Cement kiln
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Cement kilns are mechanical, industrial furnaces used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of portland and other types of hydraulic cement. The kilns use high heat to cook calcium carbonate wit
Hot end of medium-sized modern cement kiln, showing tyres, rollers and drive gear
A preheater tower, rawmix silo and exhaust stack. Bottom left: rawmill. Bottom right: rotary kiln with tertiary air duct above. The U-shaped duct leading from the kiln inlet is an "alkali bleed".
Typical clinker nodules
General layout of a rotary kiln
Concrete
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Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid. It is the second-most-used substance, the most widely used building material, and the m
A single concrete block, as used for construction
Exterior of the Roman Pantheon, finished 128 AD, the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world.
Interior of the Pantheon dome, seen from beneath. The concrete for the coffered dome was laid on moulds, mounted on temporary scaffolding.
Opus caementicium exposed in a characteristic Roman arch. In contrast to modern concrete structures, the concrete used in Roman buildings was usually covered with brick or stone.