1.
Fort Irwin National Training Center
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Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States Military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an elevation of 2,454 feet. It is located 37 miles northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains, the National Training Center is part of the US Army Forces Command. Fort Irwin works within the R-2508 Special Use Airspace Complex, the 2010 United States census reported Fort Irwins population was 8,845. The Fort Irwin area has a history dating back almost 15,000 years, Native American settlements and pioneer explorations in the area were first recorded when Father Francisco Garces, a Spaniard, traveled the Mohave Indian Trail with Mohave guides in 1776. During his travels, he noted several bands of Indians and is believed to have been the first European to make contact with the Native Americans of this area. Jedediah Smith is thought to have been the first American to explore the area in 1826, a fur trapper, Smith was soon followed by other pioneers traveling the Old Spanish Trail between Santa Fe and Los Angeles. The trail crossed the area on the edge of Fort Irwin. Bitter Spring was the only reliable watering and grazing place along the route, from Bitter Spring the trail led 18. Fremont, accompanied by Kit Carson, was the first member of the US Army to visit the Fort Irwin area. Captain Fremont established a camp near Bitter Springs as he pioneered a route that served travelers on the Old Spanish Trail and this camp was later to become an important water and grazing place for pioneers crossing the Mojave Desert during Californias settlement and gold rush. The California Gold Rush brought prosperous trade and unexpected trouble to the area, as California grew, and more travelers and freighters used the Mormon Road to cross the territory between California and Utah, raids and horse stealing became a problem. In 1847, the Armys Mormon Battalion patrolled the Fort Irwin area to control the raiding, by 1855 it became part of the route of the freight wagon road between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. During the Bitter Spring Expedition in 1860 the Army constructed Camp Bitter Springs, in the 1880s the area experienced an economic boom with the discovery of borax at Death Valley. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the area began to grow tremendously as mining operations of all types flourished, soon railroads, workers, and businesses led to the establishment of the nearby town of Barstow. The years following the Indian Wars were quiet militarily, in 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Mojave Anti-Aircraft Range, a military reservation of approximately 1,000 square miles in the area of the present Fort Irwin. Two years later, Camp Irwin was deactivated and placed on surplus status, Camp Irwin reopened its gates in 1951 as the Armored Combat Training Area and served as a training center for combat units during the Korean War. Regimental tank companies of the U. S. 43d Infantry Division from Camp Pickett, the post was designated a permanent installation on 1 August 1961 and renamed Fort Irwin
2.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
Radio personality
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A radio personality or radio presenter, commonly referred to as a Disc Jockey or DJ for short, is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality that hosts a show is also known as a radio host. Radio personalities who introduce and play selections of recorded music are known as disc jockeys. The term has evolved to describe a person who mixes a continuous flow of recorded music in real time. Broadcast radio personalities may include talk radio hosts, AM/FM radio show hosts, the radio personality may broadcast live or use voice-tracking techniques. Increasingly in the 2010s, radio personalities are expected to supplement their on-air work by posting information online and this may be either to generate additional revenue or connect with listeners. In the past, the disc jockey was exclusively used to describe on-air radio personalities who played recorded music. FM/AM radio – AM/FM personalities play music, talk, or both, some examples are Elvis Duran, Big Boy, Kidd Kraddick, John Boy and Billy, The Bob and Tom Show, and Rickey Smiley. Talk radio – Talk radio personalities often discuss social and political issues from a political point of view. Some examples are Rush Limbaugh, Art Bell, George Noory, Brian Kilmeade, Brian Lehrer, Don Geronimo, Sports talk radio – Sports talk radio personalities are often former athletes, sports writers, or television anchors and discuss sports news. Some examples are Dan Patrick, Tony Kornheiser, Colin Cowherd, Satellite radio – Satellite radio personalities are not subject to government broadcast regulations and are allowed to play explicit music. Howard Stern, Opie and Anthony, Dr. Laura, radio personality salaries are influenced by years of experience and education. In 2013, the salary of a radio personality in the US was $28,400. 1–4 years, $15, 200–39,400, 5–9 years, $20, 600–41,700, 10–19 years, $23, 200–51,200,20 or more years, $26, a radio personality with a bachelors degree had a salary range of $19, 600–60,400. The salary of a radio personality will differ from a national radio personality. National personality pay can be in the millions because of the audience size. For example, Rush Limbaugh was reportedly paid $40 million annually as part of the eight-year $400 million contract he signed with Clear Channel Communications, due to radio personalities vocal training, opportunities to expand their careers often exist. Over time a radio personality could be paid to do voice-overs for commercials, television shows, universities offer classes in radio broadcasting and often have a college radio station, where students can obtain on-the-job training and course credit
5.
Celebrity
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Celebrity status is often associated with wealth, while fame often provides opportunities to make money. Successful careers in sports and entertainment are commonly associated with celebrity status, People may also become celebrities due to media attention on their lifestyle, wealth, or controversial actions, or for their connection to a famous person. Throughout recorded history there are accounts of people who attracted the trappings of celebrity which would be recognized today, athletes in Ancient Greece were welcomed home as heroes, had songs and poems written in their honor, and received free food and gifts from those seeking celebrity endorsement. Ancient Rome similarly lauded actors and notorious gladiators, and Julius Caesar appeared on a coin in his own lifetime, in the 12th century, Thomas Becket became famous following his murder. He was promoted by the Christian Church as a martyr and images of him, the cult of personality can be traced back to the Romantics in the 18th Century, whose livelihood as artists and poets depended on the currency of their reputation. The establishment of cultural hot-spots became an important factor in the process of generating fame, for example, London, newspapers started including gossip columns and certain clubs and events became places to be seen in order to receive publicity. The movie industry spread around the globe in the first half of the 20th Century, yet, celebrity wasnt always tied to actors in films, especially when cinema was starting out as a medium. The second half of the century saw television and popular music bring new forms of celebrity, such as the rock star, unlike movies, television created celebrities who were not primarily actors, for example, presenters, talk show hosts and news readers. In the sixties and early seventies the book publishing industry began to persuade major celebrities to put their names on autobiographies and other titles in a genre called celebrity publishing. In most cases the book was not written by the celebrity but by a ghost-writer, cultures and regions with a significant population may have their own independent celebrity systems, with distinct hierarchies. For example, the Canadian province of Quebec, which is French-speaking, has its own system of French-speaking television, movie, a person who garners a degree of fame in one culture may be considered less famous or obscure in another. S. Whereas the francophone Canadian singer Celine Dion is well known in both the French-speaking world and in the United States, regions within a country, or cultural communities can also have their own celebrity systems, especially in linguistically or culturally distinct regions such as Quebec or Wales. Regional radio personalities, newscasters, politicians or community leaders may be local or regional celebrities and these informal rankings indicate a placing within a hierarchy. However, due to differing levels of celebrity in different regions, a Brazilian actor might be a B-list action film actor in the U. S. but an A-list star in Portugal. Some elements are associated with fame, such as appearing on the cover of Time, being spoofed in Mad, having a wax statue in Madame Tussauds, certain people are known even to people unfamiliar with the area in which they excelled. If one has to name a famous boxer, they are likely to name Muhammad Ali or Mike Tyson. The same phenomenon is true for fictional characters, superman, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Wonder Woman and Batman represent super heroes to a far wider audience than that of the comics and graphic novels in which they appear. Disney have themeparks around the world rely on the fame of its creations headed by Mickey Mouse
6.
Television host
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A presenter is a person who introduces or hosts television programs. Some presenters may double as an actor, model, singer, others may be subject matter experts, such as scientists or politicians, serving as presenters for a programme about their field of expertise. Some are celebrities who have made their name in one area, another example would be American stand-up comedian Joe Rogan, who is a commentator and post-fight interviewer in UFC. The term is used in other countries including Ireland, Australia. In the US, such a person is called a host
7.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
8.
Total Request Live
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Total Request Live was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. TRL was MTVs prime outlet for music videos as the continued to concentrate on reality-based programming. In addition to videos, TRL featured daily guests. The show was a promotion tool used by musicians, actors. TRL played the ten most requested videos of the day. The show generally aired Monday through Thursday for one hour, though the scheduling, despite the word Live in the title of the show, many episodes were actually pre-recorded. MTV announced the cancellation of TRL on September 15,2008, the special three-hour finale episode, Total Finale Live, aired on November 16,2008. An international version of TRL aired on MTV Italy until 2010, origin of TRL can be traced back to 1997 when MTV began producing MTV Live from the newly opened MTV studios in Times Square in New York City. MTV Live featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and regular news updates, music videos were not the major focus of the program. For a time, the show more than 750,000 viewers. During the same period, MTV aired a countdown show simply called Total Request. Total Request was far more subdued, as Daly introduced music videos from an empty, as the show progressed and gained more momentum with viewers tuning in, it was soon added to the list of daytime programming during MTVs Summer Share in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. In Fall 1998, MTV producers merged the real-time aspect of MTV Live with the fan-controlled countdown power of Total Request into Total Request Live, the series made its debut from MTV Studios on September 14,1998. The show then grew to become MTVs unofficial flagship program, the original host of TRL, Carson Daly, brought popularity to the show. The widely known abbreviation of TRL was adopted as the title of the show in February 1999, after Daly. In the years following, the program was referred to by its complete title. TRL spent its first year developing a cult-type following, in the fall of 1999, a live studio audience was added to the show. By spring 2000, the countdown reached its peak, becoming a recognizable pop culture icon in its first two years of existence
9.
