1.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
Spanish language
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A page of
Cantar de Mio Cid, the oldest preserved Spanish
epic poem, in medieval Spanish.
Spanish language
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Spanish is sole official language at the national level
Spanish language
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Antonio de Nebrija, author of
Gramática de la lengua castellana, the first grammar of modern European languages.
Spanish language
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Miguel de Cervantes author of
Don Quixote, considered the first modern European novel.
2.
Francisco Goya
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Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of late 18th and early 19th centuries and throughout his career was a commentator. Immensely successful in his lifetime, Goya is often referred to as both the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns and he was also one of the great portraitists of modern times. He was born to a modest family in 1746 in the village of Fuendetodos in Aragon and he studied painting from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and moved to Madrid to study with Anton Raphael Mengs. He married Josefa Bayeu in 1773, the couples life together was characterised by an almost constant series of pregnancies and miscarriages, Goya was a guarded man and although letters and writings survive, little is known about his thoughts. He suffered a severe and undiagnosed illness in 1793 which left him completely deaf, after 1793 his work became progressively darker and more pessimistic. His later easel and mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a bleak outlook on personal, social and political levels and he was appointed Director of the Royal Academy in 1795, the year Manuel Godoy made an unfavorable treaty with France. In 1799 Goya became Primer Pintor de Cámara, the then-highest rank for a Spanish court painter, in the late 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, he completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude for the time and clearly indebted to Diego Velázquez. In 1801 he painted Charles IV of Spain and His Family, in 1807 Napoleon led the French army into Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the Peninsular War, which seems to have affected him deeply. Although he did not vocalise his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from his Disasters of War series of prints and his 1814 paintings The Second of May 1808 and The Third of May 1808. Goya eventually abandoned Spain in 1824 to retire to the French city of Bordeaux, accompanied by his much younger maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, there he completed his La Tauromaquia series and a number of other, major, canvases. Following a stroke left him paralyzed on his right side. His body was later re-interred in Spain, Francisco Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 March 1746 to José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. The family had moved that year from the city of Zaragoza, José was the son of a notary and of Basque origin, his ancestors being from Zerain, earning his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and decorative craftwork. He oversaw the gilding and most of the ornamentation during the rebuilding of the Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, Francisco was their fourth child, following his sister Rita, brother Tomás and second sister Jacinta. There were two sons, Mariano and Camilo. His mothers family had pretensions of nobility and the house, a modest brick cottage, was owned by her family and, perhaps fancifully, about 1749 José and Gracia bought a home in Zaragoza and were able to return to live in the city
Francisco Goya
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Portrait of Francisco Goya by
Vicente López y Portaña (1826). Oil on canvas, 93 × 75 cm,
Museo del Prado,
Madrid, Spain
Francisco Goya
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La cometa, 1777–78, one of
Goya's tapestry cartoons
Francisco Goya
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De Goya's 1790 Retrato de Martín Zapater at
Museo de Arte de Ponce,
Ponce, Puerto Rico
Francisco Goya
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Charles IV of Spain and His Family, 1800.
Théophile Gautier described the figures as looking like "the corner baker and his wife after they won the lottery".
3.
Museo del Prado
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The Prado Museum is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid. Founded as a museum of paintings and sculpture in 1819, it contains important collections of other types of works. El Prado is one of the most visited sites in the world, and it is considered one of the greatest art museums in the world. The collection currently comprises around 8,200 drawings,7,600 paintings,4,800 prints, and 1,000 sculptures, in addition to a large number of other works of art and historic documents. As of 2012, the museum displayed about 1,300 works in the buildings, while around 3,100 works were on temporary loan to various museums. The museum received 2.8 million visitors in 2012 and it is one of the largest museums in Spain. The best-known work on display at the museum is Las Meninas by Velázquez, Velázquez and his keen eye and sensibility were also responsible for bringing much of the museums fine collection of Italian masters to Spain, now the largest outside of Italy. The museum is planning a 16% extension in the nearby Salón de Reinos and their efforts and determination led to the Royal Collection being enriched by some of the masterpieces now to be seen in the Prado. In addition to works from the Spanish royal collection, other holdings increased and enriched the Museum with further masterpieces, such as the two Majas by Goya. Among the now closed museums whose collections have been added to that of the Prado were the Museo del la Trinidad in 1872, in addition, numerous legacies, donations and purchases have been of crucial importance for the growth of the collection. Upon the deposition of Isabella II in 1868, the museum was nationalized and acquired the new name of Museo del Prado, the building housed the royal collection of arts, and it rapidly proved too small. The first enlargement to the museum took place in 1918, particularly important donations include Barón Emile dErlangers gift of Goyas Black Paintings in 1881. Between 1873 and 1900, the Prado helped decorate city halls, new universities, during the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936, the focus was on building up provincial museums. The art had to be returned across French territory in night trains to the museum upon the commencement of World War II, during the early years of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, many paintings were sent to embassies. The main building was enlarged with short pavilions in the rear between 1900 and 1960, in 1993, an extension proposed by the Prados director at the time, Felipe Garin, was quickly abandoned after a wave of criticism. In the late 1990s, a $14 million roof work forced the Velázquez masterpiece Las Meninas to change galleries twice, in 1998, the Prado annex in the nearby Casón del Buen Retiro closed for a $10 million two-year overhaul that included three new underground levels. In 2007, the finally executed Rafael Moneos project to expand its exposition room to 16,000 square meters. A glass-roofed and wedge-shaped foyer now contains the shops and cafeteria
Museo del Prado
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Museo del Prado (Main wing)
Museo del Prado
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Museo Nacional del Prado
Museo del Prado
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In the main exhibition hall, first floor
Museo del Prado
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Francisco de Goya,
La maja desnuda, oil on canvas, (circa 1797–1800)
4.
