1.
Notre-Dame Street
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Notre-Dame Street is a historic east-west street located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It runs parallel to the Saint Lawrence River, from the tip of the island to Lachine. One of the oldest streets in Montreal, Notre-Dame was created in 1672, the gardens of Château Vaudreuil, which had served as the official residence in Montreal of the Governors General of New France from 1723, fronted Notre-Dame. The streets extension in 1821 led to the demolition of Montreals Citadel, the Bingham house, which became Doneganas Hotel, was also located on Notre-Dame. In the early 1900s, it was the site of the former Dominion Park, further west, the street is home to the École de technologie supérieure and runs through Montreals Little Burgundy neighbourhood, historically the home to the English-speaking black community. Joe Beef Restaurant is located on Notre-Dame Street in Little Burgundy, the funeral of Lt. -General Sir Benjamin dUrban passed down Rue Notre Dame in 1849 and was captured in a painting by James Duncan. The funeral was instrumental in allaying bitter feelings and in preventing clashes between troops and the following the Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal on April 25,1849. In her book British Regulars in Montreal, Elinor Senior describes the cortege as follows, Sir James Edward Alexander estimated that 10,000 lined the street as minute guns sounded from Saint Helens Island to mark the movement of the cortege to the military burying ground on Victoria Road. The spire of Christ Church can be seen on the left, the building with the cupola and pennant at half-mast, in the middleground on the right, is Doneganas Hotel, which was situated at the corner of Notre-Dame and Bonsecours streets. It was destroyed by only a few months after the procession, on August 16,1849. There are plans to turn the portion of Notre-Dame into an expressway. Notre-Dame Street continues off of the Island of Montreal, heading northeast towards Quebec City, and is known as the Chemin du Roy
2.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
3.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
National Historic Sites of Canada
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Parks Canada, a federal agency, manages the National Historic Sites program. As of 2016, there are 976 National Historic Sites,171 of which are administered by Parks Canada, the sites are located across all ten provinces and three territories, with two sites located in France. There are related federal designations for National Historic Persons and National Historic Events, Sites, Events, and Persons are each typically marked by a federal plaque, but the markers do not indicate which designation a subject has been given. The Rideau Canal is a National Historic Site, while the Welland Canal is a National Historic Event, emerging Canadian nationalist sentiment in the late 19th century and early 20th century led to an increased interest in preserving Canadas historic sites. There were galvanizing precedents in other countries, in the United Kingdom, the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was created in 1894 to protect that countrys historic and natural heritage. Domestically, Lord Dufferin, the Governor General from 1872 to 1878, initiated some of the earliest, high-profile efforts to preserve Canadas historic sites. He was instrumental in stopping the demolition of the fortifications of Quebec City, at the same time, the federal government was looking for ways to extend the National Park system to Eastern Canada. In 1914, the Parks Branch undertook a survey of sites in Canada. Fort Howe in Saint John, New Brunswick was designated a historic park in 1914. The fort was not a site of significant national historic importance, Fort Anne in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia was also designated in 1917. At the same time, the Department of Militia and Defence was anxious to transfer old forts, harkin, the first Commissioner of Dominion Parks, to develop a departmental heritage policy. On Harkins recommendation, the government created the Advisory Board for Historic Site Preservation in 1919 in order to advise the Minister on a new program of National Historic Sites. Brigadier General Ernest Alexander Cruikshank, an authority on the War of 1812 and the history of Ontario, was chosen as the Boards first chairman. Due to a lack of resources, the HSMBC limited itself to recommending sites for designation, of the 285 National Historic Sites designated by 1943,105 represented military history,52 represented the fur trade and exploration, and 43 represented famous individuals. There was also a strong bias in favour of commemorating sites in Ontario over other parts of the country, at one point, some members of the HSMBC concluded that there were no sites at all in Prince Edward Island worthy of designation. Lawrence, and in Niagara, promoting a loyalist doctrine of unity with Britain. Proposals to designate sites related to the immigration of Jews, Blacks and Ukrainians to Canada were rejected, such was the view of Canadian history by the Board in the first half of the 20th century. As time passed and the system grew, the scope of the program, by the 1930s, the focus of the heritage movement in Canada had shifted from commemoration to preservation and development
7.
Old Montreal
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Old Montreal is the oldest area in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with a few remains dating back to New France. Following recent amendments, the district has been expanded slightly to include the rue des Soeurs Grises in the west, Saint Antoine St. in the north and it also includes the Old Port of Montreal. Most of Old Montreal was declared a district in 1964 by the Ministère des Affaires culturelles du Québec. However, the local Iroquois successfully defended their land and the French abandoned their post, the original site of Montreal in 1642, then known as Ville-Marie, is precisely known. This is the Pointe-à-Callière, a piece of land at the confluence of the St. Lawrence River, the founder, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, built a fort in 1643 called Société Notre-Dame de Montréal for the conversion of the Indians in New France. The company was created by the Sulpician Jean-Jacques Olier and by Jérôme Le Royer in 1642, the Société acquired sovereignty over the island of Montreal and brought the first settlers to house, feed, educate and care for the Amerindians. Because of flooding, they had to cross to the side of Little River on the north shore where the Soeurs hospitalières of Montreal built. After the bankruptcy of the Société Notre-Dame, the Sulpicians became in 1663 the Seigneurs of Montreal as Louis XIV took personal control over the colony, the new system gave them the island of Montreal, with the obligation to live there and ensure its development by cultivating the land. In 1665 the king sent 1,200 men, the Régiment de Carignan-Salières, the Sulpicians organised seigneuries at the centre of the island. François Dollier Casson established the first grid of streets in the colony and these early streets included the Rue Notre-Dame, the Rue Saint-Paul and Rue Saint-Jacques, the original grid remains visible as of 2014. Buildings of the era include the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, the Saint-Sulpice Old Seminary, in the early 18th century, the name of Montreal gradually replaced that of Ville-Marie. It had become a typical French colony, in which the dream to combine the settlers. The arrival in 1657 of Marguerite Bourgeoys, and the arrival of the Jesuits and Recollets in 1692, the original fortifications of Montreal, erected in 1717 by Gaspard Chaussegros de Léry, formed the boundaries of Montreal at the time. De Léry had the fortifications constructed in order to secure the settlement from a British invasion, though the walls may have provided security from invasion, they led to a different problem, a large concentration of wooden houses led to many devastating fires. In 1721, Montreal received an order from France to ban wood construction, buildings were to be constructed using stone. Canada became a British colony in 1763 after the French and Indian War, British rule would radically change the face of Old Montreal. Until the late 18th century the impact was not visible, as construction methods inherited from the French regime continued, however, distrust of the British authorities of the Catholic clergy caused the departure of several from Old Montreal. Another factor changed the appearance of Old Montreal, fires, wood construction and an increased population density due to the construction of fortifications caused many fires, and conflagrations have reconfigured Old Montreal
8.