KROQ-FM
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KROQ-FM – branded 106.7 KROQ – is a commercial Alternative Rock radio station licensed to Pasadena, California serving the Greater Los Angeles Area. The call sign is pronounced kay rock and it was the flagship station of Loveline, hosted by Dr. Drew Pinsky and Psycho Mike Catherwood, and The Kevin and Bean Morning Show. KROQ advertises itself as playing current modern rock hits, but its playlist consists mostly of recurrent tracks from the 1990s and 2000s. The station has studios at the intersection of Venice Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue in the Crestview neighborhood in West Los Angeles, the transmitter is based in the Verdugo Mountains. Originally,106.7 FM was KPPC-FM, owned by the Pasadena Presbyterian Church and they broadcast religious programming with a co-owned AM station. Until 1969, the station still broadcast from the basement of the church, in 1967, Tom and Raechel Donahue created a freeform progressive rock format at co-owned KMPX in San Francisco. KMPX became a big success, and in 1968, the Donahues were sent to Pasadena to introduce the format to the ailing KPPC-FM, the former KMPX and KPPC staffers were later hired at Metromedia-owned KSAN in San Francisco and KMET in Los Angeles. KPPC hired new staffers and kept the format, though they floundered for several years following the strike. In 1969, the two stations were sold to the National Science Network, in April 1970, the studios were moved out of the church basement. In September of that year, the FM transmitter was moved to Flint Peak, an adjacent to Pasadena. Country music station KBBQ in Burbank became KROQ in September 1972, changing its format to Top-40, the new KROQ called itself the ROQ of Los Angeles. A. The two stations were wildly successful initially with the new format, but poor management plagued the enterprise. Roberts joined a sprawling ownership group included a doctor, two dairymen, a political lobbyist, a secretary, and several other minor investors. Unfortunately, by 1974 the stations finances were already untenable following a year of commercial-free programming — a stunt implemented in an effort to market share. The stations debt load reached $7 million, paychecks began to bounce and Shadoe Stevens, the closure would last for nearly two years. In late 1975, the FCC ordered KROQ to return to the airwaves or surrender the stations licenses, ken Roberts returned to the reborn station in a more forceful ownership role, buying out his partners one by one until he remained the sole owner of the station. Shadoe Stevens was re-hired as a consultant and air personality with others like Los Angeles radio legends The Obscene Steven Clean. As punk expanded its hold on the scene of the mid to late 1970s, KROQ steadily adding more of it to their freeform format
10.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
11.
Late-night talk show
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A late-night talk show is a genre of talk show popular in the United States, where the format originated. It is generally structured around humorous monologues about the news, guest interviews, comedy sketches. The late-night talk show format was popularized, though not invented, typically the shows host conducts interviews from behind a desk, while the guest is seated on a couch. Many late night talk shows feature a band which generally performs cover songs for the studio audience during commercial breaks. Late-night talk shows are a popular format in the United States, Shows that loosely resemble the format air in other countries, but generally air weekly as opposed to the nightly airings of those in the United States. They also generally air in time slots considered to be prime time in the United States and these shows aired once a week in evening time slots that would come to be known as prime time. The first version of The Tonight Show, Tonight Starring Steve Allen, the show created many modern talk show staples included an opening monologue, celebrity interviews, audience participation, comedy bits, and musical performances. As a result, unlike Broadway Open House, Tonight proved to be a resounding success, the success of the show led Allen to get another show, entitled The Steve Allen Show, which would compete with The Ed Sullivan Show on Sunday nights. Meanwhile, hosting duties of The Tonight Show were split between Allen and Ernie Kovacs, Kovacs had defected to NBC from his own show on the then-crumbling DuMont Television Network. Both Allen and Kovacs departed from Tonight in 1957 in order to focus on Allens Sunday night show, after the two left, the format changed similar to that of Today and was renamed Tonight. America After Dark and was hosted first by Jack Lescoulie and then by Al Collins while interviews were performed by Hy Gardner, the show was not popular leading to many NBC affiliates dropping the show. The show returned to the format that year and was renamed Tonight Starring Jack Paar. The even greater success of the show during Paars hosting resulted in many NBC affiliates re-airing the show. Paar permanently left the show in 1962, citing the reason that he could not handle the load of The Tonight Show, and he moved to his own weekly prime-time show. After Paars departure, hosting duties were filled by Groucho Marx, Mort Sahl, longtime guest host Johnny Carson took over as host of The Tonight Show in 1962 and the show was renamed The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Carson streamlined the format of the show, focusing more on entertainment personalities, tweaking the monologue to include more shorter jokes, Ed McMahon served as Carsons announcer while from 1962 to 1966 the band was led by Skitch Henderson, who hired, among others, Doc Severinsen. When Henderson left, Milton DeLugg took over, Severinsen took over in 1967, and served as bandleader with the NBC Orchestra. The show originated from NBC Studios in New York City but, as part of Carsons shifting the show toward a more entertainment-oriented program, moved to Burbank, California in 1972
12.
Last Call with Carson Daly
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Last Call with Carson Daly is an American late night television program hosted by Carson Daly and broadcast on NBC. Unlike other programs in NBCs late night line-up, Last Call typically records only 24 weeks of shows a year with the rest of the year being taken up by reruns. Last Call premiered in 2002 as the successor to Later, Last Call initially aired Monday through Thursday until the cancellation of Late Friday in the summer of 2002. Its premiere was delayed one day at the last minute due to a contract dispute, Last Call was originally taped in Studio 8H of the GE Building in New York City, which was also the home studio of Saturday Night Live. However, this required the producers to work around the schedule of Saturday Night Live, during this phase, Last Call had no house band and no jokes or monologue, going straight to the first guest at the beginning of the show. The stage was set up in an empty black box theater style, each week, a different unsigned band was brought in to do the music, in addition to any musical act at the end. Gradually, the set acquired more furnishings and decor, much of which was influenced by the occasional trips to Las Vegas. In 2003 and 2004, Last Call was nominated for a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Show – Late Night. After the move, Last Call began to resemble its counterparts, with a traditional set, permanent house band led by Joe Firstman, short monologue. In November 2005 Joe Firstman became the house band leader for Last Call. Notable members of his band include Kamasi Washington, Thundercat, Kenny Aronoff, Mike Miley, Brian Wright, Zane Musa, Zane Carney, Mark Bryan, Marc Ford, Firstman wrote the majority of the material the band performed. On air, Daly explained that the reason the show resumed production was that he was given the option to either return or have the shows 75 non-striking staff members fired. The shows were not scripted and did not include monologues, the Writers Guild of America was critical of Daly, accusing him of crossing picket lines and labeling him a scab. Daly is not a member of the WGA. On November 27,2007, he was accused by the WGA of soliciting jokes for his show through a telephone hotline, on December 11,2007, an organized group of WGA writers attended a taping of Last Call. First, one heckled during an interview with Jerry Rice, after security removed the first writer, another spoke up disruptively, expressing sympathy with striking writers. A producer asked anyone planning to disrupt the show to leave or face prosecution, as the end of Late Night with Conan OBrien was approaching, Daly made it public that he was interested in moving to the Late Night time slot. Jimmy Fallon was chosen to replace OBrien, a choice that executive producer Lorne Michaels had in mind dating back to the day that Fallon left Saturday Night Live in 2004. In February 2009, network executive Rick Ludwin told TV Week that the company was going through the budgetary process with all of our shows
13.
