Celestial spheres
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The celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and others. In these celestial models, t
19th century drawing of a 14th century fresco from the Camposanto Monumentale, depicting God holding the spheres of the planets, the immobile stars, and the heavens
Thomas Digges' 1576 Copernican heliocentric model of the celestial orbs
Johannes Kepler's diagram of the celestial spheres, and of the spaces between them, following the opinion of Copernicus (Mysterium Cosmographicum, 2nd ed., 1621)
Dante and Beatrice gaze upon the highest Heaven; from Gustave Doré's illustrations to the Divine Comedy, Paradiso Canto 28, lines 16–39.