Claude de Ramezay
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Claude de Ramezay, was an important figure in the early history of New France. He was a man by training and rose to being commander of the colonial regular troops. Claude de Ramezay was a son of Timothé de Ramezay and Catherine Tribouillard, daughter of Hilaire Tribouillard and he came to Canada in 1685 as a lieutenant in the colonial regular troops and was promoted to the rank of captain two years later. In 1690, Ramezay married the daughter of Pierre Denys de La Ronde and he then bought the position of governor of Trois-Rivières from the widow of René Gaultier de Varennes and became governor there in 1691. In 1699, Ramezay left Trois-Rivières to become the commander of the Canadian troops and he served satisfactorily and was awarded the cross of Saint-Louis for his efforts. In 1704 he succeeded Philippe de Rigaud de Vaudreuil as governor of Montreal, Ramezay was also the acting governor of New France from 1714 to 1716 while governor Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil was on leave in France. Ramezay was survived by two sons and at least five daughters, in 1711 his eldest son, 19-year-old Claude junior, an ensign in the French navy, lost his life in an attack on Rio de Janeiro. His second son, Louis, Sieur de Monnoir, was killed by the Cherokees during the campaign of 1715 against the Fox Indians, in 1712 Ramezay’s third son, Charles-Hector, Sieur de La Gesse, was presented to the French court by Madame de Vaudreuil. La Gesse, the elder of the sons, died on 27 Aug.1725 in the wreck of the Chameau off Île Royale. The younger, Jean-Baptiste-Nicolas-Roch, entered the military and is perhaps best remembered as the man who surrendered Quebec to the British in September 1759, of the five daughters, two became nuns and two others married officers of the colonial regular troops. Built in 1705, his residence is known as the Château Ramezay. Lunn, A. J. E. Denys de La Ronde, Pierre
9.
Mississippi Company
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The Mississippi Company of 1684 became the Company of the West in 1717, and expanded as the Company of the Indies from 1719. This corporation, which held a monopoly in French colonies in North America. In May 1716, the Banque Générale Privée, which developed the use of money, was set up by John Law. It was a bank, but three quarters of the capital consisted of government bills and government-accepted notes. In August 1717, he bought the Mississippi Company to help the French colony in Louisiana, in the same year Law conceived a joint-stock trading company called the Compagnie dOccident. Law was named the Chief Director of this new company, which was granted a monopoly of the West Indies. The bank became the Banque Royale in 1718, meaning the notes were guaranteed by the king, Louis XIVs long reign and wars had nearly bankrupted the French monarchy. Rather than reduce spending, the Regency of Louis XV of France endorsed the monetary theories of Scottish financier John Law, in 1716, Law was given a charter for the Banque Royale under which the national debt was assigned to the bank in return for extraordinary privileges. The key to the Banque Royale agreement was that the debt would be paid from revenues derived from opening the Mississippi Valley. The Bank was tied to other ventures of Law—the Company of the West, all were known as the Mississippi Company. The Mississippi Company had a monopoly on trade and mineral wealth, Law was given the title Duc dArkansas. Bernard de la Harpe and his party left New Orleans in 1719 to explore the Red River, in 1721, he explored the Arkansas River. At the Yazoo settlements in Mississippi he was joined by Jean Benjamin who became the scientist for the expedition, in 1718, there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana. The Mississippi Company arranged ships to move 800 more, who landed in Louisiana in 1718, John Law encouraged Germans, particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule, and the Swiss to emigrate. Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards, under the condition that they marry prostitutes, the newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation. In May 1720, after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants, however, there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721. Law exaggerated the wealth of Louisiana with a marketing scheme. The scheme promised success for the Mississippi Company by combining investor fervor, the popularity of company shares were such that they sparked a need for more paper bank notes, and when shares generated profits the investors were paid out in paper bank notes
10.
Continental Army
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The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14,1775, the Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war, most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris ended the war. The 1st and 2nd Regiments went on to form the nucleus of the Legion of the United States in 1792 under General Anthony Wayne and this became the foundation of the United States Army in 1796. The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies, and after 1776, when the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army. As tensions with Great Britain increased in the leading to the war. Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774, colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea. On April 23,1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the raising of an army consisting of 26 company regiments. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut soon raised similar, on July 18,1775, the Congress requested all colonies form militia companies from all able bodied effective men, between sixteen and fifty years of age. It was not uncommon for men younger than sixteen to enlist as most colonies had no requirement of consent for those under twenty-one. Four major-generals and eight brigadier-generals were appointed by the Second Continental Congress in the course of a few days, after Pomeroy did not accept, John Thomas was appointed in his place. As the Continental Congress increasingly adopted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, as a result, the army went through several distinct phases, characterized by official dissolution and reorganization of units. Soldiers in the Continental Army were citizens who had volunteered to serve in the army, early in the war the enlistment periods were short, as the Continental Congress feared the possibility of the Continental Army evolving into a permanent army. The army never numbered more than 17,000 men, turnover proved a constant problem, particularly in the winter of 1776–77, and longer enlistments were approved. Major General Philip Schuylers ten regiments in New York were sent to invade Canada, the Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a battalion of 768 men strong and formed into eight companies. Enlistment terms extended to three years or to the length of the war to avoid the crises that depleted forces
11.
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth
12.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
13.
