1.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
Sturmer, Essex
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Sturmer is a village in the county of Essex, England,2 miles SE of Haverhill and close to the county border with Suffolk. Its name was originally Stour Mere, from the River Stour and is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. The mere still exists today to the north-east of the village, the village also gives its name to the Sturmer Pippin apple which was grown in the orchards of the village. The church of St Marys dates from around AD900, according to a local legend it replaced an earlier woodsmans shrine. The nave is pre-Conquest, and the small blocked doorway in the wall has a lintel embellished with a crude chequer pattern. The south doorway of the nave has a Norman arch that was added in the 12th century when the present chancel took shape,1200, at the beginning of the Early English period. The nave has a hammer beam roof. The tower was added in the 14th century, and most of the windows were inserted in the 15th century. The porch, of Tudor brick, is early 16th century, Sturmer has a tumulus to the West of the village, next to the easternmost roundabout of the Haverhill bypass. This would have been a ground for ancient Britons. It is dated Neolithic to late Bronze Age, however, local legend has it that one of Boudiccas generals is buried here. In the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon, which describes the battle of Maldon against the Vikings in AD991, a loyal Anglo-Saxon warrior named Leofsunu or Leofsund says he is from Sturmer. There is a slate memorial to him on the north wall of the nave of St Marys Church that was dedicated by the Bishop of Colchester on 11 August 1991. Sturmer Hall is situated next to the church, is partially moated and evidence for this pre-Conquest moated manorial site and it is currently a hotel, conference centre and wedding venue. Like most English villages, Sturmer once had industry of its own, including shops, maltings, farming, today there is little of this local industry left. Sturmer is home to the 14th century Red Lion Inn and a garden centre, most of the village area is still covered with worked arable land although it takes far fewer people to run an arable farm than it did in the 1800s. The village once had a station and hotel on Water Lane. Sturmer railway station buildings and platform are visible from the road to Kedington, the Stour Valley Railway connected Sturmer to Colchester, Cambridge, and Sudbury, but was closed by the Beeching Axe which shut many branch lines
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
5.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
6.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
7.
Model (person)
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A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
8.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
9.
Jean-Michel Jarre
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Jean-Michel Jarre is a French composer, performer, and record producer. He is a pioneer in the electronic, ambient, and new-age genres, and known as an organiser of outdoor spectacles of his music featuring lights, laser displays, Jarre was raised in Lyon by his mother and grandparents, and trained on the piano. From an early age, he was introduced to a variety of art forms, including those of street performers, jazz musicians, and the artist Pierre Soulages. He played guitar in a band, but his style was perhaps most heavily influenced by Pierre Schaeffer. His first mainstream success was the 1976 album Oxygène, recorded in a makeshift studio at his home, the album sold an estimated 12 million copies. More albums were to follow, but his 1979 concert served as a blueprint for his performances around the world. Several of his albums have been released to coincide with large-scale outdoor events, as of 2004, Jarre had sold an estimated 80 million albums. He was the first Western musician officially invited to perform in the Peoples Republic of China, Jean-Michel Jarre was born in Lyon on 24 August 1948, to France Pejot, a French Resistance member and concentration camp survivor, and composer Maurice Jarre. When Jarre was five, his parents split up and his moved to America. He did not see his father again until reaching the age of 18, for the first eight years of his life, Jarre spent six months each year at his maternal grandparents flat on the Cours de Verdun, in the Perrache district of Lyon. Jarres grandfather was a player, engineer and inventor, designing an early audio mixer used at Radio Lyon. He also gave Jean-Michel his first record player, from his vantage point high above the pavement, the young French boy was able to watch street performers at work, an experience he later cited as proving influential on his art. Jarre struggled with classical studies, although he later changed teachers. A more general interest in musical instruments was sparked by his discovery at the Saint-Ouen flea market and these early jazz experiences suggested to him that music may be descriptive, without lyrics. He was also influenced by the work of French artist Pierre Soulages, Soulages paintings used multiple textured layers, and Jarre realised that for the first time in music, you could act as a painter with frequencies and sounds. I also saw the last concert by the great Arabic singer Om Khalsoum and she is the goddess, the Maria Callas of the Orient. Then I heard Georgia on My Mind by Ray Charles, and I realised that music can talk to your tummy, I was so impressed by the organic sensuality coming from Ray Charless music – there was no intellectual process and it was great. As a young man Jarre earned money by selling his paintings, exhibiting some of his works at the Lyon Gallery – LŒil écoute, and by playing in a band called Mystère IV
10.
Godfrey Rampling
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Godfrey Lionel Rampling was an English athlete and army officer who competed for Great Britain in the 1932 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He turned 100 on 14 May 2009 and was the oldest living British Olympian at the time of his death, Rampling was born in Blackheath, London, the son of Gertrude Anne and Horace Johnson Rampling, a costumier. Rampling won the British AAA championships in the 440 yd in 1931 and 1934, at the 1934 British Empire Games in London, Rampling won the 440 yd, and helped the English 4×440 yards relay team to capture the gold medal. At the 1936 Berlin Olympics, Rampling was again fourth in the semifinals of 400 metre competition, Rampling was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Royal Artillery, attached to NATO, until retiring in 1958 after 29 years service. His daughter Charlotte is a film actress. He was, as of October 2007, the last surviving male athletics medallist from the 1932 Summer Olympics, Rampling was Britains oldest living Olympic Gold medallist and also oldest living Olympic competitor. He celebrated his centenary with his family on 14 May 2009 at Bushey in Hertfordshire, Rampling died in his sleep aged 100 on 20 June 2009. Godfrey Rampling - Daily Telegraph obituary Godfrey Rampling, archived from the original on 2009-07-01. Article on Godfrey Ramplings forthcoming 100th birthday IAAF Obituary
11.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
12.
Art film
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An art film is typically a serious, independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience. Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as a film genre, art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres and film festivals. The term art film is more widely used in the United States, the UK and Australia than in Europe. A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to understand or appreciate such films. One mid-1990s art film was called largely a cerebral experience that one enjoys because of what you know about film and this contrasts sharply with mainstream blockbuster films, which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment. Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable. An art film may also be called an art movie, specialty film, art-house film, or, in the collective sense, there is overlap between the categories of art film, independent film and experimental film. The antecedents of art films included D. W. Griffiths Intolerance, the critics of the outside world praised these films. Art films were influenced by films by Spanish avant-garde creators, such as Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí. Cinéma Pur, a 1920s and 1930s French avant-garde film movement also influenced the development of the idea of art film, the cinema pur film movement included Dada artists, such as Man Ray, René Clair, and Marcel Duchamp. The Dadaists used film to transcend narrative conventions, bourgeois traditions, pure Cinema was influenced by such German absolute filmmakers as Hans Richter, Walter Ruttmann, and Viking Eggeling. Richter claimed that his 1921 film, Rhythmus 21, was the first abstract film ever created, nevertheless, Richters film Rhythmus 21 is considered an important early abstract film. William Siska argues that Italian neorealist films from the mid- to late-1940s, such as Open City, Paisa, Films shown in these art cinemas included. British, foreign-language, and independent American films, as well as documentaries, Films such as Rossellinis Open City and Mackendricks Tight Little Island, Bicycle Thieves and The Red Shoes were shown to substantial U. S. audiences. In the late 1950s, French filmmakers began to produce films that were influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema, auteur theory holds that the director is the author of his films, with a personal signature visible from film to film. The French New Wave movement continued into the 1960s, during the 1960s, the term art film began to be much more widely used in the United States than in Europe. In the U. S. the term is defined very broadly, to include foreign-language auteur films, independent films, experimental films, documentaries. In the 1960s art film became a euphemism in the U. S. for racy Italian, by the 1970s, the term was used to describe sexually explicit European films with artistic structure such as the Swedish film I Am Curious
13.