Macy's
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Macys, originally R. H. Macy & Co. is a department store owned by Macys, Inc. It is one of two owned by the company, with the other being Bloomingdales. Macys has conducted the annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City since 1924 and has sponsored the citys annual Fourth of July fireworks display since 1976, Macys Herald Square is one of the largest department stores in the world. The value of Herald Square has been estimated at around $3 billion, in 2015 Macys was the largest U. S. department store company by retail sales. Macys was the 15th-largest retailer in the United States for 2014 by revenue and they all failed, but he learned from his mistakes. On the companys first day of business on October 28,1858 sales totaled US$11.08, equal to $306.15 today. From the beginning, Macys logo has included a star, which comes from a tattoo that Macy got as a teenager when he worked on a Nantucket whaling ship and it also offered a money back guarantee, although it accepted only cash into the 1950s. The store also produced its own clothing for both men and women, assembled in an on-site factory. In 1875, Macy took on two partners, Robert M. Valentine, a nephew, and Abiel T, la Forge of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died in 1877 from inflammatory kidney disease, la Forge died the following year, and Valentine died in 1879. This latter 5-story building was purchased by Robert H. Macys ignored the tactic, and simply built around the building, in 1912, Isidor Straus died in the sinking of the Titanic at the age of 67 with his wife, Ida. The original Broadway store was designed by architects De Lemos & Cordes, was built in 1901–02 by the Fuller Company and has a Palladian facade, but has been updated in many details. There were further additions to the west in 1924 and 1928, and the Seventh Avenue building in 1931, all designed by architect Robert D. Kohn, the newer buildings were increasingly Art Deco in style. In 2012, Macys began the first full renovation of the iconic Herald Square flagship store at a reported cost of US$400,000,000, STUDIO V Architecture, a New York-based firm, was the overall Master Plan architect of the project. STUDIO Vs fresh design of the department store raised controversy over the nature of contemporary design, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The store has several wooden escalators still in operation, the problem of pre-existing buildings also presented itself when Macys built a store on Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst, in the New York City borough of Queens. This resulted in a unique round department store on 90 percent of the lot, Macys no longer fully occupies this building, which now contains the Queens Place Mall, with Macys Furniture Gallery as a tenant, instead it moved its full outlet to the nearby Queens Center. This relocation was the result of Macys merger with Federated Department Stores, the parent company of Abraham & Straus, in 1994, more distant acquisitions included Lasalle & Koch, Davison-Paxon-Stokes, L. Bamberger & Co
14.
Independence Day (United States)
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It declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States, Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail, The second day of July,1776, I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, adamss prediction was off by two days. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2,1776, although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4,1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence, calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4,1872, so far he is the only U. S. President to have been born on Independence Day. In 1777 thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting. In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a ration of rum for his soldiers. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, in 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5, in 1781 the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy and this is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today. In 1870 the U. S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees, in 1938 Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Independence Day is a holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on day to appear at a public event to praise the nations heritage, laws, history, society. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue, many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, decorations are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag
15.
Fireworks
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Fireworks are a class of low explosive pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display, Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places. Fireworks take many forms to produce the four primary effects, noise, light, smoke and they may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and silver. Displays are common throughout the world and are the point of many cultural. Fireworks were invented in ancient China in the 7th century to scare evil spirits. Such important events and festivities as Chinese New Year and the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival were, China is the largest manufacturer and exporter of fireworks in the world. Fireworks are generally classified as to where they perform, either as a ground or aerial firework, in the latter case they may provide their own propulsion or be shot into the air by a mortar. The most common feature of fireworks is a paper or pasteboard tube or casing filled with the combustible material, a number of these tubes or cases are often combined so as to make, when kindled, a great variety of sparkling shapes, often variously colored. The skyrocket is a form of firework, although the first skyrockets were used in war. The aerial shell, however, is the backbone of todays commercial aerial display, such rocket technology has also been used for the delivery of mail by rocket and is used as propulsion for most model rockets. The earliest documentation of fireworks dates back to 7th century China, the fireworks were used to accompany many festivities. It is thus a part of the culture of China and had its origin there, the art and science of firework making has developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of techniques in mounting firework displays. Chinese people originally believed that the fireworks could expel evil spirits and bring about luck, during the Song Dynasty, many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng, rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Bowen and Jiao Yu. In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China, with the development of chinoiserie in Europe, Chinese fireworks began to gain popularity around the mid-17th century. Lev Izmailov, ambassador of Peter the Great, once reported from China and his writings would be translated in 1765, resulting in the popularization of fireworks and further attempts to uncover the secrets of Chinese fireworks
16.
Times Square
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It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade
17.
The Voice (U.S. TV series)
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The Voice is an American reality television singing competition broadcast on NBC. Based on the original The Voice of Holland, the concept of the series is to find currently unsigned singing talent contested by aspiring singers, age 13 or over, drawn from public auditions. The winner is determined by viewers voting by telephone, Internet, SMS text. They receive US$100,000 and a deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition. The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists performances and they also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition, thus making them the winning coach. Members of the panel include Adam Levine, Blake Shelton, Christina Aguilera, CeeLo Green, Shakira, Usher, Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Williams, Miley Cyrus. The Voice began airing on April 26,2011, as a spring TV season program, the show proved to be a hit for NBC and was subsequently expanded into the fall cycle when season three premiered on September 10,2012. The series premiered its twelfth season on February 27,2017, on October 18,2016, NBC renewed the series through its thirteenth season. An adaptation of the Dutch show The Voice of Holland, NBC announced the show under the name The Voice of America in December 2010, in each season, the winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records, Universal Music Group. Each season begins with the Blind Auditions, where coaches form their team of artists whom they mentor through the remainder of the season. At the conclusion of the performance, an artist either defaults to the coach who turned around. In the Battle Rounds, each coach pairs two of his or her team members to perform together, then one to advance in the competition. In each season, coaches are assisted by celebrity mentors that are different each season, a new element was added in season three, coaches were given two steals, allowing each coach to select two individuals who were eliminated during a battle round by another coach. The Knockout Rounds were also introduced in season three, a pair of artists within a team are selected to sing individual performances in succession. They are not told until a few prior to their performances who their partner is. The artists get to choose their own songs in round, although they continue to get help. At the conclusion of the performances, coaches would decide which one of each pair gets to advance to the next round, just like in the battle rounds, the coaches can steal one eliminated artist from another coach starting with season five. The Battles, Round 2 were introduced to replace the Knockout Rounds in season six, similar to the Knockout Rounds, each singer is paired randomly within their team
18.
Today (U.S. TV program)
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Today, also called The Today Show, is an American news and talk morning television show that airs on NBC. The program debuted on January 14,1952 and it was the first of its genre on American television and in the world, and is the fifth-longest-running American television series. Originally a two-hour program on weekdays, it expanded to Sundays in 1987, the weekday broadcast expanded to three hours in 2000, and to four hours in 2007. Todays dominance was virtually unchallenged by the other networks until the late 1980s, Today has maintained its No.2 status since the summer of 2012 each year behind GMA. In 2002, Today was ranked No.17 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the shows first broadcast aired on January 14,1952. It was the brainchild of Sylvester B, Pat Weaver, Jr. who was then vice president of NBC. Weaver was president of the company from 1953 to 1955, during which time Todays late-night companion The Tonight Show premiered, in pre-production, the shows proposed title was The Rise and Shine Revue. Today was the first program of its genre when it premiered with original host Dave Garroway, the program blended national news headlines, interviews with newsmakers, lifestyle features, other light news and gimmicks, and local news updates from the networks stations. It has spawned several other shows of a type, including ABCs Good Morning America. In other countries, the format was copied – most notably in the United Kingdom with the BBCs Breakfast Time and TV-ams Good Morning Britain, and in Canada with Canada AM on CTV. When Today debuted, it was seen only in the Eastern and Central time zones. Since 1958, Today has been tape-delayed for the five other U. S. time zones, partly to accommodate host Dave Garroways declining health, the program ceased live broadcasts in the summer of 1958, opting instead to broadcast an edition taped the previous afternoon. The experiment, which drew criticism from many sides, ended when John Chancellor replaced Garroway in July 1961, a fourth hour was eventually added on September 10,2007. NBC stations in some markets air the third and fourth hours of Today on tape delay, WHDH in Boston, Massachusetts was an NBC station that would follow this practice to accommodate an hour of local news at 9,00 am. On January 1,2017, the NBC affiliation in Boston moved to a new owned-and-operated station, WBTS, which airs the third and fourth hours of Today at its regular 9,00 am and 10,00 am timeslots. Generally, the program live in the Eastern Time Zone. When breaking news stories warrant, Today will broadcast a live West Coast edition, the live updates typically do not last longer than the 7,00 a. m. hour and once completed, will return to the taped East Coast feed. When the anchors welcome the viewers to the show, they note the current time as being Pacific Time
19.
