1.
Chicory
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Common chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons, or roots, which are baked, ground and it is also grown as a forage crop for livestock. It lives as a plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and is now common in North America, China, and Australia. Chicory is also the name in the United States for curly endive. Common names for varieties of var. foliosum include endive, radicchio, radichetta, Belgian endive, French endive, red endive, sugarloaf, when flowering, chicory has a tough, grooved, and more or less hairy stem, from 30 to 100 cm tall. The leaves are stalked, lanceolate and unlobed, the flower heads are 2 to 4 cm wide, and usually bright blue, rarely white or pink. Of the two rows of bracts, the inner is longer and erect, the outer is shorter. It flowers from July until October, the achenes have no pappus, but do have toothed scales on top. Wild chicory leaves usually have a bitter taste and their bitterness is appreciated in certain cuisines, such as in the Ligurian and Apulian regions of Italy and also in southern part of India along with coffee, in Catalonia, Greece, and Turkey. In Albania, the leaves are used as a substitute, mainly served simmered and marinated in olive oil. By cooking and discarding the water, the bitterness is reduced, after which the leaves may be sautéed with garlic, anchovies. In this form, the resulting greens might be combined with pasta or accompany meat dishes, Chicory may be cultivated for its leaves, usually eaten raw as salad leaves. Cultivated chicory is generally divided into three types, of which there are many varieties, Radicchio usually has variegated red or red, some only refer to the white-veined red-leaved type as radicchio, also known as red endive and red chicory. It has a bitter and spicy taste, which mellows when it is grilled or roasted and it can also be used to add color and zest to salads. It is largely used in Italy in different varieties, the most famous being the ones from Treviso, from Verona, and Chioggia and it is also common in Greece. Sugarloaf looks rather like cos lettuce, with tightly packed leaves and it has a small head of cream-coloured, bitter leaves. It is grown completely underground or indoors in the absence of sunlight to prevent the leaves from turning green, the plant has to be kept just below the soil surface as it grows, only showing the very tip of the leaves. It is often wrapped in blue paper to protect it from light, so to preserve its pale colour
2.
Cornflowers (painting)
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Cornflowers is a painting by the Russian artist Sergei Ivanovich Osipov, executed in 1976 and related to his most famous works in the genre of still life. Still life «Cornflowers» is a composition of the three items easily located on the surface of a table. This allowed the artist to effectively determine their shape, texture, in this work, Osipov certainly reaches a new quality of his painting. Polished surface of the table from which the artist took off the cloth, discovers interesting new features, the traditional for the Osipov art theme of «spiritual sources» disclosed in painting with a special grace and taste. One of the first in the Russian Soviet Painting of 1960-1980 Sergei Osipov was able to raise a great theme in the genre of still life and make it close and understandable to every viewer. In this picture fully revealed high artistic culture that distinguishes his work, with a kind of deeply honest, clean person deep relationship to the means of expression». For the first time the painting was exhibited in 1980 year in Leningrad at the largest Regional Art Show in the Manezh City Exhibition Hall, then in 1983 still-life has been shown in Moscow at the Osipov one man exhibition and reproduced in the exhibition catalog. The article wrote the art critics Alexander Lyakhovitsky and Svetlana Makhlina. After Osipov death the painting was shown on his solo exhibition in 1991 at the Exhibition Halls of the Leningrad Union of Artists, in 1997 the painting was exhibited at the «The Still-life painting of 1940-1990s. The Leningrad School» Art Show in Saint Petersburg in the Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial Museum, the painting was reproduced and described in the Art Show official catalog and poster. In 2007 the «Cornflowers» was reproduced and described among 350 art works by Leningrad artists in the book «Unknown Socialist Realism, the Leningrad School», published in Russian and English. In 2011 the painting «Cornflowers» was described in article devoted to the 20th Anniversary of Sergei Osipov one man exhibition of 1991, artist Sergei Osipov House with Arch Leningrad School of Painting Artists Arseny N. Semionov, Sergei I. Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980, directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. — Saint Petersburg, Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum,1997, dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg, NP-Print Edition,2007, Artists of the Leningrad Union of Soviet artists, who were killed during the Great Patriotic War and the Siege of Leningrad. Размышления о выставке Сергея Осипова. //Петербургские искусствоведческие тетради,60 Лет кафедре общей живописи Санкт-Петербургской государственной художественно-промышленной академии имени А. Тихая жизнь за ленинградским столом // Петербургские искусствоведческие тетради, Painting «Cornflowers» on the site «Unknown Socialist Realism. Painting «Cornflowers» in the Book «Unknown Socialist Realism, a Still life at the Leningrad table Sergei V. Ivanov
3.