Swinging London
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The term Swinging London refers to a youth-driven cultural revolution that took place in London during the mid-to-late 1960s. The Swinging London also reached British cinema, which saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy. During this period, creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers. During this era, London from a gloomy, grimy post-War capital into a bright, the phenomenon was caused by the large number of young people in the city and the postwar economic boom. The swinging scene also served as a consumerist counterpart to the countercultural British underground of the same period, Swinging London was a youth-oriented phenomenon that emphasized the new and modern. It was a period of optimism and hedonism, and a cultural revolution, one catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-World War II austerity which lasted through much of the 1950s. It swings, it is the scene, and celebrated in the name of the radio station, Swinging Radio England. However, swinging in the sense of hip or fashionable had been used since the early 1960s, in 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of Vogue magazine, said London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment. Later that year, the American singer Roger Miller had a hit record with England Swings, psychedelic rock from artists such as Pink Floyd, Cream, Procol Harum, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Traffic grew significantly in popularity. During the time of Swinging London, fashion and photography were featured in Queen magazine, mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and Kings Road, Chelsea. The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the worlds first supermodels and she was the worlds highest paid and most photographed model during this time. Shrimpton was called The Face of the 60s, in which she has been considered by many as the symbol of Swinging London, other popular models of the era included Veruschka, Peggy Moffitt, and Penelope Tree. The model Twiggy has been called the face of 1966 and the Queen of Mod, the British flag, the Union Jack, became a symbol, assisted by events such as Englands home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Mini-Cooper car was used by a fleet of mini-cab taxis highlighted by advertising that covered their paintwork, the Jaguar E-Type sports car was another British icon of the 1960s. The phenomenon was featured in films of the time, including Darling. The comedy films Austin Powers, International Man of Mystery and Austin Powers, The Spy Who Shagged Me resurrected the imagery, the ITV spy-fi series The Avengers, particularly after it began broadcasting in colour, reveled in its Swinging London setting. In the 1967 episode, Dead Mans Treasure, Emma Peel arrives in the archetypal English village of Swingingdale, in the episode Beauty is an Ugly Word of BBCs Adam Adamant Lives. Adamant, an Edwardian adventurer suspended in time since 1902, was told, jigsaw Man, a 1968 episode of the detective series Man in a Suitcase, opened with the announcement, This is London
14.
Georgy Girl
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Georgy Girl is a 1966 British film based on a novel by Margaret Forster. The film was directed by Silvio Narizzano and starred Lynn Redgrave as Georgy, Charlotte Rampling, Alan Bates, the movie also features the well known title song performed by The Seekers. Georgina Parkin is a 22-year-old Londoner who has considerable talent, is well educated. On the other hand, she herself to be plain, slightly overweight, dresses haphazardly. She has an imagination and loves children. Her parents are the employees of successful businessman James Leamington. Leamington is 49 and has a loveless, childless marriage with Ellen, Georgy sidesteps his proposal by never giving him a direct response, Leamingtons business-like language and manner leave her cold. Georgys flatmate is the beautiful Meredith, who works as a violinist in an orchestra and she treats the meekly compliant Georgy like an unpaid servant. When Meredith discovers that she is pregnant by her boyfriend Jos Jones and she tells him bluntly that she has already aborted two of his children, but she wants to marry because shes bored. Jos moves in with the two young women and he becomes disillusioned with Meredith and begins to find himself attracted to Georgy, who convinces Leamington to buy several expensive items for the babys care. While in the midst of an argument with Meredith over her attitude to her pregnancy, Jos suddenly kisses Georgy. Georgy flees the apartment onto the streets of London, where Jos follows her, Jos and Georgy go to the hospital, where Georgy tries to comfort Meredith while she is in labour. Jos and Georgys love affair continues, Meredith gives birth to a daughter whom they name Sara. Since she has no interest in the baby, and is tired of Jos, she announces that she plans to put the child up for adoption, Georgy and Jos set up home together in the flat, caring for the baby and living as a married couple. The relationship ends when Jos realises he is of no importance to Georgy and has tired of a fathers responsibilities. Now that Georgy is the caregiver of a baby to whom she has no blood ties. In the meantime, Leamingtons wife has died, Leamington, who was unable to express his true feelings for Georgy while his wife lived, now finds himself free to express his love for her and proposes marriage. Georgy accepts because this will allow her to keep Sara, the two marry despite the difference in their backgrounds and ages and officially adopt Sara, making Georgy a mother
15.
Lynn Redgrave
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Lynn Redgrave, OBE was an English actress. A member of the Redgrave family, Lynn trained in London before making her debut in 1962. By the mid-1960s, she had appeared in films, including Tom Jones and Georgy Girl which won her a New York Film Critics Award and nominations for an Academy Award. In 1967, she made her Broadway debut and performed in stage productions in New York while making frequent returns to Londons West End. She performed with her sister Vanessa in Three Sisters in London and she made a return to films in the late 1990s in films such as Shine and Gods and Monsters for which she received another Academy Award nomination. Redgrave is the person to have been nominated for all of the Big Four American entertainment awards without winning any of them. Redgrave was born in Marylebone, London, to actors Sir Michael Redgrave and her sister is actress Vanessa Redgrave, her brother was actor and political activist Corin Redgrave. Her grandfather was silent screen leading man Roy Redgrave, after training in Londons Central School of Speech and Drama, Redgrave made her professional debut in a 1962 production of A Midsummer Nights Dream at the Royal Court Theatre. Following a tour of Billy Liar and repertory work in Dundee, she made her West End debut at the Haymarket, hunters The Tulip Tree with Celia Johnson and John Clements. During that time, she appeared in such as Tom Jones, Girl with Green Eyes, The Deadly Affair. For the last of these roles, she gained the New York Film Critics Award, the Golden Globe, in 1967, she made her Broadway debut in Black Comedy with Michael Crawford and Geraldine Page. London appearances included Michael Frayns The Two of Us with Richard Briers at the Garrick, David Hares Slag at the Royal Court, in 1974, she returned to Broadway in My Fat Friend. There soon followed Knock Knock with Charles Durning, Mrs. Warrens Profession with Ruth Gordon, and Saint Joan. In the 1985-86 season, she appeared with Rex Harrison, Claudette Colbert, in 1983, she played Cleopatra in an American television version of Antony and Cleopatra opposite Timothy Dalton. In 1988, she narrated a television documentary, Silent Mouse. In the early winter of 1991, she starred with Stewart Granger, highlights of her early film career also include The National Health, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*, The Happy Hooker, and Getting It Right. In the United States, she was seen on television series as Teachers Only, House Calls, Centennial. She also starred in BBC productions such as The Faint-Hearted Feminist, A Woman Alone, Death of a Son, Calling the Shots, and Fighting Back
16.
