1.
The Loop (CTA)
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The Loop is the 1. 79-mile long circuit of elevated railroad that forms the hub of the Chicago L system in Chicago, Illinois. As of 2012, the branch has served 74,651 passengers every weekday, the Loop is so named because the railroad loops around a rectangle formed by Lake Street, Wabash Avenue, Van Buren Street, and Wells Street. The railroad loop has given its name to Chicagos downtown, which is known as the Loop, however, transportation historian Bruce Moffat has concluded that The Loop was not used as a proper noun until after Charles Yerkes 1895–97 construction of the elevated structure. In 201120,896,612 passengers entered the L via these stations, five of the eight L lines use the Loop tracks. Two of the three lines, Blue Line and Red Line, run underground through the center of the loop. The Yellow Line is the only CTA line that does not run on or connect to the loop, the Purple Line Express and the Brown Line enter from the north at the northwestern corner. The Purple Line Express makes a circuit in the clockwise direction while the Brown Line makes a full circuit traveling counterclockwise. The Orange Line enters from the south at the southeastern corner, following the completion of a full circuit in their directions, trains of these four lines return to their terminals making stops in the reverse order they made when heading to the Loop. The Green Line runs in both directions but does not make a circuit, using only the north and eastern sides of the Loop to move between the Lake Street branch and the South Side Elevated. Two towers control entry to and exit from the Loop, Tower 12 stands at the southeastern corner. Tower 18 stands watch over the three-quarter union located at the northwestern corner, the current Tower 18 was placed into service on September 7,1969 after being relocated diagonally across the junction from the original 19th century tower. Charles Tyson Yerkes masterminded the linking of these railroads, originally there were 12 stations, with three stations on each side. The construction of the west-leg of the Union Loop over Wells Street required the removal of the platform of the Fifth/Lake station. The addition of the Northwestern Elevated Railroad caused the removal of the rest of the station as the remaining platform sat across the new entry point. This left 11 stations, two on the leg of the loop and three on each other leg. 1977 Chicago Loop derailment Chicago Central Area Transit Plan Wells Street Terminal Historic American Engineering Record No, iL-1, Union Elevated Railroad, Union Loop Loop Elevated at Chicago-L. org
2.
Community areas in Chicago
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These areas are well-defined and static. Census data are tied to the community areas, and they serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both the local and regional levels, the Social Science Research Committee at University of Chicago defined seventy-five community areas during the late 1920s. At the time, these community areas corresponded roughly to neighborhoods or inter-related neighborhoods within the city, in the 1950s, with the citys annexations for OHare International Airport, a seventy-sixth community area was added. Community areas are distinct from neighborhoods in Chicago, community areas often encompass groups of neighborhoods. Although many community areas contain more than one neighborhood, they may share the same name, or parts of the name. The city center area covers a more than 4 square miles, lying roughly between Division Street on the north, Lake Michigan on the east, 26th Street on the south. This area is commercial hub. The three branches of the Chicago River meet in this area, the area known as the Loop is a section within downtown, surrounded by elevated tracks of the rapid transit network. Many of downtowns commercial, cultural, and financial institutions are located in the Loop, today, the Loop is also used to identify the larger downtown area. River North contains the Magnificent Mile, a concentration of high-end retail, the Chicago Bears play in Soldier Field on the Near South Side. The citys North Side district extends north of Central−Downtown Chicago, the West Side districts, and it is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and has a considerable middle and upper-class demographic. It contains sizable public parklands and miles of beaches along Lake Michigan to the northern limits. Residential highrises line the waterfront in the eastern North Side, the district includes Eastern European, Puerto Rican, and other ethnic enclaves. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, the West Side is made up of neighborhoods such as Austin, Lawndale, Garfield Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park among others. Some neighborhoods, particularly Garfield Park and Lawndale, have had long-term socio-economic problems, other West Side neighborhoods, especially those closer to downtown, have been undergoing gentrification. The United Center, the home of the Chicago Bulls and Blackhawks, major parks on the West Side include Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt Park. Garfield Park Conservatory houses one of the largest collections of plants of any U. S. city. Attractions on the West Side include the Puerto Rican Day festival, the National Museum of Mexican Art in Pilsen, the South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the citys land area, and much was annexed in the late 19th century
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Cook County, Illinois
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Cook County is a county in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is the second-most populous county in the United States after Los Angeles County, as of 2015, the population was 5,238,216. Its county seat is Chicago, the largest city in Illinois, more than 40% of all residents of Illinois live in Cook County. Cook Countys population is larger than that of 29 individual U. S. states, there are 135 incorporated municipalities partially or wholly within Cook County, the largest of which is Chicago, which is home to approximately 54% of the population of the county. That part of the county which lies outside of the Chicago city limits is divided into 29 townships, geographically, the county is the sixth-largest in Illinois by land area. It shares the states Lake Michigan shoreline with Lake County, including its lake area, the county has a total area of 1,635 square miles, the largest county in Illinois, of which 945 square miles is land and 690 square miles is water. Land-use in Cook County is mainly urban and densely populated, Cook County is included in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is surrounded by what are known as the five collar counties, Cook County was created on January 15,1831, out of Putnam County by an act of the Illinois General Assembly. It was the 54th county established in Illinois and was named after Daniel Cook and he served as the second U. S. Representative from Illinois and the states first Attorney General, in 1839, DuPage County was carved out of Cook County. Cook County is the home rule county in Illinois. The Cook County Code is the codification of Cook Countys local ordinances, Cook Countys current County Board president is Toni Preckwinkle. The Circuit Court of Cook County, which is a State agency funded, in part, by Cook County, the Cook County Department of Corrections, also known as the Cook County Jail, is the largest single-site jail in the nation. The Cook County Juvenile Detention Center, under the authority of the Chief Judge of the State court, is the first juvenile center in the nation, the Cook County Law Library is the second-largest county law library in the nation. In the 1980s, Cook County was ground zero to an extensive FBI investigation called Operation Greylord, ninety-two officials were indicted, including 17 judges,48 lawyers,8 policemen,10 deputy sheriffs,8 court officials, and a state legislator. The Bureau of Health Services administers the public health services and is the third-largest public health system in the nation. Three hospitals are part of system, John H. Stroger. Hospital of Cook County, Provident Hospital, and Oak Forest Hospital of Cook County, the Cook County Department of Transportation is responsible for the design and maintenance of roadways in the county
6.
Historic Michigan Boulevard District
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It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 27,2002. The district includes numerous significant buildings on Michigan Avenue facing Grant Park, in addition, this section of Michigan Avenue includes the point recognized as the end of U. S. Route 66. This district is one of the worlds best known one-sided streets rivalling Fifth Avenue in New York City and it lies immediately south of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District and east of the Loop Retail Historic District. Michigan Avenue is named after Lake Michigan, which it ran alongside at 100 east in the citys street numbering system until land reclamation for Grant Park pushed the shoreline east. The one-sided street feature is due in part to the legal battles of Aaron Montgomery Ward with the city over cleaning up the park. Ward opposed the development of Grant Park with public buildings along the lakefront except for the Art Institute of Chicago Building. Eventually, Wards ideas were adopted by Daniel Burnham in his Plan of Chicago, which called for insured light, air, the preservation of the lakefront view has inspired architects to create an architectural cornucopia of designs along the streetwall. As recently as the 1920s, North Michigan Avenue was referred to as Upper Boul Mich, paris Boulevard Saint-Michel is the original Boul Mich. The district has changed over the years as various architectural designs have evolved to compliment it, the boulevard was widened between 1909 and 1910 causing the Art Institute of Chicago Building to have to move the lions guarding its entrance back 12 feet. At that time, the Jackson Boulevard and Michigan Avenue intersection was known as route center, also at that time, the boulevard had no streets crossing it and extending eastward, and thus, the Jackson intersection was a T intersection. The Fountain of the Great Lakes was highly visible from route center, today, four streets cross Michigan Avenue within the district. East Balbo Drive does not change names as it crosses Michigan, today the only building on the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in the Historic District hosts the Art Institute of Chicago. However, several interesting structures have been added to the part of the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in Millennium Park such as Crown Fountain. Among the current issues today is the trend to redevelop properties by constructing grand towers behind the facades of historic structures along Michigan and Wabash Avenues. The most recent examples of this have been The Heritage at Millennium Park, Legacy at Millennium Park and this trend is now endangering the Chicago Athletic Association Annex, which has been proposed for demolition to make way for a fifty- to eighty-story condominium tower across from Millennium Park. As a result, the building is listed first on the 2006-07 Chicagoland Watch List of the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois, on the other hand, many were concerned that the landmark district designation would stagnate development of the area. The purpose of the designation was to keep the architecture there and encourage architecture like it and keep the wall of the park, according to the Citys Department of Planning, thus, redevolpment for new uses will be part of the ongoing concerns for the neighborhood. Thus, buildings being renovated for condos and dormitories is a part of the present, several of the buildings listed below have played a prominent role in the cultural history of Chicago. S
7.