Cornflower blue
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Cornflower blue is a shade of medium-to-light blue containing relatively little green compared to blue. This hue was one of the favorites of the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer, the most valuable blue sapphires are called cornflower blue, having a medium-dark violet-blue tone. Robert Boyle reported a blue dye produced from the cornflower and this was also called Boyles Blue and Cyan Blue. This dye color however, was not widely commercialized, cornflower blue is a defined color in the X Window color scheme. As such, it is a color available as a color for webpages. CornFlowerBlue is an HTML color name, its code is #6495ED. Cornflower blue is a Crayola color and it was originally introduced in 1958, in the box of 48 crayons. Cornflower blue is the clear color used in the XNA framework. Chuck Palahniuk mentions the color at least once in one of his novels. The color also appears in the adaptation of Palahniuks Fight Club. He was wearing his cornflower-blue tie, in a separate scene the Narrators supervisor asks, Can I get the icon in cornflower-blue. In Sara Gruens novel Water for Elephants Jacob Jankowski dreams about his standing in the yard in a cornflower blue dress hanging laundry. In season 8, episode 1 of How I Met Your Mother, Barney Stinson refers to a blue tie. On page 62 of Raymond Chandlers novel The Long Goodbye Phillip Marlowe describes Eileen Wade with cornflower blue eyes, in episode 6x09 of TV show NCIS, Los Angeles Deeks tells Kensi that her favourite color is cornflower blue. In Agatha Christies murder mystery After The Funeral, Mrs. Helen Leo is described as having eyes that had once been likened to cornflowers
4.
Malala Yousafzai
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Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Her advocacy has since grown into an international movement, Yousafzai was born in Swat District, Pakistan. Her family came to run a chain of schools in the region, in early 2009, when she was 11–12, she wrote a blog under a pseudonym for the BBC Urdu detailing her life during the Taliban occupation of Swat. The following summer, journalist Adam B, ellick made a New York Times documentary about her life as the Pakistani military intervened in the region. She rose in prominence, giving interviews in print and on television, on the afternoon of 9 October 2012, Yousafzai was injured after a Taliban gunman attempted to murder her. The murder attempt sparked a national and international outpouring of support for Yousafzai, deutsche Welle wrote in January 2013 that she may have become the most famous teenager in the world. Weeks after her attempt, a group of fifty leading Muslim clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā against those who tried to kill her. Since recovering, Yousafzai became a prominent education activist, based out of Birmingham, she founded the Malala Fund, a non-profit and in 2013 co-authored a I am Malala, an international bestseller. In 2015, Yousafzai was a subject of the Oscar-shortlisted documentary He Named Me Malala, the 2013,2014 and 2015 issues of Time magazine featured her as one of the most Influential people globally. In 2012, she was the recipient of Pakistans first National Youth Peace Prize, aged 17 at the time, she became the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Since March 2013, she has been a pupil at the all-girls Edgbaston High School in Birmingham, Yousafzai was born on 12 July,1997 in the Swat District of Pakistans northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to Ziauddin Yousafzai and Tor Pekai Yousafzai. Her family is a Sunni Muslim family of Pashtun ethnicity and she was given her first name Malala after Malalai of Maiwand, a famous Pashtun poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan. Her last name, Yousafzai, is that of a large Pashtun tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistans Swat Valley, where she grew up. At her house in Mingora, she lived with her two brothers, Khushal and Atal, her parents, Ziauddin and Tor Pekai. She once stated to an interviewer that she would like to become a doctor, Ziauddin referred to his daughter as something entirely special, allowing her to stay up at night and talk about politics after her two brothers had been sent to bed. Yousafzai started speaking about education rights as early as September 2008, how dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education. Yousafzai asked her audience in a covered by newspapers and television channels throughout the region. In late 2008, Aamer Ahmed Khan of the BBC Urdu website and they decided to ask a schoolgirl to blog anonymously about her life there
5.
Peshastin, Washington
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Peshastin is a small unincorporated community in Chelan County, Washington, United States. The communitys roots are found in the Peshastin Ditch dug by pioneers beginning in 1889 and this ditch was an important part of the overall irrigation system in the area, delivering water to the orchards on the slopes above Cashmere. The town was first platted in the early 1890s by two brothers, J. Q. Gilbert and A. C and it is also noted on an 1895 map of the area, indicating it was in existence by then. Today, Peshastin is still a community with one elementary school
6.