Luchino Visconti
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Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo, was an Italian theatre, opera and cinema director, as well as a screenwriter. He is best known for his films The Leopard and Death in Venice, Luchino Visconti was born into a prominent noble family in Milan, one of seven children of Giuseppe Visconti di Modrone, Duke of Grazzano Visconti and Count of Lonate Pozzolo, and his wife Carla. He was formally known as Count don Luchino Visconti di Modrone, during World War II, Visconti joined the Italian Communist Party. Visconti made no secret of his homosexuality and his last partner was the Austrian actor Helmut Berger, who played Martin in Viscontis film The Damned. Berger also appeared in Viscontis Ludwig in 1972 and Conversation Piece in 1974, Visconti suffered a stroke in 1972, but continued to smoke heavily. He died in Rome of another stroke at the age of 69, there is a museum dedicated to the directors work in Ischia. He began his career as an assistant director on Jean Renoirs Toni and Partie de campagne, thanks to the intercession of their common friend. Together with Roberto Rossellini, Visconti joined the salotto of Vittorio Mussolini, here he presumably also met Federico Fellini. In 1948, he wrote and directed La terra trema, based on the novel I Malavoglia by Giovanni Verga, Visconti continued working throughout the 1950s, although he veered away from the neorealist path with his 1954 film, Senso, shot in colour. Based on the novella by Camillo Boito, it is set in Austrian-occupied Venice in 1866, in this film, Visconti combines realism and romanticism as a way to break away from neorealism. However, as one biographer notes, Visconti without neorealism is like Lang without expressionism and he describes the film as the most Viscontian of all Viscontis films. Visconti returned to once more with Rocco e i suoi fratelli. In 1961, he was a member of the jury at the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival, throughout the 1960s, Viscontis films became more personal. Il Gattopardo, is based on Lampedusas novel of the name about the decline of the Sicilian aristocracy at the time of the Risorgimento. It starred American actor Burt Lancaster in the role of Prince Don Fabrizio and this film was distributed in America and Britain by Twentieth-Century Fox, which deleted important scenes. Visconti repudiated the Twentieth-Century Fox version and it was not until The Damned that Visconti received a nomination for an Academy Award, for Best Screenplay. The film, one of Viscontis best-known works, concerns a German industrialists family which slowly begins to disintegrate during the Nazi consolidation of power in the 30s and its decadence and lavish beauty are characteristic of Viscontis aesthetic. Viscontis final film was The Innocent, in which he returns to his recurring interest in infidelity, Visconti was also a celebrated theatre and opera director
17.
The Damned (1969 film)
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The Damned is a 1969 Italian-German drama film written and directed by Luchino Visconti. The Italian title is the translation of the term Götterdämmerung, but for the German version. All versions use Götterdämmerung as a subtitle, however, the Damned has often been regarded as the first of Viscontis films described as The German Trilogy, followed by Death in Venice and Ludwig. Author Henry Bacon, in his book Visconti, Explorations of Beauty and Decay, Viscontis earlier films had analyzed Italian society during the Risorgimento and postwar periods. Peter Bondanellas Italian Cinema depicts the trilogy as a move to take a view of European politics. The film centers on the Essenbecks, a wealthy industrialist family who have begun doing business with the Nazi Party, on the night of the Reichstag fire, the familys conservative patriarch, Baron Joachim von Essenbeck, who represents the old aristocratic Germany and detests Hitler, is murdered. Herbert Thalmann, the firms vice president, who openly opposes the Nazis, is framed for the crime. He escapes the grasp of the Gestapo, but his wife Elizabeth, the familys empire passes to the control of an unscrupulous relative, the boorish SA officer Konstantin. Martin is dominated by his mother, Sophie, the widow of Baron Joachims only son. Friedrich kills Konstantin in the SS coup against the SA during its 1934 meeting to deal with its dissatisfaction with Hitler. Known as The Night of the Long Knives, the SA meeting, aschenbach then dismisses Friedrich, who now controls the family fortunes, as a weak social climber and not a loyal Nazi. Herbert Thalmann then returns to the family table and he reveals that his wife and children were sent to Dachau concentration camp, where his wife died, he is handing himself over to the Gestapo in return for the freedom of his children. Aschenbach makes a deal with the discounted and ignored heir, Martin, to remove Friedrich and Sophie from control, Martin has sex with his mother, who falls into a catatonic state. Now in the SS, Martin allows Friedrich to wed his mother and he then hands over the familys steel works to the state, which means that the way to war is more than secured. It received an Oscar nomination for Best Screenplay and was named Best Foreign Film by the National Board of Review, among the international cast, Helmut Berger was singled out for his performance as Martin, a vicious sexual deviant who uses his amoral appetites to his own twisted ends. Filmed in both Italy and Germany, the film was given an X rating by the MPAA and was edited when shown on CBS television late night. Warner Bros. submitted the film for re-classification for their DVD release of the film in 2004, the films rating was changed from an X to an R. The Damned at the Internet Movie Database
18.
Liliana Cavani
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Liliana Cavani is an Italian film director and screenwriter. She belongs to a generation of Italian filmmakers from Emilia-Romagna that came into prominence in the 1970s, including Bernardo Bertolucci, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Cavani became internationally known after the success of her 1974 feature film Il portiere di notte. Her films are intellectual and have historical concerns, in addition to feature films and documentaries, she has also directed opera. Cavani was born in Carpi, near Modena in the province of Emilia-Romagna, Cavanis father, an architect from Mantua, belonged to a conservative bourgeois family of landowners. My father was an interested in urban development. He had worked in planning in Baghdad in 1956, when Iraq was still under British control. My mother was strong, very capable, and very sweet. Her mother was passionate about films and took her to the movies every Sunday from an early age, on her mothers side, Cavani came from a working-class family of militant antifascists. Her maternal grandfather, a syndicalist, introduced her to the works of Engels, Marx and she graduated in literature and philology at Bologna University in 1960, writing a dissertation on the fifteenth-century poet and nobleman Marsilio Pio. She had intended to become an archeologist, a profession she soon abandoned in order to pursue her passion for the moving image and she attended Romes renowned Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, inaugurated by Benito Mussolini prior to World War II. While attending film school, Cavani won a competition at RAI, Italys national television network and her professional career thus began making documentaries for RAI between 1961 and 1965, which included Storia del III Reich, which chronicles the rise of the Nazi regime. It was the first historical investigation of German totalitarianism to appear on television, in this period she also made Il giorno della pace, a four-hour documentary on immigration south-to-north within Italy. Cavani made her first full-length feature film in 1966 with Francis of Assisi, made for television and aired in two parts, it was deeply influenced by the style of Rossellini and the atmosphere typical of the films of Pasolini. Made in a period of political unrest, it was to become a kind of manifesto of dissenting Catholicism, starring Lou Castel, it portrays Francis of Assisi as a slightly depressed protestor and an avid, albeit mad, supporter of armed brotherhood. The ideal defender of the 1968 student movement, the film was a great success, but also triggered many negative reactions. It was called heretical, blasphemous and offensive for the faith of the Italian people and it was the first of many polemical reaction to Cavanis work. Her next film, Galileo, focuses on the conflict between science and religion. Galileo Galileis belief that the truth should be proved by experimental methods, makes him clash with the dogmas of the church and he falls into the hands of the Inquisition
19.