Madrid
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Madrid is the capital city of the Kingdom of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole. The city has a population of almost 3.2 million with an area population of approximately 6.5 million. It is the third-largest city in the European Union after London and Berlin, the municipality itself covers an area of 604.3 km2. Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid, this community is bordered by the communities of Castile and León. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid is also the political, economic, the current mayor is Manuela Carmena from Ahora Madrid. Madrid is home to two football clubs, Real Madrid and Atlético de Madrid. Madrid is the 17th most liveable city in the according to Monocle magazine. Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR, ARCO, SIMO TCI, while Madrid possesses modern infrastructure, it has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets. Cibeles Palace and Fountain have become one of the monument symbols of the city, the first documented reference of the city originates in Andalusan times as the Arabic مجريط Majrīṭ, which was retained in Medieval Spanish as Magerit. A wider number of theories have been formulated on possible earlier origins, according to legend, Madrid was founded by Ocno Bianor and was named Metragirta or Mantua Carpetana. The most ancient recorded name of the city Magerit comes from the name of a built on the Manzanares River in the 9th century AD. Nevertheless, it is speculated that the origin of the current name of the city comes from the 2nd century BC. The Roman Empire established a settlement on the banks of the Manzanares river, the name of this first village was Matrice. In the 8th century, the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula saw the changed to Mayrit, from the Arabic term ميرا Mayra. The modern Madrid evolved from the Mozarabic Matrit, which is still in the Madrilenian gentilic, after the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba, Madrid was integrated in the Taifa of Toledo. With the surrender of Toledo to Alfonso VI of León and Castile, the city was conquered by Christians in 1085, Christians replaced Muslims in the occupation of the centre of the city, while Muslims and Jews settled in the suburbs. The city was thriving and was given the title of Villa, since 1188, Madrid won the right to be a city with representation in the courts of Castile. In 1202, King Alfonso VIII of Castile gave Madrid its first charter to regulate the municipal council, which was expanded in 1222 by Ferdinand III of Castile
Madrid
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From upper left: view of business districts of
AZCA and
CTBA,
Gran Vía street and
Metropolis Building, the
Palace of Communication, view of
Royal Palace and
Almudena Cathedral.
Madrid
Madrid
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Plaza Mayor
Madrid
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Puerta de Alcalá
5.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
Spain
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Lady of Elche
Spain
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Flag
Spain
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Altamira Cave paintings, in
Cantabria.
Spain
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Celtic castro in
A Guarda,
Galicia.
6.
Charles IV of Spain
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Charles IV was King of Spain from 14 December 1788, until his abdication on 19 March 1808. Charles was the son of Charles III and his wife. He was born in Naples, while his father was King of Naples and his elder brother, Don Felipe, was passed over for both thrones, due to his learning disabilities and epilepsy. In Naples and Sicily, Charles was referred to as the Prince of Taranto and he was called El Cazador, due to his preference for sport and hunting, rather than dealing with affairs of the state. Charles was considered by many to have been amiable, but simple-minded, in 1788, Charles III died and Charles IV succeeded to the throne. He intended to maintain the policies of his father, and retained his prime minister, the Count of Floridablanca, in office. Even though he had a belief in the sanctity of his office. The affairs of government were left to his wife, Maria Luisa, in 1792, political and personal enemies ousted Floridablanca from office, replacing him with Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda. Humboldts Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain was a key publication from his five-year travels, Godoy continued Arandas policy of neutrality towards France, but after Spain protested the execution of Louis XVI of France, the deposed king, in 1793, France declared war on Spain. After the declaration, Portugal and Spain signed a treaty of protection against France. In 1795 France forced Godoy to enter into an alliance, Spain remained an ally of France and supported the Continental Blockade until the British naval victory at Trafalgar, when Spain became allied with Britain. However, after Napoleons victory over Prussia in 1807, Godoy again steered Spain back onto the French side and this switching of alliances devalued Charles position as a trustworthy ally, increasing Godoys unpopularity, and strengthening the fernandistas, who favoured an alliance with the United Kingdom. Economic troubles, rumours about a relationship between the Queen and Godoy, and the Kings ineptitude, caused the monarchy to decline in prestige among the population. Anxious to take over from his father, and jealous of the prime minister, riots, and a popular revolt at the winter palace Aranjuez, in 1808 forced the king to abdicate on 19 March, in favor of his son. Ferdinand took the throne as Ferdinand VII, but was mistrusted by Napoleon, the ousted King, having appealed to Napoleon for help in regaining his throne, was summoned before Napoleon in Bayonne, along with his son, in April 1808. Napoleon forced both Charles and his son to abdicate, declared the Bourbon dynasty of Spain deposed, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King Joseph I of Spain. Following Napoleons deposing of the Bourbon dynasty, the ex-King, his wife, after the collapse of the regime installed by Napoleon, Ferdinand VII was restored to the throne. The former Charles IV drifted about Europe until 1812, when he settled in Rome
Charles IV of Spain
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Portrait of Charles IV by
Goya
Charles IV of Spain
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Charles IV of Spain
Charles IV of Spain
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Carlos Clemente Infante of Spain
Charles IV of Spain
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Carlota Joaquina Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
7.
Las Meninas
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Las Meninas is a 1656 painting in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, by Diego Velázquez, the leading artist of the Spanish Golden Age. Its complex and enigmatic composition raises questions about reality and illusion, because of these complexities, Las Meninas has been one of the most widely analyzed works in Western painting. Some look out of the canvas towards the viewer, while others interact among themselves, the young Infanta Margaret Theresa is surrounded by her entourage of maids of honour, chaperone, bodyguard, two dwarfs and a dog. Just behind them, Velázquez portrays himself working at a large canvas, Velázquez looks outwards, beyond the pictorial space to where a viewer of the painting would stand. In the background there is a mirror that reflects the upper bodies of the king, Las Meninas has long been recognised as one of the most important paintings in Western art history. In 17th-century Spain, painters rarely enjoyed high social status, Painting was regarded as a craft, not an art such as poetry or music. Nonetheless, Velázquez worked his way up through the ranks of the court of Philip IV, the post brought him status and material reward, but its duties made heavy demands on his time. During the remaining eight years of his life, he painted only a few works, when he painted Las Meninas, he had been with the royal household for 33 years. Philip IVs first wife, Elizabeth of France, died in 1644, lacking an heir, Philip married Mariana of Austria in 1649, and Margaret Theresa was their first child, and their only one at the time of the painting. Subsequently, she had a short-lived brother Philip Prospero, and then Charles arrived, Velázquez painted portraits of Mariana and her children, and although Philip himself resisted being portrayed in his old age he did allow Velázquez to include him in Las Meninas. In the early 1650s he gave Velázquez the Pieza Principal of the late Balthasar Charless living quarters, by serving as the palace museum. It is here that Las Meninas is set, Philip had his own chair in the studio and would often sit and watch Velázquez at work. Although constrained by rigid etiquette, the king seems to have had an unusually close relationship with the painter. After Velázquezs death, Philip wrote I am crushed in the margin of a memorandum on the choice of his successor, during the 1640s and 1650s, Velázquez served as both court painter and curator of Philip IVs expanding collection of European art. He seems to have given an unusual degree of freedom in the role. He supervised the decoration and interior design of the holding the most valued paintings, adding mirrors. He was also responsible for the sourcing, attribution, hanging, by the early 1650s, Velázquez was widely respected in Spain as a connoisseur. Much of the collection of the Prado today—including works by Titian, Raphael, the painting was referred to in the earliest inventories as La Familia
Las Meninas
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Las Meninas
Las Meninas
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The
Infanta Margaret Theresa (1651–73), in mourning dress for her father in 1666, by
Juan del Mazo. The background figures include her young brother
Charles II and the dwarf Maribarbola, also in Las Meninas. She left Spain for her marriage in Vienna the same year.