Social media
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Social media are computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. User-generated content, such as posts or comments, digital photos or videos. Users create service-specific profiles for the website or app that are designed and maintained by the media organization. Social media facilitate the development of social networks by connecting a users profile with those of other individuals or groups. They introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between businesses, organizations, communities and individuals, Social media changes the way individuals and large organizations communicate. These changes are the focus of the field of technoself studies. In America, a reported that 84 percent of adolescents in America have a Facebook account. Over 60% of 13 to 17-year-olds have at least one profile on social media, according to Nielsen, Internet users continue to spend more time on social media sites than on any other type of site. For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have gone beyond simply social sharing to building a reputation and bringing in career opportunities and monetary income. Social media differ from paper-based or traditional media such as TV broadcasting in many ways, including quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy. Social media operate in a Dialogic transmission system and this is in contrast to traditional media which operates under a monologic transmission model, such as a paper newspaper which is delivered to many subscribers. Some of the most popular social media websites are Baidu Tieba, Facebook, Gab, Google+, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Reddit, Snapchat, Tumblr, Twitter, Viber, WeChat, Weibo, WhatsApp, and YouTube. These social media websites have more than 100,000,000 registered users, observers have noted a range of positive and negative impacts of social media use. At the same time, concerns have been raised about possible links between social media use and depression, and even the issues of cyberbullying, online harassment. Currently, about half of adults have been cyberbullied and of those,20 percent said that they have been cyberbullied on a regular basis. Another survey was carried out among 7th grade students in America which is known as the Precaution Process Adoption Model, according to this study,69 percent of 7th grade students claim to have experienced cyberbullying and they also said that it is worse than face to face bullying. The variety and evolving stand-alone and built-in social media services introduces a challenge of definition, the terminology is unclear, with some referring to social media as social networks. A2015 paper reviewed the prominent literature in the area and identified four commonalities unique to then-current social media services, in 2016, Merriam-Webster defined social media as Forms of electronic communication through which people create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc
20.
KAMP-FM
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KAMP-FM - is a Top 40 radio station in Los Angeles, California. The station is owned by CBS Radio and currently programmed by Kevin Weatherly, the station has studios at the intersection of Venice Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue in the Mid-City section of Los Angeles, and the transmitter is based on Mount Wilson. The station also broadcasts an HD2 subchannel and simulcasts sister station KNX, kAMP-FM is one of two Top 40 stations in the Los Angeles area, the other being KIIS-FM. The station had signed on as KKLA-FM and operated under those call letters during the 1950s. In the late 1960s,97.1 FM became home to KGBS-FM, since its AM station KGBS1020 was only authorized to be on the air during daylight hours, this allowed the format to be broadcast 24 hours a day. In the early 1970s, the station experimented with rock n roll and pop music formats before returning to country in 1973, in 1976, KGBS-FM continued with its country music format while its AM sister station switched to a top-40 format. On August 28,1978, the letters changed to KHTZ while continuing with its country music format. On July 31,1979, Storer, after having sold the AM radio station which was now known as KTNQ1020, moved its format to 97.1 FM. For a few hours the two stations simulcasted the signal until KTNQ switched to Spanish language programming at noon, within a few weeks the station evolved into a more adult contemporary station, leaving top-40 to others for almost 30 years. On November 27,1985, the changed its call letters to KBZT and was known as K-Best 97. On September 26,1986, the station was renamed KLSX, the call letters KLSX were chosen to sound like the word classics. To demonstrate the vastness of the stations on-air library, they advertised no-repeat workdays, the correct caller could win a prize for identifying the one song per day that was intentionally played twice. Additionally, the station hosted an event where the entire library was played by artist A-Z during weekday hours. Whenever Neil Youngs song Southern Man was played, it was followed by Lynyrd Skynyrds Sweet Home. In 1988, the long-running Beatles show Breakfast with the Beatles with host Deirdre ODonoghue moved here from KNX-FM, after she died in 2001, the show was taken over by Chris Carter. On September 3,2006, the station broadcast the last airing of Breakfast with the Beatles which is now replaced by infomercials that has some local protest. Current host Carter has stated that the departure of Howard Stern can be attributed to why the program is being dropped, paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and Yoko Ono have all called into the program. In late November 2006, local classic rock KLOS picked up the show, on July 21,1991, the station began to air the syndicated The Howard Stern Show, and took on the slogan Howard Stern all morning, classic rock all day
21.
CBS Radio
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CBS Radio is a radio broadcasting company owned by CBS Corporation. It is among the United States largest radio groups, operating 116 radio stations in 26 media markets. In 1999, Infinity became a division of Viacom, in 2005, Viacom spun CBS and Infinity Broadcasting back into a company. In 2016, CBS CEO Leslie Moonves stated that the company was exploring selling or spinning off CBS Radio. While the company announced its intent to perform a public offering. CBS Radio is one of the oldest units within CBS Corporation, however, the actual CBS Radio Network was launched in 1927, when CBS itself was known as United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records later joined in and that company was renamed the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, in September 1927, Columbia Records sold the company to William S. Paley and in 1928, Paley streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. It became a traded company twice, in 1986. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which acquired CBS, Inc. in 1995, Westinghouse acquired American Radio Systems in 1997. In 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, in August 2006, CBS Radio announced the sale of its 15 radio stations in Cincinnati, Ohio, Memphis, Tennessee, Austin, Texas, and Rochester, New York to Entercom Communications. This group deal was granted FCC approval in mid-November 2007 after it faced regulatory review and numerous challenges for over a year, several other stations, most in smaller markets, have also been sold to companies like Border Media Partners and Peak Media Corporation. On April 30,2008, CBS Radio and AOL entered a partnership and these stations were folded into the AOL Radio mobile app. On July 31,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell 50 more radio stations in 12 mid-size markets, on December 15,2008, CBS Radio and Clear Channel Communications reached an agreement to swap seven stations. The deal closed on April 1,2009, on December 20,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Denver cluster to Wilks Broadcasting for $19.5 Million, including KIMN, KWOF, and KXKL. On August 10,2009, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Portland cluster to Alpha Broadcasting for $40 Million, the stations included in the sale are KCMD, KINK, KUFO, and KUPL. On February 4,2010, all CBS Radio stations, as well as AOL Radio, music Radio have restricted all non U. S. listeners from streaming online content. CBS Radio redirects to sister property Last. fm,2011 saw the biggest AC format removal of the company dropping AC for hot adult contemporary on Washington, D. C. s WIAD in March, followed by New York Citys WWFS on October 12. On August 1, WCFS-FM Chicago removed its AC format for all-news to simulcast WBBM, by November 2011, WLTE in Minneapolis/St
22.
Westwood One (current)
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Westwood One, owned and operated by Cumulus Media, is an American mass media company headquartered in New York, New York, specializing in radio syndication and audio content. As the radio network and national brand of Cumulus, Westwood One distributes hundreds of programs to radio stations, the company was, at various times, managed by CBS Radio, the radio arm of CBS Corporation and Viacom. It was later purchased by the equity firm The Gores Group. In September 2013, Dial Global rebranded under the name Westwood One and announced an agreement with Cumulus Media. Westwood One now includes the network of Westwood One and Cumulus Media Networks. The company takes its name from a network also named Westwood One. Dial Global was founded as X Radio Networks, a division of Excelsior Radio Networks and it merged with Dial Communications and Global Media in 2006, from which it derived the Dial Global name. Dial Global initially specialized in syndicated weekend music programs of various types, in 2007 it acquired the former Transtar Radio Networks from the original Westwood One. Triton Media Group, a subsidiary of Oaktree Capital Management, purchased Excelsior in early 2008, triton used the Dial Global name for all of its programming and later bought the remainder of Westwood One in 2011, folding it into its Dial Global subsidiary. Dial Global began exhibiting signs of distress in late 2012. It simultaneously announced that it had filed for delisting from NASDAQ, at the time of the announcement, Dial Global stock was trading at $2.00 a share, by mid-January 2013, DGs stock was trading at.30 a share. In a SEC 8-K filing dated January 15,2013, DG announced that it had extended a loan agreement with certain lenders. On August 29,2013, it was announced by The Wall Street Journal that Cumulus Broadcasting will be purchasing Dial Global. Cumulus will be paying $260 million in cash for this programming syndication service, to fund that sale, Cumulus will make a pair of station deals with Townsquare Media, Oaktree Capital Managements radio station ownership division. On September 4,2013, Dial Global announced that - as of that day - the company was renaming itself Westwood One. Both transactions on the Cumulus-Townsquare deal were closed on November 14,2013, the companys numerous acquisitions prompted rival Talk Radio Network to file an antitrust lawsuit against what was then Dial Global in August 2012. Cumulus settled the lawsuit with TRN on amicable terms in March 2014, which was followed by TRN filing another lawsuit over the issue in April 2016
23.