Demography of the United States
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As of March 16,2017, the United States has a total resident population of 324,700,000, making it the third most populous country in the world. It is very urbanized, with 81% residing in cities and suburbs as of 2014, california and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U. S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2015 is 1.84 children per woman, which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1. Compared to other Western countries, in 2012, U. S. fertility rate was lower than that of France, Australia, the United States Census Bureau shows a population increase of 0. 75% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2012. Though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the average annual rate of 1. 1%. There were about 125.9 million adult women in the United States in 2014, the number of men was 119.4 million. At age 85 and older, there were almost twice as many women as men, people under 21 years of age made up over a quarter of the U. S. population, and people age 65 and over made up one-seventh. The national median age was 37.8 years in 2015, the United States Census Bureau defines White people as those having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported White or wrote in such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab. Whites constitute the majority of the U. S. population, Non-Hispanic whites make up 62. 6% of the countrys population. The American population almost quadrupled during the 20th century—at a growth rate of about 1. 3% a year—from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000 and it reached the 200 million mark in 1968, and the 300 million mark on October 17,2006. Population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to the Census Bureaus estimation for 2012,50. 4% of American children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for 48% of the population growth of 2.9 million between July 1,2005, and July 1,2006. Immigrants and their U. S. -born descendants are expected to provide most of the U. S. population gains in the decades ahead, the Census Bureau projects a U. S. population of 417 million in 2060, which is a 38% increase from 2007. However, the United Nations projects a U. S. population of 402 million in 2050, in an official census report, it was reported that 54. 4% of births in 2010 were non-Hispanic white. This represents an increase of 0. 34% compared to the previous year, which was 54. 06%. Under the law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s. In 2009, 37% of immigrants originated in Asia, 42% in North America, in 1900, non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97% of the population of the 10 largest American cities
8.
Educational attainment in the United States
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The educational attainment of the U. S. As a whole, the population of the United States is spending more years in formal educational programs, as with income, levels differ by race, age, household configuration and geography. Overall the households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest household income, thus, while the population as a whole is proceeding further in formal educational programs, income and educational attainment remain highly correlated. In 2003, the percentage of the population who had completed high school or had not completed high school but obtained a GED increased for the first time since 2000. This increase follows a trend that the Current Population Survey has shown since educational attainment was first measured in 1947. Since 1983 the percentage of people either graduating from school or failing to complete high school. The greatest increases in educational attainment were documented in the 1950s, 60s and 70s, in the 1950s and much of the 1960s high school graduates constituted about 50% of those considered adults. For young adults aged between 25 and 29, the percentage of high school graduates or GED obtainers was roughly 50% in 1950 versus 90% today. For the past fifty years, there has been a gap in the achievement of males and females in the United States. In the 1970s and 1980s, data showed girls trailing behind boys in a variety of performance measures, specifically in test scores in math. Traditionally, girls have outperformed boys in reading and writing, although this gap may be minimal in kindergarten, it grows as students continue their education. On the 2008 test, female students continued to have higher average reading scores than students at all three ages. The gap between male and female 4th graders was 7 points in 2008, by 12th grade, there was an 11-point gap between males and females. On the 2002 National Writing Assessment, boys scored on average 17 points lower than girls in 4th grade, the average gap increased to 21 points by 8th grade and widened to 24 points by senior year in high school. In the more recent 2007 National Assessment of Writing Skills, female students continued to score higher than male students, the average score for female eighth-graders was 20 points higher than males, down 1 point from the 2002 score. For twelfth-graders, females outscored males by 18 points as opposed to 24 points in 2002, all of these assessments were conducted on a 100-point scale. Overall, women have surpassed men in terms of completing secondary and post-secondary education with the gender gap almost completely reversed, in 2006,10. 3% of males and 8. 3% of females dropped out of high school. In 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelors degrees,60. 0% of masters degrees, according to recent data,55 percent of college students are females and 45 percent are males
9.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
12.
Household income in the United States
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Household income is an economic measure that can be applied to one household, or aggregated across a large group such as a county, city, or the whole country. It is commonly used by the United States government and private institutions to describe a households economic status or to track trends in the US. Household income is measured in various ways, one key measure is the real median level, meaning half of households have income above that level and half below, adjusted for inflation. According to the Federal Reserve, this measure was $56,516 in 2015 and this was the largest one-year percentage increase on record. However, it remained 2. 5% below the 1999 peak of $57,909, the Census Bureau estimated real median household income at $55,775 in 2015, up $2,062 or 3. 8% from the 2014 level of $53,713. Household income varies geographically and by race, the overall median has continued to rise steadily, if slowly, to $57,616 in September 2016 according to one unofficial source that reports monthly versus annually. After falling somewhat due to the Great Recession in 2008 and 2009, inequality rose again during the economic recovery, the residents of the household do not have to be related to the head of the household for their earnings to be considered part of the households income. As households tend to share an economic context, the use of household income remains among the most widely accepted measures of income. The U. S. Census Bureau reported in September 2016 that real median income was $55,775 in 2015. This was the third year with a statistically significant increase by their measure. The U. S. Census Bureau reported in September 2014 that, U. S. real median income was $51,939 in 2013 versus $51,759 in 2012. In 2013, real median income was 8.0 percent lower than in 2007. Real median household income averaged $50,781 from 1964-2013, ranging from a low of $43,558 in 1967 to a high of $56,895 in 1999, the recovery from the 2007-2009 recession had not translated into higher incomes for the typical American family. For instance, the retirement of the Baby Boom generation should push down overall median income, however, analysis of different working age groups indicate a similar pattern of stagnating median income as well. But foreign-produced goods became sharply cheaper, meaning imports climbed and production moved overseas, and computers took over for humans in many manufacturing, clerical, and administrative tasks, eroding middle-class jobs growth and suppressing wages. Another line of analysis, known as compensation, presents a more complete picture of real wages. The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a study in 2013 which shows that employer contributions to healthcare costs went up 78% from 2003 to 2013. The marketplace has made a trade-off, expanding benefits packages vs. increasing wages, measured relative to GDP, total compensation and its component wages and salaries have been declining since 1970
13.