Quebec City
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Quebec City, French, Ville de Québec, officially Québec) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The citys landmarks include the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline, and La Citadelle, the National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, and the Musée de la civilisation are found within or near Vieux-Québec. Thus, Québec is officially spelled with an accented é in both Canadian English and French, although the accent is not used in common English usage. Quebec City is one of the oldest European settlements in North America, while many of the major cities in Latin America date from the sixteenth century, among cities in Canada and the U. S. few were created earlier than Quebec City. Also, Quebecs Old Town is the only North American fortified city north of Mexico whose walls still exist, French explorer Jacques Cartier built a fort at the site in 1535, where he stayed for the winter before going back to France in spring 1536. He came back in 1541 with the goal of building a permanent settlement, Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat on 3 July 1608, and at the site of a long abandoned St. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement called Stadacona. Champlain, also called The Father of New France, served as its administrator for the rest of his life, the name Canada refers to this settlement. Although called the cradle of the Francophone population in North America, the place seemed favourable to the establishment of a permanent colony. In 1629 there was the surrender of Quebec, without battle, however, Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was illegal as the war had already ended, he worked to have the lands returned to France. As part of the negotiations of their exit from the Anglo-French War. These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the lands in Quebec and Acadia were returned to the French Company of One Hundred Associates. In 1665, there were 550 people in 70 houses living in the city, one-quarter of the people were members of religious orders, secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulines nuns and the order running the local hospital, Hotel-Dieu. Quebec City was the headquarters of many raids against New England during the four French, in the last war, the French and Indian War, Quebec City was captured by the British in 1759 and held until the end of the war in 1763. France ceded New France, including the city, to Britain in 1763, at the end of French rule in 1763, forests, villages, fields and pastures surrounded the town of 8,000 inhabitants. The town distinguished itself by its architecture, fortifications, affluent homes of masonry and shacks in the suburbs of Saint-Jean. Despite its urbanity and its status as capital, Quebec City remained a small city with close ties to its rural surroundings. Nearby inhabitants traded their farm surpluses and firewood for imported goods from France at the two city markets, during the American Revolution revolutionary troops from the southern colonies assaulted the British garrison in an attempt to liberate Quebec City, in a conflict now known as the Battle of Quebec
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Chateau St. Louis
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The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2002. The first chateau was built under the direction of Governor Charles Huault de Montmagny in 1648, construction of a replacement on the same site began in 1694 under Governor General Louis de Buade de Frontenac. A new pavilion and two new wings were added from 1719 to 1723 by Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry, the building was then severely damaged during the Siege of Quebec after which time it passed into British hands. The house was rebuilt in sections over the next forty years. In the meantime the governors split their time between the St. Louis and a new building, called the New Chateau or Chateau Haldimand after governor Haldimand, the St. Louis was destroyed by fire in January 1834. Afterward it was replaced by a series of terraces, the site of the New Chateau is now occupied by the Chateau Frontenac hotel, which is named after Governor Frontenac. During the 1830s the governor and his family used a summer home in Sorel. Media related to Chateau Saint-Louis at Wikimedia Commons
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Sorel-Tracy
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The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 34,600. Its mayor is Serge Péloquin and it is the seat of the Pierre-De Saurel Regional County Municipality, the city is the result of a voluntary amalgamation in 2001 between two cities, Sorel and Tracy. The Richelieu River separates the two communities, Tracy on the west shore and Sorel on the east shore, Sorel itself had annexed in 1992 the municipality of Saint-Pierre-de-Sorel which corresponds today to the southern part of its territory. Tracy was founded on February 10,1954, prior to 1954, Tracy was known as the parish municipality of Saint-Joseph de Sorel. Sorel-Tracy is known for its activities in the industry and metallurgy as well as for its ferry linking the city to the village of Saint-Ignace-de-Loyola. Sorel is the fourth oldest city in the province of Quebec, in 1647, the original fort was destroyed by the Iroquois but it was rebuilt by the Carignan-Salières Regiment on the same site in 1665. The name Sorel comes from the first seigneur of the area and he was in command of a regiment of the Carignan-Salières that came over in August 1665. He was granted a seigneury by King Louis XIV in 1672, the name Tracy comes from Lieutenant General Alexander de Prouville, Sieur de Tracy, who was overall in command of the Carignan-Salières Regiment directly under the Governor. It is in Sorel that the Christmas tree made its first appearance in North America on Christmas Eve in 1781, after the visit of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester to Sorel in 1787 the town took the name of William-Henry, a name it retained until 1845. It is probable that before the American Revolution there were no English speaking people in Sorel, although then merely a hamlet or village, this place was the scene of much activity. During 1776 large bodies of troops passed through and at times were stationed in the area, a letter from Governor Frederick Haldimand to Lord George Germain in October 1778, written from his camp in Sorel where fortifications were in progress, indicates his proposed use of the Seigniory. It is my intention therefore, if time and circumstances favour me, to make Sorel a place of strength with Permanent Works, greenwood and Higgins in London, both for enabling me to effect the purchase. The purchase was made in 1781 and Sorel became a clearing house for the steady stream of Loyalist refugees from the south. A certain number of them settled in Sorel, forming the nucleus of the English population, another addition was Sorel being selected as one of the stations for Military Invalids, or “Outside Chelsea Pensioners as they were also called. These old soldiers and their dependents, numbering hundreds, were sent to Sorel under the medical care of Dr. Christopher Carter. The earliest efforts for the propagation of the Protestant religion in Canada were made in Sorel and this is the date of the foundation of the Anglican parish in Sorel and the first Anglican mission in Canada. The chapel where the faithful united was a building located at the end of King Street. This building had served as a military storehouse
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Andrew Taylor (architect)
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Sir Andrew Thomas Taylor J. P. R. C. A. F. R. I. B. A. was a British architect and he was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and practised architecture in Scotland and London before immigrating to Montreal, Quebec, in 1883, where he designed many of the buildings of McGill University. He retired from architecture in 1904 and returned to London, where he served on London County Council from 1908 to 1926 and he was knighted for his political services in 1926. Taylor was the son of James Taylor, a publisher, and Agnes Drummond, in 1864 he began his architectural training as an articled apprentice to Pilkington & Bell in Edinburgh, staying for five years. He worked for a year as architect in the Duke of Roxburghes estate office and he left Scotland for London in 1872, taking a position at the office of Joseph Clarke, and studying at the Royal Academy Schools and University College London. His essay on Londons 16th-century architecture won a Royal Institute of British Architects silver medal in 1874, in 1877 he travelled to Italy and France. He joined the RIBA in 1878, an essay on the work of Sir Christopher Wren gained him a second RIBA medal in 1881. He subsequently published a book on the subject, The Towers and Steeples designed by Sir Christopher Wren, in 1879 he established his own architectural practice in London, with a design for a Memorial Hall and Schools at Dover being his first commission. Together with Henry Hall, another of Pilkingtons former pupils, Taylor entered the competition to design Glasgow City Chambers, in 1882 Taylor established a partnership with George William Hamilton Gordon. In 1883, Taylor and Gordon