1.
Interstate 93
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Interstate 93 is an Interstate Highway in the New England region of the United States. It begins in Canton, Massachusetts, in the Boston metropolitan area, at I-95 and it is one of three mainline Interstate highways located entirely in New England, the other two being I-89 and I-91. The largest cities along its route are Manchester, New Hampshire and Boston and it also passes through the New Hampshire state capital of Concord. For most of its length, I-93 indirectly parallels U. S. Route 3, particularly in New Hampshire, the two highways have several interchanges with each other, as well as a concurrency through Franconia Notch State Park. I-93 follows the Southeast Expressway south of downtown Boston and the Northern Expressway from Boston to the New Hampshire state line, Interstate 93s southern terminus is at exit 12 of I-95 in Canton, co-signed with U. S. Route 1 North. At this junction, I-95 North heads to the northwest, to serve as the beltway around Boston, the southernmost 3 miles of I-93 run east through Bostons southern suburbs, passing through Canton and Randolph. In Randolph, I-93 meets the end of Route 24 at Exit 4. I-93 continues east into Braintree, interchanging with Route 3, the freeway linking Boston to Cape Cod. Route 3 North joins I-93 and US-1, and the highway north toward Boston. Upon turning northward, the highway is known as the Southeast Expressway passing through Quincy, after the Massachusetts Avenue connector exit, the highway officially becomes the John F. Fitzgerald Expressway, which is also known as the Central Artery, and passes beneath downtown Boston. A major intersection with the Massachusetts Turnpike/Interstate 90 takes place just south of downtown Boston, after the massive interchange, motorists use the Thomas P. ONeill Jr. Tunnel to travel underneath the city and then use Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge to cross the Charles River. Two exits are located in the tunnel, where the limit is 45 miles an hour. Route 3 leaves the Artery just before the Zakim bridge via Exit 26, from Boston through the rest of Massachusetts, Concord, NH appears as the control city on northbound overhead signs. The Artery ends as I-93 continues north out of the city, I-93 continues through the northern suburbs of Boston, coming in Woburn to a second intersection with Interstate 95 and Route 128, which run in a concurrency. Travelers going north can either change over to I-95 north to eventually reach Maine, farther north, in Andover, I-93 meets I-495, providing access to Worcester to the southwest and New Hampshires seacoast region to the northeast. Just south of the line, I-93 crosses the Merrimack River into Methuen. Prior to August 2016, the Route 110 and 113 junction beneath I-93 was a rotary, work began in July 2014 on the project, and with the rotary now closed, demolition of the rotary will be underway in late 2016. The full project is scheduled for completion in June 2018, I-93 then interchanges with the western end of Route 213, a connector between I-93 and I-495
2.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
3.
Massachusetts Turnpike
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The Massachusetts Turnpike is a toll road in Massachusetts, maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. The turnpike traverses the state, and connects Boston with the cities of Springfield. Construction of the Massachusetts Turnpike began in 1955, and was opened in 1957 and it originally travelled from the western border of Massachusetts, near Route 102, across the state until its interchange with Route 128 in Weston. The Massachusetts Turnpike Authority, the agency that maintained the highway. This contributed to the formation of MassDOT in 2009, which consolidated state transportation agencies into a single entity. Further, the implementation and removal of tolls in some stretches of the turnpike have been controversial in their own right, presently, the Fast Lane electronic toll collection system was introduced alongside cash payment in 1998, it was later folded into the E-ZPass branding in 2012. The Massachusetts Turnpike is the major east-west highway in Massachusetts, connecting three of its cities, Springfield, Worcester, and Boston. It is also the easternmost portion of Interstate 90, the roadway terminates in East Boston at Route 1A, just outside Logan International Airport. Between the New York border and the I-84 junction, the roadway is a divided highway. Between I-84 and exit 17 in Newton, it is a divided highway which grows to eight lanes between the Newton and Copley exits where it drops back to six lanes. It stays as a six lane roadway until the Ted Williams Tunnel where it drops back to four lanes until the exit of the tunnel in East Boston. The highest point on the Turnpike is in the Town of Becket in the Berkshire Hills, at elevation 1,724 feet above sea level, plans for the Turnpike date back to at least 1948, when the Western Expressway was being planned. The original section would have connected Bostons then-proposed Inner Belt to Newton with connections with US20, later extensions would take the road to and beyond Worcester. From the beginning, the corridor was included in plans for the Interstate Highway System, stretching west to the New York state line. Also included in the route was the planned Springfield Bypass, which had proposed to provide a bypass of US20 in the Springfield area. Part of this used the grading from the never-opened Hampden Railroad. The enabling act was modeled upon that of the Mystic River Bridge Authority, Callahan served as chairman of the Authority until his death in April 1964. Construction began in 1955, and the whole road from Route 102 at the state line to Route 128 opened on May 15,1957
4.
Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge
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The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge across the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts. It is a replacement for the Charlestown High Bridge, a truss bridge constructed in the 1950s. S. Route 1 concurrency between the Thomas P, tip ONeill Jr. Tunnel and the elevated highway to the north. Two additional lanes are cantilevered outside the cables, which northbound traffic from the Sumner Tunnel. These lanes merge with the highway north of the bridge. The bridge and connecting tunnel were built as part of the Big Dig, the northbound lanes were finished in March 2003, and the southbound lanes in December. The bridges unique styling quickly became an icon for Boston, often featured in the backdrop of news channels, to establish location. The bridge is referred to as the Zakim Bridge or Bunker Hill Bridge by residents of nearby Charlestown. The Leverett Circle Connector Bridge was constructed in conjunction with the Zakim Bridge, in a cable-stayed bridge, instead of hanging the roadbed from cables slung between towers, the cables run directly between the roadbed and the towers. Although cable-stayed bridges have been common in Europe since World War II, the bridge concept was developed by Swiss civil engineer Christian Menn and its design was engineered by American civil engineer Ruchu Hsu with Parsons Brinckerhoff. Wallace Floyd Associates, sub-consultants to Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff, was the lead architect/urban designer, the engineer of record is HNTB/FIGG. The lead designers were Theodore Zoli and W. Denney Pate, the bridge follows a new design in which, besides having its eight primary lanes running through the towers, a pair of northbound lanes are cantilevered outside of the cable-stays. The 1975-built MBTA Orange Lines Haymarket North Extension tunnel lies beneath the bridge, the bridges full name commemorates Boston civic leader and civil rights activist Leonard P. Zakim who championed building bridges between peoples, and the Battle of Bunker Hill. Originally, Massachusetts Governor A. Paul Cellucci sought to name it the Freedom Bridge, in 2000, however, local clergy and religious leaders, including Cardinal Bernard Francis Law, requested the Zakim name shortly after Zakims death from myeloma. Allegations of antisemitism were leveled against members of the white, Irish Catholic community as reasons for resistance to the Zakim name. Several local neo-Nazis also complained about the honor for Zakim and launched a petition drive to drop his name from the Bunker Hill one. Eventually a compromise between the Boston City Council, the Massachusetts State Legislature and community activists brought about the current name, as with the Hoover Dam, different communities call the bridge by different colloquial names. Many people in the Charlestown area refer to it as the Bunker Hill Bridge, while most, including the press and traffic monitoring services
5.
Interstate Highway System
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
6.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
7.