Coachella Valley
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It is the northernmost extent of the vast trough which includes the Salton Sea, the Imperial Valley and the Gulf of California. The San Andreas Fault crosses the valley from the Chocolate Mountains in the southeast corner, the fault is easily visible along its northern length as a strip of greenery against an otherwise bare mountain. The Chocolate Mountains are home to a United States Navy live gunnery range and are mostly off-limits to the public, in comparison to the Inland Empire, some people refer to the IEs sub-region Coachella Valley as the Desert Empire to differentiate it from the neighboring Imperial Valley. Geographers and geologists sometimes call the area, along with the Imperial Valley to the south, the valley connects with the Greater Los Angeles area to the west via the San Gorgonio Pass, a major transportation corridor that includes I-10 and the Union Pacific Railroad. The valley is part of the 13th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, the famous desert resort cities of Palm Springs and Palm Desert lie in the Coachella Valley.5 million annual conventioneers and tourists. The local population rounds up to almost 500,000 in April, declines to 200,000 in July, there is some contention as to the origin of the name. Early maps show the area as Conchilla, the Spanish word for seashell, since the area was once a part of a vast inland sea, tiny fossilized mollusk shells can be found in just about every remote area. Local lore explains the change in the name from Conchilla to Coachella as a made by the map-makers contracted to transcribe the data supplied by the Southern Pacific Railroads survey party. Rather than redraw the expensive maps, the railroad chose to begin calling the area by the misspelled name Coachella rather than its traditional name Conchilla. Some believe that the name Coachella was simply made up, cindarella Courtney was the first non-Indian child born in Indio in 1898. The first boy, David Elgin, was born in 1899, the coming in 1926 of U. S. So too did the coming of State Highway 111 in the early 1930s, the standard was refined and adopted worldwide. Doctor McCarroll is memorialized by a stretch of I-10 through Indio named in her honor, the Coachella Valley was popular among celebrities from Frank Sinatra to Dakota Fanning who came and continue to come to enjoy vacations and winter homes in the desert resort community. Also it became a real estate destination in the 1980s and 1990s no longer limited to senior citizens, winter residents. Families with young children and young adults interested in Palm Springs and surrounding communities for lower cost housing. In a 2003 Condé Nast publication review, Palm Springs was ranked one of the top 10 global vacation destinations, and the smallest one in population. The area is surrounded on the southwest by the Santa Rosa Mountains, by the San Jacinto Mountains to the west and these mountains peak at around 11,000 feet and tend to average between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. Elevations on the Valley floor range from 1600 ft above sea level at the end of the Valley to 250 ft below sea level around Mecca
24.
Fayetteville, North Carolina
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Fayetteville is a city in Cumberland County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Cumberland County, and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg, Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 and it is the sixth-largest municipality in North Carolina. Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the part of the Coastal Plain region, on the Cape Fear River. With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people, the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina, suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg, Hope Mills, Spring Lake, Raeford, Pope Field, Rockfish, Stedman, and Eastover. Fayettevilles mayor is Nat Robertson, who is serving his second term, the area of present-day Fayetteville was historically inhabited by various Siouan Native American peoples, such as the Eno, Shakori, Waccamaw, Keyauwee, and Cape Fear people. They followed successive cultures of indigenous peoples in the area for more than 12,000 years. Two inland settlements, Cross Creek and Campbellton, were established by Scots from Campbeltown, Argyll and Bute, merchants in Wilmington wanted a town on the Cape Fear River to secure trade with the frontier country. They were afraid people would use the Pee Dee River and transport their goods to Charleston, the merchants bought land from Newberry in Cross Creek. Campbellton became a place where poor whites and free blacks lived, Fayetteville was the first city to be named in his honor in the United States. Lafayette visited the city on March 4 and 5,1825, the local region was heavily settled by Scots in the mid/late 1700s, and most of these were Gaelic-speaking Highlanders. The vast majority of Highland Scots, recent immigrants, remained loyal to the British government, despite this, they were eventually defeated by a larger Revolutionary force at the Battle of Moores Creek Bridge. The area also included a number of active Revolutionaries, in late June 1775, residents drew up the Liberty Point Resolves, which preceded the Declaration of Independence by a little more than a year. Robert Rowan, who organized the group, signed first. Robert Rowan was one of the leading public figures of the 18th century. A merchant and entrepreneur, he settled in Cross Creek in the 1760s and he served as an officer in the French and Indian War, as sheriff, justice and legislator, and as a leader of the Patriot cause in the Revolutionary War. Rowan Street and Rowan Park in Fayetteville and a chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution are named for him, though Rowan County was named for his uncle. Flora MacDonald, a Scots Highland woman known for aiding Bonnie Prince Charlie after his Highlander armys defeat at Culloden in 1746 and she was a staunch Loyalist and aided her husband to raise the local Scots to fight for the King against the Revolution
25.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
26.
Santa Monica High School
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Santa Monica High School, officially abbreviated to Samohi, is located in Santa Monica, California. Founded in 1884, it changed several times in its early years before settling into its present campus at 601 Pico Boulevard. It is a part of the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District, the new campus opened in 1912 with one building, the current History building, with an enrollment of 50 students. The school sits on the hilltop between 4th and 7th streets and Pico and Olympic Blvds. from which one can see the Pacific Ocean, ten years later the campus was expanded with construction of the English building. In 1921, the Open Air Memorial Theater was built to honor the Santa Monicans who served in World War I. One of the best examples of the classical Greek style in Southern California, Barnum Hall Theater, originally called the Auditorium, was built in 1937 by the Works Progress Administration to be the Civic Auditorium of Santa Monica and host school events as well. The campus also added six buildings during this period, the Language, English, Business, History, Administration and Music buildings. In 1952, Santa Monica High School was finally expanded to what it is now,33 acres, as the school aged, renovations took place in Barnum Hall and the Music building was completely rebuilt. As of February 2015, a new Science and Technology Building — known as the Innovation Building — has been constructed along with a gathering space called Centennial Plaza. On September 10,2015 during Back to School Night the Innovation Building was unveiled to the public, in 2003, Samohi adopted a house system, similar to college house systems, each student is part of a house. There are five houses, S, M, O, H and I, the A house was cut due to the California budget cuts to public schools. A principal oversees each of the houses, along with two counselors, Teachers with classrooms in a house building/floor are automatically deemed one of the house teachers with some slight exceptions. Upon enrollment in Santa Monica High School, students are assigned to a house unless the student has already had a sibling in SAMOHI. Santa Monica High School provides many Advanced Placement classes that are offered to all students and they range from Math and Science to Social Studies and Art to Physical Education. Currently, Santa Monica High offers five foreign languages, Chinese, Spanish, Latin, Japanese, Chinese, Japanese, French, and Latin are offered up to the 4th level, preparing students for the A-BMP TRECE-P test. Spanish is offered up to the 6th level preparing students for AP Spanish tests in both language and literature, the music department offers many concerts in the community throughout the year, with performances by the bands, orchestras, and choirs. The school hosts concerts on the campus in Barnum Hall, a 1,200 seat theater with a full stage renovated in 2004, the Band and Orchestra annually hosts the SCSBOA Band and Orchestra Festivals, usually during late March or early April. The bands, orchestras, choral groups and theatre are supported in their efforts by parent, an independent 5013 organization, the Santa Monica Arts Parents Association governs these efforts
27.
Loyola Marymount University
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Loyola Marymount University is a private, co-educational university in the Jesuit and Marymount traditions located in the Westchester neighborhood on the Westside of Los Angeles, California. The university is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, Loyola Marymount, which sits atop the bluffs overlooking Marina Del Rey and Playa Del Rey is the parent school to Loyola Law School located in downtown Los Angeles. As of 2010, Loyola Marymount is one of the largest Roman Catholic universities on the West Coast with just over 9,000 undergraduate, graduate, the names Loyola and Marymount have long been associated with Catholic higher education in countries around the globe. Saint Ignatius Loyola, founder of The Society of Jesus, sanctioned the foundation of his orders first school in 1548, the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary have conducted educational institutions since their establishment in France in 1849 by Father Jean Gailhac. These two traditions of education have come together in Los Angeles as Loyola Marymount University, the present university is the successor to the pioneer Catholic college and first institution of higher learning in Southern California. In 1865, the Vincentian Fathers were commissioned by Bishop Thaddeus Amat y Brusi to found St. Vincents College for boys in Los Angeles, Father John Asmuth, C. M. served as the first President Rector. The college was located in the Lugo Adobe House at the southeast corner of Alameda. The building was one of few two-story complexes in the city at time and had been donated by Vincente Lugo. Although the building no longer stands, its site is across Alameda Street from the current Union Station, on the Plaza near the southeast end of the citys historic Olvera Street. After two years, the school moved several blocks over, the campus was surrounded by Broadway, 6th Street, Hill Street, and 7th Street. Today, the site is in the heart of Los Angeless Jewellery District and is known as St. Vincent Court. A decade later, the moved to a location at Grand Avenue. When the Vincentians pulled out of educational ministry in Los Angeles in 1911, Bishop Thomas Conaty asked the Jesuits to come to Los Angeles, not wishing to assume any of the colleges debt, the Jesuits, instead, founded Los Angeles College in 1911. Father Richard A. Gleeson, S. J. served as the first Jesuit President, rapid growth prompted the Jesuits to seek a new campus on Venice Boulevard in 1917, with this move, the name of the school was changed back to St. Vincents College. However, in 1918 the name was again changed to Loyola College of Los Angeles. Graduate instruction began in 1920 with the foundation of a law school. The law school was the second in Los Angeles to admit Jewish students, Loyola Law School did not move with the rest of the university, but moved later to another location just west of downtown Los Angeles. World War II had a significant impact on Loyola University, as enrollment began to plummet, Father Edward Whelan, S. J. then president, brokered a deal with the US Army to form an officer training program for both Army and Navy officers
28.
