had become a junction for several railroads and had also attracted a major industry in the form of meat packing. 96,488 votes were cast for Oklahoma City,31,031 for Guthrie, after the capital was transferred, Guthrie lost much of its government-related business and numerous residents
20.
Vaudeville
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Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment. It was especially popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s, a typical vaudeville performance is made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a vaudevillian, Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary American burlesque. Called the heart of American show business, vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades, the origin of this term is obscure, but is often explained as being derived from the French expression voix de ville. A second speculation is that it comes from the songs on satire by poet Olivier Basselin. Some, however, preferred the term variety to what manager Tony Pastor called its sissy. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as variety well into the 20th century, with its first subtle appearances within the early 1860s, vaudeville was not initially a common form of entertainment. The form gradually evolved from the saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more gentle form was known as Polite Vaudeville, in the years before the American Civil War, entertainment existed on a different scale. Certainly, variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere, in the US, as early as the first decades of the 19th century, theatregoers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy. As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found a number of ways to be entertained. Vaudeville was characterized by traveling companies touring through cities and towns, a significant influence also came from Dutch minstrels and comedians. Vaudeville incorporated these various itinerant amusements into a stable, institutionalized form centered in Americas growing urban hubs, pastors experiment proved successful, and other managers soon followed suit. B. F. Keith took the step, starting in Boston. Later, E. F. Albee, adoptive grandfather of the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee, circuits such as those managed by Keith-Albee provided vaudevilles greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength. They enabled a chain of allied vaudeville houses that remedied the chaos of the booking system by contracting acts for regional and national tours. These could easily be lengthened from a few weeks to two years, Albee also gave national prominence to vaudevilles trumpeting polite entertainment, a commitment to entertainment equally inoffensive to men, women and children. Acts that violated this ethos were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the remaining performances or were canceled altogether
21.
Music hall
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Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was popular from the early Victorian era circa 1850 and lasting until 1960. It involved a mixture of songs, comedy, speciality acts. The term is derived from a type of theatre or venue in which such entertainment took place and these theatres were designed chiefly so people could consume food and alcohol and smoke tobacco in the auditorium while the entertainment took place. This differed somewhat from the type of theatre, which until then seated the audience in stalls with a separate bar-room. By the mid-19th century, the halls cried out for many new, as a result, professional songwriters were enlisted to provide the music for a plethora of star performers, such as Marie Lloyd, Dan Leno, Little Tich, and George Leybourne. Music hall did not adopt its own unique style, the halls had recovered by the start of the First World War and were used to stage charity events in aid of the war effort. Music hall entertainment continued after the war, but became popular due to upcoming Jazz, Swing. Licensing restrictions had also changed, and drinking was banned from the auditorium, a new type of music hall entertainment had arrived, in the form of variety, and many music hall performers failed to make the transition. Deemed old fashioned and with the closure of many halls, music hall entertainment ceased, Music hall in London had its origins in entertainment provided in the new style saloon bars of public houses during the 1830s. These venues replaced earlier semi-rural amusements provided by fairs and suburban pleasure gardens such as Vauxhall Gardens and these latter became subject to urban development and became fewer and less popular. The saloon was a room where for a fee or a greater price at the bar, singing, dancing. The most famous London saloon of the days was the Grecian Saloon, established in 1825, at The Eagle,2 Shepherdess Walk. According to John Hollingshead, proprietor of the Gaiety Theatre, London, this establishment was the father and mother, later known as the Grecian Theatre, it was here that Marie Lloyd made her début at the age of 14 in 1884. It is still famous because of an English nursery rhyme, with the somewhat mysterious lyrics, Up and down the City Road In and out The Eagle Thats the way the money goesPop goes the weasel. Another famous song and supper room of this period was Evans Music-and-Supper Rooms,43 King Street, Covent Garden and this venue was also known as Evans Late Joys – Joy being the name of the previous owner. Other song and supper rooms included the Coal Hole in The Strand, the Cyder Cellars in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, the music hall as we know it developed from such establishments during the 1850s and were built in and on the grounds of public houses. In a theatre, by contrast, the audience was seated in stalls, an exception to this rule was the Britannia Theatre, Hoxton which somehow managed to evade this regulation and served drinks to its customers. Though a theatre rather than a hall, this establishment later hosted music hall variety acts
22.
