1.
ICAO airport code
–
The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating aerodromes around the world. ICAO codes are used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers. Flight information regions are identified by a unique ICAO-code. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers, for example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with C, so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes and their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world was classified in a more planned top-down manner, thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe. The second letter was more specific, EGxx was the United Kingdom, EDxx was West Germany, ETxx was East Germany, LExx was Spain, LAxx was Albania, France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, which are used for airline timetables, reservations. For example, the IATA code for Londons Heathrow Airport is LHR, in general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes have ICAO codes than IATA codes, and to add to the confusion IATA codes are assigned to railway stations. Unlike the IATA codes, the ICAO codes generally have a structure and are comprehensive. In general, the first letter is allocated by continent and represents a country or group of countries within that continent, the second letter generally represents a country within that region, and the remaining two are used to identify each airport. The exception to rule is larger countries that have single-letter country codes. In either case, ICAO codes generally provide geographical context unlike IATA codes, for example, if one knows that the ICAO code for Heathrow is EGLL, then one can deduce that the airport EGGP is somewhere in the UK. On the other hand, knowing that the IATA code for Heathrow is LHR does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty, there are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code made for political or administrative reasons. Similarly Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe, further, in region L, all available 2-letter prefixes have been exhausted and thus no additional countries can be added
2.
Moldova
–
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian, Republica Moldova, listen, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878, Bessarabia remained a province of the Russian Empire until 1917, when during the Russian Revolution it became an autonomous and then nominally independent Moldavian Democratic Republic. In 1918, following a vote of its assembly, Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania, the decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924, created within the Ukrainian SSR, on a territory east of Bessarabia, a so-called Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, the Soviets decided to split the region between a newly established Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian SSR. The Moldavian SSR included two-thirds of the territory of Bessarabia, on 27 August 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The current Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994, the strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms, Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The name Moldova derives from the Moldova River, the valley of this served as a political centre at the time of the foundation of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. The origin of the name of the river remains unclear, the dogs name, given to the river, extended to the Principality. For a short time in the 1990s, at the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country began to use the Romanian name, Moldova. Officially, the name Republic of Moldova is designated by the United Nations, in 2010, Oldowan flint tools were discovered at Bayraki that are 800, 000–1.2 million years old. This demonstrates that humans were present in Moldova during the early Paleolithic era. The inhabitants of this civilization, which lasted roughly from 5500 to 2750 BC, practiced agriculture, raised livestock, hunted, in antiquity, Moldovas territory was inhabited by Dacian tribes. Between the 1st and 7th centuries AD, the south was intermittently under the Roman, and then Byzantine Empires. The Principality of Moldavia, established in 1359, was bounded by the Carpathian Mountains in the west, the Dniester River in the east, and the Danube River and Black Sea to the south. Its territory comprised the territory of the Republic of Moldova, the eastern eight counties of Romania. Like the present-day republic and Romanias north-eastern region, it was known to the locals as Moldova, Moldavia was invaded repeatedly by Crimean Tatars and, beginning in the 15th century, by the Turks. In 1538, the principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire, the title used in the document of 6 July 1600 was The King of the country of Romania, Ardeal and of all of Moldavia
3.
Airline hub
–
Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
4.
Air Moldova
–
Air Moldova is the national airline of Moldova headquartered in Chișinău. It mainly operates scheduled and charter services to destinations within Europe from its base at Chișinău International Airport, the origin of Air Moldova can be traced to 19 September 1944, when the first unit of Po-2 transport aircraft arrived in Chișinău and the Moldovan Independent Squadron was established. In the 1960s, considerable steps were made in the development of the local Moldovan airline industry, a new airport in Chișinău able to accommodate gas turbine aircraft was opened early in the decade. The enterprise received status of Civil Aviation Administration in 1965 and new Antonov An-10, An-12, regular flights to many cities in the USSR were begun and the transportation of fruits and vegetables grown in Moldova to the largest industrial centers of the USSR was established. The beginning of the 1970s was marked by the appearance of jet aircraft on Moldovas main air routes. The first Tupolev Tu-134 twin-jet airliner began service in Moldova in 1971 and became the aircraft type of the enterprise. In Chișinău there was even an all-union test basis for aircraft of this type, the fleet was further enlarged in 1972 with the Yakovlev Yak-42 tri-jet regional aircraft and in 1974 with the An-26 turboprop cargo aircraft. The route map kept expanding and the flow of traffic kept growing throughout the decade, in the middle of the 1980s, Moldovan operations received ten larger Tupolev Tu-154 tri-jet airliners, furthering the development of Moldovan aviation. At that time Moldovan aircraft flew to 73 cities in the USSR, in 1990 the first international route between Chișinău and Frankfurt was opened. The airline was created in 1993 on the basis of the local Aeroflot unit, since its very start, the company’s efforts were targeted at integration to the international market and compliance with the modern standards and requirements to high-end airlines. Air Moldova joined the management team improvement program in 1999, on 13 July 2004, Air Moldova became an IATA member. Air Moldova has also passed the operation safety audit and received the IOSA operator certificate, in May 2006, Air Moldova implemented e-ticketing on all its flights. The Air Moldova air operators certificate permitted the transport of passengers, goods, in February 2015, Air Moldova ceased three routes to Bucharest, Kiev and Sochi as the contract with Tandem Aero, which operated them on behalf of Air Moldova, was discontinued. The Chisinau-Bucharest route will be relaunched on December 12th,2016, the two Yakovlev Yak-42s went back to Russia in late 2003 and 2004. The last Tupolev Tu-154B was destroyed on July 5,2006, in November 2006,93.1 million Moldovan lei were transferred from the 2006 state budget to Air Moldova. With another 9 million lei taken from a bank, one of the six Airbus A320 has been bought, the political opposition at that time had doubts about the transparency of this deal. In June 2007, Air Moldova gave back an Airbus A320 to the lessor after 38 months of service, a MD-82 from SkyWings was leased for 5 months from 15 May until October 2007. The Tupolev Tu-134 operated the Moscow and Istanbul flights more often when the second Airbus left the fleet
5.
Focus city
–
In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
6.
Wizz Air
–
Wizz Air Hungary Ltd. is a Hungarian low-cost airline with its head office in Budapest. The airline typically uses secondary airports serving many cities across Europe, Israel and it has the largest fleet of any Hungarian airline, although it is not a flag carrier, and currently serves 35 countries. Its Jersey based parent company, Wizz Air Holdings Plc, is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index, the airline was established in September 2003. The lead investor is Indigo Partners, an American private equity firm specializing in transportation investments, the first flight was made from Katowice International Airport on 19 May 2004. The airlines CEO is József Váradi, former CEO of Malév Hungarian Airlines, the company is registered in Pest County. In 2011, Wizz Air carried 11 million passengers, including 4.2 million passengers on Polish routes, recently Wizz opened new bases in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. However, Poland is still the largest market for Wizz Air, on 4 October 2012, Wizz Air launched a new cabin bag policy to encourage customers to bring smaller baggage on-board following a successful month-long trial on the London Luton and Katowice route. This means that a smaller cabin bag can be taken on board for free, on 25 February 2015 Wizz Air started trading on London Stock Exchange. The current Head office can be found in Laurus offices, Budapest since March 2016, the new building has 5 floors, which gives the company more space than any of the former headquarters. Previously, its office was at Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport. While attempting to hasten SkyEuropes demise in June 2009, Wizz Air claimed it had been profitable for several years, however, as a private company it is not required to publish its financial accounts - annual reports are still available. In November 2009, it emerged that Wizz Air was significantly loss-making and had never made a profit while delaying the pay-back of €32 million of debt by five years. Losses since commencing operations total €78 million, which, in 2009, since then Wizz Air reported profits in 2012, in 2013, in 2014 and in 2015. Wizz Air has the second lowest CASK among European airlines, as result of the 2014 situation in Ukraine, Wizz Air Ukraine was terminated on 20 April 2015. Some routes to and from Kyiv were taken over by Wizz Air itself while all others ceased, Wizz Air Bulgaria was Wizz Airs Bulgarian subsidiary based at Sofia Airport. However, Wizz Air itself still maintains base operations there, Wizz Air Romania was a planned subsidiary to be based at Timișoara Traian Vuia International Airport. However, this never started operations and Wizz Air itself inaugurated a base there instead. Wizz Air prefers to land at smaller or secondary airports to reduce costs, the airline also has a buy on board service called Wizz Café and a shopping service called Wizz Boutique
7.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Runway
–
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
9.