opened an office in Montreal, Taylor moved to Canada, while Gordon stayed in London. However, the partnership was dissolved in 1888, in Canada, Taylor worked with the architect R. W. G. Taylor designed McGill Universitys Memorial Arch for King George V and he designed the Montreal Diocesan Theological College building on University Street near Milton Street, which is also now part of McGill University. When Ravenscrag, now the Allan Memorial Institute, was still the residence of Sir Hugh Allan, Taylor extended the east wing, and enlarged the stables. Taylor performed alterations and restoration on the Christ Church Cathedral from 1890–91 and he designed the Mount Royal Crematory, the first crematory in Canada, on the eastern side of the Mount Royal Cemetery. In 1885, he designed and built Francis Redpaths house in Montreal and he was elected to the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Charles Branch, Wellington Street at Magdalen Street, Montreal, Quebec The Bank of Montreal in West End, catherine Street West at Mansfield Street, Montreal The Bank of Montreal in Notre Dame Street West Seigneurs Street, Montreal The Bank of Montreal, St. He pursued a career as a Conservative Party municipal councillor. He was elected to London County Council on 24 October 1908, representing Hampstead, from 1911 to 1937 he also served as Chair of the Architectural Education Committee and Chair of the Slade Committee at University College London
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Canadian Register of Historic Places
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The Canadian Register of Historic Places was created as part of Canadas Historic Places Initiative. The CRHP and the Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada are the two major tools developed to assist in achieving the main objectives. The CRHP was officially launched in May 2004 as an access point for members of the public to learn about historic sites across Canada. It is a work in progress, and as of 2011 included approximately 12,300 of the countrys estimated 17,000 designated historic sites. Moreover, historic sites that have been recognized by more than one level of government, a site must be designated by one or more of these levels of government in order to be eligible for inclusion in the CRHP. The CRHP is a tool, not a designatory or regulatory mechanism. Inclusion in the directory does not confer historic or legal status, inclusion also does not affect how the designating level of government manages its own heritage designations or policies. The CRHP partner governments are working on other tools through the Historic Places Initiative in order to recognize sites related to Aboriginal peoples in Canada, heritage conservation in Canada Lists of historic places in Canada Official website
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Landmarks of Montreal
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Montreals Underground City is the set of underground city complexes in and around downtown. It is also known as the city, as not all of it is underground. Services include shopping malls, hotels, banks, offices, museums, universities, seven metro stations, there are more than 120 exterior access points to the underground city. Some 500,000 people use the city every day. The Olympic Stadium is ovoid shaped with a distinctive ribbed look, two pyramidal towers, known as the Olympic Village, were built to house athletes but now serve as apartments and offices. The Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics were successful, but construction problems, at the opening, the tower and the retractable roof were incomplete. The tower was completed years later but the roof was never completed as originally planned by Taillibert. The stadium was home to the Expos from 1977 until the team moved to Washington, D. C. after the 2004 season. Today, Montreals Olympic Park hosts limited professional sports events and is mainly a tourist, Montreal hosted the 2006 1st World Outgames holding the opening/closing ceremonies and many of the events at the Olympic Stadium. The event drew over 10,000 participants, most were Gay athletes, but many participated in other cultural events such as ballroom dancing. Opening ceremonies brought international athletes, local politicians, and entertainers, Montreal is the centre of Quebec culture and a major centre of Canadian culture in general. The Museum Quarter’s historical and architectural richness, spilling over into surrounding streets, crescent, de la Montagne and Sherbrooke Streets are the hub of the district’s vibrant business life. High-end, designer fashion and décor boutiques, international shops, art galleries, jewellers, nicknamed la ville aux cent clochers, Montreal is renowned for its churches. As described by Mark Twain, This is the first time I was ever in a city where you couldnt throw a brick without breaking a church window. The city has four Roman Catholic basilicas, Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, the aforementioned Notre-Dame Basilica, St. Patricks Basilica, and Saint Josephs Oratory. The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the largest dome of its kind in the world after that of Saint Peters Basilica in Rome. Other well-known churches include the church of Notre-Dame-du-Bon-Secours, which is sometimes called the Sailors Church. All of the above are major tourist destinations, particularly Notre-Dame, an impressive number of other churches, synagogues and mosques can be found, and church steeples are a familiar view all over the city and island
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Montreal Biodome
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The building was originally constructed for the 1976 Olympic Games as a velodrome. It hosted both track cycling and judo events, renovations on the building began in 1989 and in 1992 the indoor nature exhibit was opened. It is a member of both the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The building was designed by French architect Roger Taillibert as part of his plan for an Olympic park that included the Montreal Olympic Stadium. The venue was a velodrome and Judo facility. Construction of the began in August 1973, and the facility was officially opened in April 1976. In 1988, a feasibility study was conducted for converting the velodrome into a biodome, construction started in 1989, and the facility was opened to the public on 18 June 1992 as the Montreal Biodome. Visitors can rent a receiver programmed to receive French, Spanish, or English for adults, the facility allows visitors to walk through replicas of four ecosystems found in the Americas, The Tropical Forest is a replica of the South American rainforest. The Laurentian Forest is a replica of the North American wilderness, the Saint Lawrence Marine Eco-system is an estuary habitat modelled on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The Sub-Polar Region is a habitat that is divided into Arctic and Antarctic, the Biodome should not be confused with the Biosphère, a Montreal museum about the St. Lawrence river located inside the geodesic dome that once housed the American pavilion for Expo 67. The Biodome, in contrast, is neither spherical nor a geodesic dome, the Biodome was not an animal and plant conservation/research centre until 1992
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Maison Saint-Gabriel
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The Maison Saint-Gabriel Museum is located in Montreal, Quebec and is dedicated to preserving the history, heritage and artifacts of the settlers of New France in the mid 17th century. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2007, on October 31,1662, Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve conceded land in Pointe-Saint-Charles to Marguerite Bourgeoys. The purpose of land was to establish a farm that would feed the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal. In order to plant crops, mainly corn, wheat, and pumpkin and these workers helped with the heavy work, and also helped protect the Congregation from any enemy attacks. In 1668, Marguerite Bourgeoys bought land adjacent to hers, on which stood a house, though it was never referred to as such at the time, this later become the Maison Saint-Gabriel. Sister Crolo was also responsible for overseeing the other Sisters in the community, in its early years, in addition to providing subsistence for the Congregation, the farm served as a preparatory school. It housed young women destined for or residing in Montreal, as well as some Filles du Roi, in 1693, the old farmhouse burned down. However, the foundation and the creamery survived the fire, and were incorporated into the reconstruction of the house and this project was spearheaded by tradesmen, mainly masons, carpenters, and woodworkers. In the early to mid 18th century, in order to maintain the agricultural roots of the house and to expand the farm, throughout the 18th century, the Sisters cultivated wheat and oats and built a chicken coop, a barn, and stables. In the 19th century, the animals raised on the farm were used to produce butter, wool, soap, the house was transformed and modified over the years. However, in order to do so, another establishment needed to be constructed to house the sisters who would oversee the museum project, therefore, the construction of the Jeanne-LeBer house began in 1963, and was completed in 1964. Work began to restore the house that year, under the supervision of architect Victor Depocas. The objective of the restoration was to conserve the walls and re-create within them the conditions of the sisters who resided in the house in the 17th century. During the summer, costumed interpreters and artisans host live demonstrations showcasing 17th century craftmaking, in addition, the house and barn are surrounded by gardens. The Glade and the Poetry Path hosts indigenous plants and shrubs, the Farmhouse Gardens re-create a 17th-century vegetable garden. The Sharecroppers garden honours the women of the Congregation of Notre Dame and these gardens add an horticultural element to the museum. The Maison Saint-Gabriel museum hosts over 15,000 artifacts, the 17th-century house and the 18th-century barn hold a collection that helps re-create rural living in New France, using objects dating from the 17th century onwards. There are many objects, while others are reproductions based on drawings conserved from the 17th century