Canterbury Music Hall
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The Canterbury Music Hall was established in 1852 by Charles Morton on the site of a former skittle alley adjacent to the Canterbury Tavern at 143 Westminster Bridge Road, Lambeth. It was the first purpose-built music hall in London, and Morton came to be dubbed the Father of the Halls as hundreds of imitators were built within the several years. The theatre was rebuilt three times, and the last theatre on the site was destroyed by bombing in 1942, Morton and Frederick Stanley, his brother in law, purchased the Canterbury Arms, in Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in 1849. He brought in smart tables, with candlesticks, allowing audiences to sit and eat comfortably while watching concerts known as Sing-Songs or Free, soon, a Thursday evening programme was added to accommodate the crowds. Morton encouraged women to attend the entertainments, giving the wider appeal than the old time song and supper rooms. Entry was free, but the profits from the sale of food and drink allowed the construction of a hall on the site of the former skittle alley. This 700 seat hall took a year to build and opened as the Canterbury Hall on 17 May 1852, the hall charged a modest admission and looked like most contemporary concert rooms within public houses of the period. It specialised in programmes of music and ballads. Professional performers could earn fees, and this attracted performances of selections from opera. The venture was profitable, and a new theatre was built in 1856, of unprecedented size, seating 1,500. In order not to interrupt the flow of profits, the theatre was constructed around the walls of the 1852 hall, and when it was complete and this new theatre was the first purpose-built tavern music hall and opened in December 1856, as the New Canterbury Hall. The building had an entrance with extensive windows and a glazed roof that could be withdrawn to let the cigar. The bar was installed on a balcony over the hall, reached by ascending a grand staircase, the fittings were luxurious, with chandeliers and painted walls. At the end of the hall there was a simple stage with a grand piano. The chairman sat on the stage, introduced the acts, provided his own patter, the entrance fee was 6 pence downstairs, and 9 pence upstairs. Customers sat at tables, and waiters brought food and drink to them. In 1861, Blondin walked a tightrope fixed between the balconies of the hall and their success at the Canterbury allowed Stanley and Morton to build The Oxford, in Holborn, as a competitor to the nearby Westons Music Hall, opening on 26 March 1861. The pair managed both halls, with acts moving between the halls in coaches, on Boxing Night 1867, William Holland took over management of the Canterbury and refurbished the hall at considerable cost
23.
William McKinley
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McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law, in 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Partys expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial, which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office and he was elected Ohios governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 and he defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated sound money and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity. Rapid economic growth marked McKinleys presidency and he promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition, and in 1900, he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. William McKinley, Jr. was born in 1843 in Niles, Ohio, there, the elder McKinley was born in Pine Township, Mercer County. The family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy and he met Nancy Allison there, and married her later. The Allison family was of mostly English descent and among Pennsylvanias earliest settlers, the family trade on both sides was iron-making, and McKinley senior operated foundries throughout Ohio, in New Lisbon, Niles, Poland, and finally Canton. The McKinley household was, like many from Ohios Western Reserve, steeped in Whiggish and abolitionist sentiment, William followed in the Methodist tradition, becoming active in the local Methodist church at the age of sixteen. He was a lifelong pious Methodist, in 1852, the family moved from Niles to Poland, Ohio so that their children could attend the better schools there. Graduating in 1859, he enrolled the following year at Allegheny College in Meadville and he remained at Allegheny for only one year, returning home in 1860 after becoming ill and depressed. He also spent time at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio and he did not graduate from either university. Although his health recovered, family finances declined and McKinley was unable to return to Allegheny, first working as a clerk and later taking a job teaching at a school near Poland. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry. The men were unhappy to learn that, unlike Ohios earlier volunteer regiments, they would not be permitted to elect their officers, they would be designated by Ohios governor, William Dennison. Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment, McKinley quickly took to the soldiers life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause
24.