Irish Americans
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Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
29.
Guinness
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Guinness is an Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. Jamess Gate brewery in the capital city of Dublin, Ireland. Guinness, produced by the Diageo beverages company, is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide and it is brewed in almost 50 countries and is available in over 120. Annual sales total of Guinness in 2011 was 850 million litres, Guinness features a burnt flavour that is derived from roasted, unmalted barley, although this is a relatively modern development, not becoming part of the grist until the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic flavour, although Guinnesss palate still features a characteristic tang, the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beers thick, creamy head comes from mixing the beer with nitrogen and it is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co, Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of the beverage annually. The company was started in 1759 in Dublin, but had to move its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish Trade War in 1932, in 1997, Guinness plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic drinks producer Diageo. Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in 1759 at the St. Jamess Gate Brewery, on 31 December 1759, he signed a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery. Ten years later, on 19 May 1769, Guinness first exported his ale, there have been claims that Arthur Price, a Welshman, took the original recipe with him to Ireland where he hired a servant, Richard Guinness, whose son later opened the brewery. Stout originally referred to a strength, but eventually shifted meaning toward body. Arthur Guinness started selling the dark beer porter in 1778, the first Guinness beers to use the term were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s. Throughout the bulk of its history, Guinness produced only three variations of a beer type, porter or single stout, double or extra. Porter was also referred to as plain, as mentioned in the refrain of Flann OBriens poem The Workmans Friend. Already one of the top-three British and Irish brewers, Guinnesss sales soared from 350,000 barrels in 1868 to 779,000 barrels in 1876, in October 1886 Guinness became a public company, and was averaging sales of 1,138,000 barrels a year. This was despite the refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts, by 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000 employees. By 1907 the welfare schemes were costing the brewery £40,000 a year, the improvements were suggested and supervised by Sir John Lumsden. By 1914, Guinness was producing 2,652,000 barrels of beer a year, which was more than double that of its nearest competitor Bass, in the 1930s, Guinness became the seventh largest company in the world
30.
Saint Patrick's Day
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Saint Patricks Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick, is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick, the foremost patron saint of Ireland. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, cèilidhs, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks. Saint Patricks Day is a holiday in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also celebrated by the Irish diaspora around the world, especially in Great Britain, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia. Saint Patricks Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival, modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. In recent years, there has been criticism of Saint Patricks Day celebrations for having become too commercialised, Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration and it is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church, according to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland. It says that he spent six years working as a shepherd. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, after making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity, the Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands. Patricks efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove out of Ireland. Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick, over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Irelands foremost saint. Todays St Patricks Day celebrations have been influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora. Until the late 20th century, St Patricks Day was often a celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland. Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions, there are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. St Patricks Day parades began in North America in the 18th century, the participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become akin to a carnival
31.
Jimmy Kimmel
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James Christian Jimmy Kimmel is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He is the host and executive producer of Jimmy Kimmel Live, a late-night talk show that premiered on ABC in 2003. Kimmel hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2012 and 2016, as well as the Academy Awards in February 2017 and he was best known as the co-host of Comedy Centrals The Man Show and Win Ben Steins Money. Kimmel has also produced shows as Crank Yankers, Sports Show with Norm Macdonald. Kimmel was born in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up in the neighborhood of Mill Basin as the eldest of three children of Joan, a homemaker, and James John Kimmel, an IBM executive. He is, and was raised, Catholic, and as a child served as an altar server, Kimmels mother is of Italian ancestry, two of his paternal great-great-grandparents were German emigrants, and his familys surname was Kümmel several generations back. The family moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, when he was nine years old and he graduated from Ed W. Clark High School there, and then attended University of Nevada, Las Vegas and Arizona State University. He failed to obtain a university degree and he received an honorary degree from UNLV in 2013. Kimmels uncle, Frank Potenza, appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live. as a regular from 2003 until his death in 2011. His cousin, Sal Iacono, performed Kimmels former co-hosting duties during the last season of Win Ben Steins Money and then became a writer, Kimmel began working in the radio industry while in high school, hosting a Sunday night interview show on UNLVs college station, KUNV. While attending Arizona State University, he became a popular caller to the KZZP-FM afternoon show hosted by radio personalities Mike Elliott and Kent Voss in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1989, Kimmel landed his first paying job alongside Voss as morning drive co-host of The Me and Him Show at KZOK-FM in Seattle, ten months later, Kimmel and Voss were fired by KZOK and were fired again a year later at WRBQ-FM in Tampa, Florida. Kimmel went on to host his own show at KCMJ in Palm Springs, California, after a morning stint at KRQQ in Tucson, Arizona, Kimmel landed at KROQ-FM in Los Angeles. He spent five years as Jimmy The Sports Guy for the Kevin, during this time he met and befriended a struggling comedian named Adam Carolla. Kimmel began his career as the comedic counterpart to Ben Stein on the game show Win Ben Steins Money. His quick wit and everyman personality were counterpoints to Steins monotonous vocal style, the combination earned the pair an Emmy award for Best Game Show Host. In 1999, during his time with Win Ben Steins Money, Kimmel co-hosted and co-produced, Kimmel left Win Ben Steins Money in 2001 and was replaced by comedian Nancy Pimental, who was eventually replaced by Kimmels cousin Sal Iacono. The Man Shows success allowed Kimmel, Carolla, and Kellison to create and produce, under the banner Jackhole Productions, Crank Yankers for Comedy Central and later The Andy Milonakis Show for MTV2
32.
Palm Springs, California
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Palm Springs is a desert resort city in Riverside County, California, United States, within the Coachella Valley. It is located approximately 55 mi east of San Bernardino,107 mi east of Los Angeles,123 mi northeast of San Diego, the population was 44,552 as of the 2010 census. Palm Springs covers approximately 94 square miles, making it the largest city in the county by land area, biking, golf, hiking, horseback riding, swimming, and tennis in the nearby desert and mountain areas are major forms of recreation in Palm Springs. The city is famous for its mid-century modern architecture and design elements. Archaeological research has shown that the Cahuilla people have lived in the area for the past 350–500 years, the Cahuilla name for the area was Se-Khi. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the open desert, presently the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians is composed of several smaller bands who live in the modern day Coachella Valley and San Gorgonio Pass areas. The Agua Caliente Reservation occupies 32,000 acres, of which 6,700 acres lie within the city limits, as of 1821 Mexico was independent of Spain and in March 1823 the Mexican Monarchy ended. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the region was ceded to the United States in 1848, one possible origin of palm in the place name comes from early Spanish explorers who referred to the area as La Palma de la Mano de Dios or The Palm of Gods hand. The earliest use of the name Palm Springs is from United States Topographical Engineers who used the term in 1853 maps, other early names were Palmetto Spring and Big Palm Springs. The first European resident in Palm Springs itself was Jack Summers, fourteen years later, the Southern Pacific railroad was laid 6 miles to the north, isolating the station. By 1885, when San Francisco attorney John Guthrie McCallum began buying property in Palm Springs, the area was named Palm Valley when McCallum incorporated the Palm Valley Land and Water Company with partners O. C. He also asked Dr. Welwood Murray to establish a hotel across the street from his residence, the crops and irrigation systems suffered flooding in 1893 from record rainfall, and then an 11-year drought caused further damage. The city became a resort in the 1900s when health tourists arrived with conditions that required dry heat. Because of the heat, however, the population dropped markedly in the summer months, Early illustrious visitors included John Muir and his daughters, U. S. Vice President Charles Fairbanks, and Fanny Stevenson, widow of Robert Louis Stevenson, still, Murrays hotel was closed in 1909, nellie N. Coffman and her physician husband Harry established The Desert Inn as a hotel and sanitarium in 1909. It was expanded as a hotel in 1927 and continued on until 1967. Coffman herself was a force in the citys tourism industry until her death in 1950. James Wonders of the Colorado Desert was followed in 1920 by J. Smeaton Chases Our Araby, Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun, which also served to promote the area
33.