The Night Porter
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The Night Porter is a 1974 Italian erotic psychological drama film. Directed and co-written by Liliana Cavani, the film stars Dirk Bogarde and Charlotte Rampling and its themes of sexual and sadomasochistic obsession have made the film controversial since its initial release, with critics being divided over the films artistic value. The Night Porter is widely considered to be a Nazisploitation film, flashbacks show Max tormenting Lucia, but also acting as her protector. Lucia, now married to an American orchestra conductor, meets Max again by chance, Max has an upcoming mock trial at the hands of the group for his war crimes. The groups leader, Hans Folger, accuses Max of wanting to live hidden away like a church mouse, Max wishes to remain hidden, but he voices support for the groups activities. Because she could testify against him, Lucias existence is a threat to Max and he goes to see a former Nazi, Mario, who knows Lucia is still alive, Max murders him to protect his secret. After Lucias husband leaves town on business, Max and Lucia renew their past lovemaking in Maxs apartment, Max confesses to Countess Stein, another guest at his hotel, that he has found his little girl again. The Countess tells him that he is insane, Max replies that they are both in the same boat, meanwhile, Folger has Max spied on by a youth who works at the hotel. Max is interviewed by the police about Marios murder and he spends days with Lucia in his apartment, and sleeps little. Folger, who wants Lucia to testify against Max, visits and he suggests that Lucia must also be ill to allow herself to be in this position, but Lucia sends him away, claiming to be with Max of her own free will. The SS officers are infuriated at Max for hiding a key witness, Max refuses to go through with the trial, calling it a farce, and admits that he works as a night porter due to his sense of shame in daytime. He returns to Lucia, telling her that the police questioned him and others at the hotel about Lucia being missing, eventually, Max quits his job, devoting all of his time to Lucia. The SS officers cut off the supply of food from a nearby grocery store. Max barricades the door to the apartment, and he and Lucia begin rationing. Max seeks help by phoning one of his old friends, who refuses, and imploring his neighbor, but she is prevented from providing aid by Adolph. Max retreats again to the apartment, where Lucia is almost unconscious from malnutrition, Max parks his car on a bridge, where he and Lucia walk along the sidewalk as dawn breaks. Two gunshots ring out, and the doomed lovers fall dead, the film depicts the political continuity between wartime Nazism and post-war Europe and the psychological continuity of characters locked into compulsive repetition of the past. On another level it deals with the condition known as Stockholm Syndrome
20.
Zardoz
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Zardoz is a 1974 Irish-American science fiction fantasy film written, produced, and directed by John Boorman and starring Sean Connery and Charlotte Rampling, and featuring Sara Kestelman. The film, Connerys second post-James Bond role—after The Offence—was shot by cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth on a budget of US$1.57 million, in a future post-apocalyptic Earth in the year 2293, the human population is divided into the immortal Eternals and mortal Brutals. The Brutals live in a wasteland, growing food for the Eternals, Zed, a Brutal Exterminator, hides aboard Zardoz during one trip, temporarily killing its Eternal operator-creator Arthur Frayn. Arriving in the Vortex, Zed meets two Eternals — Consuella and May, overcoming him with psychic powers, they make him a prisoner and menial worker within their community. Consuella wants Zed destroyed immediately, others, led by May, in time, Zed learns the nature of the Vortex. The Eternals are overseen and protected from death by the Tabernacle, given their limitless lifespan, the Eternals have grown bored and corrupt. The needlessness of procreation has rendered the men impotent and meditation has replaced sleep, others fall into catatonia, forming the social stratum the Eternals have named the Apathetics. To give time and life more meaning the Vortex developed complex social rules whose violators are punished with artificial aging, the most extreme offenders are condemned to permanent old age and the status of Renegades. Zed is less brutal and far more intelligent than the Eternals think he is, zardozs aim was to breed a superman who would penetrate the Vortex and save mankind from its hopelessly stagnant status quo. Zed finally understands the origin of the name Zardoz—Wizard of Oz—bringing him to an awareness of Zardoz as a skillful manipulator rather than an actual deity. He becomes infuriated with this realization and decides to plumb the deepest depths of this enormous mystery, as Zed divines the nature of the Vortex and its problems, the Eternals use him to fight their internecine quarrels. Led by Consuella, the Eternals decide to kill Zed and to age Friend, Zed escapes and, aided by May and Friend, absorbs all the Eternals knowledge, including that of the Vortexs origin, to destroy the Tabernacle. Zed helps the Exterminators invade the Vortex and kill most of the Eternals—who welcome death as a release from their eternal, some few Eternals do escape the Vortexs destruction, heading out to radically new lives as fellow mortal beings among the Brutals. Zed brings the immortals salvation by bringing them death, Zardoz ends in a wordless sequence of images accompanied by the sombre second movement of Beethovens Seventh Symphony, snatches of which are heard throughout the film. Consuella, having fallen in love with Zed, gives birth to a boy within the remains of the giant stone head. In matching green suits, they sit with the boy standing between them, who matures as they age in a series of fades, the youth leaves his parents, who take hands and grow very old, eventually decomposing into skeletons and finally vanishing. Nothing remains in the space but painted hand-prints on the wall, originally, Burt Reynolds was cast in the lead role but had to pull out due to over-scheduling and was replaced by Connery. It was reported that Stanley Kubrick was a technical advisor on the film
21.
Farewell, My Lovely (1975 film)
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Farewell, My Lovely is a 1975 American neo noir film, directed by Dick Richards and featuring Robert Mitchum as private detective Phillip Marlowe. The picture is based on Raymond Chandlers novel of the same name, the film also stars Charlotte Rampling, John Ireland, Jack OHalloran, Sylvia Miles and Harry Dean Stanton, with an early screen appearance by Sylvester Stallone. Mitchum returned to the role of Marlowe three years later in a 1978 remake of The Big Sleep, making him the actor to portray Philip Marlowe more than once on the big screen. As he explains to his police lieutenant friend Nulty, Ive got a hat, a coat, Marlowe has been hired by a huge and surly ex-convict, Moose Malloy, to find his old girlfriend Velma, whom he hasnt seen in seven years. At the same time, Marlowe is investigating the murder of a client named Marriott who was a victim of blackmail, while encountering connections to both cases, Marlowe develops an attraction to the married and seductive Helen Grayle. As the body count mounts, Marlowe survives attempts on his life, the action comes to a head with a shootout on a gambling boat off the L. A. coast. Robert Mitchum as Philip Marlowe, Cynical Private Eye/Protagonist Charlotte Rampling as Helen Grayle, the producer approached him to invest in Farewell My Lovely and Grade agreed, knowing the movie could be easily be pre-sold to TV. Grade later financed The Big Sleep, according to Robert Mitchum, Kastner originally wanted the role of Philip Marlowe to be played by Richard Burton, with whom Kastner had worked a number of times. However Burton was busy so they approached Mitchum, the star later recalled, The producer, Elliott Kastner, comes by with Sir Lew Grade, the British tycoon. He has a suit, a black tie, a white shirt. I know nothing about motion pictures, Sir Lew says, what I know is entertainment, Ferris wheels, pony rides. I suggested we buy up the rights to Murder, My Sweet with Dick Powell, re-release it, but, no, they hired a director, Dick Richards, so nervous he cant hold his legs still. They have all the hide rubbed off them, He started doing TV commercials and he was accustomed to, you know, start the camera, expose 120 feet of film and tell somebody to move the beer bottle half an inch clockwise. He does the thing with people. Marlowes client, Moose Malloy, is played by Jack OHalloran, Mitchum called OHalloran one great find on this picture. At least, hes a find if we can find him again. They hired him for $500 a week and he looked perfect for the part. One time he hit the producer and we called them the Magnificent Seven
22.