Assassination of William McKinley
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William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, was assassinated on September 6,1901 inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He was shaking hands with the public when Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, McKinley died eight days later on September 14 of gangrene caused by the gunshot wounds. He was the third American president to have been assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865, McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900. He enjoyed meeting the public, and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office, Secretary to the President George B. Cortelyou feared that an attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music. Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression, Czolgosz was convinced that it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him. Unable to get near the President during the presidential visit earlier, one bullet grazed McKinley, the other entered his abdomen and was never found. In September 1901, William McKinley was at the height of his power as president, elected in 1896, during the serious economic depression resulting from the Panic of 1893, he had defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as Puerto Rico and the Philippines. McKinleys original vice president, Garret Hobart, had died in 1899, in advance of the convention, New Yorks Republican political boss, Senator Thomas C. Platt, saw an opportunity to politically sideline his states governor, former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, Roosevelt accepted the nomination and was elected on McKinleys ticket. Leon Czolgosz was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1873, the Czolgosz family moved a number of times as Paul Czolgosz, Leons father, sought work throughout the Midwest. As an adult, Leon Czolgosz worked in a Cleveland factory until he lost his job in a dispute in 1893. Thereafter, he worked irregularly and attended political and religious meetings, in so doing, he became interested in anarchism. By 1901, this movement was feared in the United States—New Yorks highest court had ruled that the act of identifying oneself as an anarchist in front of an audience was a breach of the peace. Two American presidents had been assassinated in the 19th century—Abraham Lincoln in 1865, although two presidents had been struck down by assassins, McKinley did not like security personnel to come between him and the people. When in his hometown, Canton, Ohio, he walked to church or the business district without protection. McKinley gave a speech at his second inauguration on March 4,1901
25.
Eureka Springs, Arkansas
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Eureka Springs is a city in Carroll County, Arkansas, United States, and one of two county seats for the county. It is located in the Ozark Mountains of northwest Arkansas, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,073. The entire city is on the National Register of Historic Places as the Eureka Springs Historic District, Eureka Springs has been selected as one of Americas Distinctive Destinations by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Eureka Springs has historically been called The Little Switzerland of America and The Stairstep Town because of its mountainous terrain and it is a popular tourist destination for its unique character as a Victorian resort village. The city has steep winding streets filled with Victorian-style cottages and manors, the old commercial section of the city has an alpine character, with an extensive streetscape of well-preserved Victorian buildings. The buildings are constructed of local stone, built along streets that curve around the hills and rise. Some buildings have entrances on more than one floor. The streets wind around the town, and no two intersect at a 90 degree angle, there are no traffic lights, Native American legends tell of a Great Healing Spring in the Eureka Springs area. People of various indigenous cultures long visited the springs for this sacred purpose, the European Americans also believed that the springs had healing powers. After the Europeans arrived, they described the waters of the springs as having magical powers, Dr. Alvah Jackson was credited in American history with locating the spring, and in 1856 claimed that the waters of Basin Spring had cured his eye ailments. Dr. Jackson established a hospital in a cave during the Civil War. After the war, Jackson marketed the spring waters as Dr. Jacksons Eye Water, in 1879 Judge J. B. Saunders, a friend of Jackson, claimed that his crippling disease was cured by the spring waters. Saunders started promoting Eureka Springs to friends and family members across the state, within a period of little more than one year, the city expanded from a rural spa village to a major city. Within a short time in the nineteenth century, Eureka Springs developed as a flourishing city, spa. On February 14,1880, Eureka Springs was incorporated as a city, thousands of visitors came to the springs based on Saunders promotion and covered the area with tents and shanties. In 1881, Eureka Springs enjoyed the status of Arkansass fourth largest city, after his term as a Reconstruction governor, Powell Clayton moved to the heavily Unionist Eureka Springs and began promoting the city and its commercial interests. Clayton promoted the town as a retirement community for the wealthy, Eureka Springs soon became known for gracious living and a wealthy lifestyle. In 1882, the Eureka Improvement Company was formed to attract a railroad to the city, with the completion of the railroad, Eureka Springs established itself as a vacation resort
26.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
27.