Concrete
–
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, when aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives are included in the mixture to improve the properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials embedded to provide tensile strength, famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of technology were the ancient Romans. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the dome of the Pantheon is the worlds largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, large concrete structures are made with reinforced concrete. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century, today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material. The word concrete comes from the Latin word concretus, the passive participle of concrescere, from con-. Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement was twelve years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned due to natural causes and these ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s. On a human timescale, small usages of concrete go back for thousands of years and they discovered the advantages of hydraulic lime, with some self-cementing properties, by 700 BC. They built kilns to supply mortar for the construction of houses, concrete floors. The cisterns were kept secret and were one of the reasons the Nabataea were able to thrive in the desert, some of these structures survive to this day. In the Ancient Egyptian and later Roman eras, it was re-discovered that adding volcanic ash to the mix allowed it to set underwater, similarly, the Romans knew that adding horse hair made concrete less liable to crack while it hardened, and adding blood made it more frost-resistant. Crystallization of strätlingite and the introduction of pyroclastic clays creates further fracture resistance, german archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann found concrete floors, which were made of lime and pebbles, in the royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates roughly to 1400–1200 BC. Lime mortars were used in Greece, Crete, and Cyprus in 800 BC, the Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct made use of waterproof concrete
10.
Eurocontrol
–
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol, is an international organisation working to achieve safe and seamless air traffic management across Europe. Founded in 1960, Eurocontrol currently has 41 member states and is headquartered in Brussels, the organization employs approximately two thousand people and operates with an annual budget in excess of half a billion Euros. The EU itself is a signatory of Eurocontrol and all EU member states are also members of Eurocontrol. The organization works with national authorities, air service providers, civil and military airspace users, airports. The Eurocontrol Convention was signed in 1960 and ratified in 1963, the other four original members agreed in 1964 to set up a single international air traffic control center to manage their upper airspace, settling in the Dutch city of Maastricht. The European Parliament at the time expressed concern about the lack of clear intergovernmental agreements to ensure common air traffic control services across the continent. In 1979, Eurocontrol signed a cooperation agreement with the European Commission, attempting to create a synergy of Eurocontrol’s technical expertise. Subsequently, ECAC urged all of its states to join Eurocontrol. A revised Eurocontrol Convention was signed in 1997, renewing the organization’s optimism for political support. In June 1998, Eurocontrol, the European Space Agency and the European Commission also signed an agreement formalizing cooperation in the realm of navigation systems. In 1999 the European Commission presented its plan for a Single European Sky to the European Parliament, the pressure was further compounded by the September 11 attacks, increasing the need for a rapid Europe-wide regulatory and coordinating body. By May 2003, EUROCONTROL and NATO had signed a memorandum of cooperation, in February 2004, Eurocontrol started work on first mandates from the European Commission and in April 2004, it adopted the Single European Sky Regulations. In March 2006, the European Commission’s Single European Sky ATM Research Program was launched by the Stakeholder Consultation Group under Eurocontrols aegis, Eurocontrol provides a set of different services, Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre Network Manager Operations Centre – coordinates flight plans and actual traffic. EAD – centralized access to AIS information, central Route Charges Office – collects en-route charges on behalf of Air Navigation Service providers. Eurocontrol Experimental Centre – ATM research, simulations, etc, institute of Air Navigation Services – training and e-learning. Eurocontrol Safety Regulatory Requirement – basis requirements for certification and designation according to EC regulation 2096/2005, a DFS unit, controlling military air traffic over the north-west of Germany, is co-located with the civil facilities. It is the second busiest upper area Area Control Centre in Europe, in Europe, only London centre has more traffic in terms of numbers, but that is caused by a much bigger airspace range with many more sectors. Typically, air traffic control sectors at MUAC can handle 55 or more flights per hour, Maastricht UAC has undoubtedly one of the most complex airspace structures in the world where the traffic flow can be somewhat disrupted by the many surrounding military airspaces around
11.
International airport
–
An international airport is an airport that offers customs and immigration facilities for passengers travelling between countries. International airports often also host domestic flights, some, such as Frankfurt Airport in Germany are very large, others such as Faaā International Airport in Tahiti, are quite small. Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid 20th century, detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of passengers and flights are among the most complex. In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services and it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928, the precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, there was limited infrastructure, four-engined land planes being unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, thus/therefore flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route, on-water landing areas were found in such as Surabaya. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the landing area. International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments, other international airports, such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate. Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious, an example is the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity. Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density, because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges, each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic. International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines, many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers, an airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared, technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The International Air Transport Association, formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies, the International Civil Aviation Organization is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate and this eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics
12.
Bucharest
–
Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 60 km north of the Danube River, Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture and its architecture is a mix of historical, interbellum, communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the citys elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of Little Paris. Although buildings and districts in the city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic, in 2016, the historical city centre was listed as endangered by the World Monuments Watch. According to the 2011 census,1,883,425 inhabitants live within the city limits, the urban area extends beyond the limits of Bucharest proper and has a population of about 1.9 million people. Adding the satellite towns around the area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.27 million people. According to Eurostat, Bucharest has an urban zone of 2,183,091 residents. According to unofficial data, the population is more than 3 million, Bucharest is the sixth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits, after London, Berlin, Madrid, Rome, and Paris. Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and is one of the industrial centres. The city has big convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional shopping arcades, the Romanian name București has an uncertain origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, in Romanian, the word stem bucurie means joy, and it is believed to be of Dacian origin. Other etymologies are given by scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveler, Evliya Çelebi. A native or resident of Bucharest is called a Bucharester, Bucharests history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the Citadel of București in 1459, it became the residence of the famous Wallachian prince Vlad III the Impaler, the Ottomans appointed Greek administrators to run the town from the 18th century. A short-lived revolt initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu in 1821 led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest, the Old Princely Court was erected by Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the residence of the royal court
13.
TAROM
–
Compania Națională de Transporturi Aeriene Române TAROM S. A. doing business as TAROM, is the flag carrier and oldest currently operating airline of Romania, based in Otopeni near Bucharest. Its headquarters and its main hub are at Henri Coandă International Airport and it is currently the largest airline operating in Romania based on international destinations, international flights and the second largest measured by fleet size and passengers carried. The brand name is an acronym for Romanian, Transporturile Aeriene Române, over ninety-seven percent of TAROM is owned by the Romanian Government. The airline transported almost 2.4 million passengers in 2015, the airline joined SkyTeam on 25 June 2010. The history of Romanian National Air Transport Company can be traced back from 1920, the airline used French-built Potez 15 aircraft for its passenger/mail service between Paris and Bucharest via several cities in Central Europe. In 1925, the city of Galați became the first destination in Romania served by regular flights followed, from 24 June 1926, by a service to Iași. Ten de Havilland DH.9 and five Ansaldo A.300, in addition to the Potez aircraft, in 1928 the airline changed its name to SNNA. In 1930, the company adopted the name LARES while 1937 saw the merger of LARES with its competitor, domestic operations were started from Bucharest on 1 February 1946, when TARS took over all air services and aircraft from LARES. Over the following decade, the companys Soviet share was purchased by Romanian government and, on 18 September 1954, by 1960, TAROM was flying to a dozen cities across Europe. 1966 saw the operation of its first transatlantic flight, on 14 May 1974, it launched a regular service to New York City. Being part of the group of airlines within Eastern Bloc states meant that for much of its history TAROM has operated Soviet-designed aircraft. As was the case with a number of nations, the Il-62 was the first long-range jet airliner to be put into operation by Romania. Five examples were owned by TAROM, which leased the aircraft to other operators. Plans were made to acquire Vickers VC10 aircraft as well, but in the end the Soviets did not allow it, with 59 aircraft in operation, in the late 70s, TAROM had the largest fleet in the Eastern Bloc, after Aeroflot. In 1978, a contract was signed with the UK enabling Rombac to manufacture the BAC One Eleven at Romaero, meanwhile, the 707 and Il-62 long-range aircraft were operating New York, Abu-Dhabi-Bangkok-Singapore, and Karachi-Beijing. TAROM was the only Eastern Bloc airline to operate flights to Tel Aviv, after the collapse of the communist regime in 1989, the airline, operating a fleet of 65 aircraft of six basic types, was able to acquire more Western-built jets. By 1993, TAROM had introduced long-haul flights to Montreal and Bangkok using Ilyushin Il-62, during the 1990s, TAROM replaced its long-haul fleet of Boeing 707s and IL-62s with Airbus A310s. TAROM terminated loss-making domestic services to Craiova, Tulcea, Caransebeș, and Constanța, and focused its activity on service to key destinations in Europe,2004 was the first profitable year of the last decade
14.