Woody Allen
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Heywood Woody Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, playwright, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He worked as a writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, as a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians and he is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup, some of the best-known of his over 40 films are Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Hannah and Her Sisters. In 2007 he said Stardust Memories, The Purple Rose of Cairo, critic Roger Ebert described Allen as a treasure of the cinema. Allen won four Academy Awards, three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director and he also won nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays, in 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen, A Documentary on the American Masters TV series. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in Brooklyn, New York and he and his sister, Letty, were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie, a bookkeeper at her familys delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg and his family was Jewish, his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. His parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His childhood was not particularly happy, his parents did not get along, Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 and to Midwood High School, at that time, he lived in an apartment at 968 East 14th Street. Unlike his comic persona, he was interested in baseball than school. He impressed students with his talent at card and magic tricks. To raise money, he wrote jokes for agent David O. Alber, at the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read, Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O. P. S and he was then earning more than both parents combined
23.
Stardust Memories
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The film is about a filmmaker who recalls his life and his loves - the inspirations for his films - while attending a retrospective of his work. The film is shot in black and white and is reminiscent of Federico Fellinis 8½, the film has nonetheless been re-evaluated to some extent, with modern reception more often positive than negative. Meanwhile, he is haunted by memories of his ex-girlfriend. William Zinsser in small role as a Catholic priest. <13>Allen has asserted that Stardust Memories is not an autobiographical work, thought that the lead character was me, the director is quoted as saying in Woody Allen on Woody Allen. Not a fictional character but me, and that I was expressing hostility towards my audience and that was in no way the point of the film. It was about a character who is obviously having a sort of breakdown and. The conflict between the maternal, nurturing woman and the earnest, usually one, is a recurring theme in Allens films. Like many of Allens films, Stardust Memories incorporates several jazz recordings including those by such notables as Louis Armstrong, Django Reinhardt, the films title alludes to the famous take of Stardust recorded in 1931 by Armstrong, wherein the trumpeter sings oh, memory three times in succession. The film deals with issues regarding religion, God, and philosophy, especially existentialism, psychology, symbolism, wars and it is also about realism, relationships, and death. It refers to questions about the meaning of life. It also ruminates on the role that plays in life. Most of the interiors, including the scenes, were shot in a vacant Sears Roebuck building. To reproduce the movement of a car, the whole train was mounted on jacks and gently jostled back. The film sharply divided both audiences and critics, with many Allen fans proclaiming it his best picture or among his worst. Janet Maslin wrote that the work is his most provocative film thus far and perhaps his most revealing, aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 72% approval of Stardust Memories, with an average rating of 6. 6/10. Sam Fragoso of IndieWire also ranked it among Allens best works, the film was listed 16th among Allens efforts in a poll of Time Out contributors, with editor Joshua Rothkopf praising it as a piece of self-referential hilarity in its own right. In October 2013, Stardust Memories was voted by the Guardian readers as the eighth best film directed by Woody Allen, Stardust Memories opened in North America on September 26,1980 to an onslaught of bad reviews. At 29 theatres, it grossed $326,779 in its opening weekend, the film failed to attract more than Allens loyal fanbase in the long run, and it grossed $10,389,003 by the end of its run
24.
Paul Newman
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Paul Leonard Newman was an American actor. Newmans other films include The Hustler, Cool Hand Luke, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid as Butch Cassidy, The Sting, and The Verdict. Despite being colorblind, Newman won several championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing. He was a co-founder of Newmans Own, a company from which he donated all post-tax profits. As of 2016, these donations have totaled over US$460 million and he was also a co-founder of Safe Water Network, a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need. In 1988, Newman founded the SeriousFun Childrens Network, a family of summer camps. Newman was born in Shaker Heights, Ohio, the son of Theresa and Arthur Sigmund Newman. Newmans father was Jewish, and was the son of Simon Newman and Hannah Cohn, immigrants from Hungary, Newman had no religion as an adult, but described himself as a Jew, saying its more of a challenge. Newmans mother worked in his fathers store, while raising Paul and his brother, Arthur. Newman showed an early interest in the theater, his first role was at the age of seven, playing the court jester in a school production of Robin Hood. At age 10, Newman performed at the Cleveland Play House in a production of Saint George and the Dragon, graduating from Shaker Heights High School in 1943, he briefly attended Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, where he was initiated into the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Newman served in the United States Navy in World War II in the Pacific theater, initially, he enrolled in the Navy V-12 pilot training program at Yale University, but was dropped when his colorblindness was discovered. Boot camp followed, with training as a radioman and rear gunner, qualifying in torpedo bombers in 1944, Aviation Radioman Third Class Newman was sent to Barbers Point, Hawaii. He later flew as a gunner in an Avenger torpedo bomber. As a radioman-gunner, his unit was assigned to the USS Bunker Hill along with other replacements shortly before the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, the pilot of his aircraft had an ear infection which kept their plane grounded. The rest of their squadron flew to the Bunker Hill, days later, a kamikaze attack on the vessel killed a number of service members, including the other members of his unit. After the war, Newman completed his Bachelor of Arts in drama and economics at Kenyon College in Gambier, shortly after earning his degree, he joined several summer stock companies, most notably the Belfry Players in Wisconsin and the Woodstock Players in Illinois. He toured with them for three months and developed his talents as a part of Woodstock Players and he later attended the Yale School of Drama for one year, before moving to New York City to study under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio
25.
The Verdict
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The Verdict is a 1982 American courtroom drama film starring Paul Newman, Charlotte Rampling, Jack Warden, James Mason, Milo OShea and Lindsay Crouse. The film, which was directed by Sidney Lumet, was adapted by David Mamet from the novel by Barry Reed. It is about an alcoholic lawyer who takes a medical malpractice case to improve his own situation. The Verdict garnered critical acclaim and box office success, the film was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Director, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. Frank Galvin was once a promising graduate of Boston College Law School, but he was framed for jury tampering some years back by the firms senior partner because he was going to expose their corrupt practices. The firm fired him and his marriage ended in divorce, although he retains his license to practice law, Frank has become an alcoholic ambulance chaser who has had only four cases over the last three years, all of which he has lost. As a favor, his friend and former teacher Mickey sends him a medical malpractice case in which it is all, the case involves a young woman who was given an anesthetic during childbirth, after which she choked on her own vomit and was deprived of oxygen. The young woman is now comatose and on a respirator and her sister and brother-in-law are hoping for a monetary award in order to give her proper care. Frank assures them they have a strong case, meanwhile, Frank, who is lonely, becomes romantically involved with Laura, a woman he meets at a local bar. Frank visits the woman and is deeply affected. He then meets with the bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston, everyone, including the presiding judge and the victims relatives, is stunned by Franks decision. Franks big break comes when he discovers that Kaitlin Costello, the nurse who admitted his client to the hospital, is now a teacher in New York. Frank travels there to track her down, leaving Mickey and Laura working together in Franks Boston office, Frank confronts Costello, asking, Will you help me. Meanwhile, in Boston, Mickey is looking for cigarettes in Lauras handbag and he infers that she is a mole, providing information on their legal strategy to the opposing lawyers. Mickey flies to New York to tell Frank that Laura has been betraying them and he suggests to Frank that it would be easy to get the case declared a mistrial, but Frank decides to continue. Shortly thereafter, Frank meets Laura, who has traveled to New York. In a display of cold fury, Frank strikes her in the face, Costello testifies that, shortly after the patient had become comatose, the anesthesiologist told her to change her notes on the admitting form to hide his fatal error. She had written down that the patient had had a meal only one hour before being admitted
26.