Central business district
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A central business district is the commercial and business centre of a city. In larger cities, it is synonymous with the citys financial district. Both the CBD and the city centre or downtown may also coincide with the central activities district, a citys CBD is usually typified by a concentration of retail and office buildings. The CBD usually has a density higher than the surrounding districts of the city. The CBD is often also the city centre or downtown, Mexico City also has a historic city centre, the colonial-era Centro Histórico, along with two CBDs, the mid-late 20th century Paseo de la Reforma - Polanco, and the new Santa Fe. The shape and type of a CBD almost always reflect the citys history. Cities with maximum building height restrictions often have a historic section quite apart from the financial. It has been said that downtowns are therefore distinct from both CBDs and city centres. CBDs usually have very small resident populations, for example, the population of the City of London declined from over 200,000 in the year 1700 to less than 10,000 today. In some instances, however, CBD populations are increasing as younger professional, the Buenos Aires Central Business District, is the main commercial centre of Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina. The actual area was the point of first European settlement and its north-south axis runs from Monserrat in the south to Retiro railway station in the north. Its east-west axis runs from Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve and Puerto Madero, the district is the financial, commercial, and cultural hub of Argentina. Its port is one of the busiest in South America, navigable rivers by way of the Río de la Plata connect the port to northeast Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. As a result, it serves as the hub for a vast area of the southeastern region of the South American continent. Tax collection related to the port has caused political problems in the past. The Buenos Aires Human Development Index is likewise high by international standards, the term is used to refer to the business and financial area of a state capital city such as the Sydney CBD, Melbourne CBD, Brisbane CBD, Perth CBD and Adelaide CBD. The city centres of some cities, such as Townsville, Bendigo. More recently, in cities the city centre, which may or may not be distinct from the CBD, is increasingly separately identified
14.
Downtown
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Downtown is a term primarily used in North America by English speakers to refer to a citys core or central business district, often in a geographical or commercial sense. The term is not generally used in British English, whose speakers use the term city centre. The term downtown is thought to have been coined in New York City, uptown also spread, but to a much lesser extent. In both cases, though, the directionality of both words was lost, so that a Bostonian might refer to going downtown, even though it was north of where they were. Downtown lay to the south in Detroit, but to the north in Cleveland, to the east in St. Louis, in Boston, a resident pointed out in 1880, downtown was in the center of the city. Uptown was north of downtown in Cincinnati, but south of downtown in New Orleans, notably, downtown was not included in dictionaries as late as the 1880s. It was the location of the department stores and hotels, as well as the theatres, clubs, cabarets, and dance halls. It was also frequently, at first, the part of a city that was electrified. It was also the place where street congestion was the worst, but most of all, downtown was the place where the city did its business. Inside its small precincts, sometimes as small as several hundred acres, the majority of the trading, selling, there were hubs of business in other places around the city and its environs, but the downtown area was the chief one, truly the central business district. And as more and more business was done downtown, those who had their homes there were gradually pushed out, selling their property, the skyscraper would become the hallmark of the downtown area. What limited them then was the thickness of the masonry needed at the base to hold the weight of the building above it. As the buildings got taller, the thickness of the masonry, although first used in Chicago, the steel-framed skyscraper caught on most quickly in New York City in the 1880s, and from there spread to most other American cities in the 1890s and 1900s. In the short run, the proponents of height limits were successful in their efforts, what was worse, at least to real estate interests, the building dumped 1.2 million square feet of office space on what was a sluggish real estate market. To many in the real estate industry, the law was an example of a reasonable restriction. This was the time when the central business district began to appear as more-or-less synonymous with the downtown area. The phrase acknowledged the existence of business districts in the city. Real estate interests were concerned about the tendency of downtown to move because the downtown area had by far the highest land values in each city
15.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
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Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
17.
Chicago City Hall
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Chicago City Hall is the official seat of government of the City of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Adjacent to the Richard J. Daley Center and the James R, the buildings east side is devoted to the various offices of Cook County. Situated on a city block bounded by Randolph, LaSalle, Washington, and Clark streets, the building was officially dedicated on February 27,1911. Chicago City Halls entrance features four relief panels sculpted in granite by John Flanagan, each of the panels represents one of four principal concerns of city government, playgrounds, schools, parks, and water supply. As visitors enter the building, they are greeted with elaborate marble stairways, the first major renovation project undertaken was in 1967 as major city departments, originally located outside Chicago City Hall, were moved in. Although the rooftop is not normally accessible to the public, it is accessible from 33 taller buildings in the area. The Garden consists of 20,000 plants of more than 150 species, including shrubs, vines, the green roof design team was headed by the Chicago area firm Conservation Design Forum in conjunction with noted green architect William McDonough. With an abundance of flowering plants on the rooftop, beekeepers harvest approximately 200 pounds of honey each year from hives installed on the rooftop, tours of the green roof are by special arrangement only. Chicago City Hall Green Roof won merit design award of the American Society of Landscape Architecture competition in 2002, Chicago Landmarks, City Hall-County Building Cook County ASLA Merit Award 2002, Chicago City Hall Green Roof
18.
Chicago River
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The Chicago River is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of 156 miles that runs through the city of Chicago, including its center. The River is also noteworthy for its natural and man-made history, in 1999, this system was named a Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The river is memorialized, in part, by two blue stripes on the Municipal Flag of Chicago. The source of the North Branch is in the suburbs of Chicago where its three principal tributaries converge. The Skokie River—or East Fork—rises from an area, historically a wetland, near Park City. It then flows southward, paralleling the edge of Lake Michigan, through wetlands, the Greenbelt Forest Preserve, South of Highland Park the river passes the Chicago Botanic Gardens and through an area of former marshlands known as the Skokie Lagoons. The Middle Fork arises near Rondout, Illinois and flows southwards through Lake Forest and these two tributaries merge at Watersmeet Woods west of Wilmette. From there the North Branch flows south towards Morton Grove, the West Fork rises near Mettawa and flows south through Bannockburn, Deerfield, and Northbrook, meeting the North Branch at Morton Grove. South of Belmont the North Branch is lined with a mixture of residential developments, retail parks, the North Branch Canal—or Ogdens Canal—was completed in 1857, and was originally 50 feet wide and 10 feet deep allowing craft navigating the river to avoid the bend. The 1902 Cherry Avenue Bridge, just south of North Avenue, was constructed to carry the Chicago, Milwaukee and it is a rare example of an asymmetric bob-tail swing bridge and was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007. From Goose Island the North Branch continues to south east to Wolf Point where it joins the Main Stem. The source of the Main Stem of the Chicago River is Lake Michigan, acoustic velocity meters at the Columbus Drive Bridge and the T. J. On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn, notable buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower, the Tribune Tower, and the Wrigley Building. The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower,35 East Wacker, turning west again the river passes Marina City, the Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building, and Merchandise Mart, and 333 Wacker Drive, since the early 2000s, the south shore of the Main Stem has been developed as the Chicago Riverwalk. It provides a linear, lushly landscaped park intended to offer an escape from the busy Loop. Different sections are named Market, Civic, Arcade, and Confluence, the sections between State Street and Lake Street are currently under construction and scheduled to be completed by the end of 2016. The plans reflect ideas first proposed by the Burnham Plan as early as 1909, the source of the South Branch of the Chicago River is the confluence of the North Branch and Main stem at Wolf Point
19.
Lake Michigan
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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
20.
Roosevelt Road
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Roosevelt Road is a major east-west street in the city of Chicago, Illinois, and its western suburbs. It is 1200 South in the street numbering system. 12th Street was renamed to Roosevelt Road on May 25,1919, in recognition of President Theodore Roosevelt, who had died the previous January. In 1928 the new U. S. Route 330, a different alignment of US30, went down Roosevelt Road to Geneva, in 1972, after the route had been discontinued, Roosevelt Road outside Chicago became Illinois Route 38. In Grant Park, it is named Roosevelt Drive, the road begins at Lake Shore Drive and heads west, forming the southern boundary of the Chicago Loop. This area used to be and remains to a lesser extent, the famous Maxwell Street Market can be found just south of Roosevelt at Canal Street. Continuing west, it passes the University of Illinois at Chicagos two campuses and St. Ignatius College Preparatory School between Halsted Street and Damen Avenue and it also passes Douglas Park at California Avenue. Once past Mannheim Road it becomes Illinois Route 38, between Austin Blvd and Harlem Ave, a major streetscape renovation project is underway by the Town of Cicero, Village of Oak Park, and City of Berwyn. Roosevelt Road is served by the 12 Roosevelt bus route and this was an electric trolley bus line from May 1953 until January 1973. The Chicago L Roosevelt station is a stop and transfer point on the Red, Green, the former Roosevelt Road station on the Metra Electric Line has been replaced with the Museum Campus/11th Street station. Roads portal Media related to Roosevelt Road at Wikimedia Commons
21.