Las Meninas
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Detail showing Philip IV's daughter, the
Infanta Margaret Theresa. Her left cheek was largely repainted after being damaged in the fire of 1734.
Las Meninas
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Key to the people represented: see text
8.
Carlos Maria Isidro
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As Carlos V, he was the first of the Carlist claimants to the throne of Spain. He is often referred to simply as Don Carlos and he was a reactionary who was angry with liberalism in Spain and the assaults on the Catholic Church. He claimed the throne of Spain after the death of his older brother King Ferdinand VII in 1833 and his claim was contested by liberal forces loyal to the dead kings infant daughter. The result was the bloody First Carlist War, Don Carlos had support from Basque provinces and much of Catalonia, but it was not enough, and he lost the war and never became king. His heirs continued the cause, fought two more Carlist wars and were active into the mid-20th century, but never obtained the throne. Carlos was born on 29 March 1788 at the Palacio Real de Aranjuez in Aranjuez, in 1808, Napoleon captured Madrid in the Battle of Somosierra, and he induced Carloss father Charles IV and Carlos older brother Ferdinand VII to renounce their rights to the throne of Spain. But Carlos, who was heir presumptive to his brother, refused to renounce his rights to the throne, from 1808 until 1814, he and his brothers were prisoners of Napoleon at Valençay in France. In 1814, Carlos and the rest of the Spanish royal family returned to Madrid, in September 1816, he married his niece Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal, daughter of King John VI of Portugal and Carlos sister Carlota Joaquina. Francisca was also sister of the wife of Carlos brother, Ferdinand VII. Ferdinand VII had found it necessary to cooperate with the moderate liberals. Carlos, however, was known for his belief in the divine right of kings to govern absolutely, the rigid orthodoxy of his religious opinions. During the revolutionary troubles of 1820–1823, Carlos was threatened by the extreme radicals, in May 1830, Ferdinand VII published the Pragmatic Sanction, again allowing daughters to succeed to the Spanish throne as well as sons. This decree had originally approved by the Cortes in 1789. On 10 October 1830, Ferdinands wife gave birth to a daughter Isabella, the clerical party continued to support the rights of Carlos to the throne. They considered the Pragmatic Sanction not only impractical but also illegal and they intrigued in favour of Carlos, but he himself would do no more than assert his rights in words. His wife and her sister, Maria Teresa, the princess of Beira, in March 1833, Ferdinand authorised Carlos to go to Portugal with his wife and sister-in-law. The authorisation was in fact an order to remove Carlos and his adherents from Spain, in April 1833, Ferdinand called upon Carlos to take an oath of allegiance to Isabella as Princess of Asturias, the title traditionally used by the first in line to the throne. In respectful but firm terms, Carlos refused and he had no personal desire for the throne, but he was adamant that he could not renounce what he considered to be his God-given rights and responsibilities. Ferdinand VII died on 29 September 1833, in Madrid, his widow declared herself regent for their daughter
Carlos Maria Isidro
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Infante Carlos
9.
Fernando VII
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Ferdinand VII was twice King of Spain, in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death. He was known to his supporters as the Desired and to his detractors as the Felon King and he reestablished the absolutist monarchy and rejected the liberal constitution of 1812. He suppressed the liberal press 1814-33 and jailed many of its editors and writers, under his rule, Spain lost nearly all of its American possessions, and the country entered into civil war on his death. His reputation among historians is very low, historian Stanley Payne says, He proved in many ways the basest king in Spanish history. Cowardly, selfish, grasping, suspicious, and vengeful, seemed almost incapable of any perception of the commonwealth and he thought only in terms of his power and security and was unmoved by the enormous sacrifices of Spanish people to retain their independence and preserve his throne. Ferdinand was ostensibly the eldest surviving child of Charles IV of Spain, Ferdinand was born in the palace of El Escorial near Madrid. The Queens confessor Fray Juan Almaraz wrote in his last will that she admitted in articulo mortis that none, none of her sons and daughters, none was of the legitimate marriage. In his youth Ferdinand occupied the position of an heir apparent who was excluded from all share in government by his parents and their advisor and Prime Minister. National discontent with the government produced a rebellion in 1805, in October 1807, Ferdinand was arrested for his complicity in the El Escorial Conspiracy in which the rebels aimed at securing foreign support from the French Emperor Napoleon. When the conspiracy was discovered, Ferdinand submitted to his parents, following a popular riot at Aranjuez Charles IV abdicated in March 1808. Ferdinand ascended the throne and turned to Napoleon for support and he abdicated on 6 May 1808. Napoleon kept Ferdinand under guard in France for six years at the Chateau of Valençay, while the upper echelons of the Spanish government accepted his abdication and Napoleons choice of his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king of Spain, the Spanish people did not. Uprisings broke out throughout the country, marking the beginning of the Peninsular War, provincial juntas were established to control regions in opposition to the new French king. After the Battle of Bailén proved that the Spanish could resist the French, on 24 August, Ferdinand VII was proclaimed king of Spain again, and negotiations between the Council and the provincial juntas for the establishment of a Supreme Central Junta were completed. Subsequently, on 14 January 1809, the British government acknowledged Ferdinand VII as king of Spain, the Spanish people, blaming the policies of the Francophiles for causing the Napoleonic occupation and the Peninsular War by allying Spain too closely to France, at first welcomed Fernando. Ferdinand soon found that in the years a new world had been born of foreign invasion. In his name Spain fought for its independence and in his name as well juntas had governed Spanish America, Spain was no longer the absolute monarchy he had relinquished six years earlier. Instead he was now asked to rule under the liberal Constitution of 1812, before being allowed to enter Spanish soil, Ferdinand had to guarantee the liberals that he would govern on the basis of the Constitution, but, only gave lukewarm indications he would do so
Fernando VII
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Portrait by
Vicente López y Portaña
Fernando VII
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Triumphal welcome of Ferdinand at
Valencia, 1814
Fernando VII
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Ferdinand VII and María Cristina by Luis de la Cruz y Ríos (1823)
10.