Curtain wall (architecture)
–
A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely keep the weather out and the occupants in. As the curtain wall is non-structural it can be made of a lightweight material, when glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper within the building. The curtain wall façade does not carry any dead load weight from the other than its own dead load weight. The wall transfers horizontal wind loads that are incident upon it to the building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, sway induced by wind and seismic forces acting on the building, curtain-wall systems are typically designed with extruded aluminum members, although the first curtain walls were made of steel. The aluminium frame is infilled with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building. However, parameters related to solar gain control such as thermal comfort, other common infills include, stone veneer, metal panels, louvres, and operable windows or vents. Buildings were constructed with the walls of the building supporting the load of the entire structure. The exterior walls could be non-load-bearing and thus much lighter and more open than the masonry load-bearing walls of the past and this gave way to increased use of glass as an exterior façade, and the modern-day curtain wall was born. Oriel Chambers and 16 Cook Street, both built in Liverpool, England, by architect and civil engineer Peter Ellis, are characterised by their extensive use of glass in their facades. Towards the courtyards they even boasted metal-framed glass curtain walls, which makes two of the worlds first buildings to include this structural feature. The extensive glass walls allowed light to penetrate further into the building, utilizing more floor space, oriel Chambers comprises 43,000 sq ft set over five floors without an elevator which had only recently been invented and was not yet widespread. An early example of a curtain wall used in the classical style is the Kaufhaus Tietz department store on Leipziger Straße, Berlin. Some of the first curtain walls were made with steel mullions, eventually silicone sealants or glazing tape were substituted, using a glass mullion system. Some designs included a cap to hold the glass in place. The first curtain wall installed in New York City, in the Lever House building, was this type of construction, earlier modernist examples are the Bauhaus in Dessau and the Hallidie Building in San Francisco. During the 1970s began the use of aluminium extrusions for mullions. Aluminum offers the advantage of being able to be easily extruded into nearly any shape required for design
15.
Ventilation (architecture)
–
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outside air into a space. The intentional introduction of air can be categorized as either mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation uses fans to drive the flow of air into a building. This may be accomplished by pressurization, or by depressurization, many mechanically ventilated buildings use a combination of both, with the ventilation being integrated into the HVAC system. Natural ventilation is the passive flow of outside air into a building through planned openings. Natural ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move air, it relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as diffusion, wind pressure. Mixed mode ventilation systems use mechanical and natural processes. The mechanical and natural components may be used in conjunction with other or separately at different times of day or season of the year. Since the natural component can be affected by environmental conditions it may not always provide an appropriate amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or to regulate the naturally driven flow, in many instances, ventilation for indoor air quality is simultaneously beneficial for the control of thermal comfort. At these times, it can be useful to increase the rate of ventilation beyond the minimum required for air quality. Two examples include air-side economizer strategies and ventilation pre-cooling, in other instances, ventilation for indoor air quality contributes to the need for - and energy use by - mechanical heating and cooling equipment. In hot and humid climates, dehumidification of ventilation air can be an energy intensive process. Although ventilation is a component to maintaining good indoor air quality. In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as filtration may also be necessary. In kitchen ventilation systems, or for laboratory fume hoods, the design of effective effluent capture can be more important than the amount of ventilation in a space. The ability for a system to pollution is described as its ventilation effectiveness. Ventilation should be considered for its relationship to venting for appliances and combustion equipment such as heaters, furnaces, boilers
16.
X-ray
–
X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz, X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. Spelling of X-ray in the English language includes the variants x-ray, xray, X-rays with high photon energies are called hard X-rays, while those with lower energy are called soft X-rays. Due to their ability, hard X-rays are widely used to image the inside of objects, e. g. in medical radiography. The term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to an image produced using this method. Since the wavelengths of hard X-rays are similar to the size of atoms they are useful for determining crystal structures by X-ray crystallography. By contrast, soft X-rays are easily absorbed in air, the length of 600 eV X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer. There is no consensus for a definition distinguishing between X-rays and gamma rays, one common practice is to distinguish between the two types of radiation based on their source, X-rays are emitted by electrons, while gamma rays are emitted by the atomic nucleus. This definition has problems, other processes also can generate these high-energy photons. One common alternative is to distinguish X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10−11 m and this criterion assigns a photon to an unambiguous category, but is only possible if wavelength is known. Occasionally, one term or the other is used in specific contexts due to precedent, based on measurement technique. Thus, gamma-rays generated for medical and industrial uses, for radiotherapy, in the ranges of 6–20 MeV. X-ray photons carry enough energy to ionize atoms and disrupt molecular bonds and this makes it a type of ionizing radiation, and therefore harmful to living tissue. A very high radiation dose over a period of time causes radiation sickness. In medical imaging this increased risk is generally greatly outweighed by the benefits of the examination. The ionizing capability of X-rays can be utilized in treatment to kill malignant cells using radiation therapy. It is also used for material characterization using X-ray spectroscopy, hard X-rays can traverse relatively thick objects without being much absorbed or scattered. For this reason, X-rays are widely used to image the inside of visually opaque objects, the most often seen applications are in medical radiography and airport security scanners, but similar techniques are also important in industry and research
17.
Baggage reclaim
–
In airport terminals, a baggage reclaim area is an area where arriving passengers claim checked-in baggage after disembarking from an airline flight. The alternative term baggage claim is used at airports in the USA, a typical baggage claim area contains baggage carousels or conveyor systems that deliver checked baggage to the passenger. The baggage claim area contains the airlines customer service counter for claiming oversized baggage or to report missing baggage. Some airports required that passengers display their baggage check receipt so that it can be matched against the bag they are trying to remove from baggage claim. In most other countries passengers transferring to an onward flight do not need to collect their bags unless their airline does not offer to check their bags to their final destination. This is required in American and some Canadian airports because international terminals are not enclosed, the same rule applies in the case of airports that have U. S. border preclearance facilities. This means that passengers continuing onto the U. S. from other cities must retrieve their checked baggage first, then re-check them after clearing U. S. Customs. In most large airports in the United States and in small ones as well. The efficiency of baggage reclaim units can be measured in a number of ways including the amount of time a unit is in use for a flight or the amount of baggage a unit can hold
18.
Airports Council International
–
Airports Council International is the only global trade representative of the world’s airport authorities. It aims to provide the public a safe, secure, efficient and it is governed by the ACI Governing Board. ACI World is located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, ACI works on a daily basis with the International Civil Aviation Organization and is a member of the Air Transport Action Group. In 2012, ACI member airports worldwide handled 5.7 billion arriving and departing passengers,92.5 million metric tonnes of cargo and 79 million movements, ACI reported 573 members operating 1751 airports in 174 countries and territories, representing over 95 percent of global airport traffic. ACI regular members are owners or operators, other than airlines, along with the World Airport Awards by Skytrax, it is considered one of the most prestigious accolades in the industry
19.