Chicago Mercantile Exchange
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The Chicago Mercantile Exchange is an American financial and commodity derivative exchange based in Chicago and located at 20 S. Wacker Drive. The CME was founded in 1898 as the Chicago Butter and Egg Board, originally, the exchange was a non-profit organization. The Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of CME Group is Terrence A. Duffy, Bryan Durkin is President, on August 18,2008, shareholders approved a merger with the New York Mercantile Exchange and COMEX. The Merc, CBOT, NYMEX and COMEX are now owned by the CME Group. Today, CME is the largest options and futures contracts open interest of any exchange in the world. The Merc trades several types of instruments, interest rates, equities, currencies. It also offers trading in alternative investments, such as weather, as a Designated Self-Regulatory Organization, the CME had primary regulatory-audit authority over firms such as MF Global. Trading is conducted in two methods, an open format and the CME Globex electronic trading platform. Approximately 90 percent of volume at the exchange occurs electronically on Globex. Operating during regular trading hours, the open outcry method consists of floor traders standing in a pit to call out orders, prices. Different colored jackets are worn by the traders to indicate what firm they are a part of, in addition, complex hand signals are used. These hand signals were first used in the 1970s, today, however, headsets are also used by the brokers to communicate with the traders. The pits are areas of the floor that are lowered to facilitate communication, the pits can be raised and lowered depending on trading volume. To an onlooker, the open system can look chaotic and confusing. An illustrated project to record the hand signal language used in CMEs trading pits has been compiled, operating virtually around the clock, today the CME Globex trading system is at the heart of CME. Proposed in 1987, it was introduced in 1992 as the first global electronic trading platform for futures contracts and this fully electronic trading system allows market participants to trade from booths at the exchange or while sitting in a home or office thousands of miles away. On 19 October 2004, the one billionth transaction was recorded, when Globex was first launched, it used Reuters technology and network. September 1998 saw the launch of the generation of Globex using a modified version of the NSC trading system
22.
United Continental Holdings
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United Continental Holdings, Inc. is a publicly traded airline holding company headquartered in the Willis Tower in Chicago. UCH owns and operates United Airlines, Inc and its stock trades under the UAL symbol. To effect the merger, Continental shareholders received 1, the company or its subsidiary airlines also have several other subsidiaries. Once completely combined, United became the worlds largest airline, as measured by passenger miles. United is a member of the Star Alliance. UCH has major operations at Chicago–OHare, Denver, Guam, Houston–Intercontinental, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo–Narita, UCHs United Air Lines, Inc. controls several key air rights, including being one of only two American carriers authorized to serve Asia from Tokyo-Narita. Additionally, UCHs United is the largest U. S. carrier to the People’s Republic of China, UCH uses Continentals operating certificate and Uniteds repair station certificate, having been approved by the FAA on November 30,2011. The following is the list of current subsidiaries of United Continental Holdings, century Casualty Company Continental Airlines de Mexico, S. A. Continental Airlines Domain Name Limited Continental Airlines Finance Trust II Continental Airlines, supplemental Retirement Plan for Pilots Trust Agreement Continental Airlines Purchasing Holdings LLC Continental Airlines Purchasing Services LLC Continental Express, Inc. Covia LLC Mileage Plus Holdings, LLC MPH I, Inc, United Aviation Fuels Corporation United Cogen, Inc. The timing of the events was notable because Northwests golden shares in Continental could be redeemed, on April 27,2008, Continental broke off merger negotiations with United and stated it was going to stand alone. Despite ending merger talks, Continental announced that it will join United in the Star Alliance, United and US Airways were in advanced merger talks in late April 2008, following the announcement that Continental had broken off talks with United. In June 2008, CEOs of both United Airlines and Continental Airlines signed an alliance pact presaging their eventual merger, the alliance is an agreement to link international networks and share technology and passenger perks. This agreement is basically a merger that includes many of the benefits of a merger without the actual costs. Additionally, Continental joined Star Alliance, as Delta and Northwest merged, United Airlines was reported to be in serious merger discussion with US Airways in early April 2010. A New York Times report indicated that a deal was close, Union consent was cited as a major hurdle for negotiators to clear. On April 22,2010, United announced that it would not pursue a merger with US Airways, the Board of Directors at Continental and United Airlines approved a stock-swap deal that would combine them into the worlds largest airline on Sunday, May 2,2010. The airlines publicly announced the deal the next day and this would re-unite Walter Varneys airlines, which offspring includes Continental and United
23.
Aon (company)
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Aon has approximately 500 offices worldwide, serving 120 countries with 72,000 employees. In 2011, Aon was ranked as the largest insurance broker in the based on revenue. Aon was the partner and global shirt sponsor of the Premier League team Manchester United F. C. from 2010 until 2014. Aon was created in 1982 when the Ryan Insurance Group merged with the Combined Insurance Company of America, in 1987, that company was renamed Aon, a Gaelic word meaning. In January 2012, Aon announced that its headquarters would be moved to London, Aon is a global professional services firm that advises clients on the topics of risk and human resources. The company is a provider of management, insurance and reinsurance brokerage, human resource solutions. Aon is divided into three units that each specialize in a particular line of business. The firms risk management business, Aon Risk Solutions provides retail property/casualty, liability and its reinsurance business, Aon Benfield, specializes in reinsurance brokerage and investment banking & capital advisory. The firms human resource solutions business, Aon Hewitt, provides consulting and outsourcing services to clients, W. Clement Stones mother bought a small Detroit insurance agency, and in 1918 brought her son into the business. Mr. Stone sold low-cost, low-benefit accident insurance, underwriting and issuing policies on-site, the next year he founded his own agency, the Combined Registry Co. As the Great Depression began, Stone reduced his workforce and improved training, forced by his sons respiratory illness to winter in the South, Stone moved to Arkansas and Texas. In 1939 he bought American Casualty Insurance Co. of Dallas, Texas and it was consolidated with other purchases as the Combined Insurance Co. of America in 1947. The company continued through the 1950s and 1960s, continuing to sell health, in the 1970s, Combined expanded overseas despite being hit hard by the recession. Ryan, the son of a Ford dealer in Wisconsin, had started his company as a credit insurer in 1964. In 1976, the company bought the insurance brokerage units of the Esmark conglomerate, Ryan focused on insurance brokering and added more upscale insurance products. He also trimmed staff and took other cost-cutting measures, and in 1987 he changed Combineds name to Aon, in 1992, he bought Dutch insurance broker Hudig-Langeveldt. In 1995, the company sold its remaining direct life insurance holdings to General Electric to focus on consulting, the following year, it began offering hostile takeover insurance policies to small and mid-sized companies. Aon built a presence through purchases
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Hyatt