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Canadian Centre for Architecture
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The Canadian Centre for Architecture is a museum of architecture and research centre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located at 1920 Baile Street, between Fort Street and Saint-Marc Street in what was part of the Golden Square Mile. Today it is considered to be located in the Shaughnessy Village neighbourhood of the borough of Ville-Marie, Phyllis Lambert is the founding director emeritus, Bruce Kuwabara is chair of the board of trustees, Mirko Zardini is the director, and Giovanna Borasi is the chief curator. It was designed and built by Peter Rose, the CCA contains a vast library and archives, and is host to various exhibits throughout the year. It is also home to a centre open to the general public. The CCA also provides programs and cultural activities. The CCA also has a garden located on the southern side of René-Lévesque Boulevard. The sculpture garden was realized by architect Melvin Charney, the CCA was founded in 1979 by Montreal architect Phyllis Lambert. The CCA was designed and constructed between 1985 and 1989 by Montreal architect Peter Rose, the design of the museum incorporates the Shaughnessy House mansion, built for Thomas Shaughnessy, a Second Empire-style mansion that Lambert purchased in 1974 to prevent its demolition. The CCA received the Honor Award for Architecture from the American Institute of Architects, the current building, which opened in 1989, surrounds Shaughnessy House and was designed by Peter Rose, in collaboration with Phyllis Lambert and Erol Argun. Shaughnessy House, located at 1923 Dorchester St. W was at built in 1874 according to plans by William Tutin Thomas and it is one of the few nineteenth century residences that is accessible to the public. The CCA building, with an area of roughly 12,000 square metres, is home to exhibit halls, Paul Desmarais Theatre, a bookstore, the library. It also contains laboratories and conservation offices. The work of conservation and restoration of the Shaughnessy House, with an area of over 1,900 square metres, were carried out under the direction of Denis Saint-Louis. Also inside is the Devencore Conservatory and reception rooms, due to its size, location and use of traditional and modern materials, combining structural aluminum with grey Montreal limestone, the CCA buildings architecture blends past and present. Its landscapes, including the CCA sculpture Garden facing the building on the side of René Lévesque Boulevard, were designed according to the ecology of each location. Most of the rooms of the Shaughnessy House have been restored to their original 1874 state, the mansion was a listed as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1973 and a Historical Monument of Quebec on February 6,1974. The CCA has vast collections of books and artifacts touching on all aspects of the built environment, the centre mounts regular shows made up of research on thematic subjects, different aspects of its collections, and hosts touring exhibits from other museums
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McCord Museum
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The McCord Museum is a public research and teaching museum dedicated to the preservation, study, diffusion, and appreciation of Canadian history. The museum, whose name is McCord Museum of Canadian History, is located at 690 Sherbrooke Street West, next to McGill University, in downtown Montreal, Quebec. On October 13,1921, the McCord National Museum, as it was called, moved to the former McGill Union building. The collection was based on the McCord family collection, since 1878, David Ross McCord had been adding to the already considerable collection assembled by his family since their arrival in Canada. Over the years he developed the plan of founding a national museum in Montreal. The museum was administered by McGill University for over sixty years, leading members of the community lent their support to the Museum over the years. Today, the McCord Museum is supported by the governments of Canada, Quebec and Montreal, the museum was founded in 1921 by David Ross McCord, based on his own family collection of objects. Since then the museums holdings have increased substantially and this collection of 15,800 objects documents many aspects of the ways of life, arts, cultures and traditions of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. It also includes a number of objects from communities living in Alaska and this collection of 18,845 objects consists of women’s dresses, parasols, hats, fans and footwear, many created by some of Montreal’s greatest 20th century designers. The menswear in the collection includes suits, coats and accessories, there is also an important selection of embroidered samplers, quilts and other textiles, including North Americas oldest known patchwork quilt. This collection includes 1,300,000 photographs and various items of early photographic equipment and it provides a visual history of Montreal, Quebec and Canada from the 1840s to the present. The collection contains the William Notman & Son Photographic Studio fond constituting more than 600,000 photographic images dating mostly from 1840 to 1935, the collection also includes approximately 700,000 images taken by other photographers. This collection of 69,000 iconographical pieces illustrates the personalities, places and events that made the history of Montreal, Quebec and Canada and it includes paintings, miniatures, silhouettes, prints and caricatures from the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. The 38,900 objects included in this collection documents the material environment within which Montrealers, Quebeckers and this collection consists of furniture, glassware, ceramics, ironware, sculpture, hunting equipment, sports equipment, items of folk art and a major collection of 19th century toys. This collection, which total 262 running meters, includes manuscripts, correspondence, personal journals, the documents come from families, from well-known individuals, from companies and associations, and from collections. The museums exterior features the sculpture Totem urbain / histoire en dentelle, the Museum is affiliated with, CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada. Wrapped in the Colours of the Earth. Cultural Heritage of the First Nations, fine and Decorative Arts from the McCord
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Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
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The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts is an art museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is Montreals largest museum and is amongst the most prominent in Canada, the museum is located on the historic Golden Square Mile stretch of Sherbrooke Street. The MMFA is spread across four pavilions, and occupies a surface area of 45,067 square metres. A fifth pavilion is currently under construction, which will have an area of 3,460 square metres. This expansion will make it the eighteenth largest art museum in North America, the permanent collection includes approximately 42,000 works. The original reading room of the Art Association of Montreal was the precursor of the current library of the museum and it is the oldest library in Canada dedicated to art. The Museum is affiliated with, CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada, founded in 1860 by Bishop Fulford, the Art Association of Montreal was created to encourage the appreciation of fine arts among the people of the city. Since it did not have a permanent place to store acquisitions the Art Association was not able to acquire works to display nor to seek works from collectors. During the following twenty years, the organization had an itinerant existence during which its shows, in 1877, the Art Association received an exceptional gift from Benaiah Gibb, a Montreal businessman. He gave the core of his art collection consisting of 72 canvases and 4 bronzes, in addition he donated to the Montreal institution a building site on the north-east corner of Phillips Square and further the sum of money of $8,000. This latter gift was on condition that a new museum be constructed on the site three years. The Art Gallery at Phillips Square comprised an exhibition room, another smaller room reserved for works as well as a lecture hall. The museum was enlarged in 1893, the Art Association held an annual show of works created by its members as well as a Spring Salon devoted to the works of living Canadian Artists. The gift made by Benaiah Gibb was an event in the founding of the museums collection. The generous gift engaged a keen interest in the public and, because of it and they settled on the site of the abandoned Holton House, on Sherbrooke Street West, for the construction of the new museum. Senator Robert Mackay, the owner of the property, was convinced to sell the house for a good price, a committee responsible for the construction of the museum was formed consisting of James Ross, Richard B. Angus, Vincent Meredith, Louis-Joseph Forget and David Morrice, most members of this committee offered a considerable amount of their own money for the construction of the museum. This included a donation by businessman James Ross