Carry Nation (opera)
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Carry Nation is an opera in a prologue and 2 acts by composer Douglas Moore which is based on the life of temperance activist Carrie Nation, whose sometimes spelled her first name Carry. The work uses an English-language libretto by W. N. Jayme, the opera was commissioned by the University of Kansas in commemoration of the schools 100th anniversary. Lewin Goff staged the production and Robert Baustian conducted, the opera was subsequently given its first professional production at the San Francisco Opera in June 1966 under the baton of Herbert Grossman. The New York City Opera mounted the first New York production in March 1968, all three of these initial stagings and the recording starred mezzo-soprano Beverly Wolff in the title role
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Douglas Moore
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Douglas Stuart Moore was an American composer, educator, and author. He wrote music for the theater, film, ballet and orchestra, Moore was born in Cutchogue, Long Island, New York. His ancestors were among the first settlers to Long Island, NY. Moore was an alumnus of the Fessenden School, Moore earned two degrees from Yale University, a B. A. in 1915, then a B. Mus in 1917. Moore served in the Navy as a lieutenant, after which he studied music with Nadia Boulanger, Vincent dIndy, Moore served as president of the National Institute and American Academy of Arts and Letters,1953 -1956. He had been a member since 1941 and he made his debut as a composer and conductor in 1923 conducting his Four Museum Pieces with the Cleveland Orchestra. In 1926, Moore joined the faculty at Columbia University. In 1954 he was a co-founder, with Otto Luening and Oliver Daniel and he wrote the Yale fight song Goodnight, Harvard. These songs were published in 1921 under the collective title Songs my Mother never taught Me. He later collaborated with fellow Yale alumnus Stephen Vincent Benet on the folk opera The Devil, Moore authored two books on music, Listening to Music and From Madrigal to modern Music. Moores music is difficult to pigeonhole. Under the course of his career he developed a highly personal musical language, basically romantic and richly tonal. Influence during his education came especially from his teacher dIndy, at the Schola Cantorum de Paris. Moore is sometimes viewed as a conservative mainly because he tended to resist influence of the various musical vogues that arose, and ultimately fell, during his life. His chosen style was what some regard as typically American i. e. based on American folk music, though Moore never actually used any authentic folk tunes but rather created his own. The creation of style was greatly bolstered by Vachel Lindsay in the twenties, though Moore also allowed other styles influence him, such as jazz. This is most readily apparent in his operas, the Ballad of Baby Doe has several rag elements and in his 1958 soap opera Gallantry, the commercials for Lochinvar soap and Billy Boy wax are sung in a blueslike fashion. Furthermore, the allegretto from his second symphony has an almost neoclassical clarity to it, the faster movements of the aforementioned compositions have a robust, jovial and a somewhat terpsichorean quality. Admittedly though, Moore was slower in development when it came to purely orchestral works and he wrote eight operas, mostly on American subjects, though one notable exception is Giants in the Earth for which he won the 1951 Pulitzer Prize for Music. T
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Beyond the Valley of the Dolls
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Beyond the Valley of the Dolls is a 1970 American satirical musical melodrama film starring Dolly Read, Cynthia Myers, Marcia McBroom, Phyllis Davis, John LaZar, Michael Blodgett and David Gurian. The film was directed by Russ Meyer and co-written by Meyer and Roger Ebert, Three young women—Kelly MacNamara, Casey Anderson, and Petronella Pet Danforth —perform in a rock band, The Kelly Affair, managed by Harris Allsworth, Kellys boyfriend. The four travel to Los Angeles to find Kellys estranged aunt, Susan Lake, undeterred, Susan introduces The Kelly Affair to a flamboyant, well-connected rock producer, Ronnie Z-Man Barzell, who coaxes them into an impromptu performance at one of his outrageous parties. The band is so well-received that Z-Man becomes their Svengali-style manager, changing their name to The Carrie Nations, Kelly drifts away from Harris and takes up with Lance Rocke, a high-priced gigolo who has designs on her inheritance. Harris at first fends off the sexually aggressive porn star Ashley St. Ives, Ashley soon tires of his conventional nature and inability to perform sexually due to increasing drug and alcohol intake. Harris descends further into drug and alcohol use, leading to a fistfight with Lance. Kelly ends her affair with Lance after he severely beats Harris, Casey, distraught at getting pregnant and wary of mens foibles, has a lesbian affair with clothes designer Roxanne, who pressures her to have an abortion. Petronella has a seemingly enchanted romance with law student Emerson Thorne, after a meet-cute at Z-Mans party, they are shown running slow-motion through golden fields and frolicking in a haystack. Their fairy-tale romance frays when Pet sleeps with Randy Black, a violent prize fighter who beats up Emerson, Susan Lake is reunited with her former fiancé Baxter Wolfe. The Carrie Nations release records and continue to successfully, despite constant touring. Upset at being pushed to the sidelines, Harris attempts suicide by leaping from the rafters of a stage during a television appearance by the band. Harris survives the fall but becomes paraplegic from his injuries, Kelly devotes herself to caring for Harris. Emerson forgives Petronella for her infidelity, Casey and Roxanne have a steamy, intimate romance. But this idyllic existence ends when Z-Man invites Casey, Roxanne, after Z-Man tries to seduce Lance, who spurns him, he reveals that he has female breasts, meaning he has been a female in drag all this time. Z-Man then goes on a rampage, he beheads Lance with a sword, stabs his servant Otto to death. Responding to a phone call Casey made shortly before her death, Kelly, Harris, Pet. Petronella is wounded in the melee, which ends in Z-Mans death, Harris is able to move his feet, the start of his recovery from paralysis. Cast notes Pam Grier has a bit part as a partygoer and she is credited by her full name