Infanta Maria Josefa of Spain
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Maria Josefa of Spain was a Princess of Naples and Sicily by birth. At the accession of her father to the Spanish throne as Charles III, born and raised in Naples, she arrived in Spain with her family in October 1759, at age fifteen. She lived at the court of her father and later with her brother Charles IV of Spain, Princess María Josefa of Naples and Sicily was born in Gaeta, Naples. She received the name of her grandmother, Maria Josepha of Austria. Her father had been King of Naples and Sicily as part of a Personal Union since 1734 and her parents married in 1738 and Maria Josefa was their first daughter to survive over the age of 5. Her parents fourth child, at the time of her birth she had an older sister María Isabel Ana and her younger sister Princess Maria Luisa was chosen over Maria Josefa to marry the then Grand Duke of Tuscany, son of Empress Maria Theresa. As a princess of Naples and Sicily, she was an Infanta of Spain through her father and this entitled Maria Josefa to the style of Royal Highness. Her parents were a couple, her mother Maria Amalia of Saxony died barely a year after the familys arrival to Spain. Her father himself died in 1788, afterwards, Maria Josefa lived at a court dominated by her sister-in-law, Maria Luisa of Parma, a granddaughter of Louis XV of France with whom she did not get along. Maria Josefa was a candidate for marrying the widower Louis XV, Louis rejected the idea being offended at her young age. After the death of her father, she continued living in the Royal Palace with her brother Charles IV and she supported the Carmelitas nuns, in whose convent of Saint Teresa she arranged to be buried. She died at the Royal Palace of Madrid aged 57, before her brother Charles IV lost the throne and was exiled in 1808, in 1877 her body was transferred to El Escorial. The Majesty of Spain, Royal Collections from The Museo del Prado & The Patrimonio Nacional, mississippi Commission For international Cultural Exchange Inc,2001
Infanta Maria Josefa of Spain
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Infanta Maria Josefa of Spain (1763), by
Lorenzo Baldissera Tiepolo
Infanta Maria Josefa of Spain
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Infanta Maria Josefa (1800) by
Goya, preliminary sketch for the group portrait of
The Family of Charles IV
11.
Maria Luisa of Parma
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Maria Luisa of Parma was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 as the wife of King Charles IV of Spain. She was the youngest daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma and his wife, Princess Louise-Élisabeth of France, born in Parma, she was christened Luisa Maria Teresa Anna, but is known to history by the short Spanish form of this name, María Luisa. Her parents had been the Duke and Duchess of Parma since 1749 and she, her brother Ferdinand, and her sister Isabella were educated in Parma by Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, a well-known French philosopher. María Luisas mother tried to engage her to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, however, the young duke died in 1761. In 1762 Maria Luisa instead became engaged to Charles, Prince of Asturias, later King Charles IV of Spain, as there was no queen in Spain at that time, María Luisa became the first lady in precedence at the court from the beginning of her residence there. Her husband was the son and heir of the widowed Charles III of Spain, previously Duke of Parma and King of Naples, due to pressure from Napoleon I, Marías husband abdicated the throne of Spain and spent the rest of his life in exile. When Napoleons army invaded the country, several pamphlets blamed her for the abdication, María Luisa spent some years in France and then in Rome. Both María Luisa and her husband died in Italy in early 1819, in 1792, the Order of Queen Maria Luisa for women was founded on her suggestion. Maria Luisa married her first cousin Charles IV, in 1765, a miscarriage of a daughter in the 6th month of pregnancy. A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy, a miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half month of pregnancy. A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy, a miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy. A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy, a miscarriage of a son in the 5th and a half month of pregnancy. A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a month of pregnancy. EPTON, Nina, The Spanish mousetrap, Napoleon and the Court of Spain, HILT, Douglas, The troubled trinity, Godoy and the Spanish monarchs
Maria Luisa of Parma
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Portrait of the Queen by Vicente López, after original by Goya (1816).
Maria Luisa of Parma
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The family of the Duke of Parma.
Maria Luisa of Parma
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Carlos Clemente Infante of Spain
Maria Luisa of Parma
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Carlota Joaquina Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
12.
Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain
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Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain was an Infante of Spain and the youngest son of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma. He was a brother of Ferdinand VII, as well as the uncle and his education at the Spanish court was derailed by the Napoleonic intervention in Spain. The departure of the fourteen-year-old Infante to exile in May 1808 provoked an uprising that was violently suppressed by French troops. For the next ten years, Infante Francisco de Paula lived in exile with his parents, first in Marseille, Infante Francisco de Paula returned to Spain in 1818, being called by his eldest brother, King Ferdinand VII, who showered him with honors and privileges. Interested in artistic pursuits, Francisco was a singer and painter. In 1819, he married his niece, Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily, the couple had eleven children and were very active in political affairs. Luisa Carlotta was instrumental in securing the succession for their niece, during the regency of Isabella II, Francisco was excluded from the government by his sister-in-law, Queen Maria Christina. Siding with the liberals, Francisco de Paula and his wife became active in the opposition and were forced to move to France in 1838 and they returned to Spain under the government of Maria Christinas successor as regent, General Espartero. As they also conspired against Espartero, they were sent back into exile, the proclamation of Queen Isabella IIs majority allowed them to return. The Infante and his wife centered their hopes on marrying their eldest son, Infante Francisco de Asis, Luisa Carlotta died in 1844, but, under pressure from French diplomacy, Queen Isabella II married Francisco de Asis in October 1846. As father-in-law to his niece the Queen, Infante Francisco de Paula occupied a prominent position at court during Isabella IIs reign, however, as he tried to intervene in politics, he was briefly exiled once again in 1849. In 1852, with the Queens approval, he contracted a morganatic marriage and he received the names Francisco de Paula Antonio Maria. His parents had married years earlier and Francisco de Paula was the couples last child. As the youngest in a family, he was his mothers favorite. His father, King Carlos IV, had a passion for hunting and collecting clocks and he took a passive role in the direction of his own kingdom, leaving the government to his wife and to his prime minister, Manuel Godoy. Queen Maria Luisa thoroughly dominated the king, lacking the political acumen necessary to hold power on her own, Maria Luisa deposited her trust and the rule of government on Godoy, whom she raised to prominence. Court rumors attributed the paternity of Francisco de Paula and his sister Maria Isabel, not to the king, however, recent biographers and historians have found these claims to be both unproven and unlikely. As a child, Francisco de Paula had blond hair, brown eyes, in the spring 1800, at the age of six, he was painted with his family by Francisco Goya in the portrait Charles IV of Spain and His Family
Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain
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Portrait by
Vicente Lopez y Portaña
Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain
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Infante francisco de Paula by
Francisco de Goya
Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain
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Infante Francisco de Paula in his teens
Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain
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Infante Francisco de Paula and
Princess Luisa Carlota of Bourbon Two Sicillies
13.
Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain
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Born in Acquaviva Palace in Caserta, where the royal family lived before the Royal Palace of Caserta was built, he was the son of Charles III of Spain and Maria Amalia of Saxony. A humanist devoted to arts, he bore a resemblance to his elder brother Charles IV. Aged 40, he married on August 25,1795, María Amalia of Spain and she died 3 years later without leaving any children. He supported his nephew Prince Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, and he headed the Junta Suprema de Gobierno, in the absence of his brother and nephew, when they tried to humor Napoleon in Bayonne. During the Peninsular War he lived with the rest of the Royal Family under house arrest at the Château de Valençay, after the war he served in several high functions. He was a fervent supporter of absolutism, organizing support for the restoration of the absolute monarchy,31 December 1755 –10 August 1759 His Royal Highness Prince Antonio Pascual of Naples and Sicily, Infante of Spain. 10 August 1759 –20 April 1817 His Royal Highness the Infante Don Antonio Pascual
Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain
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Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain.
Vicente López y Portaña. (
Museum of Prado).
14.
Carlota Joaquina
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She was the eldest daughter and surviving child of King Charles IV of Spain and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma. She was born in Aranjuez during the reign of her grandfather, Charles III of Spain. Louise Élisabeths husband Philip, Duke of Parma, was a brother of Charles III. Carlota Joaquinas future husband was a grandson of Mariana Victoria of Spain, sister of Charles III, the marriage was not consummated until 9 January 1790. In 1788, when his eldest brother Joseph, Prince of Brazil, died, soon he received the titles Prince of Brazil and 15th Duke of Braganza. Between 1788 and 1816, Carlota Joaquina was known as Princess of Brazil, John, her husband, was good-natured, indolent, corpulent and almost as ugly as she was. His religious observances bored her, and they were quite incompatible, nevertheless, they produced nine children and, because they were all handsome, it was rumoured that especially the younger ones had a different father. After the birth of the child they began to live separate lives, he at Mafra Palace. Here it was rumoured that she had bought a retreat where she indulged in sexual orgies, in 1807, the Portuguese royal family left Portugal for Brazil because of the Napoleonic invasion. While in Brazil, Carlota Joaquina made attempts to obtain the administration of the Spanish dominions in Hispanic America, Spain itself was controlled by Napoleon and its kings, her father and brother Ferdinand, were held by Napoleon in France. Carlota Joaquina regarded herself as the heiress of her captured family, allegedly among her plans was to send armies to occupy Buenos Aires and northern Argentina to style herself Queen of La Plata. When the Portuguese royal family returned to Portugal in 1821 after an absence of 14 years, in 1807, Portugal had lived stably under absolutism. Napoleonic troops and political attitudes fostered by the Cádiz Cortes in Spain had brought revolutionary ideas to Portugal, in 1820, a liberal revolution commenced in Oporto. A constitutional Cortes Gerais had been promulgated, and in 1821 it gave Portugal its first constitution, the queen had arch-conservative positions and wanted a reactionary response in Portugal. Her husband, however, did not want to renege on his vows to uphold the constitution, Carlota Joaquina made an alliance with her youngest son Miguel, who shared his mothers conservative views. In 1824, using Miguels position as commander, they took power and held the king a virtual prisoner in the palace. The king received British help against his wife and son and regained power, the queen had also to go briefly into exile. King John VI lived in Bemposta Palace and Queen Carlota Joaquina in Queluz, though she lived there quietly, she became decidedly eccentric in dress and behaviour
Carlota Joaquina
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Portrait by
Domingos Sequeira
Carlota Joaquina
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Portrait of Carlota Joaquina;
Giuseppe Troni
Carlota Joaquina
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Portrait today held at
Ajuda Palace.
Carlota Joaquina
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Queen Carlota Joaquina equestrian portrait in display at the
Imperial Museum of Brazil
15.
Louis of Etruria
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Louis I was the first of the two kings of Etruria. Louis was the son of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, and he was also born in 1773, when his great-Grandfather, King Louis XV of France, was still alive. While Louis was staying in Spain, the Duchy of Parma had been occupied by French troops in 1796 and this was agreed upon in the Treaty of Aranjuez. Louis had to receive his investiture from Napoleon in Paris, before taking possession of Etruria, Louis, his wife and his son travelled incognito through France under the name of the Count of Livorno. Having been invested as King in Paris, Louis and his family arrived at his new capital Florence in August 1801, in 1802, both Louis and his pregnant wife travelled to Spain to attend the double-wedding of Maria Luisas brother Ferdinand and her youngest sister Maria Isabel. Offshore at Barcelona, Maria Louisa gave birth to her daughter Marie Louise Charlotte, the couple returned in December of that year, after having been notified of the death of Louiss father. Back in Etruria, Louiss health worsened, and in May 1803, he died at the age of thirty and he was succeeded by his son, Charles Louis as King Louis II of Etruria, under the regency of his mother Maria Louisa. In 1795, Louis came to the Spanish court to finish his education, on 25 August 1795, he married his first cousin Maria Louisa of Spain at Madrid and was made an Infante of Spain. As the years went on, his health deteriorated, and he grew to be dependent on his wife. The young couple remained in Spain during the years of their marriage. Media related to Louis of Etruria at Wikimedia Commons
Louis of Etruria
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Louis
16.
Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca
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Maria Luisa of Spain was a Spanish infanta, daughter of King Charles IV and his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma. In 1795, she married her first cousin Louis, Hereditary Prince of Parma and she spent the first years of her married life at the Spanish court where their first child, Charles, was born. In 1801 the Treaty of Aranjuez made her husband King of Etruria and they arrived in Florence, the capital of the new kingdom, in August 1801. During a brief visit to Spain in 1802, Maria Luisa gave birth to her second child and her husbands reign in Etruria was marred by his ill health. He died in 1803, at the age of 30, following an epileptic crisis, Maria Luisa acted as regent for their son. As part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Napoleon incorporated Etruria to his domains, after a futile interview with Napoleon in Milan, Maria Luisa looked for refuge in exile with her family in Spain. Napoleon invited father and son to Bayonne, France, with the excuse of acting as a mediator, Napoleon called the remaining members of the Spanish royal family to France and at their departure on 2 May 1808, the citizens of Madrid rose up against the French occupation. In France, Maria Luisa was reunited in exile with her parents and she was the only member of the Spanish royal family to directly oppose Napoleon. After her secret plan to escape was discovered, Maria Luisa was separated from her son, Maria Luisa, mostly known as the Queen of Etruria during her lifetime, regained her freedom in 1814 at the fall of Napoleon. In the following years she continued to live in Rome, hoping to recover her sons former domains, as a consolation she was allowed to retain the honors of a queen. Initially reluctant to accept this accord, Maria Luisa did not take the government of Lucca until December 1817, as a reigning duchess of Lucca, she disregarded the constitution imposed by the Congress of Vienna. While spending time in her palace in Rome, she died of cancer at the age of 41. Born at the Palace of San Ildefonso, Segovia, Spain, Maria Luisa was the surviving daughter of King Charles IV of Spain and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma. She was given the names Maria Luisa Josefina Antonieta, after a sister, Maria Luisa Carlota, who died just four days before Maria Luisas birth, on 2 July. In 1795, Maria Luisas first cousin, Louis, Hereditary Prince of Parma, there was an understanding between the two royal families that Louis would marry one of the daughters of Charles IV. It was anticipated that he would marry the Infanta Maria Amalia and she was fifteen years old at the time and of a timid and melancholic nature. Louis, who was shy and reserved, preferred her younger sister, Maria Luisa. All four daughters of Charles IV were short and plain, but Maria Luisa was clever, lively and she had dark curly hair, brown eyes and a Grecian nose
Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca
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María Luisa of Spain, by
François-Xavier Fabre
Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca
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The family of Charles IV by
Francisco de Goya. Maria Luisa is beside her husband with her son in her arms on the right hand side of the painting
Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca
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The Kingdom of Etruria. 1803
Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca
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The Family of the King of Etruria
17.
Charles II, Duke of Parma
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Charles Louis was King of Etruria, Duke of Lucca, and Duke of Parma. He was the son of Louis, Prince of Piacenza. Born at the Royal Palace of Madrid at the court of his maternal grandfather King Charles IV of Spain, in 1801, by the Treaty of Aranjuez, Charles became Crown Prince of Etruria, a newly created kingdom formed from territories of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Charles moved to Italy with his parents and in 1803, not yet four years old and his mother Infanta Maria Luisa assumed the regency while Charles Louis minority lasted. In 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the kingdom of Etruria and Charles Louis and his mother took refuge in Spain, in May 1808 they were forced to leave Spain by Napoleon who arrested Charles Louis mother in a convent in Rome. Between 1811 and 1814 Charles Louis was placed under the care of his grandfather, after Napoleons fall, in 1817, Infanta Maria Luisa became Duchess of Lucca in her own right and Charles Louis, age sixteen, became hereditary Prince of Lucca. In 1820 he married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy and they were a mismatched couple and had only one surviving son. At his mothers death in 1824, Charles Louis became the reigning Duke of Lucca as Charles I and he had little interest in ruling. He left the duchy in the hands of his ministers and spent most of his time traveling around Europe. A liberal movement led him to abdicate Lucca in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany in October 1847 in exchange for financial compensation, as he wanted to retire to private life. Two months later, in December 1847, at the death of the former Empress Marie Louise and his reign in Parma as Duke Charles II was brief. He was ill received by his new subjects and within a few months he was ousted by a revolution and he regained control of Parma under the protection of Austrian troops, but finally abdicated in favor of his son Charles III on 14 March 1849. His son was assassinated in 1854 and his grandson Robert I, in exile Charles Louis assumed the title of count of Villafranca. He spent the last years of his life mostly in France, Charles Louis was born at the Royal Palace of Madrid. His father, a member of the house of Bourbon-Parma, was Louis, Prince of Piacenza, son and heir of Ferdinand and his mother, Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain, was a daughter of King Charles IV of Spain. They had married in 1795 when the Hereditary Prince of Parma came to Madrid in search of a wife, the couple remained in Spain for the first years of their married life. Charles Louiss early life was over-shadowed by the actions of Napoleon Bonaparte who was interested in conquering the Italian states, French troops invaded the Duchy of Parma in 1796. On 21 April 1801 Charles Louis left Spain with his parents, after a short visit to Napoleon in Paris, they moved to Florence taking residence in the Pitti palace, the former home of the Medici family
Charles II, Duke of Parma
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Charles II / Charles Louis
Charles II, Duke of Parma
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Coins of Charles Louis king of Etruria and his mother Queen Maria Luisa: 10 lire (1803).
Charles II, Duke of Parma
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The Kingdom of Etruria. 1803
Charles II, Duke of Parma
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Charles I Duke of Lucca in his youth.
Lithograph by
Andreas Staub.
18.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
19.