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Redpath Museum
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The Redpath Museum is a museum of natural history belonging to McGill University and located on the universitys campus at 859 Sherbrooke Street West in Montreal, Quebec. It was built in 1882 as a gift from the sugar baron Peter Redpath and it houses collections of interest to ethnology, biology, paleontology, and mineralogy/geology. The collections were started by some of the individuals who founded the Smithsonian. The current director is Hans Larsson, commissioned by Redpath to mark the 25th anniversary of Sir John William Dawsons appointment as Principal, the Museum was designed by A. C. Hutchison and A. D. Steele. It is the oldest building built specifically to be a museum in Canada, both the museums interior and exterior have been utilized as a set, for movies and commercials. F Ferrier collection for Walter Frederick Ferrier, famous mining engineer who contributed this pre-eminent collection of minerals from many classic locations, J Jeffrey collection for Jeffrey de Fourestier, mineralogist and former volunteer at the museum. P Palache collection for Charles Palache, mineralogist and Harvard professor, SC Shirley Collection for the wife of Sir Hugh Graham, 1st Baron Atholstan who donated the collection in the early 1880s. NS New System collection for the general collection catalogue and this collection contains the main body of specimens including the collection of the former Natural History Society of Montreal and specimens from the collection of Lord Strathcona. The Lyman entomology collections were transferred in 1961 by D. Keith McE, kevan to Macdonald Campus in Sainte Anne-de-Bellevue, leading to the creation of the Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory. Dr Thomas Clark, for years up until his death, was a fixture at the museum and was renowned for his pioneering work on fossils from the Burgess Shale. The ethnological and archeological collection is one of the oldest in North America and it received further material from the Natural History Society of Montreal. It now has over 17,000 items from Africa, ancient Egypt, Oceania, paleolithic Europe, the collection of First Nations artifacts that were once part of the collection now are housed in the nearby McCord Museum in Montreal. The Museum is affiliated with, CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada
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Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium
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The Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium is the successor to the Montreal Planetarium, and is located in the Espace pour la Vie, near the Olympic Stadium and the Biodome in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The new installation has two separate theatres as well as exhibits on space and astronomy and it was officially opened in April 2013. The building, designed by Cardin + Ramirez et Associés, Architectes, is certified as LEED Platinum, the Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium is the successor to the Montréal Planetarium, formerly known as the Dow Planetarium, which operated from April 1,1966 to October 10,2011. It was inaugurated by Montréal mayor Jean Drapeau, the Dow Planetarium was sponsored by Dow Breweries, which later became OKeefe Breweries, now a part of Molson Breweries. Gendron was also president of the board of directors of Dow Breweries and it was Gendrons influence that led to Dows decision to endow Montréal with a planetarium in time for Expo 67. The planetarium was constructed at Chaboillez Square, a parking lot outside downtown Montréal. It was designed by the firm of David-Barott-Boulva and constructed at a cost of $1.2 million. The building and projection equipment were completed in February 1966, between 1966 and 2011, some six million spectators attended over 250 original productions created by the planetarium. Some 50 lecturers and educators presented more than 58,000 shows in the Star Theatre, the Montréal Planetarium ceased its public activities on October 10,2011. The new planetarium is part of the Space for Life museum complex, sustainable development is a focus for the Space for Life, as reflected in the planetariums architecture and its status as a LEED Platinum certified building. Constructed of aluminum and concrete, the contains a exhibition area. Artistic direction was by Michel Lemieux and Victor Pilon, visitors choose one of two programs, then view two presentations, one in each theatre. One presentation focuses on the science of astronomy while the other presents an artistic view of space. There is also an area with exhibits on meteorites and an area, Exo, which uses touchscreen panels to discuss the origin of life. All exhibits and presentations are in French and English, a 40-minute presentation about the aurora borealis, Aurōrae, combines images of the Northern Lights with music and live commentary by the planetariums science interpreters. The origin of the phenomena is described, a team from the planetarium gathered over 179,000 images in March 2015 in Yellowknife. At that location, light pollution is minimal and the aurora is visible, other films shown at the planetarium, some presented with live commentary, include the American Museum of Natural Historys Dark Universe and National Geographics Asteroid, Extreme Mission. Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium - official site
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The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site
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The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site is a historic building located in the borough of Lachine in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, at the western end of the Lachine Canal. It is a National Historic Site of Canada, beginning in the 17th century, voyageurs would launch their canoes from this location to transport trade goods thousands of miles into the interior of North America lands. At that time the Lachine Rapids prevented large ships from going any further west along the Saint Lawrence River, a stone warehouse was erected in 1803 to store the furs gathered as a result of fur trade. It is now a Parks Canada museum dedicated to the history of strategic location as a departure. The site is separate from Lachine Canal National Historic Site, with which it is inextricably connected, Montreal was the start of nearly all westward canoe routes. Here furs were transferred from canoe to ship and trade goods from ship to canoe, a natural transfer point was the west end of Montreal Island since goods could be carted over a nine-mile road around the Lachine Rapids. Canoes usually left in May and returned in August, the Northwest Company built a stone warehouse here in 1803. It was used until 1859 when it was sold to the Sisters of Sainte Anne who used it as an employee residence, the Lachine Canal was built around the rapids in 1825. Sir George Simpson had a mansion across the canal from the warehouse which was torn down in 1880, Parks Canada acquired the warehouse in 1977 and in 1985 opened a museum. The Museum is affiliated with, the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, the Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site, Parks Canada Lachine Canal National Historic Site, Parks Canada
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Montreal Science Centre
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The Montreal Science Centre is a science museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located on the King Edward Pier in the Old Port of Montreal, established in 2000 and originally known as the iSci Centre, the museum changed its name to the Montreal Science Centre in 2002. The museum is managed by the Old Port of Montreal Corporation, the museum is home to interactive exhibitions on science and technology as well as an IMAX theatre
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Just for Laughs Museum