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Hyatt Hotels Corporation is an American multinational owner, operator, and franchiser of hotels, resorts, and vacation properties. The Hyatt Corporation came into being upon purchase of the Hyatt House, at Los Angeles International Airport, as of September 30,2016, Hyatt has 679 properties in 54 countries. In 2017, Fortune magazine listed Hyatt as the 32nd-best U. S. company to work for, the original owners were entrepreneurs Hyatt Robert von Dehn and Jack Dyer Crouch, after a few years, Von Dehn sold his share in the hotel to entrepreneur Jay Pritzker. Jays younger brother Donald Pritzker also took on an important role in the company, over the following decade, acquisitions were made, and Hyatt became the fastest-growing hotel chain in the United States. Donald died in 1972, Jay continued to run the company, in 1969, Hyatt opened its first hotel outside the United States, the Hyatt Regency Hong Kong. In 1980 the Grand Hyatt and Park Hyatt brands were introduced, Hyatt runs resort hotels, starting with the Hyatt Regency Maui in 1980. As of 30 November 2015 Hyatt had over 627 hotels worldwide, in 1972 Hyatt formed Elsinore Corporation, a subsidiary to operate the Four Queens Hotel and Casino and the Hyatt Regency Lake Tahoe Resort, Spa & Casino. After Hyatt became a company in 1979, Elsinore was spun off as a public company. The company opened the Playboy Hotel and Casino as a joint venture with Playboy Enterprises, on June 30,2009, Global Hyatt Corporation changed its name to Hyatt Hotels Corporation. Blackstone had inherited AmeriSuites from its 2004 acquisition of Prime Hospitality, the AmeriSuites chain was rebranded and called Hyatt Place, a competitor to the limited-service products Marriott Internationals Courtyard by Marriott and Hilton Worldwides Hilton Garden Inn. In December 2005 Hyatt acquired limited service company Summerfield Suites from the Blackstone Group, Blackstone had inherited Summerfield Suites from its purchase of Wyndham International. In August 2009 it was reported that Hyatt Hotels Corporation filed plans to raise up to $1.15 billion in a share sale. That November Hyatt completed a public offering and began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol H. According to the filing Mark S. Hoplamazian was to serve as CEO, the public offering is a result of the acrimonious breakup of the Pritzker family empire. As of 31 December 2014 Hyatt Corporations worldwide portfolio consisted of 587 properties, on September 1,2011, Hyatt acquired Hotel Sierra, which has 18 properties in 10 states. Along with Hyatt Summerfield Suites hotels, several of these properties were rebranded as Hyatt house in January 2012, Hyatt Hotels Corporation operates several chains. The Human Rights Campaign awarded the company 100% in the HRC Equality Index for eight consecutive years, the Hyatt Regency brand is the oldest brand in the company, with the Grand Hyatt and Park Hyatt brands being introduced in 1980. Some of these are styled as resort properties, and may have spas or other recreational facilities, other brands include Hyatt Place, designed as a limited service offering for business travelers
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BorgWarner
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BorgWarner Inc. is an American worldwide automotive industry components and parts supplier. The company has 60 manufacturing facilities across 18 countries, including the U. S. Canada, Europe and it provides drivetrain components to all three U. S. automakers, as well as a variety of European and Asian original equipment manufacturer customers. BorgWarner has diversified into several automotive-related markets, including ignition interlock technology for preventing impaired operation of vehicles, historically, BorgWarner was also known for its ownership of the Norge appliance company. Ford took up development of the transmission in Studebakers place in 1955, the early Ford automatics are derivatives of the Borg Warner. In the 21st century, the changed the styling of its name from Borg-Warner to BorgWarner. The company is notable for co-developing a variable-geometry turbocharger with Porsche. BorgWarner claims this technology will reach mainstream cars within 10 years. 8T power plant, BorgWarner supplies wet clutches and hydraulic modules for dual-clutch transmission systems. With their DualTronic technology, BorgWarner has gained contracts with European automakers that want to use dual clutch transmissions, the German automotive concern Volkswagen Group is BorgWarners largest customer, and Europe is their largest market. Light vehicles account for 72% of BorgWarners total sales, the companys world headquarters is in Auburn Hills, Michigan. Robert S. Ingersoll formerly served as the companys CEO and Chairman, BorgWarners Powertrain Technical Center is also based in Auburn Hills. On October 2,2006, BorgWarner announced the purchase of the European Transmission, key products are turbochargers and other related engine operation components. BorgWarner Drivetrain Group, The fundamental core of this division is its automotive transmission systems and these include manual transmissions, automatic transmissions, and the critically acclaimed DualTronic dual clutch transmission, which is more commonly known as Volkswagen Groups Direct-Shift Gearbox. Other responsibilities are its four-wheel drive systems and transmission control units. The ITM 3e multi-plate clutch coupling is used in the Hyundai Santa Fe, Hyundai Tucson, in normal conditions, it sends up to 95% of the torque to the front wheels. In the case of the Hyundais, the system can be locked in a 50,50 split so that you have a more dedicated off-road system, the system can be locked with the 4WD LOCK button. VTM-4 was used on the Acura MDX, Honda Pilot, hondas Super Handling-All Wheel Drive system was also built under the joint-venture of Honda and Borg-Warner for AWD systems. The award recognized automotive suppliers for superior innovation, technological advancement, since 2012 season, BorgWarner currently supplies turbochargers for IndyCar Series with designation EFR7163. Since 1936 BorgWarner also sponsoring Indianapolis 500-winning presented trophy, each year, the winning driver is presented with a miniature replica during a reception in January, about seven months after the race
26.
Grant Park (Chicago)
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Grant Park is a large urban park in the Loop community area of Chicago. Located in Chicagos central business district, the parks most notable features are Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain, the Art Institute of Chicago, originally known as Lake Park, and dating from the citys founding, it was renamed in 1901 to honor Ulysses S. Grant. The parks area has expanded several times through land reclamation. It is bordered on the north by Randolph Street, on the south by Roosevelt Road and McFetridge Drive, on the west by Michigan Avenue, the park contains performance venues, gardens, art work, sporting, and harbor facilities. It hosts public gatherings, and several annual events. The park is often called Chicagos front yard and it is governed by the Chicago Park District. The original plans for the town of Chicago left the area east of Michigan Avenue unsubdivided and vacant, when the former Fort Dearborn Reserve became part of the townsite in 1839, the plan of the area east of Michigan Avenue south of Randolph was marked Public ground. Forever to remain vacant of buildings, the city officially designated the land as a park on April 29,1844, naming it Lake Park. When the Illinois Central Railroad was built into Chicago in 1852, the resulting lagoon became stagnant, and was largely filled in 1871 with debris from the Great Chicago Fire, increasing the parkland. In 1896, the city began extending the park into the lake with landfill, on October 9,1901, the park was renamed Grant Park in honor of American Civil War commanding General and United States President Ulysses S. Grant. At the 1868 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Grant had been nominated for his first presidential term, the legal restrictions prohibiting any buildings in the park were ignored in the 19th century, as various civic buildings were sited there. At various times, a post office, exposition center, armory, a 1904 plan prepared by the Olmsted Brothers recommended locating the Field Museum as the parks centerpiece, an idea integrated into Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennetts 1909 Plan of Chicago. Chicago businessman Aaron Montgomery Ward ultimately fought four court battles, opposed by nearly every civic leader, the one exception Ward consented to was for the Art Institute of Chicago, constructed in 1892. More landfill in the 1910s and 1920s provided sites for the Adler Planetarium, Field Museum of Natural History, and Shedd Aquarium, in 2004, a section of northern Grant Park, previously occupied by Illinois Central railyards and parking lots, was covered and redeveloped as Millennium Park. The park has been the site of large civic events. It served as the ground for the citys funeral procession for Abraham Lincoln. In 1911, the hosted the major Chicago International Aviation Meet. The park was the scene of clashes between Chicago Police and demonstrators during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, pope John Paul II celebrated an outdoor mass to a large crowd here in 1979
27.