Christ Crucified (Goya)
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Christ Crucified is a 1780 painting of the Crucifixion of Jesus by Francisco de Goya. He presented it to the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando as his work as an academician. It now forms part of the permanent collection of the Prado Museum, the painting is neoclassical in style, though rooted in traditional Spanish iconography of the subject and related to the treatment of the same topic by Velázquez and Anton Raphael Mengs. Though the serenity of the painting as a whole avoids a pitiful sensation, Goya cleverly resolves the difficulty of soft modelling in sfumato as well as the light source and its transition into the dark areas, hiding the outlines of his underdrawing. Transparent areas, glazes and gradations are treated with delicacy in shades of gray and soft green-blue. The lines of the composition conform to the sweet classical S, the pushed-forward right leg, slightly skewed hip and the tilt of the head give the work dynamic adjustment as demanded by the classical canons to avoid stiffness. However, postmodernism has assessed Goya and his work as a whole, in all its facets, ficha del Cristo Crucificado on the online catalogue of the Museo del Prado. LUNA, Juan J. Cristo crucificado. in Catálogo de la exposición celebrada en el Museo de Zaragoza del 3 de octubre al 1 de diciembre de 1996, n. º9, «Cristo crucificado». Cited for the web page Realidad e imagen, Goya 1746 -1828 «Cristo crucificado» de Goya, on Artehistoria
Christ Crucified (Goya)
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Cristo crucificado
Christ Crucified (Goya)
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Paintings
20.
Yard with Lunatics
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Yard with Lunatics is a small oil-on-tinplate painting completed by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya between 1793 and 1794. Goya said that the painting was informed by scenes of institutions he witnessed as a youth in Zaragoza, Yard with Lunatics was painted around the time when Goya’s deafness and fear of mental illness were developing and he was increasingly complaining of his health. A contemporary diagnosis read, the noises in his head and deafness aren’t improving, yet his vision is much better and he is back in control of his balance. Though Goya had to that point been preoccupied with commissioned portraits of royalty and noblemen and he was undergoing a nervous breakdown and entering prolonged physical illness, and admitted that the series was created to reflect his own self-doubt, anxiety and fear that he himself was going mad. Goya wrote that the served to occupy my imagination, tormented as it is by contemplation of my sufferings. The series, he said, consisted of pictures which normally find no place in commissioned works. To art historian Arthur Danto, Yard with Lunatics marks a point in Goyas career where he moves from a world in which there are no shadows to one in there is no light. The work is compared to more mature but equally bleak Madhouse of 1812-19. Some historians speculate that Goyas symptoms may indicate prolonged viral encephalitis, others claim that he was suffering from mental illness. However, these attempts at posthumous diagnosis are purely, and only, speculative, what is known, is that he lived in fear of insanity, and projected his fears and despair into his work. Goyas yard is overwhelmingly stark, showing shackled inmates enclosed by high walls, inmates fight and grin idiotically or huddle in despair, all bathed in an oppressive grey and green light, guarded by a single man. Here the patients are variously staring, sitting, posturing, wrestling, grimacing or disciplining themselves, the top of the canvas vanishes with sunlight, emphasizing the nightmarish scene below. The painting had been absent from view since a private sale in 1922, today it is housed in the Meadows Museum in Dallas. Connell, Evan S. Francisco Goya, A Life, ISBN 1-58243-307-0 Hagen, Rose-Marie & Hagen, Rainer. New York, Alfred A. Knopf,2004, ISBN 0-394-58028-1 Entry at the Meadows Museum
Yard with Lunatics
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Yard with Lunatics
Yard with Lunatics
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The Madhouse, 1812-19.
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid.
Yard with Lunatics
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Paintings
21.
Prison Interior
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Prison Interior is an oil on canvas painting completed by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya between 1793-94. The painting is bathed in a dim, cold light which gives it look feeling of purgatory and it is one of a number of works the artist made of scenes set in lunatic asylums, including Yard with Lunatics and The Madhouse. Goya often feared for his own sanity, a fact which underscores these works with feelings of dread, connell, Evan S. Francisco Goya, A Life. New York, Alfred A. Knopf,2004
Prison Interior
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Prison Interior. 42.9cm x 31.7cm, Bowes Museum,
Barnard Castle
Prison Interior
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Paintings
22.
The Bewitched Man
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The Bewitched Man is a late 18th century painting and early 19th century painting by Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes. It depicts a scene from a play by Antonio de Zamora called El Hechizado Por Fuerza, the portrait shows the protagonist, Don Claudio, who is believes that he is bewitched and that his life depends on keeping a lamp alight. This is one of six paintings of witches and devils Goya painted for the Alameda of the Duke and Duchess of Osuna
The Bewitched Man
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The Bewitched Man
23.
Charles IV in his Hunting Clothes
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Charles IV in his Hunting Clothes is an oil on canvas painting of 1799 by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya, the second of his two portraits of King Charles IV of Spain. Goya had earlier been court painter to Charles III, who was viewed as the more astute political operator of the pair. While Goya devotes a great deal of attention to his depiction of the sash and cloth, he emphasises his weakness in his rendering of a near-portly belly. The art critic Robert Hughes describes a big nosed face, framed in the tricorned hat like the head of an affable turtle poking from its shell, during his career, Goya depicted both father and son in hunting dress. The inspiration for the older mans outfit is probably taken from Velázquezs portrait of Philip IV, Goya pays tribute to Titians Portrait of Charles V with a dog by depicting a dog loyally sniffing at the royal crotch. Goya had painted Carlos IVs father in 1780, when the artist himself was a young man, Charles IV is rendered as portly and sightly confused, seemingly more suited to the role of country gentleman than regal, absolute head. Art in an age of Bonapartism, 1800-1815, ISBN 0-226-06336-4 Connell, Evan S. Francisco Goya, A Life. ISBN 1-58243-307-0 Hagen, Rose-Marie & Hagen, Rainer, new York, Alfred A. Knopf,2004
Charles IV in his Hunting Clothes
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Charles IV of Spain, 210cm x 130cm,
Royal Palace of Madrid
Charles IV in his Hunting Clothes
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Titian 's Portrait of Charles V with a dog, 1533
Charles IV in his Hunting Clothes
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Paintings
24.