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The Just for Laughs Museum was a Canadian museum dedicated to humour located in Montreal, Quebec. The museum closed at the end of 2010 and it had been visited by more than two million people since its opening. The Just for Laughs Museum was created by Gilbert Rozon, who wanted to buy in on the success of the Just for Laughs festival. Opened in 1993, the museum is a venue for all things funny with displays, exhibitions, the Museum was located at 2111 Saint Laurent Boulevard, Montreal, QC, Canada. Perhaps coincidentally, St-Laurent is the French name of Lawrence of Rome, the Museum was affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, the Canadian Heritage Information Network, and the Virtual Museum of Canada
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Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)
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Christ Church Cathedral is an Anglican Gothic Revival cathedral in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Montreal. It is located at 635 Saint Catherine Street West, between Union Avenue and University Street and it is situated on top of the Promenades Cathédrale underground shopping mall, and south of Tour KPMG. It was classified as historical monument by the government of Quebec on May 12,1988, in 1999, it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The first Christ Church opened on Notre-Dame Street in Old Montreal in 1814, in 1850, it was designated as the cathedral for the new Anglican Diocese of Montreal upon its separation from the Anglican Diocese of Quebec. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1856, the present cathedral, a Neo-gothic structure, was designed by architect Frank Wills, who also designed Christ Church Cathedral in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Before construction began, Willis died, and Montreal architect, Thomas Seaton Scott was commissioned to carry out his design, the structure was completed in 1859 and consecrated in 1867. Andrew Taylor oversaw alterations and other restoration of the Cathedral from 1890 to 1891, modeled after the 14th century Gothic-style churches of the English countryside, the cathedral features a square crossing tower. Unfortunately, the design, though acclaimed for its architecture, suffered from important engineering flaws, the soft ground could not support the heavy central stone tower and steeple, which began to subside and lean. By 1920, the tower leaned 1.2 m to the south and this defect formed the basis of an important lawsuit often cited as precedent relating to Article 1688 of Quebecs Civil Code. George Allan Ross designed alterations in 1923 and reconstructed the tower from 1939 to 1940, in 1927, the stone steeple, weighing 1,600,000 kg was removed. New foundations were poured in 1939, and in 1940, an anonymous donation permitted the construction of a much lighter steeple made of aluminum and it is 38 m high, attaining a height of 70 m from the ground. Recent additions to the include a choir gallery, built in 1980. Notable musicians to have served as the churchs organist include Alfred Whitehead, the organ is opus 77 of Karl Wilhelm, Inc. of Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. It is a key and stop instrument with four-manuals,42 stops and 63 ranks. In 1992, the division was expanded with a 32 Bombarde. The organ replaced the earlier instrument that served the congregation from 1859, the earlier instrument was constructed by William Hill and Son in London to duplicate an organ given to the congregation by King George III and destroyed in the fire of 1856. The Hill instrument was remodeled and enlarged several on at least five occasions during the tenure of its service, in 1979, the congregation commissioned the mechanical organ and the earlier instrument was sold for parts. In the 1980s, a vast real estate project was undertaken below the cathedral, the project consisted of a 34-floor skyscraper, Tour KPMG built north of the Cathedral, underground parking, and two levels of retail stores situated beneath the cathedral
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Church of St. Michael and St. Anthony
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The Church of St. Michael and St. Anthony is a Roman Catholic church located in Mile End, Montreal. It was originally built as the Church of St. Michael, because of the growth of the Polish community in the area, in 1964 a Polish mission was inaugurated in the church and the churchs name was expanded to St. Michael and St. Anthony. The church exemplifies cultural hybridity, being a Byzantine-styled church, built for Irish Catholics, in a multicultural neighbourhood, and being home today to mostly Poles and Italians. The church has also noted for its Byzantine Revival architecture, complete with a dome and minaret-styled tower. Construction on the Church of St. Michael the Archangel began in 1914, after a brief delay following the commencement of World War I, the church was completed in 1915 at a cost of $232,000, with a capacity of 1,400 people. Today, the church is recognised as the point for the Polish Catholics of Montreal. The church was built in the Neo-Byzantine style of architecture, accompanied by a large turquoise dome and it was designed by architect Aristide Beaugrand-Champagne, who was inspired by the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. The church also features elements of Gothic and Roman architecture, as well as lombard bands, the churchs dome features one of the first uses of reinforced concrete in Quebec. The interior roof of the features a neo-Renaissance-style fresco of St. Michael watching the fall of the angels, painted by Italian Guido Nincheri
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Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral
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Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral is a minor basilica in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Montreal. It is the third largest church in Quebec after St. Josephs Oratory, the building is 101 m in length,46 m in width, and a maximum height of 77 m at the cupola, the diameter of which is 23 m. The church is located at 1085 Cathedral Street at the corner of René Lévesque Boulevard and Metcalfe Street, near the Bonaventure metro station and it and the connected Archdiocese main buildings form the eastern side of Place du Canada, and occupies of dominant presences on Dorchester Square. The sacrament of baptism is celebrated in the small chapel, the marble baptismal font is surmounted by an impressive stucco crucifix sculpted by Philippe Hébert. The crucifix is one of the most important pieces of sculpture in Quebec. The construction of the cathedral was ordered by Mgr, Ignace Bourget, second bishop of Montreal, to replace the former Saint-Jacques Cathedral which had burned in 1852. The site also sparked due to its location in the western part of downtown. The first architect, Victor Bourgeau, refused the project after studying St. Peters, at the time, the Holy See and the Papal States were threatened by the nationalist troops of Victor Emmanuel II, king of Piedmont, who was attempting to assert control over all Italy. Their motto is, Love God and go your way, a painting depicting Colonel Athanase de Charette, commander of the Papal Zouaves, was made in 1885 by Lionel Royer. Joseph Michaud, the chaplain of the Papal Zouave volunteers of Montreal, was sent to Rome to secretly produce a model to work from. Work began in 1875 and the new church was consecrated in 1894 as Saint James Cathedral, after Saint James the Great, at the time it was the largest church in Quebec. It was made a basilica in 1919 by Pope Benedict XV. It was rededicated in 1955 to Mary, Queen of the World, between 1955 and 1960, several restoration works have been executed. On March 28,2000, the cathedral was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, in the last few years, the cathedrals esplanade and narthex have undergone significant reconstruction. The exterior statue of Bishop Ignace Bourget was cleaned and restored in 2005, all of the statues were sculpted by Olindo Gratton between 1892 and 1898. Patricks Church, Saint Ignatius of Antioch, Saint Charles Borromeo, patron of the parish of the Saint-Charles Church in Pointe Saint-Charles, next to the church, theres also a monument for Mgr. The aisles of the nave and the arches in the transept contain painting depicting historical events in the days of Montreal. It contains nine paintings and still three empty spaces, the paintings are, The aforementioned painting of colonel Athanase de Charette, commander of the Papal Zouaves of Montreal
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Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)