Angel Heart
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Angel Heart is a 1987 American neo-noir psychological horror film and adaptation of William Hjortsbergs 1978 novel Falling Angel. Written and directed by Alan Parker, the film stars Mickey Rourke, Robert De Niro, the story follows Harry Angel, a New York City private investigator hired to solve the disappearance of a man known as Johnny Favorite. Angels investigation takes him to New Orleans, where he becomes embroiled in a series of brutal murders, following publication of the novel, Hjortsberg began developing a screenplay for a film adaptation, but found that no film studio was willing to produce his script. The project resurfaced in 1985, when producer Elliott Kastner brought the book to Parkers attention, Parker began work on a new script, and in doing so, made several changes from Hjortsbergs novel. Angel Heart was produced by the independent film studio Carolco Pictures with a budget of $18 million, principal photography commenced in March 1986 and concluded in June of that year. Filming took place on location in New York City and New Orleans, before its release, Angel Heart gained controversy for its casting of Bonet and her graphic sex scene with Rourke, which faced censorship issues from the Motion Picture Association of America. Parker was forced to remove ten seconds of content to avoid an X rating and secure the R rating that the films distributor, Tri-Star Pictures. An unrated version of the film was released on home video. Angel Heart received mixed reviews and underperformed at the North American box office and it has since gained a cult following, with some reviewers calling it one of the best horror films ever made. Angel goes to the hospital and discovers that a transfer record has recently been added by a physician named Albert Fowler. Believing that Fowler is still withholding information, Angel locks him in his bedroom, hours later, he finds the doctor murdered. Unnerved, Angel tells Cyphre that he no longer wants the job and he soon discovers that Favorite had a wealthy fiancée named Margaret Krusemark but had also begun a secret love affair with a woman named Evangeline Proudfoot. Angel travels to New Orleans and meets with Margaret, who divulges little information, Angel then discovers that Evangeline is also dead, but is survived by her 17-year-old daughter, Epiphany Proudfoot, who was conceived during her mothers love affair with Favorite. When Epiphany is reluctant to speak, Angel tracks down Toots Sweet, after Angel uses force to try to extract details of Favorites last-known whereabouts, Toots refers him back to Margaret. The following morning, police detectives inform Angel that Toots has been murdered, Angel returns to Margarets home, where he finds her murdered, her heart removed with a ceremonial knife. He is later attacked by enforcers of Ethan Krusemark—a powerful Louisiana patriarch, Angel returns to his hotel and finds Epiphany on his doorstep. He invites her into his room, where they have sexual intercourse. He later confronts Krusemark in a hut, where the latter reveals that he
27.
The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)
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The Wings of the Dove is a 1997 British-American romantic drama film directed by Iain Softley and starring Helena Bonham Carter, Linus Roache, and Alison Elliott. The screenplay by Hossein Amini is based on the 1902 novel of the name by Henry James. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards and five BAFTAs, recognizing Bonham Carters performance, the screenplay, costume design, in 1910 London, England, Kate Croy lives under the careful watch of her domineering Aunt Maude. Lord Mark, an aristocrat with a large estate, begins to court Kate with Maudes approval. However Kate is secretly in love with a young muckraking journalist named Merton Densher, nonetheless she has continued to meet with Merton in secret, though he is growing increasingly impatient for her to leave her aunt and marry him. Aunt Maude confronts Kate about her association with Densher and threatens to withdraw her financial support from Kate. Kate reluctantly breaks with Merton and refuses to meet him anymore. The cynical Kate is captivated by Millys beauty, vivaciousness and humor, Kate and Merton reconcile and resume their secret meetings, one day they run into Milly and Kate introduces Merton as a friend. Soon after Milly invites Kate to accompany her and Susan to Venice, before leaving Lord Mark secretly reveals to Kate that Milly is terminally ill and that although he desires Kate he has to marry Milly to avoid losing his estates. Aware that Milly is indifferent to Lord Mark but is smitten with Merton, Kate invites Merton to Venice, Kate expects that the orphaned and lonely Milly will leave him her fortune after her death. During Kates, Millys, and Mertons excursions through Venice, Kate gradually becomes jealous of Millys attraction to Merton, Milly confronts her the next morning, though Kate denies that Merton is her lover. She realizes that she must leave, without warning Merton, if her scheme is to succeed, on their own in Venice, Mertons affection for Milly grows ever stronger and the two form a strong bond, even as her condition worsens. One day Merton spots Lord Mark at a cafe, alarmed, Susan visits him and Merton realizes that Kate has revealed their secret to Lord Mark to sabotage the whole scheme, knowing that Mark would tell Milly as revenge for her jilting him. Nonetheless Milly agrees to see Merton and the two share a moment where she forgives him and says that she still loves both him and Kate, despite their actions. A few days later, Milly dies and Merton and Susan attend her funeral, after Merton returns to London, Kate comes to Mertons flat. She asks why he has not come to see her in the weeks he has been back and finds a letter from Millys attorneys, Merton tells Kate that he will not take the money, and she must marry him without it if they are to be together. She agrees, and they make love, but afterwards, Kate asks him to tell her that he is not still in love with Milly, or his memory of her, and he cannot. Kate leaves him for good, knowing that her conniving has backfired, jamess, Freemasons Hall in Great Queen Street, Kensington Gardens, the National Liberal Club in Whitehall, the Richmond Fellowship, and the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich
28.
Cabaret
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Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring music, song, dance, recitation, or drama. It is mainly distinguished by the venue, which might be a pub. The audience, often dining or drinking, does not typically dance, performances are usually introduced by a master of ceremonies or MC. The entertainment, as done by an ensemble of actors and according to its European origins, is oriented towards adult audiences. In the United States striptease, burlesque, drag shows, or a solo vocalist with a pianist, the word cabaret was first used in 1655. It is derived from tavern probably from Middle Dutch cambret, the word cabaret came to mean a restaurant or night club by 1912. Cabaret can be divided in 10 different types. However, these are artificial dividing lines, cabaret shows are most of the time a compound of elements from the different types, the cabaret performer plays with language, sometimes poetic, but often is he or she rock hard and hateful. The cabaret performer analyses in his/her stubborn manner actual, social and political topics, the cabaret performer tells an often slightly absurd story with a moral packed in it. The cabaret performer plays with music, for example by twisting or combining familiar melodies, the cabaret performer tells nonsensical and absurd stories and plays idiotic types. The emphasis is less on text in the show of cabaret performer. Here the cabaret performer eludes on his liberating through laughter role, an iteration of storytelling cabaret The cabaret performer quickly switches between the different styles/types of cabaret, types, or songs. In this the cabaret performer is a guest at a government, institution or a company, cabarets existed in Paris in the 16th century, they were ancestors of the modern restaurant. Unlike taverns they sold wine not by itself but only with a meal, customers might sing if they had drunk enough wine, but early cabarets did not have formal programs of entertainment. Cabarets were frequently used as meeting places for writers and artists, in 1773 French poets, painters, musicians and writers began to meet in a cabaret called Le Caveau on rue de Buci, where they composed and sang songs. The Caveau continued until 1816, when it was forced to close because its clients wrote songs mocking the royal government, in the 18th century the café-concert or café-chantant appeared, which offered food along with music, singers, or magicians. The most famous was the Cafe des Aveugles in the cellars of the Palais-Royal, in the early 19th century many cafés-chantants appeared around the city, the most famous were the Café des Ambassadeurs on the Champs-Élysées and the Eldorado on boulevard Strasbourg. By 1900 there were more than 150 cafés-chantants in Paris, the first cabaret in the modern sense was Le Chat Noir in the Bohemian neighborhood of Montmartre, created in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis, a theatrical agent and entrepreneur
29.