State Street (Chicago)
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State Street is a large south-north street in Chicago, Illinois, USA and its south suburbs. It resumes north of 137th Street in Riverdale and runs intermittently through Chicagos south suburbs until terminating at New Monee Road in Crete. Its intersection with Madison Street has marked the point for Chicagos address system since 1909. The street runs parallel and adjacent to the Dan Ryan Expressway from 65th Street south to just beyond 95th Street and it took on the name State Road after some state-funded improvements. Vincennes Avenue, one of Chicagos rare diagonal streets, is a vestige of the Vincennes Trace, in its early days, State Road was unpaved and known for having mud so deep it was jokingly said that it could suck down a horse and buggy. In the late 1860s, Potter Palmer embarked on efforts to raise the profile, for many years the citys most well-known seafood retailer, Burhops Seafood, was located on North State Street, as well as the historic Chicago Theatre. The latter was lit by Commercial Light Company in 1958, making it the brightest thoroughfare in the world, State Street became a shopping destination during the 1900s and is referred to in the song Chicago, which mentions State Street, that great street. In 1979, Mayor Jane Byrne converted the downtown portion into a mall with only bus traffic allowed. Mayor Richard M. Daley oversaw the State Street Revitalization Project and on November 15,1996, during the second half of the 20th century, State Street was eclipsed by Michigan Avenues Magnificent Mile as a shopping district. Various projects to restore State Streets glory have been met with success. New York & Company, Old Navy, Urban Outfitters, Borders Books had a flagship on State, but the Borders chain has since shut down. Today, the two main department store chains that remain are Macys and Sears on State. The department store chain Carson Pirie Scott closed their store on State Street on February 21,2007 after over 100 years of business in that location. The Block 37 opened in 2009, bringing with it a group of upscale retailers to State Street, including Anthropologie, Puma AG. On January 12,2012, Walgreenss opened a location at Randolph Street, where it had previously existed from 1926 to 2005. Crown Hall Shimer College State Street Village Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ Building Harold L. Condit, Carl W. Chicago 1910-29, Building, Planning, and Urban Technology
28.
Art Institute of Chicago
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The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879 and located in Chicagos Grant Park, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. Recognized for its efforts and popularity among visitors, the museum hosts approximately 1.5 million guests annually. The growth of the collection has warranted several additions to the museums original 1893 building, the Art Institute is connected to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, a leading art school, making it one of the few remaining unified arts institutions in the United States. In 1866, a group of 35 artists founded the Chicago Academy of Design in a studio on Dearborn Street, the organization was modeled after European art academies, such as the Royal Academy, with Academicians and Associate Academicians. The Academys charter was granted in March 1867, classes started in 1868, meeting every day at a cost of $10 per month. The Academys success enabled it to build a new home for the school, a stone building on 66 West Adams Street. When the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the building in 1871 the Academy was thrown into debt, attempts to continue despite the loss by using rented facilities failed. By 1878 the Academy was $10,000 in debt, members tried to rescue the ailing institution by making deals with local businessmen, before some finally abandoned it in 1879 to found a new organization, named the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. When the Chicago Academy of Design went bankrupt the same year, in 1882, the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts changed its name to the current Art Institute of Chicago and elected as its first president the banker and philanthropist Charles L. Also in 1882, the purchased a lot on the southwest corner of Michigan Avenue. By January 1885 the trustees recognized the need to provide space for the organizations growing collection. The city agreed, and the building was completed in time for the year of the fair. Construction costs were met by selling the Michigan/Van Buren property, on October 31,1893 the Institute moved into the new building. For the opening reception on December 8,1893, Theodore Thomas, from the 1900s to the 1960s the school offered with the Logan Family the Logan Medal of the Arts, an award which became one of the most distinguished awards presented to artists in the US. Between 1959 and 1970 the Institute was a key site in the battle to gain art and documentary photography a place in galleries, under curator Hugh Edwards and his assistants. As Director of the museum starting in the early 1980s, James N. Wood conducted an expansion of its collection. He retired from the museum in 2004, in 2006, the Art Institute began construction of The Modern Wing, an addition situated on the southwest corner of Columbus and Monroe. The project, designed by Pritzker Prize winning architect Renzo Piano, was completed, the 264, 000-square-foot building makes the Art Institute the second-largest art museum in the United States
29.
Willis Tower
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The Willis Tower, built as and still commonly referred to as Sears Tower, is a 108-story,1, 450-foot skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The building is considered an achievement for its architect Fazlur Kahn. The Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States, more than one million people visit its observation deck each year, making it one of Chicagos most popular tourist destinations. The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the towers space, the buildings official address is 233 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicagos Loop. Sears asked its counsel, Arnstein, Gluck, Weitzenfeld & Minow to suggest a location. This latter site was decided upon, and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained, the next step was to acquire the property, a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm, headed by Andrew Adsit, began buying the property parcel by parcel. Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property. Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square tubes, all nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, at the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes end, the remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor. The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khans bundled tube structure and this innovative design was structurally efficient and economic, at 1,450 feet, it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building, yet cost much less per unit area. This structural system would prove influential in skyscraper construction. It has been used in most supertall buildings since then, including the worlds tallest building, to honor Khans contributions, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him for the lobby of the Willis Tower. The latter floor areas had to be designed to a plate, with a high window-space to floor-space ratio, to be attractive. Smaller floorplates required a structure to yield sufficient square footage. The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration to protect air traffic, the financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company. It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts, Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design, and the first steel was put in place in April 1971
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Chicago Symphony Orchestra
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The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, based in Chicago, was formed by Theodore Thomas in 1891. The Symphony makes its home at Orchestra Hall in Chicago and plays a season at the Ravinia Festival. The music director is Riccardo Muti, who began his tenure in 2010, the CSO is one of five American orchestras commonly referred to as the Big Five. Since Thomas, the orchestra has had ten music directors, including Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Sir Georg Solti, from 2010 to the present, the incumbent conductor is Riccardo Muti. In 1890 Charles Norman Fay, a Chicago businessman, invited Theodore Thomas to establish an orchestra in Chicago, under the name Chicago Orchestra, the orchestra played its first concert October 16,1891 at the Auditorium Theater. It is one of the oldest orchestras in the United States, along with the New York Philharmonic, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Orchestra Hall, now a component of the Symphony Center complex, was designed by Chicago architect Daniel H. Burnham and completed in 1904. Maestro Thomas served as director for thirteen years until his death shortly after the orchestras newly built residence was dedicated December 14,1904. The orchestra was renamed Theodore Thomas Orchestra in 1905 and today, in 1905, Frederick Stock became music director, a post he held until his death in 1942. The orchestra was renamed the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in 1913, subsequent music directors have included Désiré Defauw, Artur Rodziński, Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Jean Martinon, Georg Solti, and Daniel Barenboim. His contract has been renewed for five years, through the 2020 season. Many of these guests have also recorded with the orchestra, carlos Kleiber made his only symphonic guest appearances in America with the CSO, in October 1978 and June 1983. The three principal guest conductors of the orchestra have been Carlo Maria Giulini, Claudio Abbado, the CSO holds an annual fundraiser, originally known as the Chicago Symphony Marathon, more recently as Radiothon and Symphonython, in conjunction with Chicago radio station WFMT. As part of the event, from 1986 through 2008, the released tracks from their broadcast archives on double LP/CD collections. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra maintains a home at Ravinia in Highland Park. The CSO helped to inaugurate the first season of the Ravinia Festival in August 1936 and has been in residence at the Festival every summer since, as of 2005, James Conlon holds the title of Ravinia music director. The Chicago Symphony has amassed an extensive discography, recordings by the CSO have earned 62 Grammy Awards from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. These include several Classical Album of the Year awards, awards in Best Classical Performance in vocal soloist, choral, instrumental, engineering and orchestral categories. On May 1,1916, Frederick Stock and the orchestra recorded the Wedding March from Felix Mendelssohns music to A Midsummer Nights Dream for what was known as the Columbia Graphophone Company