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Los Gatos, California
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Los Gatos is an incorporated U. S. town in Santa Clara County, California. The population is 30,391 according to the 2013 United States Census Bureau, according to Bloomberg Businessweek, Los Gatos is ranked the 33rd wealthiest city in the United States. It is located in the San Francisco Bay Area at the southwest corner of San Jose in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains, Los Gatos is part of Silicon Valley, with several high technology companies maintaining a presence there. Los Gatos is Spanish for the cats, the name has been anglicized to /lɔːs ˈɡætəs/ lawss-GAT-əs, although one also hears pronunciations truer to the original Spanish, /loʊsˈɡɑːtoʊs/ lohss-GAH-tohss. The towns founding dates to the mid-1850s with the building of an operation, Forbes Mill. The mills two-story stone storage annex has been preserved as a museum just off of Main Street, the settlement that was established in the 1860s was originally named for the mill, but the name was changed to Los Gatos after the Spanish land grant. The town was incorporated in 1887 and remained an important town for the industry in the Santa Cruz Mountains through the end of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the became a thriving agricultural town with apricots. By the 1920s, the Los Gatos area had a reputation as an arts colony, attracting painters, musicians, writers, actors. Along with much of the Santa Clara Valley, Los Gatos became a community for San Jose beginning in the 1950s. Downtown Los Gatos has retained and restored many of its Victorian-era homes, a number of brick buildings in Downtown Los Gatos were destroyed or seriously damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, though the district was quickly rebuilt and has made a full recovery. Recently the Main Street Bridge has emulated the Ponte des Artes bridge in Paris by displaying love locks for anniversaries, transport by rail was an early aspect of Los Gatos. The South Pacific Coast Railroad, a popular line from Alameda to Santa Cruz in the late 19th century. Southern Pacific took over this line in 1887, Los Gatos was also near the Southern Pacific resort town of Holy City, along the rail line in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The last Southern Pacific passenger train to Santa Cruz left Los Gatos in March 1940. there was also a streetcar-type rail line with service to Saratoga and San Jose. Streetcar service via the Peninsular Railway started about 1905 and ended about 1933, San Francisco commuter trains continued into downtown until 1959, and Vasona Junction until 1964. The site of the old station is now occupied by Town Plaza. Between 1891 and 1929 about 20 oil wells were drilled in and around Los Gatos, starting a minor oil-drilling boom
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Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
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Murdoch Mysteries
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The television series is based on characters from the novel series by Maureen Jennings. These methods include fingerprinting, blood testing, surveillance, and trace evidence, in one episode, for instance, he creates a primitive version of sonar to locate a sunken ship in Lake Ontario. In another, he effectively invents wire-tapping, Crabtree is often unable to grasp the more advanced methods, but his enthusiasm and loyalty make him a good assistant. Like Crabtree, Dr. Ogden is a supporter of Murdochs methods. Her skill in pathology usually helps by revealing a great deal of evidence to aid Murdoch in solving cases. Throughout the series, Murdochs growing infatuation with her, and his inability to express his feelings, in the fifth season, after Dr. Ogden is married to Dr. Darcy Garland, a new doctor is introduced, Doctor Emily Grace. She and George Crabtree show some romantic interest in each other, Murdoch Mysteries originally came to Canadian television in 2004 as a two-episode made-for-TV movie, starring Peter Outerbridge in the lead role. One episode was broadcast in 2004, and the other in 2005 and its original title at that time was Murder 19C, The Detective Murdoch Mysteries. In 2006, the TV movie was picked up for a thirteen-episode series, but there were questions about Outerbridges continuing availability, since he was already starring in another series, ReGenesis. By 2007, it was announced that Yannick Bisson would become the lead in what was now called Murdoch Mysteries, the new version of Murdoch Mysteries debuted on Citytv in late January 2008. The program was well-received, both by the audience and by the critics, in the summer of 2008, it was nominated for 14 Gemini Awards by the Academy of Canadian Cinema, critics were surprised, however, that Bisson was not among the nominees. The critics were surprised in November when Murdoch Mysteries won only two Geminis. Meanwhile, Murdoch Mysteries was renewed for 2009, and again in 2010, in 2010, the program, which had previously been filmed only in Canada, went to Bristol, England to film an episode. In August 2010, it was announced there would be a fourth season. One big fan of the show was Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, the episode in which he appeared, playing a clueless cop who fails to recognize then-prime minister Wilfrid Laurier, aired in late July 2011. On September 27,2011, Rogers Media announced that it would not be continuing the series beyond its fifth season. Then, on November 15,2011, it was reported that CBC had picked up the show and ordered a sixth season, on April 2,2013, CBC renewed the show for a seventh season, with 18 episodes, which started on September 30,2013. In April 2014, the show was renewed for an eighth season, on March 4,2015, CBC renewed Murdoch Mysteries for a ninth season
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James Stuart McKnight