Under the Sand
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Under the Sand is a 2000 French drama film directed and written by François Ozon. The film was nominated for three César Awards and was well received. It stars Charlotte Rampling and Bruno Cremer, marie, happily married to Jean for 25 years, is a lecturer in English literature at a Paris university. During their summer vacation in the southwest of France, Jean goes to swim in the sea while his wife is sunbathing and never returns, no body is found and several questions arise. Has he left her, committed suicide, drowned, with no body to mourn, she pretends that he is still alive and present in their apartment. Her life becomes characterized by denial, cloaked in enigmatic complexity, when the badly decomposed body is found in the sea and identified from dental records, she refuses to admit it is Jean. She imagines she will see him alive as he was on the beach, Sous le sable was nominated for Best Film at the César Awards 2002. It also earned Best Director and Best Actress César nominations for Ozon, the plot of Sous le Sable bears some resemblance to that of the 1990 British romantic comedy Truly, Madly, Deeply. The Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman admired Sous le sable, claimed that he watched the film several times, Sous Le Sable at the Internet Movie Database NY Times review
30.
Swimming Pool (film)
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Swimming Pool is a 2003 French-British erotic thriller film directed by François Ozon and starring Charlotte Rampling and Ludivine Sagnier. The plot focuses on a British crime novelist, Sarah Morton, however, the arrival of Julie, who claims to be the publishers daughter, induces complications and a subsequent crime. Swimming Pool premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 18 May 2003 and it was given a limited release in the United States that July, and was edited in order to avoid an NC-17 rating due to its sexual content and nudity. It was subsequently released in North America on DVD in an unrated cut, Sarah Morton, a middle-aged English mystery author, who has written a successful series of detective novels, is having writers block that is impeding her next book. Sarahs publisher, John Bosload, offers her his house near Lacoste, France for some rest. Sarah takes him up on the offer, hinting that she hopes John may come and she shows up late one night explaining that shes taking time off from work herself. She eventually tells Sarah that her mother used to be Bosloads mistress, Julies sex life consists of one-night stands with various oafish men, and a competition of personalities develops between the two women. At first, Sarah regards Julie as a distraction from her writing and she uses earplugs to allow her to sleep during Julies noisy nighttime adventures, although she nonetheless has a voyeuristic fascination with them. Later she abandons the earplugs during one of Julies trysts, beginning to envy Julies lifestyle, Sarah sneaks into Julies room and steals her diary, using it in the new novel shes working on. The competition comes to the fore when a waiter, Franck, is involved. Julie wants him but he appears to prefer the more mature Sarah, an unexpected tragedy occurs after a night of flirting among the three. After swimming together in the pool, Franck refuses to allow Julie to continue performing oral sex on him, once Sarah, Franck feels frightened and tells Julie he is leaving. The next day, Franck is missing, while investigating Francks disappearance, Sarah learns that Julies mother died years earlier, though Julie had spoken of her mother as if she were alive. She returns to the villa, where a confused Julie thinks that Sarah is her mother and has a breakdown, Julie eventually recovers and confesses that Franck is dead because she repeatedly hit him over the head with a rock as he tried to leave her at the pool. His body is in one of the sheds, when Marcel becomes suspicious of the mound of fresh soil where Sarah and Julie have buried Francks body, Sarah seduces the elderly gardener to distract him. Julie leaves, thanking Sarah for her help and leaving her the manuscript of a novel written by her late mother. Sarah uses the manuscript in her novel-in-progress. Sarah returns to England and visits John at his office with her new novel
31.
Angel (2007 film)
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Angel, also known as the Real Life of Angel Deverell, is a 2007 British film based on the novel of the same name by Elizabeth Taylor, about the life of a fiery and passionate young writer. The protagonist was portrayed by Romola Garai, other characters were played by Sam Neill, Michael Fassbender, Angel Deverell is considered an outsider in the town of Norley. She has an imagination and prefers to be alone, writing. Her mother, a shopkeeper, and her aunt, who works for the family lives in the grand house called Paradise. She finishes writing her novel, Lady Irania, and sends it off, theo Gilbright offers to publish her novel, but he requires that she make some changes. Angel refuses and leaves in tears, theo comes after her and offers to publish the novel as it is. That evening, they dine at Theos house, where Theos wife, Hermione, Angel becomes a success, publishing several novels. At an event, she meets Nora, who is a admirer of Angel, and her brother, Esmé. Angel buys Paradise and hires Nora as her personal secretary, Esmé enlists and Angel is heartbroken. Corelli was one of the first writers to become a star, today she has been totally forgotten, even in England. During the screen tests, I realized that many of them wanted to be Angel. As soon as theyd finish reading, theyd say to me I could play Angel too and they had no desire to play a supporting role, whereas Lucy Russell didnt mind. She showed up for her screen test dressed like an old maid, with thick glasses and she was actually there to play Nora. And like Charlotte, Lucy speaks fluent French, so she was my second crutch on the set, the actors did not mind this as they too got the chance to warm up. Angel received mixed reviews, with a 50% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, however, Matthew Turner of View London called it an Enjoyable, impressively directed melodrama that stays just the right side of kitsch and features a superb performance by Romola Garai. Angel at the Internet Movie Database Interview With the Director
32.