La maja desnuda
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The Nude Maja is a name given to a c. 1797-1800 oil on canvas painting by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya and it portrays a nude woman reclining on a bed of pillows, and was probably commissioned by Manuel de Godoy, to hang in his private collection in a separate cabinet reserved for nude paintings. Goya created a pendant of the same woman identically posed, but clothed, known today as La maja vestida, also in the Prado, the subject is identified as a maja based on her costume in La maja vestida. The painting is renowned for the straightforward and unashamed gaze of the model towards the viewer and it has also been cited as among the earliest Western artwork to depict a nude womans pubic hair without obvious negative connotations. With this work Goya not only upset the authorities, but also titillated the public. It has been in the Museo del Prado in Madrid since 1901, the painting carries many of the traditions of depictions of the nude in Spanish art, but marks a clear break in significant ways, especially in her bold gaze. More obviously, while Velázquez painted his Venus revealing only her back, Goyas figuration is short and angular, while Velázquezs is elongated and curved, and his figure placed on richly coloured satin, which starkly contrasts to the bare white cloths Goyas maja rests on. The identity of the model and why the paintings were created are unknown, Godoy retained the picture for six years before it was discovered by investigators for the Spanish Inquisition in 1808, along with his other questionable pictures. The controversy was populist and driven by a motive, following a mob gathering demanding Godoys removal as Prime Minister. In the fallout, Goya was named and summonsed on a charge of moral depravity, as Godoy had only been found in possession of the painting, Goya was asked to identify why he did them, and also at whose request, and what attention guided him. Goya escaped prosecution when the tribunal accepted that he was following in a tradition, ironically, the earlier picture of Venus had been similarly kept out of view by that art-loving king in a private room, the room where His Majesty retires after eating. La maja desnuda has always hung alongside, above, or before its companion and they were twice in the collection of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, also in Madrid, being sequestered by the Inquisition between 1814 and 1836 before being returned. They have been in the Prado since 1901 and it is not known if the two works were intended to be hung together. One early account gives the Clothed Maja placed in front of the current work, today they are hung side by side, although others have suggested that they were intended to be spaced apart, and seen in succession. It has been conjectured that the woman depicted was Godoys young mistress Pepita Tudó, however, many scholars have rejected this possibility, including Australian art critic Robert Hughes in his 2003 biography Goya. Many agree that Pepita Tudó is a likely candidate. Others believe that the woman is a composite of different models. The work has inspired other artists, jeffrey Meyers, in his book Impressionist Quartet, The Intimate Genius of Manet and Morisot, Degas and Cassatt, opines that Manets Olympia boldly alluded to another masterpiece, Goyas Naked Maja
La maja desnuda
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La maja desnuda,
Francisco Goya, c. 1797–1800.
Museo del Prado, Madrid. 97cm x 190cm
La maja desnuda
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La maja vestida, c. 1803
La maja desnuda
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Diego Velázquez, Rokeby Venus, c. 1647–51.
National Gallery, London.
La maja desnuda
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Goya, Inquisition, c. 1808–12. Goya detested the inquisition and depicted it in harsh terms a number of times, and satirised it in works such as his c. 1820–1823
Witches' Sabbath
25.
Allegory of Industry
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Since 1932, the picture has been in the Museo del Prado. The image shows two women as they thread their respective spinning wheels in a semi-darkened room, illuminated by a large window which opens from the left. At the back, in the dark, one can discern uncertain faces of old women, the uncertainty of these women doesn’t reveal whether or not they are factor workers or representations of the tapestry or canvas. Furthermore, the clothes the women are wearing are not typical of the working class. The low necklines, white blouses and melancholy and distracted attitudes more accurately belong to women than those who would work in a factory. The robustness of their bodies also isn’t the best way to imagine the conditions of nutrition of the industrial working class. BOZAL, Valeriano, Francisco Goya, vida y obra, Madrid, Tf,2005,2 vols. vol
Allegory of Industry
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Alegoría de la Industria (Allegory of Industry)
26.
The Colossus (painting)
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The Colossus, is known in Spanish as El Coloso and also El Gigante, El Pánico and La Tormenta. It is a painting attributed to Francisco de Goya that shows a giant in the centre of the canvas walking towards the left hand side of the picture. Mountains obscure his legs up to his thighs and clouds surround his body, a dark valley containing a crowd of people and herds of cattle fleeing in all directions occupies the lower third of the painting. The painting became the property of Goyas son, Javier Goya, the painting was later owned by Pedro Fernández Durán, who bequeathed his collection to Madrids Museo del Prado, where it has been kept since 1931. The painting became part of the Museo del Prados collection in 1931, the first documented attribution of the painting to Goya dates from 1946 when Francisco Javier Sánchez Cantón published the inventory of the estate of Josefa Bayeu, Goyas wife, on her death in 1812. The inventory describes a painting of a giant with the measurements as The Colossus, which was identified with an X. The painting is listed in the estate of Paula Bernaldo de Quirós on her death in 1877. The large body of the giant occupies the centre of the composition and it appears to be adopting a fighting pose due to the position of its one visible arm and its clenched fist. The picture was painted during the Peninsular War so it could be a representation of that war. Nigel Glendinning states that the picture is based on a poem written by Juan Bautista Arriaza called Pyrenean Prophecy published in 1810. The poem represents the Spanish people as a giant arising from the Pyrenees in order to oppose the Napoleonic invasion, Goyas painting The Eagle, which was found in the possession of Goyas son in 1836, is similar in size and allegorical character to The Colossus. Nigel Glendinning considers this proof that Goya conceived of paintings with a concept to The Colossus. The giants posture has been the object of a number of interpretations and it is unknown if it is walking or firmly planted with legs spread apart. The giants position is ambiguous, it could be behind the mountains or buried up to above its knees. Some experts have suggested that the giant appears to have his eyes shut, in contrast to the erect figure of the giant are the tiny figures in the valley that are fleeing in all directions. The only exception is a donkey that is standing still, Juan J. Luna has suggested that this figure could represent an incomprehension of the horrors of war. The technique used in painting is similar to that used in Goyas Black Paintings. A later date for the painting of the picture has even been suggested, however, Nigel Glendinning has refuted this later dating with arguments solely based on stylistic features of the painting
The Colossus (painting)
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The Colossus
The Colossus (painting)
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The Giant, also called The Colossus (unnumbered print, 1814-1818). Burnished aquatint etching by Francisco de Goya, the bottom part of the print, where the title would have been inserted, has been cropped.
The Colossus (painting)
–
Drawing with the title "Gran Coloso dormido" (Large sleeping Giant) in Goya's handwriting. Lithographic pencil, Album G-3 or First Burdeos Album (1824–1828), former Gerstenberg collection, Berlin, and
Hermitage Museum (
Saint Petersburg).
The Colossus (painting)
–
"
Saturn Devouring His Son ", one of the
Black Paintings by Goya (1819–1823).
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smARThistory – Goya, The Family of Charles IV