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Lyric Opera of Chicago
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Lyric Opera of Chicago is one of the leading opera companies in the United States. It was founded in Chicago in 1954, under the name Lyric Theatre of Chicago by Carol Fox, Nicolà Rescigno and Lawrence Kelly, with a season that included Maria Callass American debut in Norma. The company was re-organized by Fox in 1956 under its present name and, after her 1981 departure, the Lyric is housed in the Civic Opera Building, which the company now owns. The first opera to be performed in Chicago was Bellinis La sonnambula, chicagos first opera house opened in 1865 but was destroyed in the Great Fire of Chicago in 1871. The second opera house, the Chicago Auditorium, opened in 1889, in 1929 the current Civic Opera House on 20 North Wacker Drive was opened, though the Chicago Civic Opera Company itself collapsed in the Great Depression. The old Auditorium continued to stage shows and musicals till it closed in 1941. Chicago had this first company for four seasons, then, after no season in 1914/15 and this lasted through 1921/22, when it became the Chicago Civic Opera from 1922 until 1932. After no season in 1932/33, the company was re-formed and again named the Chicago Grand Opera Company from 1933 to 1935, from 1936 to 1939, the company was called Chicago City Opera Company, and finally from 1940 to 1946 opera was presented by the Chicago Opera Company. There were no seasons from 1947 until 1953, so opera was presented by other companies on tour, Lyric Opera was formed in 1954 and has continued uninterrupted except for 1967. However, when she realized that performance was not to be in her future, she decided that it lay in bringing the performances of the worlds finest artists to her home town of Chicago. Her success can be measured in one statistic regarding the filling of the Lyrics Civic Opera House, in 1954, the Italian composer Pino Donati was her artistic director. Bruno Bartoletti was principal conductor, but other conductors included Tullio Serafin, Dimitri Mitropoulos, christoph von Dohnányi and Sir Georg Solti chose the Lyric for their American operatic debuts. Franco Zeffirelli staged operas as did Harold Prince, because of her illnesses and her refusal to lower her artistic standards despite the Lyrics dire financial state in 1980, her resignation was sought and given. Carol Fox died a few later, survived by a daughter Victoria. Anna Moffo also chose the Lyric for her American debut, Carol Fox was succeeded at the Lyric by her longtime assistant manager, Ardis Krainik, after whom the opera house was named, and then by William Mason. Anthony Freud took over in October 2011, Sir Andrew Davis is Lyrics music director and principal conductor, a post he has occupied since in September 2000. He led three complete cycles of Der Ring des Nibelungen in the 2004/05 season to mark the companys 50th anniversary, philip David Morehead was head of music staff until his retirement in 2015. In addition to the operatic repertoire, Lyric also presents contemporary works
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Goodman Theatre
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The Goodman Theatre is a professional theater company located in Chicagos Loop. A major part of the Chicago theatre scene, it is the citys oldest currently active nonprofit theater organization, part of its present theater complex occupies the landmark Harris and Selwyn Theaters property. The Goodman was founded in 1925 as a tribute to the Chicago playwright Kenneth Sawyer Goodman, the opening ceremony on October 20,1925 featured three of Kenneth Sawyer Goodmans plays, Back of the Yards, The Green Scarf, and The Game of Chess. Two nights later the theater presented its first public performance, John Galsworthys The Forest, in 2000, the company moved into its new building at 170 N. Dearborn in Chicagos theater district. It has two fully modern auditoriums, named the Albert and the Owen, after two members of the Goodman family who continue to be major donors. In August, Associate Artistic Director Michael Maggio died and they renamed the Michael Merritt Award for young designers the Michael Maggio Emerging Designer Award in his honor, in 1992, the theatre company received the Regional Theatre Tony Award, joining Steppenwolf Theatre as Chicago-based recipients of the award. The Goodman has also won many Joseph Jefferson awards, with the production of Radio Golf in 2007, the Goodman became the first theater to mount a production of each of the ten plays in August Wilsons Pittsburgh cycle. The theater has presented A Christmas Carol annually in December since the 1970s, the Light in the Piazza, I Am My Own Wife, and Rabbit Hole. “Chicago’s Goodman Theatre, Plays and Cultural Work in an Institutional Theatre. ”Chicagos Goodman Theatre, thomas Wood Stevens Contributions to American Art Theatre With Emphasis on the Kenneth Sawyer Goodman Memorial Theatre, 1922-1930, PhD dissertation, The Louisiana State University,1973. Official website 20347,77902,73504,77899 Goodman Theatre at the Internet Broadway Database Kenneth Sawyer Goodman Papers and Goodman Family Papers at The Newberry Library
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Joffrey Ballet
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The Joffrey Ballet is a professional dance company resident in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The company regularly performs classical ballets, including Romeo & Juliet and The Nutcracker, and modern dance pieces. Many choreographers have worked with the Joffrey including Paul Taylor, Twyla Tharp, George Balanchine, founded as a touring company in 1956, it was based in New York City until 1995 when it moved to Chicago. The companys headquarters and dance academy are in Joffrey Tower, while Joffrey stayed in New York City to teach ballet classes and earn money to pay the dancers salaries, Arpino led the troupe. The ensemble first performed in a city in Chicago in 1957. The Joffrey Ballet originally settled down in New York City, under the name the Robert Joffrey Theatre Ballet, in 1962 modern choreographer Alvin Ailey was invited to make a work for the company. Rebekah Harkness was an important early benefactor and she made international touring possible, but in 1964 she and Joffrey parted ways. Joffrey started again, building up a new company made its debut in 1965 as the Joffrey Ballet. Following a successful season at the New York City Center in 1966, it was invited to become City Centers resident ballet company with Joffrey as artistic director, in 1973 Joffrey asked Twyla Tharp to create her first commissioned ballet, Deuce Coupe. The company continued as City Center Joffrey Ballet until 1977, from 1977, it performed as the Joffrey Ballet, with a second home established in Los Angeles from. In 1995, the company left New York City for Chicago to establish a permanent residence there, the first few years in Chicago were financially arduous for the company, nearly causing it to close several times, but audiences later became larger and younger. The Joffrey Ballet appeared in the motion picture Save the Last Dance and it was also the subject of Robert Altmans penultimate film, The Company. Malcolm McDowell played the companys artistic director, a character based on Gerald Arpino. The film is composed of stories gathered from the dancers, choreographers. Most of the roles are played by company members. In the Glee, character Mike Chang is given a scholarship to attend the Joffrey Academy of Dance in Chicago, in fall 1987 the Joffrey Ballet premiered a reconstructed version of Igor Stravinskys seminal ballet The Rite of Spring in the city of Los Angeles. The original ballet debuted in 1913 in Paris, France and was choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky, Dance experts Millicent Hodson and Kenneth Archer spent eighteen years gathering research on the original ballet in order to properly reconstruct it. Its repertoire consists of classical and contemporary pieces, as well as annual December performances of The Nutcracker, presented in conjunction with the Chicago Philharmonic
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Harold Washington Library
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The Harold Washington Library Center is the central library for the Chicago Public Library System. It is located just south of the Loop L, at 400 S, State Street in Chicago, in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is a library and ADA compliant. As with all libraries in the Chicago Public Library system, it has free internet service. The building contains approximately 756,000 square feet of space, the total square footage is approximately 972,000 square feet including the rooftop garden penthouse, according to the Zoning department of the city of Chicago. A debate on a new central library ensued and continued throughout most of the 1980s, upon his election in 1983, Mayor Harold Washington supported the construction of a new central library. Finally, in 1987, a competition was held by the city to decide on the architecture of the library. Notably, Jahns design was to have arched over Van Buren Street onto the area that is now occupied by Pritzker Park and these elements were deemed too expensive, along with the rest of Jahns design, so the Hammond, Beeby and Babka design won the competition. With the support of Harold Washington and Chicagos wealthy Pritzker family, ground was broken at the site at Congress Parkway and State Street. Before 1872, Chicago had mainly private libraries, england responded to the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 by donating over 8,000 books to the city, which became the foundation of the first public library. This collection was housed in a variety of locations, until the Central Library was built in 1891, the Harold Washington Library opened on October 7,1991. Since completion, the library has appeared in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest public building in the world. The exterior evokes the design of the Rookery, Auditorium and the Monadnock buildings, the bottom portion is made of large granite blocks. Red brick makes up the majority of the exterior and these two portions draw on the Beaux-Art style. The pediments and most of the west side facing Plymouth Court are glass, steel, in 1993, the roof was ornamented with seven large, painted aluminum acroteria designed by Kent Bloomer with owl figures by Raymond Kaskey. The acroterium on the State Street side depicts an owl, a symbol of knowledge due to its association with the Greek goddess Athena, the acroteria on the Congress Parkway and on the Van Buren sides contain seed pods, which represent the natural bounty of the Midwest. The acroteria angularia each contain an owl perched in foliage, on the divide between the granite blocks and the brick portions are wall medallions that have the face of Ceres and ears of corn. On the north, east and south sides of the build are five story tall arched windows, between the windows are rope friezes