Euro
–
Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
20.
Taxiway
–
A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways with aprons, hangars, terminals and other facilities. They mostly have a surface such as asphalt or concrete. Busy airports typically construct high-speed or rapid-exit taxiways to allow aircraft to leave the runway at higher speeds and this allows the aircraft to vacate the runway quicker, permitting another to land or take off in a shorter interval of time. Most airports do not have a speed limit for taxiing. There is a rule on safe speed based on obstacles. Operators and aircraft manufacturers might have limits, typical taxi speeds are 20-30 knots. Normal Centerline A single continuous line,15 centimetres to 30 centimetres in width. Enhanced Centerline The enhanced taxiway center line marking consists of a line of yellow dashes on either side of the taxiway centerline. Taxiway centerlines are enhanced for 150 feet before a runway holding position marking, the enhanced taxiway centerline is standard at all FAR Part 139 certified airports in the USA. Taxiway Edge Markings Used to define the edge of the taxiway when the edge does not correspond with the edge of the pavement, continuous markings consist of a continuous double yellow line, with each line being at least 15 centimetres in width, spaced 15 centimetres apart. They divide the taxiway edge from the shoulder or some other abutting paved surface not intended for use by aircraft. Dashed markings define the edge of a taxiway on a surface where the adjoining pavement to the taxiway edge is intended for use by aircraft. These markings consist of a double yellow line, with each line being at least 15 centimetres in width. These lines are 15 feet in length with 25 foot gaps, taxi Shoulder Markings Taxiways, holding bays, and aprons are sometimes provided with paved shoulders to prevent blast and water erosion. Shoulders are not intended for use by aircraft, and may be unable to carry the aircraft load, Taxiway shoulder markings are yellow lines perpendicular to the taxiway edge, from taxiway edge to pavement edge, about 3 metres. These markings are located on side of the taxiway. Surface Painted Location Signs Black background with an inscription and yellow. Where necessary, these markings supplement location signs located alongside the taxiway and these markings are located on the right side of the centerline
21.
Airport apron
–
The airport apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, or boarded. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, however, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access. The use of the apron may be controlled by the management service to provide coordination between the users. The apron is designated by the ICAO as not being part of the maneuvering area, all vehicles, aircraft and people using the apron are referred to as apron traffic. The term tarmac was used during an early aircraft hijack episode in the Middle East, the reporter with a British accent reported that the aircraft was parked on the tarmac and it stuck as a descriptive area. In the United States, the ramp is an older term for an area where pre-flight activities were done. Passenger gates are the feature of a terminal ramp. The word apron is the ICAO and FAA terminology, so the ramp is not used with this meaning outside the US, Canada, Maldives. Pavement Classification Number Hardstand Media related to Airport aprons at Wikimedia Commons Challenges to airport ramp and runway debris control
22.
European Investment Bank
–
The European Investment Bank is the European Unions nonprofit long-term lending institution established in 1958 under the Treaty of Rome. As a policy-driven bank whose shareholders are the states of the EU. It should not be confused with the European Central Bank, the EIB is a publicly owned international financial institution and its shareholders are the EU member states. Thus the member states set the broad policy goals and oversee the two independent decision-making bodies—the board of governors and the board of directors. It is the worlds largest international public lending institution, in 2009, Caisse des Dépots, Cassa Depositi e Prestiti, KfW and European Investment Bank founded the Long-Term Investors Club. The European Investment Bank was founded in Brussels in 1958 when the Treaty of Rome came into force and it relocated to Luxembourg, its current headquarters, in 1968. By 1999, it had more than 1,000 staff members, a figure that had doubled by 2012. The EIB Group was formed in 2000, comprising the EIB and the European Investment Fund, the EIB is the EIFs majority shareholder, with 62% of the shares. The total subscribed capital of the Bank was EUR232 billion in 2012, the capital of the EIB was virtually doubled between 2007 and 2009 in response to the crisis. The EU heads of government agreed to increase paid-in capital by EUR10 billion in June 2012, for the fiscal year 2011, EIB lent EUR61 billion in various loan products, bringing total outstanding loans to EUR395 billion, one-third higher than at the end of 2008. Nearly 90% of these were with EU member states with the remainder dispersed between around 150 partner countries, the bank uses its AAA credit rating and funds itself by raising equivalent amounts on the capital markets. As the Bank of the European Union, the EIBs mission is to make a difference to the future of Europe and its partners by supporting sound investments which further EU policy goals. In the wake of the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, the EIB is governed by the, Board of Governors – usually the Finance Ministers of the Member States. Their mandate is to authorise EIB activities outside the Union, form credit policy guidelines, Board of directors – twenty-eight members. There are eighteen alternates, meaning some of these positions are shared by groups of states. The board also co-opts a maximum of six experts, who participate in the Board meetings in an advisory capacity, the Board has sole power to take decisions in respect of loans, guarantees and borrowings. They are responsible only to the bank, the headquarters is situated at 100 Boulevard Konrad Adenauer in Kirchberg, Luxembourg. The buildings first phase, now the West building, was designed by British architect Sir Denys Lasdun and is one of his few works outside the UK, an extension, the East building, was designed by Ingenhoven Architects, Düsseldorf
23.
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
–
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is an international financial institution founded in 1991. As a multilateral developmental investment bank, the EBRD uses investment as a tool to build market economies, initially focused on the countries of the former Eastern Bloc it expanded to support development in more than 30 countries from central Europe to central Asia. Besides Europe, member countries of the EBRD are from five continents, with the biggest shareholder being the United States, headquartered in London, the EBRD is owned by 65 countries and two EU institutions. Despite its public shareholders, it invests mainly in private enterprises. The EBRD is not to be confused with the European Investment Bank, EBRD is also distinct from the Council of Europe Development Bank. In 2006, EBRD stated it would cease spending in the Baltic and central European nations by 2010, in 2010, due to the Great Recession, this process was postponed. The EBRD was founded to support countries of the former Eastern Bloc in the process of establishing their private sectors, to that end, it offers project financing for banks, industries and businesses, for new ventures or existing companies. It works with publicly owned companies to support their privatization, as advocated by the WTO since the 1980s, the EBRD mandates to work only in countries that are committed to democratic principles. Some NGOs have criticized the EBRD for financing projects they consider to be environmentally and socially harmful, among the contested projects are the Ombla power plant in Croatia, the Kumtor Gold Mine in Kyrgyzstan, and the Šoštanj lignite power plant in Slovenia. NGOs have criticized the EBRD on the lack of progress the EBRD makes in its mission, the “transition towards open and democratic market economies. ”For example. The EBRD announced on 23 July 2014 that it would suspend new investment projects in Russia, the European Council declaration was made in the context of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. As of 2014 Russia has been the biggest funding recipient of all countries, in 2013, the Russian Federation received 1.8 billion € for investments from the EBRD and 1 billion € from the EIB. Russia employed the funds to finance a variety of projects like pipeline valves, property acquisitions, two Russian projects were awaiting funding from the EBRD, a 300 million € plan for promoting energy efficiency, and a $180 million loan to lease agricultural and forestry equipment. The bank stated that it continue to manage on-going projects in Russia. In 2015, the EBRD invested an amount in the Central Asian region. The total investment in 2015 rose by 75% reaching €1,402.3 billion, Kazakhstan reported the largest total volumes of investment. reaching 790 million euro in 2015. The following presidents have served the EBRD to date, the EBRD publishes its tenders and contracts on its own website and in Development Business. A publication launched in 1978 by the United Nations with the World Bank, direct investments range from €5 million to €230 million
24.
