A castrato is a male singer who underwent castration before puberty in order to retain singing voice equivalent to that of a soprano, mezzo-soprano, or contralto. The voice can also occur in one who, due to an endocrinological condition, never reaches sexual maturity.
The great 18th-century castrato Farinelli, painted by Bartolomeo Nazari
A Byzantine castrato from the 11th century
A caricature of Farinelli in a female role, by Pier Leone Ghezzi, 1724
The castrato Carlo Scalzi, by Joseph Flipart, c. 1737
Castration is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses use of the testicles: the male gonad. Surgical castration is bilateral orchiectomy, while chemical castration uses pharmaceutical drugs to deactivate the testes. Castration causes sterilization ; it also greatly reduces the production of hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. Surgical castration in animals is often called neutering.
A 15th century Ottoman medical illustration by Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin depicting an operation for castration
The Castration of Uranus: fresco by Vasari & Cristofano Gherardi (c. 1560, Sala di Cosimo I, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence)
The procedure of castration as punishment during the 16th century
An Italian soldier who was castrated and emasculated during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