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Notre-Dame Basilica is a basilica in the historic district of Old Montreal, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The church is located at 110 Notre-Dame Street West, at the corner of Saint Sulpice Street and it is located next to the Saint-Sulpice Seminary and faces the Place dArmes square. Built in the Gothic Revival style, the churchs is highly decorated, the vaults are coloured deep blue and decorated with golden stars, and the rest of the sanctuary is decorated in blues, azures, reds, purples, silver, and gold. It is filled with hundreds of wooden carvings and several religious statues. Unusual for a church, the glass windows along the walls of the sanctuary do not depict biblical scenes. In 1657, the Roman Catholic Sulpician syndicate arrived in Ville-Marie, now known as Montreal, the parish they founded was dedicated to the Holy Name of Mary, and the parish church of Notre-Dame was built on the site in 1672. François Baillairgé, an architect, designed the decoration and choir 1785-95. The church served as the first cathedral of the Diocese of Montreal from 1821 to 1822, by 1824 the congregation had completely outgrown the church, and James ODonnell, an Irish-American Anglican from New York City, was commissioned to design the new building. ODonnell was a proponent of the Gothic Revival architectural movement, and he is the only person buried in the churchs crypt. ODonnell converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed perhaps due to the realization that he not be allowed to be buried in his church. The main construction took place between 1824 and 1829. The cornerstone was laid at Place dArmes on September 1,1824, the sanctuary was finished in 1830, and the first tower in 1841, the second in 1843. On its completion, the church was the largest in North America and it remained the largest in North America for over fifty years. A new pipe organ was built in 1858 by Samuel Russell Warren, the interior took much longer, and Victor Bourgeau, who also worked on Montreals Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, worked on it from 1872 to 1879. Stonemason John Redpath was a participant in the construction of the Basilica. Because of the splendour and grand scale of the church, a more intimate chapel, Chapelle du Sacré-Cœur, was built behind it, along with some offices, in 1886 Casavant Frères began building a new 32-foot pipe organ at the church, completing it in 1891. It was notably the first organ with pedals to be operated by electricity. Arson destroyed the Sacré-Cœur Chapel on December 8,1978 and it was rebuilt with the first two levels being reproduced from old drawings and photographs, with modern vaulting and reredos and an immense bronze altarpiece by Quebec sculptor Charles Daudelin
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St. James United Church (Montreal)
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Saint James United Church is a heritage church in downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is a Protestant church affiliated with the United Church of Canada and it is located at 463 Saint Catherine Street West between Saint Alexandre and City Councillors Streets, in the borough of Ville-Marie. It was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1996, the Gothic Revival church was designed by Montreal architect Alexander Francis Dunlop. It is noteworthy for its false apse housing church offices and for its Casavant Frères organ, when it was built in June 1889, it was the largest Methodist church in Canada, with 2,000 seats, it was nicknamed the Cathedral Church of Methodism. It now belongs to the United Church of Canada, into which the Canadian Methodists merged in 1925 and its congregation founded the first YMCA in North America on November 25,1851 and led an active campaign for womens suffrage early in the 20th century. The side lights represent the virtues, Justice, Prudence, Temperance. In 1927, to cover costs, the church permitted a commercial building to be built in front of its Sainte Catherine Street façade. The building, adjoining the churchs structure, concealed the church for over 78 years, access has also been restored to the rear lawn from Sainte Catherine Street. Christ Church Cathedral Saint James United Church official site Religious Heritage - The story of St. James United Saint James, la résurrection
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Saint Joseph's Oratory
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Saint Josephs Oratory of Mount Royal is a Roman Catholic minor basilica and national shrine on Westmount Summit in Montreal, Quebec. It is Canadas largest church and the twenty-seventh largest church building in the world, the basilica enshrines a statue of Saint Joseph, which was authorised a Canonical coronation by Pope Pius XII on 31 July 1955, now located within its crypt department. In 1904, Saint André Bessette, C. S. C. began the construction of St. Joseph, soon the growing number of the congregation made it too small. In 1917 a larger church was completed that had a capacity of 1,000. In 1924, the construction of the basilica of Saint Josephs Oratory was commenced, father Paul Bellot, an architect, completed the dome of Saint Josephs Oratory between 1937-39. The dome is the third-largest of its kind in the world after the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro in Côte dIvoire, the basilica is dedicated to Saint Joseph, to whom Brother André credited all his reported miracles. These were mostly related to some kind of healing power, and many pilgrims poured into his Basilica, on display in the basilica is a wall covered with thousands of crutches from those who came to the basilica and were purportedly healed. Pope John Paul II deemed the miracles to be authentic and beatified Brother André in 1982, in October 2010 Pope Benedict XVI canonized the saint. A reliquary in the museum contains Brother Andrés heart, which he requested as a protection for the basilica. More than 2 million visitors and pilgrims visit the Oratory every year and it is located at 3800 Queen Mary Road, at Côte-des-Neiges. Composer Émilien Allard notably served as the churchs carillonneur from 1955 to 1975, for RCA Victor he released the LP album Carols at the Carillon of Saint Josephs Oratory for which he wrote the arrangements. On October 19,2004, the Oratory held its centennial, all the bells of all the churches on the island of Montreal were supposed to ring at 9,00 a. m. though not all churches participated. At 9,05 a. m. the basilica rang its bell in response, in 2004, the Oratory was designated a National Historic Site of Canada on the occasion of its 100th anniversary. On 2 April 2004 Canada Post issued Saint Josephs Oratory, Quebec in the 2004 Tourist Attractions series, the stamp was designed by Catharine Bradbury & William Stewart based on a photograph by Bernard Brault. The 49¢ stamps are perforated kiss cut and were printed by Lowe-Martin Company Inc
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1501 McGill College
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Le 1501 McGill College, also known as La Tour McGill, is a 158 m, 36-storey skyscraper in Downtown Montreal. Named for its address at 1501 McGill College Avenue, it was completed in 1992 at the time as the citys two tallest buildings,1000 de La Gauchetière and 1250 René-Lévesque. It is connected to the McGill Metro station via the Underground City, designed by WZMH Architects, the buildings postmodern form features a glass curtain wall that varies between blue and green depending on sunlight. The top 4 floors form a mechanical penthouse that is lit white at night. At certain times of year, it is lit with a colour relating to a holiday or event
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Tour de la Bourse
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La Tour de la Bourse is a 48-storey skyscraper in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located at the intersection of Victoria Square and Saint Jacques Street in the International Quarter and it is connected by the underground city to the Square-Victoria-OACI Metro Station. When completed in 1964, the tower was the tallest building in Canada and it is currently the third tallest in Montreal and the twenty-fifth tallest building in the country. The Tour de la Bourse was designed by Luigi Moretti and Pier Luigi Nervi and is considered to be of the International Style, the original project, conceived during the Expo 67-era economic boom, called for three identical towers arrayed in a triangle. It was scaled back to two towers flanking each side of the central core, ultimately a single tower was built, due to financial constraints, the Hôtel Delta Centre-Ville was later built on the site of what was to be the second identical tower thus forming Place Victoria. Following the improvement and restoration of Square Victoria to its configuration in 2002. The tower itself is considered by many to be a masterpiece of the International style of skyscraper design and it is divided into three roughly equal blocks by mechanical floors whose corners are recessed in an octagonal shape, creating small open-air interstices behind the columns at these levels. One couple of peregrine falcons has been nesting inside the 32nd floor recess since 1984, the buildings anchor tenant is still the Montreal Exchange on floors 3 and 4. The national and international law firm Fasken Martineau occupies six floors as well as space for services on the rez de chaussée, the building is managed by Magil Laurentian Realty Corporation. In August 2004 Jolina Capital, owned by Lino Saputo who is head of foodmaker Saputo Foods. Property management is handled by Magil Laurentian, who retains a minority stake. On February 13,1969, the Front de libération du Québec set off a bomb at the Stock Exchange, injuring twenty-seven people. On April 7,2005, around 150 students occupied the floor of the building to block access to the elevators. They were scattered by riot police two hours later, one arrest was made, airports Council International Autorité des marchés financiers Canoe. ca Dexia Royal Bank of Canada Export Development Canada. Fasken Martineau TMX Group Montreal Exchange IATA, old Montreal Stock Exchange Building Official website IMTL Image Montreal datasheet
National Historic Sites of Canada by location