Aeroflot
–
OJSC Aeroflot – Russian Airlines, commonly known as Aeroflot, is the flag carrier and largest airline of the Russian Federation. The carrier operates domestic and international passenger and services, mainly from its hub at Sheremetyevo International Airport, Aeroflot is one of the oldest airlines in the world, tracing its history back to 1923. During the Soviet era, Aeroflot was the Soviet national airline, following the dissolution of the USSR, the carrier has been transformed from a state-run enterprise into a semi-privatised company which ranked 19th most profitable airline in the world in 2007. Aeroflot is still considered the de facto national airline of Russia and it is 51%-owned by the Russian Government. As of September 2013, the Aeroflot Group had 30,328 employees, the company has embarked on a fleet modernisation programme, extensive route restructuring, and an image overhaul. The airline joined SkyTeam in April 2006, becoming the 10th member of the alliance, on 17 January 1921, the Sovnarkom of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic published About Air Transportation. The document signed by Lenin set out the regulations on air transport over the territory of the RSFSR. The document was significant as it was the first time that a Russian state had declared sovereignty over its airspace, in addition, the document defined rules for the operation of foreign aircraft over the Soviet Unions airspace and territory. After Lenin issued an order, a State Commission was formed on 31 January 1921 for the purpose of civil aviation planning in the Soviet Union. This was followed by the formation of Deruluft-Deutsch Russische Luftverkehrs A. G. in Berlin on 11 November 1921, as a joint venture between the Soviet Union and Germany. The company, whose aircraft were registered in both Germany and the Soviet Union, began operations on 1 May 1922 with a Fokker F. III flying between Königsberg and Moscow, the service was initially operated twice a week and restricted to the carriage of mail. On 3 February 1923 Sovnarkom approved plans for the expansion of the Red Air Fleet, the artist Alexander Rodchenko became involved in the ODVF at this time. He designed posters encouraging citizens to buy stock in Dobrolet and the famous Winged Hammer, regular flights by Dobrolet from Moscow to Nizhniy Novgorod commenced on 15 July 1923. During the same period, an additional two airlines were established, Zakavia being based in Tiflis, and Ukrvozdukhput based in Kharkov, during 1923 an agreement was signed establishing a subdivision of Dobrolet to be based in Tashkent, which would operate to points in Soviet Central Asia. Services between Tashkent and Alma Ata began on 27 April 1924, and by the end of 1924 the subdivision had carried 480 passengers and 500 kilograms of mail and freight, in March 1924, Dobrolet began operating flights from Sevastopol to Yalta and Yevpatoriya in the Crimea. Dobrolets route network was extended during the 1925–1927 period to include Kazan, plans were made for Dobrolet flights to Kharkov to connect with Ukrvozdukhput services to Kiev, Odessa and Rostov-on-Don. Expansion of air routes which had taken shape in the late 1920s, the agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany relating to Deruluft expired on 1 January 1937 and wasnt renewed, which saw the joint venture carrier ceasing operations on 1 April 1937. On that date Aeroflot began operations on the Moscow to Stockholm route, under the third Five-Year Plan, which began in 1938, civil aviation development continued, with improvements to airport installations being made and construction of airports being commenced
25.
Sheremetyevo International Airport
–
Sheremetyevo International Airport is an international airport located in Khimki, Moscow Oblast, Russia,29 km northwest of central Moscow. In 2015, the airport handled 31,612,402 passengers and 256,104 aircraft movements, the airport was originally built as a military object called Sheremetyevsky named after a settlement with the same name. The airport became operational on October 7,1957 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution. After it was decided to turn the airport into a one, Sheremetyevo was opened on 11 August 1959. The new airport received its name for two venues, the village of Sheremetyevsky and the Savelov station on the railway of the same name. Sheremetyevo-1 was opened on 3 September 1964, on 12 September 1967, the first scheduled passenger flight of the Tupolev Tu-134 departed from Sheremetyevo, followed by the first scheduled flight of the Ilyushin Il-62 on 15 September. Sheremetyevo-2, the larger of the two complexes, opened on 1 January 1980 for the 1980 Summer Olympics. It was built according to the principles of design of Hannover-Langenhagen Airport, flights to cities in Russia and charter flights arrived and departed from Sheremetyevo-1. There is no connection between the two terminal complexes, they are essentially separate airports that use the same set of runways. In the 2000s, Sheremetyevo saw growing competition from a newer, with major airlines leaving Sheremetyevo, the need for reconstruction had become evermore evident. Since 3 July 2010, a walkway opened between Terminals D, E, F, and the Aeroexpress railway terminal on the access side. Since 2 November 2010, a walkway opened between Terminals D, E, and F on the security side, both of these simplify transfer between transit flights. After the reconstruction, the complex of the airport will be able to receive up to 25 million passengers annually. Ultimately, after the part of the airport is reconstructed. Since December 25,2009, all terminals have been identified by letters as opposed to numbers, in December 2011, a new Area control center was opened. It consolidates the gathering, monitoring, and control of the different control centres across all of the organizations that affect its efficient operation. The Situational Center also forms part of the control center. SC is intended for joint work of top-managers, heads of state bodies and it is activated only in the case of an emergency
26.
Athens International Airport
–
It is Greeces busiest airport and it serves as the hub and main base of Aegean Airlines as well as other Greek airlines. The airport is currently in Group 2 of Airports Council International and as of 2016, AIA is located between the towns of Markopoulo, Koropi, Spata and Loutsa, about 20 km to the east of central Athens. As to-date, ownership is divided between the Hellenic Republic and Private Sector in a 55%-45% stake following a PPP scheme for the airport company, currently, private investors include the Copelouzos Group and PSP Investments of Canada, following purchase of Hochtiefs shares. The airport was constructed to replace the now-closed Athens International Airport, studies for a new airport had been carried out from as early as the 1970s, with as many as 19 different locations being looked at before an area close to the town of Spata was chosen as suitable. Athens Airport SA, a company, was established in 1978 to proceed with the plans. In 1996, Athens International Airport S. A. was established as a Public–private partnership with a 30-year concession agreement and that same year, the €2.1 billion development finally began with an estimated completion date of February 2001. The airport construction was completed five months before schedule, but was delayed opening a month due to connections to Attiki Odos not being completed. Its major features include two parallel runways being 4 km and 3.8 km long respectively, the airport has received approval from the European Aviation Safety Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration for take-offs and landings of the biggest passenger jet worldwide, the A380. The first ever A380 to visit Eleftherios Venizelos Athens International Airport made a landing on 13 April 2011 for emergency medical reasons. The first scheduled A380 flight took place on 26 October 2012 by Emirates, the Greek government-debt crisis reduced the overall passenger traffic of the airport for six consecutive years. Many long-haul airlines outright terminated service to the airport, while others chose to operate on a basis only. Moreover, these problems were exacerbated by the closure of Olympic Airlines. In 2013, the airport handled just above 12.5 million passengers,3. 2% fewer than in 2012,2014 signaled a strong recovery for the airports passenger traffic and all statistical figures. More than ten new airlines started new flights to and from Athens, Aegean Airlines strengthened its network by 30% while Ryanair established a new base in the Athens Airport and added eight destinations. Characteristically, Singapore and Gulf Air resumed flights while Emirates, Etihad Airways, delta Air Lines and American Airlines retained their seasonal schedules to/from USA with even more frequent connectivity. From 2017 onwards, year-round services to Singapore are going to resume after more than 5 years, flights are going to be opeated by Scoot. In addition, over the period, aircraft traffic exhibited a solid growth of 14% year-over-year. Strong growth was evident throughout 2016, both for domestic and international destinations, annual results reflect a solid performance having an all-time record high been achieved for a second year in a row fueled by double-digit growth, this time passing the twenty million mark
27.
Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport
–
Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport is an international airport serving the city of Bologna in Italy. It is approximately 6 km northwest of the center in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The airport is named after Bologna native Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian electrical engineer, with 7,680,992 passengers handled in 2016, it is now the 7th busiest in Italy. For the period 2011–2013, the Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport planned the restyling, the passenger terminal covers a total surface 36,100 m2, of which 5,500 m2 are shopping areas. It features 10 security checkpoints and 24 departure gates, Bologna airport grew in size, from the previous total surface of 3,100 m2 to the current total surface of 3,600 m2. The number of gates increased from 20 to 24, even the security checkpoints increased from 7 to 10 and 25 additional toilet facilities have been opened throughout the airport. Greater emphasis has been placed on activities, and in particular, in airside, after security checks. Moreover, a new handling system has been installed in the new single check-in area on the ground floor. Now there are 5 piers with 2 air bridges for the transfer of passengers from the terminal to the aircraft. The restyling has been completed in the fall of 2013, Bologna airport has one runway made of bituminous conglomerate material, with 7. 5-meter-wide side bands on both sides. Motorway, A1, Exit Bologna Borgo Panigale, take the by-pass, a13, Exit Bologna Arcoveggio, take the by-pass. A14, Exit Bologna San Lazzaro, take the by-pass, the airport has 5,100 parking spaces, with different rates for short, or long stay. The Airport is about 6 kilometres from Bologna Centrale railway station, when you arrive at the station, you can reach the Airport by Aerobus – BLQ shuttle service, or by Taxi. Once completed, the Marconi Express monorail will connect the airport to Bologna Centrale railway station in 7 minutes, the airport has daily direct bus connection with Ferrara, Florence, Modena, Cervia and Ravenna, and three-times a week with Ascoli Piceno. List of airports in Italy Media related to Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Accident history for BLQ at Aviation Safety Network
28.
Brussels Airport
–
Brussels Airport is an international airport 6.5 NM northeast of Brussels, the capital of Belgium. In 2015, more than 23 million passengers arrived or departed at Brussels Airport and it is located partially in Zaventem, partially in the Diegem area of Machelen, and partially in Steenokkerzeel, in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is home to around 260 companies, together directly employing 20,000 people and serves as the base for Brussels Airlines, TUIfly Belgium. The company operating the airport is known as The Brussels Airport Company N. V. /S. A, before 19 October 2006, the name was BIAC, which was created by Belgian law through a merger of BATC with the ground operations departments of the RLW/RVA. Since 2011, the airport has been owned by the Toronto-based Ontario Teachers Pension Plan, Macquarie Group, on 22 March 2016 the airports departures hall was severely damaged by the two terrorist bomb blasts. The airport was closed until 3 April 2016, when it reopened with temporary facilities at less than 20% of its previous capacity and it has since returned to full operations, with a record of 90,000 passengers on 29 July 2016. The origins of Brussels Airport at Zaventem date back to 1940, there the Luftwaffe established Fliegerhorst Melsbroek and constructed 3 runways in the shape of a triangle, runway 02/20, runway 07L/25R and runway 12/30. The airport buildings were constructed in the municipality of Melsbroek and not of Zaventem. There is a legend that the site of the airport was chosen by the Germans after asking locals where to build it–the Belgians then pointed to this location as it was often foggy. After the liberation on 3 September 1944, the German infrastructure at Melsbroek fell into the hands of the British, when the old civilian airport in Haren became too small, the Belgian authorities decided to use the aerodrome at Melsbroek for the new national airport. By 1948, a new building was constructed to replace the old wooden building. In the same year, the lengths of both runways 02/20 and 07L/25R were increased, to 1,200 m and 2,450 m respectively, whereas 12/30 remained at 1,300 m. The civil aerodrome of Melsbroek was officially opened by Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, from 1948 to 1956 many more buildings and facilities were erected, mostly on the Melsbroek side of the site. In 1955, a line from Brussels city centre to the airport was constructed. The line was opened by King Baudouin on 15 May 1955. In 1956 a new 2,300 m runway was constructed, 07R/25L, the runway is still in use today and saw its length later increased to 3,200 m. In April 1956 the Belgian government decided to build a new airport, using the same runways, in April 1957, construction started of the new terminal, preparing the airport for the 1958 World Fair. The grass runway 12/30 had to make way to allow for the new passenger terminal and this new airport was inaugurated 5 July 1958, almost just in time for the 1958 World Fair
29.
Dubai International Airport
–
Dubai International Airport is the primary airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the worlds busiest airport by international passenger traffic. In 2016, DXB handled 83.6 million passengers,2.59 million tonnes of cargo, Dubai International is situated in the Al Garhoud district,2.5 nautical miles east of Dubai and spread over an area of 2,900 hectares of land. The airport is operated by the Dubai Airports Company and is the base of Dubais international airlines, Emirates. The Emirates hub is the largest airline hub in the Middle East, Emirates handles around 65% of all passenger traffic, Dubai Airport is also the base for low-cost carrier flydubai which handles 11. 6% of passenger traffic and 25% of aircraft movements at DXB. The airport consists of three terminals and has a capacity of 90 million passengers annually. Terminal 3 is the second largest building in the world by floor space, as of January 2016, there are over 7,700 weekly flights operated by 140 airlines to over 270 destinations across all six inhabited continents. The Empire Flying Boats also started operating once a week flying east to Karachi and west to Southampton, by February 1938, there were four flying boats a week. In the 1940s, flying from Dubai was by flying boats operated by British Overseas Airways Corporation, construction of the airport was ordered by the ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, in 1959. It officially opened in 1960 with its first airfield, at time it was able to handle aircraft the size of a Douglas DC-3 on a 1,800 m long runway made of compacted sand. Three turning-areas, an apron and small terminal completed the airport that was constructed by Costain, in May 1963, construction of a 9,200 ft asphalt runway started. The installation of the system continued after official opening and was completed in August of that year. During the second half of the 1960s several extensions, equipment upgrades like a VHF omnidirectional range, by 1969, the airport was served by 9 airlines serving some 20 destinations. The inauguration was on 15 May 1966 and was marked by the visits of the first big jets of Middle East Airlines, the construction of a new terminal building consisting of a three-story building 110 m long and included an enclosed floor area of 13,400 m2. A new 28 m control tower was also constructed, expansion continued in the early 1970s including ILS Category II equipment, lengthening existing runway to 12,500 ft, installation of a non-directional beacon, diesel generators, taxiways, etc. This work made handling the Boeing 747 and Concorde possible, several runway and apron extensions were carried out through the decade to meet growing demand. 1971 saw the new precision category 2 Approach and Runway Lighting System being commissioned, the construction of the Airport Fire Station and the installation of the generators were completed in December of that year and was fully operational in March 1972. The ruler also commissioned and inaugurated the Long-range Surveillance System on 19 June 1973, with the expansion of the Airport Fire Services it was necessary to find more suitable accommodation and a hangar style building was made available to them at the end of 1976. This was located midway between the ends to facilitate efficient operations
30.
Dublin Airport
–
Dublin Airport, is an international airport serving Dublin, the capital city of Ireland. The airport is located 5.4 nmi north of Dublin in Collinstown, in 2016,27.9 million passengers passed through the airport, making it the airports busiest year on record. It is the 16th busiest airport in Europe, and is also the busiest of the states airports by passenger traffic. It has the greatest traffic levels on the island of Ireland, followed by Belfast International Airport, the airport has an extensive short and medium haul network, served by an array of carriers, as well as some intercontinental routes focused in the Middle East and North America. United States border preclearance services are available at the airport for U. S. -bound passengers, Shannon Airport is the only other airport in Europe to offer this facility. A decision was made that an airport should replace Baldonnel as Dublins airport. The townlands of Collinstown, Rock and Corballis in the Barony of Coolock were selected as the location for the new civil aerodrome, collinstowns first association with aviation was as a British military air base during World War I. Construction of the airport was completed in 1919, and at the end of 1922 the land. The airfield quickly fell into disrepair and grass grew on the former runways, work on the new airport began in 1937. By the end of 1939, a grass surface, internal roads, car parks and electrical power. The inaugural flight from Dublin took place on 19 January 1940 to Liverpool, in August 1938, work began on a new airport terminal building. The terminal building was designed by architect Desmond FitzGerald, brother of politician Garret FitzGerald, the terminal building opened in early 1941, with its design heavily influenced by the tiered structure of the luxury ocean liners of the time. The terminal was awarded the Triennial Gold Medal of the Royal Hibernian Institute of Architects in 1942 and is today a listed building. Due to World War II, which was known as The Emergency in the Irish Free State, the only international scheduled route operated during this time was by Aer Lingus to Liverpool. The end of the war meant the beginning of an expansion in services at the airport. Aer Lingus resumed its London service to Croydon in November 1945, in 1947, KLM started the first European flights to Dublin with a service to Amsterdam. Three new concrete runways were completed in 1948, and in 1950 - after ten years in operation - the airport had welcomed a total of 920,000 passengers, throughout the 1950s Dublin Airport expanded with virtually uninterrupted traffic growth. Runway extensions and terminal enhancements were carried out to deal with the influx of traffic, new airlines began serving the airport also
31.