Dexter (TV series)
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Dexter is an American television crime drama mystery series that aired on Showtime from October 1,2006, to September 22,2013. The shows first season was derived from the novel Darkly Dreaming Dexter and it was adapted for television by screenwriter James Manos, Jr. who wrote the first episode. Subsequent seasons evolved independently of Lindsays works, in February 2008, reruns began to air on CBS, although the reruns on CBS ended after one run of the first season. The series has enjoyed positive reviews throughout its run and popularity. Season four aired its finale on December 13,2009, to a record-breaking audience of 2.6 million viewers. In April 2013, Showtime announced that season eight would be the season of Dexter. The season-eight premiere was the most watched Dexter episode with more than 3 million viewers total for all airings that night, the original broadcast of the series finale—shown at 9 pm on September 22, 2013—drew 2.8 million viewers, the largest overall audience in Showtimes history. For the seasonal plots, see Dexter, Dexter, Dexter, Dexter, Dexter, Dexter, Dexter, to satisfy his interest in blood and to facilitate his own crimes, Dexter works as a forensic technician specializing in bloodstain pattern analysis, for the Miami Metro Police Department. Although his drive to kill is unflinching, he is able to simulate, Dexter, Early Cuts is an animated web series that premiered on October 25,2009. Michael C. Hall reprises his role as the voice of Dexter, the webisodes are animated with 2. 5D style, where flat two-dimensional illustrations are brought to life in three-dimensional space. The first season was created and written by Dexter producer/writer Lauren Gussis and she was nominated for a Webby for her writing on the first season. The first web series precedes the current narrative of the show, each victims story is split into four two-minute chapters. A second season of the web series titled Dexter, Early Cuts, Dark Echo, one story in six chapters and it was written by Tim Schlattmann and illustrated by Bill Sienkiewicz and David Mack. The story begins immediately following Dexters adoptive father Harrys death, although the series is set in Miami, Florida, many of the exterior scenes are filmed in Long Beach, California. Many landmark buildings and locations in Long Beach are featured throughout the series, the finale episodes airport scene takes place at Ontario International Airport in Ontario, California. In preparation for the UK launch of the series, Fox experimented with an SMS-based viral marketing campaign, mobile phone owners received the following unsolicited SMS messages addressed to them by name with no identifying information other than being from Dexter, Hello. Im heading to the UK sooner than you might think, the SMS-message was followed by an email directing the user to an online video news report about a recent spree of killings. While the marketing campaign succeeded in raising the profile of the show, it proved unpopular with many mobile owners, in response to complaints about the SMS element of the campaign, Fox issued the following statement, The shows lead actor, Michael C
33.
Screen Actors Guild Award
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The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called The Actor. It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, is cast in solid bronze, SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards, the awards have been telecast since 1998 on TNT, and since 2007 have been simulcast on TBS. The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25,1995 from Universal Studios Stage 12, the second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center
34.
Broadchurch
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Broadchurch is a British television crime drama broadcast on ITV. It was created and written by Chris Chibnall and produced by Kudos Film and Television, Shine America, and Imaginary Friends. The first series, which premiered on 4 March 2013, focused on the death of an 11-year-old boy and the impact of grief, mutual suspicion, and media attention on the town. Filming for series two began in late May 2014 and concluded on 12 October 2014, and the series premiered on 5 January 2015, Series three was confirmed on 23 February 2015, immediately following the series two finale, and premiered on 27 February 2017. Broadchurch series one focused on the search for the murderer by detectives Alec Hardy. Chibnall was inspired by the Jurassic Coast of Britain to set his crime drama in a fictional, much of the tone of the series was inspired by the music of Ólafur Arnalds, who also composed the soundtrack for the programme. Writing on spec, Chibnall persuaded ITV to green-light the series in the autumn of 2011, auditions soon followed, although some actors were offered roles directly. Principal photography began in August 2012, with shooting occurring primarily in towns and villages in Dorset, North Somerset, South Gloucestershire. The production went to lengths to keep the identity of the murderer secret. Cast and crew were nominated for awards for series one, they won several British Academy Television Awards. Series two was announced when the first series ended, the second series primarily focuses on two plot strands, the trial of the murderer and the reopening of the Sandbrook case. Tennant, Colman, and most of the cast of series one returned for series two, a U. S. remake in one season, Gracepoint, also created by Chris Chibnall and starring Tennant, aired on 2014 on Fox. The French channel France 2 also announced an adaptation, to be titled Malaterra, Broadchurch creator and writer Chris Chibnall described the project as a labour of love. He conceived Broadchurch about 2003 while working on his first series, Born, the concept was for Broadchurch to explore how a childs murder affects a small, close-knit local community, and how the characters react to the media attention and the mutual suspicion that arises. The series location was inspired by the Jurassic Coast in Dorset. Chibnall says that he initially did not have a location in mind for the series, but work-related issues made setting the show in Dorset appealing. From 2006 to 2011, Chibnall had spent most of his time travelling about the UK and Ireland, working on Torchwood, Law & Order, UK, setting the show in Dorset meant Chibnall would not have to spend time away from his home and family. Chibnalls decision to set the show on the Jurassic Coast also helped him generate more ideas for the show, for example, Dorsets most famous native son, poet and author Thomas Hardy, lent his last name to one of the main characters
35.
45 Years
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45 Years is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed and written by Andrew Haigh. The film is based on the short story In Another Country by David Constantine, the film was screened in the main competition section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival. Charlotte Rampling won the Silver Bear for Best Actress and Tom Courtenay won the Silver Bear for Best Actor, at the 88th Academy Awards, Rampling received a nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role. It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and it was released in the United Kingdom on 28 August 2015. The film was released in the United States by Sundance Selects on 23 December 2015, the film takes place across six days, marked by intertitles. Memories rush back to him and he realizes he has much of what little German he used to know. Kate has known about Katya since the time Geoff and Kate met later in the 1960s and is initially unconcerned by Geoffs controlled disquiet, I can hardly be cross about something that happened before we even existed. She says, but after a pause adds Still, the next day Kate helps Geoff find his old German-English dictionary. Soon, Geoffs conduct begins to show there is more on his mind than he says. Prodded by Kate, Geoff talks about his relationship with Katya and he tells Kate that he and Katya had pretended to be married in order to be able to share a room in the more puritanical early 1960s. Because of this, the Swiss authorities consider him to be Katyas next of kin, Kate is troubled by the revelation. As the days pass and preparations for the party continue, Geoff continues to be moody and takes up smoking, one night, Geoff climbs into the attic to look at his memorabilia of Katya and only reluctantly shows Kate a picture of Katya when she insists. Kate starts to all of her life with Geoff and their possibly rebound relationship. She finds Geoffs scrapbook filled with memorabilia from his life with Katya, and then she finds a carousel slide projector, loaded with images of Switzerland and Katya, next to a makeshift screen to view them. One slide shows Katya with her hand on top of her protruding abdomen, Geoff promises that their marriage will start again, which he begins by bringing her tea to bed and making breakfast for her the next morning. They attend their anniversary party in the historical Grand Hall, Geoff and Kate dance, but she moves rigidly in his embrace. As they dance, after initially being sober and serious, Geoff begins to more playful. As the dance ends and Kate realizes the meaning of this wedding song, Kate yanks her arm down after a few seconds and Geoff, apparently oblivious, dances away
36.
Berlin Film Festival Award for Best Actress
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The Silver Bear for Best Actress is the Berlin International Film Festivals award for achievement in performance by an actress. It is selected by the jury of the festival for films in the competition slate. The award was first presented in 1956, and can be for lead or supporting roles, the award was not presented in 1969,1970,1973, and 1974. Sachiko Hidari won the award for two films in the 1964 competition, in 2011 the award was given to the entire female cast of A Separation. Shirley MacLaine is the actress that has won the award more than once. ‡ - indicates the performance was nominated for an Academy Award Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress Volpi Cup for Best Actress Berlinale website Berlin Film Festival at IMDb
37.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
38.
Volpi Cup for Best Actress
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The Volpi Cup is the principal award given to actresses at the Venice Film Festival and is named in honor of Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata, the founder of the festival. The award winner is selected by the jury from the films in the competition slate. The official name of the award has changed several times over the course of the years, the awards given from 1983 to 1987 were not Coppa Volpis but rather square plaques. The award can be given for lead or supporting performances, there are additional awards given within the festival that recognize acting performances. From 1993 to 1995 the festival awarded a Best Supporting Actress prize that is included below, the main Best Actress Award resumed in 1983