KOME
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KOME was a radio station in San Jose, California, heard at 98.5 FM from 1971 through 1998. Currently, the 98.5 FM frequency is home to KUFX. In 1959, Edward W. Meece, one of the founders of Pacifica Radio, formed The Audio House, Inc and started a new station, KRPM at 98.5 FM in San Jose. Meece sold The Audio House, Inc, with KRPM, for roughly $300,000 in February 1971 to Mel Gollub of Pennsylvania, the stations call letters were changed to KOME, and the format became free-form rock. KOME first originated from studios in the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell in the Tower building on the 13th floor, later, it moved to an old house on The Alameda in San Jose. DJs included Cese McGowan, Uncle Jack Tossman, J. William Weed, phil Charles, Victor Boc, Wolf, Wapaho Joe, Joe Kelly, Captain Reif/Jim Reifschnieder, Mark Sherry, and Mother Deal. They hired radio veteran Bob Simmons to become their Program Director, KOME attracted a loyal South Bay rock audience throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, against original San Jose FM rock rival KSJO. Both stations managed to attract listeners within neighboring San Francisco against Tom Donahues well-known KSAN, KOMEs diamond shaped stickers were a common sight on vehicles and high school lockers around the area. Several on-air slogans suggested the sexual connotations of its letters, probably the most memorable being Dont touch that dial. As well as others saying things like K-O-M-E all over your radio dial, Youve got KOME. oozing out of speakers, Wake up with KOME in your ear. Not surprisingly, Playboy magazine found this newsworthy enough to mention the station, the stations original free-form rock music allowed disc jockeys to choose their music. In 1974, program director Ed Romig from ABCs WDAI-FM in Chicago and he brought in Peter B. Collins from Chicago, and hired Jona Denz, Dana Jang, and Gene Mitchell. Local bands such as Hush and Cornell Hurd often got airplay, mikel did the morning show and hired Barry Corkery, Dennis Erectus, Laurie Roberts, Mark Goldberg, Kelly Cox, Larry Jacobs, and Joe Regelski. The KOME black-on-yellow diamond stickers were designed in 1972 and became an instant hit, for a short time in 1974, a round zig-zaggy design was tried but failed quickly. As an alternative the diamond was brought back with reverse colors, the famous KOME diamond stickers have been spotted all around the world. Listeners soon became highly creative, cutting up the decals to read new phrases, the Our Decal slogan on the stickers lent itself to other KOME Paraphernalia such as pinbacks, patches, nightlights, glass, T-shirts, and even the payroll checks said Our Checks on them. The later Rock Radio era eliminated the Our Decal and replaced it with FM, both eras produced limited edition decals promoting bands of the day such as The Rolling Stones, The Who and Bruce Springsteen. News at the era of KOME was taken seriously
34.
San Jose, California
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San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
35.
Saturday Night Live
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Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
36.
New Year's Eve
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In the Gregorian calendar, New Years Eve, the last day of the year, is on December 31 which is the seventh day of the Christmas season. In many countries, New Years Eve is celebrated at evening gatherings, where many people dance, eat, drink alcoholic beverages. Some Christians attend a watchnight service, the celebrations generally go on past midnight into January 1. Samoa, Tonga and Kiritimati, part of Kiribati, are the first places to welcome the New Year while American Samoa, New Year traditions and celebrations in Canada vary regionally. New Years Eve is generally a social holiday, in some areas, such as in rural Quebec, people ice fish in the old days. Since 2000, the highlight of New Years Eve celebrations is in Montreals old port, which comes alive with concerts that take place and fireworks at midnight. From 1956 to 1976, Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians serenaded Canada on the CBC, via a feed from CBS, after Lombardos death in 1977, the Royal Canadians continued on CBC and CBS until 1978. Following the finale of the series, the original cast continued to participate in New Years Eve specials in the years following. Similarly, the CBCs French language network Ici Radio-Canada Télé airs its own yearly New Years Eve comedy special, Bye Bye. Unlike Year of the Farce, Bye Bye has been presented by comedians, originally running from 1968 to 1998. Mexicans celebrate New Years Eve, by eating a grape with each of the chimes of a clocks bell during the midnight countdown. Mexican sweet bread is baked with a coin or charm hidden in the dough, when the bread is served, the recipient of the slice with the coin or charm is said to be blessed with good luck in the New Year. At the same time, they are expressed for all the good things during the year that is ending so that they continue in the new year. Mexicans celebrate with a dinner with their families, the traditional meal being turkey or pork loin. Afterwards many people attend parties outside the home, for example, in Mexico City there is a street festival on New Years Eve centered on the Zocalo, the citys main square. Celebrations include firecrackers, fireworks and sparklers and shouts of ¡Feliz Año Nuevo, in Puerto Rico, New Years Eve is celebrated with friends and family. The Puerto Rico Convention Center in San Juan is the attraction for Puerto Ricans during the celebration. It has Latin music and fireworks at midnight along with the signature song Auld Lang Syne in Spanish, in the United States, New Years Eve is celebrated with formal parties, family-oriented activities, and other large public events
37.
My Name Is Earl
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My Name Is Earl is an American sitcom series created by Greg Garcia that aired on the NBC television network from September 20,2005, to May 14,2009, in the United States. It was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and starred Jason Lee as Earl Hickey, the series also stars Ethan Suplee, Jaime Pressly, Nadine Velazquez, and Eddie Steeples. Every time something happened to me, something bad was always waiting around the corner. Thats when I realized that I had to change, so I made a list of everything bad Ive ever done and one by one Im gonna make up for all my mistakes, Im just trying to be a better person. Convinced he has to turn his life around to survive, Earl gives himself over to the power of karma. As his first step of a makeshift twelve-step program to fix his misdeeds, Earl makes a list of every bad thing and every person he has wronged, after doing a first good deed, he finds the $100,000 lottery ticket that was previously lost. Seeing this as a sign of karma rewarding him for his commitment, after a year of doing good deeds, a major plot-twist occurs in season two. She is facing life in prison due to this being her third strike, to soften the jury, she decides to have a surrogate baby for her half-sister Liberty Washington. When things do not go well at her trial, Earl takes the blame for the theft and kidnapping to protect Joys freedom. Behind bars, Earl is forced to surrender his original list and he also meets fellow prisoner and friend Franks girlfriend, Billie. In an attempt to re-capture an escaped Frank, Earl, his brother Randy, through Earls captivity, the Warden grants more and more time off Earls sentence for his good deeds. However, the Warden revokes all of time off on what would be Earls second-to-last day in prison. However, Earl eventually gains the hand and forces the Warden to honor his early release. He reverts to his pre-list ways, doing reckless and bad things until Billie hits him with her car, Billie is subsequently hit by a car herself, leaving them both lying in the street. Eventually, Earl wakes up, finds Billie, and marries her, however, Earl and Billie argue about his list, and Earl eventually chooses the list over her, sending her into a rampage where she undoes the good things that he has accomplished to that point. Earl uses it to doing good deeds on his original list. As he continues to perform good deeds, Earls motives initially come across as shallow and selfish – that he is doing good to improve his karma. As another plot-twist, Darnell blows his Witness Protection cover when Joy goes crazy at an audition for a show entitled ¿Estrada or Nada
38.