Taxonomy (biology)
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Taxonomy is the science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. The exact definition of taxonomy varies from source to source, but the core of the remains, the conception, naming. There is some disagreement as to whether biological nomenclature is considered a part of taxonomy, the broadest meaning of taxonomy is used here. The word taxonomy was introduced in 1813 by Candolle, in his Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, the term alpha taxonomy is primarily used today to refer to the discipline of finding, describing, and naming taxa, particularly species. In earlier literature, the term had a different meaning, referring to morphological taxonomy, ideals can, it may be said, never be completely realized. They have, however, a value of acting as permanent stimulants. Some of us please ourselves by thinking we are now groping in a beta taxonomy, turrill thus explicitly excludes from alpha taxonomy various areas of study that he includes within taxonomy as a whole, such as ecology, physiology, genetics, and cytology. He further excludes phylogenetic reconstruction from alpha taxonomy, thus, Ernst Mayr in 1968 defined beta taxonomy as the classification of ranks higher than species. This activity is what the term denotes, it is also referred to as beta taxonomy. How species should be defined in a group of organisms gives rise to practical and theoretical problems that are referred to as the species problem. The scientific work of deciding how to define species has been called microtaxonomy, by extension, macrotaxonomy is the study of groups at higher taxonomic ranks, from subgenus and above only, than species. While some descriptions of taxonomic history attempt to date taxonomy to ancient civilizations, earlier works were primarily descriptive, and focused on plants that were useful in agriculture or medicine. There are a number of stages in scientific thinking. Early taxonomy was based on criteria, the so-called artificial systems. Later came systems based on a complete consideration of the characteristics of taxa, referred to as natural systems, such as those of de Jussieu, de Candolle and Bentham. The publication of Charles Darwins Origin of Species led to new ways of thinking about classification based on evolutionary relationships and this was the concept of phyletic systems, from 1883 onwards. This approach was typified by those of Eichler and Engler, the advent of molecular genetics and statistical methodology allowed the creation of the modern era of phylogenetic systems based on cladistics, rather than morphology alone. Taxonomy has been called the worlds oldest profession, and naming and classifying our surroundings has likely been taking place as long as mankind has been able to communicate
7.
Plant
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Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. The term is generally limited to the green plants, which form an unranked clade Viridiplantae. This includes the plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns, clubmosses, hornworts, liverworts, mosses and the green algae. Green plants have cell walls containing cellulose and obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts and their chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives them their green color. Some plants are parasitic and have lost the ability to produce amounts of chlorophyll or to photosynthesize. Plants are characterized by sexual reproduction and alternation of generations, although reproduction is also common. There are about 300–315 thousand species of plants, of which the great majority, green plants provide most of the worlds molecular oxygen and are the basis of most of Earths ecologies, especially on land. Plants that produce grains, fruits and vegetables form humankinds basic foodstuffs, Plants play many roles in culture. They are used as ornaments and, until recently and in variety, they have served as the source of most medicines. The scientific study of plants is known as botany, a branch of biology, Plants are one of the two groups into which all living things were traditionally divided, the other is animals. The division goes back at least as far as Aristotle, who distinguished between plants, which generally do not move, and animals, which often are mobile to catch their food. Much later, when Linnaeus created the basis of the system of scientific classification. Since then, it has become clear that the plant kingdom as originally defined included several unrelated groups, however, these organisms are still often considered plants, particularly in popular contexts. When the name Plantae or plant is applied to a group of organisms or taxon. The evolutionary history of plants is not yet settled. Those which have been called plants are in bold, the way in which the groups of green algae are combined and named varies considerably between authors. Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce energy through photosynthesis, most conspicuous among the algae are the seaweeds, multicellular algae that may roughly resemble land plants, but are classified among the brown, red and green algae. Each of these groups also includes various microscopic and single-celled organisms
8.
Flowering plant
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The flowering plants, also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c.295,383 known species, etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term angiosperm comes from the Greek composite word meaning enclosed seeds, the ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms in the Triassic Period, during the range 245 to 202 million years ago, and the first flowering plants are known from 160 mya. They diversified extensively during the Lower Cretaceous, became widespread by 120 mya, angiosperms differ from other seed plants in several ways, described in the table. These distinguishing characteristics taken together have made the angiosperms the most diverse and numerous land plants, the amount and complexity of tissue-formation in flowering plants exceeds that of gymnosperms. The vascular bundles of the stem are arranged such that the xylem and phloem form concentric rings, in the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium, the soft phloem becomes crushed, but the hard wood persists and forms the bulk of the stem and branches of the woody perennial. Among the monocotyledons, the bundles are more numerous in the stem and are scattered through the ground tissue. They contain no cambium and once formed the stem increases in diameter only in exceptional cases, the characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species, the function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf, occasionally, as in violets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf. There are two kinds of cells produced by flowers. Microspores, which divide to become pollen grains, are the male cells and are borne in the stamens. The female cells called megaspores, which divide to become the egg cell, are contained in the ovule. The flower may consist only of parts, as in willow. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls, the individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepals and petals. The outer series is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, the inner series is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attract insect or bird pollinators, attraction is effected by color, scent, and nectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower
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