Tunnel
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A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods, a tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or are sewers, utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment. Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. A tunnel is relatively long and narrow, the length is much greater than twice the diameter, although similar shorter excavations can be constructed. The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to source, for example, the definition of a road tunnel in the United Kingdom is defined as a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of 150 metres or more. In the United States, the NFPA definition of a tunnel is An underground structure with a length greater than 23 m. The place where a road, railway, canal or watercourse passes under a footpath, cycleway, or another road or railway is most commonly called a bridge or, if passing under a canal, an aqueduct. Where it is important to stress that it is passing underneath, it may be called an underpass, a longer underpass containing a road, canal or railway is normally called a tunnel, whether or not it passes under another item of infrastructure. An underpass of any length under a river is usually called a tunnel. In the US, the term means an underground rapid transit system. Rail station platforms may be connected by tunnels or footbridges. Much of the technology of tunneling evolved from mining and military engineering. The etymology of the mining, military engineering, and civil engineering reveals these deep historic connections. A major tunnel project must start with an investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from boreholes. An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, in planning the route, the horizontal and vertical alignments can be selected to make use of the best ground and water conditions. It is common practice to locate a tunnel deeper than otherwise would be required and this may be a particular concern in large-diameter tunnels
8.
Green Monster
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The Green Monster is a popular nickname for the 372 high left field wall at Fenway Park, home to the Boston Red Sox baseball team. The wall is only 310 feet from home plate and is a target for right-handed hitters. The wall was part of the original construction of 1912. It is made of wood and was covered in tin and concrete in 1934 and it was then covered with hard plastic in 1976. A manual scoreboard is set into the wall, despite the name, the Green Monster was not painted green until 1947, before that, it was covered with advertisements. The Monster designation is relatively new, for most of its history it was simply called The Wall. The wall might also reduce the number of home runs due to the barriers relatively close distance to home plate. Fenway is the last of the exceptionally high-walled major league ballparks, relatively high walls in modern ballparks have been constructed for their novelty rather than by necessity, as Fenways wall had been. The Green Monster is famous for preventing home runs on line drives that would clear the walls of other ballparks. A side effect of this is to increase the prevalence of doubles, some left fielders, predominantly those with vast Fenway experience, have become adept at fielding caroms off the wall to throw runners out at second base or hold the batter to a single. With this short distance, many fly balls that could be caught by the fielder in a deeper park rebound off the wall for base hits. And while the wall turns many would-be line-drive homers into doubles it also allows some high yet shallow fly balls to clear the field of play for a home run. During 2001 and 2002, the Green Monsters height record was beaten by the center field wall at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati. The entire wall was in play and this new wall was often called The Black Monster. When Riverfront Stadium was demolished in 2002, the Green Monster reclaimed the record, in honor of the famed wall, the Red Sox mascot is a furry green monster named Wally. From 1912 to 1933, there was a 10-foot-high mound that formed an incline in front of the Green Monster and it also served to double as a seating area to handle overflow crowds, another common practice of that era. As a result of the terrace, a fielder in Fenway Park had to play the territory running uphill. Bostons first star left fielder, Duffy Lewis, mastered the skill so well that the area known as Duffys Cliff
9.
Fenway Park
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Fenway Park is a baseball park located in Boston, at 4 Yawkey Way near Kenmore Square. Since 1912, it has been the home for the Boston Red Sox and it is the oldest ballpark in MLB. It is the fourth-smallest among MLB ballparks by seating capacity, second-smallest by total capacity, Fenway has hosted the World Series ten times, with the Red Sox winning five of them, and the Boston Braves winning one. The first, in the inaugural season, was the 1912 World Series. April 20,2012, marked Fenway Parks centennial, on March 7 of that year, the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Former pitcher Bill Lee has called Fenway Park a shrine and it is a pending Boston Landmark which will regulate further changes to the park. Today, the park is considered to be one of the most well-known sports venues in the world, the