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James Stuart McKnight was a National Guard officer who served in World War I, an attorney and a member of the City Council in Los Angeles, California, in 1931 and 1932. A native of Green Bay, Wisconsin, McKnight graduated from Los Angeles High School, in March 1919, McKnight was married in Paris, France, to motion picture actress Anita King. McKnight was known as a sharp dresser and his clothes are always well pressed, his hanky peeks from the top coat pocket, his glasses are always polished, and his fair hair is always neatly brushed back from his high forehead. He died on December 25,1950, and was buried with military services at Sawtelle Cemetery in West Los Angeles, McKnight was survived by his widow, Velma, and a daughter, also named Velma, and a brother, Robert B. After earning his law degree from the University of Southern California in 1908, chase in a law practice for ten years. In 1916 he enlisted in the National Guard and went to Nogales, Arizona, in July,1918, Col. McKnight went overseas and attended the School of the Line at Langres, France. Returning to the One Hundred and Sixtieth Infantry he trained officers for a time and was sent to the front with reserves for the First Army. When the Armistice was signed he was assigned to duty with Herbert Hoover in Paris for service in the American food relief work and he was appointed assistant adjutant-general of the California National Guard by Governor William Stephens on November 17,1919. An investigation was undertaken by a board of inquiry and, after fifteen witnesses were heard, at the end McKnight was ordered by his superior, Adjutant-General Boree, to resign. His resignation in 1921 caused him to lose his National Guard rank of colonel and he did, however, use the title of colonel when a member of the American Legion in Long Beach, California, and at other times. McKnight returned to his law practice in Los Angeles, in June 1930, McKnight represented Mrs. Anna Butcher, a sister of pioneer temperance advocate Carrie Nation in a competence hearing. In June 1931 McKnight unseated incumbent councilman Ernest L. Webster in a victory in the Third District, McKnight was one of the six council members who in July 1931 lost a vote to appeal a judges decision ordering an end to racial restrictions in city-operated swimming pools. The pools had previously restricted by race to certain days or hours. An appeal would have delayed or ended desegregation, McKnight lost his seat in the 1933 election to Stephen W. Cunningham, graduate manager of the Associated Students at UCLA. Access to the Los Angeles Times links requires the use of a library card, photograph of Lieutenant McKnight and a recruiting committee of National Guard officers, February 1917
34.
Kuttawa, Kentucky
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Kuttawa local /kəˈtɑːwə/ is a home rule-class city in Lyon County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 649 as of the 2010 U. S. census, former Ohio governor Charles Anderson founded the town on land he purchased in 1866. The city was incorporated by the state assembly in 1872. In the early 1960s, the Tennessee Valley Authority constructed a dam across the Cumberland River at Grand Rivers, eddyville and Kuttawa were both moved from their original locations owing to the impounded lake. Kuttawa is located at 37°3′32″N 88°6′49″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.6 square miles, of which 1.9 square miles is land and 0.7 square miles is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 596 people,220 households, the population density was 307.1 people per square mile. There were 317 housing units at a density of 163.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 14% White,2. 52% African American,0. 84% Native American,26. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the family size was 2.61. In the city the population was out with 14. 1% under the age of 18,4. 5% from 18 to 24,18. 3% from 25 to 44,26. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 55 years, for every 100 females there were 70.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 68.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $45,357, and the median income for a family was $55,208. Males had an income of $48,571 versus $31,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,355, about 5. 6% of families and 7. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 9% of those under age 18 and 7. 0% of those age 65 or over. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Kuttawa has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. Local Information Land Between the Lakes Homepage
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
36.
Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library, most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, as of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection. The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional, Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence, Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the universitys Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with an unlimited amount of computer time. Hart has said he wanted to back this gift by doing something that could be considered to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and this particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed that computers would one day be accessible to the general public and he used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution, by the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort, all of the text was entered manually until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more widely available, which made book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenbergs finances, as the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the projects day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role, the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in best of the Web listings, Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64. In 2000, a corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundations first CEO, also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders, which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet
37.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
38.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
39.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
40.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Booknotes interview with Fran Grace on Carry A. Nation: Retelling the Life, October 14, 2001, C-SPAN