Dave Chappelle
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David Khari Dave Webber Chappelle is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and producer. His first lead role was in the 1998 comedy film Half Baked, Chappelle also starred in the ABC TV series Buddies. In 2003, Chappelle became more known for his sketch comedy television series, Chappelles Show, also co-written with Brennan. The show continues to run in syndication and on television networks around the world. By 2006, Chappelle was called the genius of America by Esquire and, in 2013. Chappelle lives with his family in Yellow Springs, Ohio, in 2009, Comedy Central ranked him No.43 in the 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time. Chappelle was born in Washington, D. C. the youngest of three children and his father, William David Chappelle III, worked as a statistician before becoming a professor at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. His mother, Yvonne, is biracial, and was a professor at Howard University, Prince Georges Community College, and the University of Maryland, Chappelle also has a stepmother and a stepbrother. His great-grandfather is Bishop William D. Chappelle, a president of Allen University. Chappelle grew up in Silver Spring, Maryland, and attended Woodlin Elementary School and his parents were politically active, and the family house was visited by notable individuals including Pete Seeger and Johnny Hartman. The latter predicted he would be a comedian and, around this time, Chappelles comic inspiration came from Eddie Murphy, after his parents separated, Chappelle stayed in Washington with his mother while spending summers with his father in Ohio. In 1991, he graduated from Washingtons Duke Ellington School of the Arts, Chappelle moved to New York City to pursue a career as a comedian. He gathered the courage to perform at Harlems famed Apollo Theater in front of the infamous Amateur Night audience, Chappelle described the experience as the moment that gave him the courage to continue his show business aspirations. He quickly made a name for himself on the New York comedy circuit, whoopi Goldberg nicknamed him The Kid. At 19, he made his debut as Ahchoo in Mel Brooks Robin Hood. He also appeared on Star Search three times but lost over competing comedian Lester Barrie, Dave later joked about the irony of him becoming more successful than Barrie. The same year, Chappelle was offered the role of Benjamin Buford Bubba Blue in Forrest Gump, concerned the character was demeaning and the movie would bomb, he turned down the part. He parodied the film in the 1997 short Bowl of Pork, where a black man is responsible for the Rodney King beating
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Chappelle's Show
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Chappelle, Brennan and Michele Armour were the shows executive producers. The series premiered on January 22,2003, on the American cable television network Comedy Central, the show ran for two complete seasons and a third, truncated season. After numerous delays, production of the season of the show was abruptly ended when Chappelle left the show. Three episodes were compiled from the work and these episodes aired from July 9 to July 23,2006. Chappelles Show was also shown on WGN America and was syndicated to television stations across the U. S. including MyNetworkTV. TV Guide ranked it #31 on their list of TVs Top 100 Shows, the show opens with Chappelle being introduced over the instrumental from the song Hip-Hop, from the album Lets Get Free by Dead Prez. Chappelle performs a stand up in front of a live audience. The focus then shifts to a sketch that appears on a screen that is to Chappelles left. The show is notorious for its handling of the topic of sexuality, the show ends with a musical performance by a hip hop or soul artist. Rather than acting out sketches in front of a studio audience. A Moment in the Life of Lil Jon – Chappelle plays rapper/producer Lil Jon doing normal, everyday tasks, with a vocabulary consisting of almost nothing, the real Lil Jon appeared in one sketch opposite Chappelles character, with Lil Jon speaking in an excessively dignified accent. The rapper credited the sketch with increasing his visibility, Charlie Murphys True Hollywood Stories – Charlie Murphy retells his encounters with 1980s celebrities, the most popular being the Rick James story. The sketch spawned one of the shows catchphrases, Im Rick James. Which Chappelle, as James, repeatedly declares, or stolen by fans of the sketch. The other True Hollywood Story depicted Murphy and his losing a pickup game of basketball against Prince. Both the real Rick James and Prince confirmed their stories were true, Rick James admitted the skit was based on fact in unreleased interview footage produced for the Chappelles Show episodes he was featured in. Prince later confirmed Murphys tale in an interview with MTV, saying simply, Prince later used an image of Chappelle dressed as Prince as the cover of his single Breakfast Can Wait. Frontline – A spoof of the PBS series Frontline hosted by Kent Wallace, the first Frontline sketch, Blind Supremacy, featured the life of Clayton Bigsby, a biography of a blind white supremacist who is not aware that he is actually a black man
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Willie Geist
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William Russell Willie Geist is an American television personality, journalist and humorist. He is co-anchor of MSNBC’s Morning Joe and anchor of Sunday Today with Willie Geist, Geist also frequently serves as fill-in anchor on Today for Matt Lauer. Geist is a Correspondent for NBC News and NBC Sports, hosting and contributing to NBCs Olympic coverage and his third book, the self-help satire Loaded. Become a Millionaire Overnight and Lose 20 Pounds in 2 Weeks or Your Money Back, Geist was born in Evanston, Illinois, to author, columnist, and current CBS News correspondent Bill Geist and social worker Jody Geist. He attended Ridgewood High School in Ridgewood, New Jersey, where he was captain of the football and basketball teams and he later went on to graduate from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. While at Vanderbilt, he was an editor of the official student newspaper, The Vanderbilt Hustler. On May 24,2003, Geist married his sweetheart, Christina Sharkey, in Humacao. The couple has a daughter, Lucie Joy Geist, and a son, Geist is the older brother of Libby Wildes, the Academy Award-winning documentary film producer, who is married to Kevin Wildes of ESPN, Mr. Half Baked Ideas. Geist is the great-grandson of Herbie Lewis, who captained the Detroit Red Wings to two Stanley Cups and is in the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2004, he became a writer and producer for I, Max and he joined MSNBC television in April 2005 as a senior producer of The Situation with Tucker Carlson. Geist began substituting as a co-host on MSNBCs 6–9 a. m. morning time slot almost immediately after Don Imus was fired in late April 2007, Geist was named permanent co-host of Morning Joe, along with Joe Scarborough and Mika Brzezinski in September 2007. In late July 2009, Geist began hosting his own 30-minute program Way Too Early with Willie Geist, in 2010, Geist began substituting for Matt Lauer as host of the Today Show and as the shows newsreader. In November 2012, Geist became an official co-host of Today, in 2016, Geist was made solo-host of the new Sunday Today that launched in April. Additionally Geist contributed to NBC Sports and NBC Newss coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, Geist anchored NBCs hours-long coverage of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting on the morning of June 12,2016. Geist was on the air for seven hours in an NBC News Special Report that aired across the United States. Willie Geist later did work in Kung Fu Panda 3 where he voiced Sum opposite of Al Rokers Dim where their characters are twin panda brothers who are related to Po. m. Give Willie a proper talk show—you might have a contempo Dick Cavett on your hands, on December 28,2009, Way Too Early with Willie Geist was listed by The Daily Beast as one of 25 Ways To Get Smarter in 2010. He was also featured in the show, The Daily Show
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Tara Reid
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Tara Donna Reid is an American actress. She is known for playing Vicky in the films American Pie, American Pie 2, in 2013, she starred as April Wexler in the television film Sharknado, and went on to reprise the role in four sequels. Reid made her debut in A Return to Salems Lot in 1987. Her other film appearances include The Big Lebowski, Urban Legend, Dr. T & the Women, Josie and the Pussycats, Van Wilder, My Bosss Daughter, and Alone in the Dark. She had her own reality show on the E. network called Taradise in 2005. Tara Donna Reid was born and raised in Wyckoff, New Jersey and her father also worked on Wall Street. She also attended Professional Childrens School, in Manhattan, along with fellow actors Christina Ricci, Jerry OConnell, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Reid has twin younger siblings, Colleen and Patrick, and another brother, Tom. Reid began acting at age six, becoming a regular on the game show Childs Play, as a teenager, she was on Saved by the Bell, The New Class. After moving to Hollywood in 1997, Reid transitioned to movies, though the film disappointed at the box office, grossing only $17 million in the US, it has gone on to become a cult favorite. Reid found her first taste of mainstream success when she portrayed the role of the virginal Vickie in American Pie. The film also marked her first film to reach #1 at the box office, in 2001, she reprised the role in American Pie 2, which opened to $45 million and grossed over $145 million in the US, almost 50% more than its predecessor. Reid did not return for American Wedding, but did reprise the character in the theatrical film in the series. Following the success of American Pie 2, Reid starred in a number of commercial and critical misfires including Josie and she also starred as the youngest daughter of a Texas gynecologist in Robert Altmans Dr. T & the Women, alongside Richard Gere. She returned to the screen as a recurring character on the NBC sitcom, Scrubs. In 2005, she co-starred in infamous German filmmaker Uwe Bolls Alone in the Dark with Christian Slater and her mispronunciation of Newfoundland became a popular internet catchphrase. The film was panned by critics and Reid received a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress, Reid signed on to host the E. s Wild On Tara Reid, a program that showcased high-society vacations and hot spots. The show premiered on August 10,2005, but it was canceled in September, with Ted Harbert, networks president, saying it was incredibly difficult to produce with someone well-known. In January 2007, Reid filmed a commercial with Daniel Conn for Dodo, between 2007 and 2008, she starred in a number of direct-to-video films, including 7-10 Split/Strike, If I Had Known I Was a Genius, and Clean Break/Unnatural Causes
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
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Blog
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A blog is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries. Posts are typically displayed in chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first. Until 2009, blogs were usually the work of an individual, occasionally of a small group. In the 2010s, multi-author blogs have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors, MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups, and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other microblogging systems helps integrate MABs, Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. In the 2010s, the majority are interactive Web 2.0 websites, allowing visitors to leave online comments, in that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service. Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs, however, there are high-readership blogs which do not allow comments. Many blogs provide commentary on a subject or topic, ranging from politics to sports. Others function as more personal online diaries, and others function more as online brand advertising of an individual or company. A typical blog combines text, digital images, and links to blogs, web pages. The ability of readers to leave publicly viewable comments, and interact with other commenters, is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs, however, blog owners or authors often moderate and filter online comments to remove hate speech or other offensive content. Most blogs are primarily textual, although focus on art, photographs, videos, music. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources and these blogs are referred to as edublogs. Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts, on 16 February 2011, there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. On 20 February 2014, there were around 172 million Tumblr and 75.8 million WordPress blogs in existence worldwide, according to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service used today. However, Blogger does not offer public statistics, Technorati lists 1.3 million blogs as of February 22,2014. The term weblog was coined by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997, the short form, blog, was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme. com in April or May 1999. Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams at Pyra Labs used blog as both a noun and verb and devised the term blogger in connection with Pyra Labs Blogger product, in the 1990s, Internet forum software, created running conversations with threads
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Catholic
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The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