Red Sox moved to Fenway Park from the old Huntington Avenue Grounds. In 1911, owner John I. Taylor purchased the land bordered by Brookline Avenue, Jersey Street, Van Ness Street and Lansdowne Street and developed it into a larger baseball stadium. However, given that Taylors family also owned the Fenway Realty Company, like many classic ballparks, Fenway Park was constructed on an asymmetrical block, with consequent asymmetry in its field dimensions. The General Contractor was the Charles Logue Building Company, the first game was played April 20,1912, with mayor John F. Fitzgerald throwing out the first pitch and Boston defeating the New York Highlanders, 7-6 in 11 innings. Newspaper coverage of the opening was overshadowed by continuing coverage of the Titanic sinking a few days earlier, Fenway Park has historically drawn low attendance, its lowest occurring late in the 1965 season with two games having paid attendance under 500 spectators. On Wednesday, June 17,2009, the park celebrated its 500th consecutive Red Sox sellout, according to WBZ-TV, the team joined three NBA teams which achieved 500 consecutive home sellouts. The sellout streak ended on April 11,2013, in all the Red Sox sold out 794 regular season games, the parks address was originally 24 Jersey Street. In 1977, the section of Jersey Street nearest the park was renamed Yawkey Way in honor of longtime Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey, and the parks address is now 4 Yawkey Way. Some of the include, In 1934, a hand-operated scoreboard was added, with what was then considered high-technology lights to indicate balls. The scoreboard is updated by hand today from behind the wall. The National League scores were removed in 1976, but restored in 2003, in 1946, upper deck seats were installed, Fenway Park is essentially the first double-tiered ballpark in Boston since the South End Grounds of the 1880s. In 1947, arc lights were installed at Fenway Park, the Boston Red Sox were the third-to-last team out of 16 major league teams to have lights in their home park
10.
Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway
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The Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway is a linear park located in several Downtown Boston neighborhoods. Officially opened in October 2008, the 15-acre Greenway sits on land created from demolition of the John F. Fitzgerald Expressway under the Big Dig. The Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway is named after Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy and her son, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, played an important role in establishing the Greenway. In 2008, the State Legislature confirmed the Conservancy as the steward of the Rose Kennedy Greenway. Since February 2009, the Conservancy has operated the park, leading the maturation of new civic space, strengthening its physical beauty. The 2008 legislation established a 50%-50% public/private funding model, today, each dollar from the state is leveraged by more than one dollar of private support. In the 1940s, planning began for a Highway in the Skies that would alleviate congestion and provide a direct route for moving goods in. Construction of the elevated Central Artery began in 1951 and was completed in 1959, displacing more than 10,000 residents, the limitations of the Central Artery soon became painfully clear, however. With the elevated highway to be relocated underground, Boston would be rich in prime urban land, community and political leaders seized the opportunity to enhance Bostons city life by providing additional parks and gardens to connect some of its oldest, most diverse, and vibrant neighborhoods. The creation of the Greenway – a joint effort of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the City of Boston, on October 4,2008, tens of thousands of visitors came together for the parks’ Inaugural Celebration with the Rose Kennedy Greenway Conservancy. The following year, on February 23,2009 the Rose Kennedy Greenway Conservancy assumed operational responsibility for the parks, today, the Greenway encompasses gardens, plazas, and tree-lined promenades. The Greenway is a key feature of the reinvention of Boston, Boston Harbor, the South Boston Waterfront. Located at the end of the Greenway, this one-acre linear park contains design elements drawn from Asian traditions. Large festivals, such as the Chinatown Main Street Festival, the August Moon Festival, in 2016, the PlayCubes childrens climbing structure was added to the plaza temporarily as part of the Design Museum Bostons Extraordinary Playscapes exhibit. Located between Congress and Summer Streets along Atlantic Avenue, Dewey Square Park joins the major hub of South Station to the Financial District. The park has gardens, lawn areas, and the adjacent plaza, Food truck and other major festivals are hosted here. In 2011, Dewey Square was the site of the Occupy Boston movement, additional planting and ongoing care are the responsibility of the Greenway Conservancy. The Wharf District Parks connect Faneuil Hall and the Financial District with Boston Harbor, designed by EDAW and Copley Wolff Design Group, the parks contain areas of paved surfaces for active public use and a gathering space for public events known as the Great Room
I‑93 / US 1 / Route 3
I‑90 (Mass Pike) in Boston
Route 3 / Route 28 in Boston
Route 1A north – Logan Airport