Florence Airport
–
Florence Airport, Peretola, Italian, Aeroporto di Firenze-Peretola and formally Amerigo Vespucci Airport, is the international airport of Florence, the capital of the Italian region of Tuscany. It is the second-busiest Tuscan airport in terms of passengers after Pisa International Airport and it serves as a focus city for Vueling. The first air field in Florence was created in the Campo di Marte area in 1910, Campo di Marte thus became Florences first airport, and remained so throughout the 1920s. However, the field was surrounded by houses and was inadequate for the new aircraft that were then replacing the first canvas-covered craft. In 1928, a location on the plain between Florence and Sesto Fiorentino was chosen, Peretola Airport opened there in the early 1930s. At first, Peretola was a field where airplanes took off and landed with no formal direction, but eventually. The airport was extended toward Castello, and in 1938–39, an asphalt runway 60 metres wide and 1,000 metres long, facing northeast, was built, in the 1940s, Peretola welcomed its first passenger flights, operated by Aerea Teseo with Douglas DC-3 aircraft. In 1948, Aerea Teseo went out of business, in the late 50s and early 60s, Alitalia, also using the DC-3, offered two routes, Rome–Florence–Venice and Rome–Florence–Milan. ATI then offered several domestic flights with the Fokker F27, in the early 1980s, plans were made to upgrade the airports facilities. In 1984, Saf was founded, and restructuring work was completed, lengthening and lighting the runway, installing a VOR/DME navigation system, in September 1986, regular flights resumed. Since then, the number of airplanes and passengers has steadily increased, in 1990, the airport was renamed after Florence native Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian merchant and cartographer. In 1992, the building now dedicated to arrivals, constructed by AdF, was inaugurated, two years later, a departures building opened, and the City of Florence opened a car park at the entrance to the airport. In 1996, the runway was extended by 250 metres, today, the new area has 15 check-in desks and covers a total of 1,200 square metres,770 of which are for public use. Since April 9,1998, AdF has had a concession to managing the airports infrastructure. On December 5,2012, Vueling announced the opening of a base of operations in Florence, in late 1999, a renovation and expansion of the terminals, aircraft parking areas, and other facilities began. In July 2000, AdF made its debut on the market, and in 2001. Florence Airport has a runway, and the main taxiway is situated at the end of Runway 5. As is common at airports, after landing, planes turn around at the end of the runway, then taxi back down to reach the parking area
32.
Frankfurt Airport
–
Frankfurt Airport is a major international airport located in Frankfurt, the fifth-largest city of Germany and one of the worlds leading financial centres. It is operated by Fraport and serves as the hub for Lufthansa including Lufthansa CityLine and Lufthansa Cargo as well as Condor. The airport is also the 12th busiest worldwide by number of passengers in 2015, with 61.032 million passengers using the airport in 2015. It also had a throughput of 2.076 million metric tonnes in 2015 and is the busiest airport in Europe by cargo traffic. As of summer 2017, Frankfurt Airport serves 293 destinations, making it the airport with the most direct routes in the world, in 2016 passengers at the airport fell 0. 4% to 60,792,308 down from 61.032 million in 2015. Frankfurt Airport lies 12 km southwest of central Frankfurt, near the Autobahn intersection Frankfurter Kreuz, the airport grounds, which form a city district of Frankfurt named Frankfurt-Flughafen, are surrounded by the Frankfurt City Forest. The southern portion of the airport grounds extend partially into the cities of Rüsselsheim am Main and Mörfelden-Walldorf, and a western portion of the grounds lie within the city of Kelsterbach. Thereby, along with a rail and motorway connection, the airport serves as a major transport for the greater region. That section of Rhein-Main later became the base for the Graf Zeppelin, its sister ship LZ-130, the airships were dismantled and their huge hangars demolished on 6 May 1940 during conversion of the base to military use. Luftwaffe engineers subsequently extended the runway and erected hangars and other facilities for German military aircraft. During World War II the Luftwaffe used the field sporadically as a fighter base, on 16 November 1909, the worlds first airline was founded in Frankfurt am Main, The Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft. DELAG then built the first airport in Frankfurt, called Airship Base at Rebstock and it opened in 1912 and was extended after World War I, but in 1924 an experts report already questioned the possibility of further expansions at this location. With the foundation of Deutsche Luft Hansa in 1926 a rapid boom of civilian air travel started, plans for a new and larger airport located in the Frankfurt City Forest south-west of Schwanheim were approved in 1930, but were not realised due to the Great Depression. After the Machtergreifung in 1933 the government revived the plans and started the construction of the new airport, on the northern part of the airport originated in 1935 a two-storey station building with a six-storey tower, and other operating and outbuildings for maintenance and storage of aircraft. The approximately 100 hectares runway received a grass cover, the official opening of the new Flug- und Luftschiffhafen Rhein-Main took place on July 8,1936. The first plane that landed was a Ju 52/3m, Six days later,1936800 tons of cargo and 58,000 passengers were transported, in 193770,000 passengers and 966 tons of cargo. In the coming years, the new airport was base of the two largest German airships LZ127 Graf Zeppelin and LZ129 Hindenburg. In 1938 Frankfurt was a distribution point for the transport of airmail to North America
33.
Geneva Airport
–
Geneva Airport, formerly and still unofficially known as Cointrin Airport, is the international airport of Geneva, the second most populous city in Switzerland. It is located 4 km northwest of the city centre and it reached 15 million passengers for the first time in December 2014 and serves as a hub for Swiss International Air Lines, easyJet Switzerland and Etihad Regional. Its northern limit runs along the Swiss–French border and the airport can be accessed from both countries, the freight operations are also accessible from both countries, making Geneva a European Union freight hub although Switzerland is not a member of the EU. The airport is partially in the commune of Meyrin and partially in the commune of Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva airport was created in 1919 as a simple field in Cointrin, near the city of Geneva covering an area of 54 hectares. From 1926 to 1931, the sheds were replaced by three concrete ones. At the time, there was an amount of air traffic, with Lufthansa flying from Berlin to Barcelona via Halle, Leipzig, Geneva. Swissair also flew the Geneva–Lyon–Paris route in a codeshare with Air Union, in 1930 there were six airlines that flew to Geneva Airport, flying seven different routes. 1937 saw construction of the first concrete runway, it measured 405 by 21 metres, in 1938 eight airlines were flying to Geneva, Swissair, KLM, Lufthansa, Air France, Malert, AB Aerotransport, Alpar and Imperial Airways. A further 200 metres of runway was added near the end of the war as well as provision for expansion to a length of 2,500 metres. As part of the Federal Governments post-war planning for the nations airports, Cointrin was noted as being well suited for extension and did not require a triangular runway arrangement as the prevailing winds are very regularly along a single axis. In 1947 the first service to New York started with a Swissair Douglas DC-4, on July 17,1959, the first jet aircraft landed in Geneva, an SAS Caravelle, and it was followed,11 years later, by a TWA Boeing 747 which landed in 1970. To provide for jet traffic, in 1960 the runway was extended to its current length of 3,900 m and this is unusually long for an airport of this size, and could only be built after some territory was exchanged between France and Switzerland. The northeastern end of the 1946 runway had also been the frontier between Geneva and the neighbouring French commune of Ferney-Voltaire, in this way, Switzerland remained exactly the same size, and its neutrality remained unsullied. In the process, the old hamlet of La Limite disappeared, in 1968 the construction of a second runway and a mid-field round terminal were proposed, but ultimately the concept was never realised. On May 7,1968, Geneva Main Terminal was inaugurated and this number was reached in 1985. Despite there never being a regular Concorde service in Switzerland, the aircraft twice landed in Geneva. On August 31,1976, more than 5000 people came to see the Concorde land, in 1987, Geneva airport was linked to the Swiss rail system, with a new station built close to the main terminal. Since then, a number of changes have been made, two of the three in-field terminals have been upgraded with jet bridges, and a new terminal has been built in front of the main terminal with 12 jet bridges, plus two ground floor gates
34.
Krasnodar International Airport
–
Krasnodar International Airport, also known as Pashkovsky Airport, is the main airport serving the southern Russian city of Krasnodar. It is an airport, and is located 12 km east of the centre of Krasnodar city. Krasnodar International Airport is the 9th busiest airport in Russia, in 2015, it handled more than 3.1 million passengers. The airport is a part of Basel Aero airport managing holding, until the end of 2012 it was the operating hub of Kuban Airlines. Krasnodar International Airport has three runways that can accommodate modern aircraft, such as Boeing-737, Boeing 757, Airbus A319, Airbus A320, Embraer 195, the airport’s capacity is 500 passengers per hour for domestic flights and 200 passengers per hour for international flights. In the terminal building, there are VIP and CIP lounges, as well as shops, in 1932, Krasnodar United Air Group was established. Later that year seven Po-2 Aerial Pest Control Agency aircraft landed near the office of Pashkovsky state farm. In late 1932, the Agency was reorganized and it was used as a basis for the formation of Pashkovsky air base, which in late 1933 was moved to the aerodrome used by the present-day Krasnodar airport. In 1934, the air base was reorganized into the 218 Civil Aviation Pashkovsky Special Air Group, the majority of Po-2 aircraft were re-equipped into passenger carriers. Scheduled passenger flights were performed from Krasnodar to Maikop, Sochi, Anapa, in 1941-1945, during World War II, the aircraft of the Special Air Squadron of Krasnodar Airline transported ammunition and POL to the battle-front and carried out medevac missions. In 1946, the airport started accommodating Li-2 aircraft, and since 1948, in 1960, construction of the first concrete runway was completed. Flights performed by Il-18 aircraft commenced in Krasnodar airport, construction of a two-story passenger terminal was also completed later. Scheduled passenger and cargo flights to domestic destinations performed using Аn-10, Il-18, in 1962, scheduled passenger service with Тu-124 aircraft was launched. In 1964, Krasnodar United Air Group within the structure of the North Caucasian Civil Aviation Authority was formed, later that year, the Group acquired its own fleet of Аn-24 aircraft. In 1981, Yak-42 aircraft was put into operation, in 1984, the second concrete runway was put into operation. In 1993, Krasnodar United Air Group within the structure of the North Caucasian Civil Aviation Authority was restructured into OJSC Kuban Airlines, which comprised an air carrier and an airport. In 2006, OJSC Kuban Airlines was restructured through the spinoff of two of its entities, namely OJSC Krasnodar International Airport and OJSC Kuban Air Transport Territorial Agency, Krasnodar International Airport commenced operations within the Basic Element company structure. 20 December is the birthday of Krasnodar International Airport, in 2007, Russian Transportation Ministry included the airport in its list of 12 international hubs on the territory of the Russian Federation
35.
Boryspil International Airport
–
Boryspil International Airport is an international airport in Boryspil,29 km east of Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. It is the countrys largest airport, serving 65% of its air traffic, including all its intercontinental flights. It is one of two airports that serve Kiev along with the smaller Zhulyany Airport. Boryspil International Airport is a member of Airports Council International, on 22 June 1959, the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR ordered the establishment of regular civil air traffic to the then military airfield near Boryspil. On 7 July 1959, the new airport received its first scheduled flight and it was Aeroflots Tupolev Tu-104 en route from Moscow, carrying 100 passengers and about 1,600 kg of cargo. The first routes served were Moscow–Kiev-Moscow and Leningrad–Kiev–Leningrad, in November 1960, the first permanent air group, consisting of Tu-104 and Antonov An-10 planes, was assigned to the airport. Until then it had served only by aircraft based in Moscow. A new passenger terminal was opened in 1965, later that year, an automatic landing assistance system was installed. In 1963, the Ukrainian Territorial Administration of Civil Aviation formed its Boryspil subdivision consisting of the airport, the air group grew significantly in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1974 it consisted of four fleets of aircraft, turbofan aircraft. Toward the final decades of the Cold War, the Soviet Air Force maintained a presence at Boryspil Airport with 1 VTAP flying Ilyushin Il-76 cargo jets, by the 1980s, Boryspil had begun receiving limited international flights. Additional passenger services and customs/border control groups were established for that purpose, however, ordinary Soviet citizens were not allowed to depart abroad from Kiev, being restricted to fly only from Moscow airports. The airport was opened for any passengers and flights, the number of air and passenger traffic has been growing ever since. Early in the 2000s, Boryspil became a hub airport serving destined and its development strategy stresses the hub role since domestic passenger demand is growing insufficiently compared to the possible transit traffic. In 2001, a new runway was completed, and the airport carried 1.5 million passengers and it is certified for Category III A ILS approaches. In 2002 Boryspil airport was certified under the ISO9001 quality management system and it is one of Eastern Europes largest airports with over 6 million passengers travelling in 2008. It consistently accounted for between 60% and 70% of Ukraine’s air travel demand and, despite a drop of 13% in 2009, it handled 5.8 million passengers, the airport survived the 2012 European cold wave without major flight delays or cancellations. According to the media and industry experts, in 2013 once underdog in-city Zhulyany Airport has rapidly grown into a major, Boryspil International Airport handles most of Ukraines international traffic
36.
Larnaca International Airport
–
Larnaca International Airport is an international airport located 4 km southwest of Larnaca, Cyprus. In July 2016 Larnaca airport was renamed Larnaca International Airport - Glafcos Clerides” in honour of former President of the Republic Glafcos Clerides. Larnaca Airport was hastily developed towards the end of 1974 after the invasion of Cyprus by Turkey on 20 July of the same year, which forced the closure of Nicosia International Airport. The site on which it was built, had previously used as an airfield in the 1930s and, subsequently. Larnaca International opened on 8 February 1975, with limited infrastructure facilities. The first airlines to use the new airport were Cyprus Airways using Viscount 800s leased from British Midland, initially, the runway at Larnaca International was too short for jet aircraft. The status of Cyprus as a major tourist destination means that air traffic has risen to over 5 million passengers a year. This is double the capacity the airport was first designed for, for this reason, a tender was put out in 1998 to develop the airport further and increase its capacity. Already completed elements of the include a new control tower, fire station, runway extension. The surrounding road network was improved by upgrading the B4 road, a new junction has been constructed near the new terminal. The new terminal was built some 500–700 m west of the old terminal, adjacent to the new tower, with new aprons. The airports geographic location in-between Europe, Africa, Russia and the Middle East facilitates it as a hub for traffic. It currently holds domestic, regional and international passenger and cargo services by over 30 airlines, notably, Gulf Air used to provide a non-stop service to New York-JFK twice a week. The airport has one passenger terminal. Departures are accommodated on the level, while arrivals at the ground level. A second VIP terminal also exists, which is used for visiting heads of state, some private aviation, the airport utilises a single large apron for all passenger aircraft. The concept architectural design of the terminal was developed by French architects at Aéroports de Paris with Sofréavia in France. Detail and Tender design was completed in Cyprus by 1998, with local architectural office Forum Architects, the design was later used as a base for the BOT projects of both Larnaca and Pafos International Airports though significant changes were made mainly on value engineering grounds
8%
8.7%
Moscow
Bucharest
Istanbul
Frankfurt
Vienna
Media related to Chișinău International Airport at Wikimedia Commons