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Chicago Cultural Center
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It is located in the Loop, across Michigan Avenue from Millennium Park. Originally the central building, it was converted in 1977 to an arts. The citys central library is now housed across the Loop in the spacious, each year, the Chicago Cultural Center features more than 1,000 programs and exhibitions covering a wide range of the performing, visual and literary arts. It also serves as headquarters for the Chicago Childrens Choir, the building was designed by Boston architectural firm Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge for the citys central library, and Grand Army of the Republic meeting hall and memorial in 1892. The land was donated by the GAR and the building was completed in 1897 at a cost of nearly $2 million and it is capped with two stained-glass domes, set symmetrically atop the two wings. The curving stairway is faced with Knoxville pink marble, and features mosaics, Washington Street entrance, lobby, and grand staircase - Arched portal, bronze-framed doors, and a 3-story, vaulted lobby with walls of white Carrara marble and mosaics. The staircase is also of white Carrara marble, set with medallions of green marble from Connemara, Ireland, and intricate mosaics of Favrile glass, stone, the stairway to the 5th floor was inspired by Venices Bridge of Sighs. Grand Army of the Republic Memorial - A large hall and rotunda in the north wing, the hall is faced with deep green Vermont marble, broken by a series of arches for windows and mahogany doors. The rotunda features 30-foot walls of Knoxville pink marble, mosaic floor, sidney R. Yates Gallery - replica of an assembly hall in the Doges Palace, Venice, with heavily ornamented pilasters and coffered ceiling. Preston Bradley Hall - A large, ornately patterned room of curving white Carrara marble, the Cultural Center states this to be the largest Tiffany dome in the world. Crossroads, Modernism in Ukraine, 1910-1930 was a display of art by Ukrainian artists, such as Sukher Ber Rybak, Vsevolod Maskymovych, crossroads was organized by the Foundation for International Arts and Education with the National Art Museum of Ukraine. It is presented by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and the Kyiv Committee of the Chicago Sister Cities International Program, the exhibition ran from July 22,2006 - October 15,2006. Chicago architecture List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago Official website
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Michigan Avenue Bridge
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The Michigan Avenue Bridge is a bascule bridge that carries Michigan Avenue across the main stem of the Chicago River in downtown Chicago, Illinois, United States. The bridge was proposed in the early 20th century as part of a plan to link Chicagos south side, construction of the bridge started in 1918, it opened to traffic in 1920, and decorative work was completed in 1928. The bridge provides passage for vehicles and pedestrians on two levels, it is an example of a trunnion bascule bridge, which is also known as a Chicago style bascule bridge. The bridge is included in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District and has designated as a Chicago Landmark. The location is significant in the history of Chicago. The Michigan Avenue Bridge has an orientation, spanning the main stem of the Chicago River between the Near North Side and Loop community areas of Chicago. Its northern portal lies at the foot of the Magnificent Mile and its southern portal is at the intersection of Michigan Avenue and Wacker Drive, overlooked by the London Guarantee Building and 333 North Michigan. The neighboring bridges are Columbus Drive Bridge to the east and Wabash Avenue Bridge to the west, the bridge is situated in a historically significant area. The northern end of the bridge part of the Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite. The southern half of the passes over the site of Fort Dearborn. The historical significance of the location has been used as the basis for a number of proposals to rename the bridge. In 1921 the Chicago Historical Society suggested that the bridge should be named Marquette–Joliet Bridge, in October 2010, the bridge was renamed DuSable Bridge in honor of Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, Chicagos first permanent resident. A fur trader of African descent who married into the Potawatomi tribe, he established a permanent homestead, a boulevard to link the parks on Chicagos north and south sides was proposed as early as 1891. An early plan called for a tunnel to link Michigan Avenue south of the river with Pine Street north of the river, in 1903 an editorial in the Chicago Tribune proposed a new bascule bridge across the river at Michigan Avenue. Plans for the boulevard and the construction of a Michigan Avenue Bridge were further elaborated upon in Daniel Burnhams 1909 Plan of Chicago, an ordinance to fund construction was passed in 1913, but was declared void by the Supreme Court of Illinois. A second ordinance was passed in 1914, but legal battles continued until the end of 1916, construction finally started on April 15,1918, and the bridge was officially opened in a ceremony on May 14,1920. The bridge is one of the properties of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. It was also designated as a Chicago Landmark on October 2,1991, Michigan Avenue Bridge is a double-leaf, double-deck, fixed counterweight, trunnion bascule bridge
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United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
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Fort Dearborn
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Fort Dearborn was a United States fort built in 1803 beside the Chicago River, in what is now Chicago, Illinois. It was constructed by troops under Captain John Whistler and named in honor of Henry Dearborn, the original fort was destroyed following the Battle of Fort Dearborn during the War of 1812, and a new fort was constructed on the same site in 1816. By 1837, the fort had been de-commissioned, parts of the fort were lost to both the widening of the Chicago River in 1855, and a fire in 1857. The last vestiges of Fort Dearborn were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the site of the fort is now a Chicago Landmark, located in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. The history of activity in the Chicago area prior to the arrival of European explorers is mostly unknown. In 1673, an expedition headed by Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette was the first recorded to have crossed the Chicago Portage and traveled along the Chicago River. Marquette returned in 1674, and camped for a few days near the mouth of the river, then moved on to the portage, two of de La Salles men built a stockade at the portage in the winter of 1682/1683. In 1682, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had claimed a large territory, in 1763, following the French and Indian War, the French ceded this area to Great Britain, and it became a region of the Province of Quebec. Great Britain later ceded the area to the United States, although the Northwest Territory remained under de facto British control until about 1796, following the Northwest Indian War of 1785–1795, the Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville, on August 3,1795. This included the six square miles centered at the mouth of the Chicago River, a Jesuit mission, the Mission of the Guardian Angel, was founded somewhere in the vicinity in 1696, but was abandoned around 1700. The Fox Wars effectively closed the area to Europeans in the first part of the 18th century, the first non native to re-settle in the area may have been a trader named Guillory, who might have had a trading-post near Wolf Point on the Chicago River around 1778. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable built a farm and trading post near the mouth of the Chicago River in the 1780s, antoine Ouilmette is the next recorded resident of Chicago, he claimed to have settled at the mouth of the Chicago River in July 1790. Captain John Whistler was selected as commandant of the new post, the survey completed, on July 14,1803, a company of troops set out to make the overland journey from Detroit to Chicago. Whistler and his family made their way to Chicago on a called the Tracy. The troops reached their destination on August 17, the Tracy was anchored about half a mile offshore, unable to enter the Chicago River due to a sandbar at its mouth. Julia Whistler, the wife of Captain Whistlers son, Lieutenant William Whistler, later related that 2000 Indians gathered to see the Tracy. The troops had completed the construction of the fort by the summer of 1804, it was a log-built fort enclosed in a double stockade, the fort was named Fort Dearborn, after U. S. Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, who had commissioned its construction. A fur trader, John Kinzie, arrived in Chicago in 1804, in 1810 Kinzie and Whistler became embroiled in a dispute over Kinzie supplying alcohol to the Indians
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Roads and expressways in Chicago
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Roads and expressways in Chicago summarizes the main thoroughfares and the numbering system used in Chicago and its surrounding suburbs. Chicagos streets were laid out in a grid that grew from the original townsite plan. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections, as new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and 16 in the other direction. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Indian trails, many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago, but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed. In the 1950s and 1960s, a network of superhighways was built radiating from the city center, as the city grew and annexed adjacent towns, problems arose with duplicate street names and a confusing numbering system based on the Chicago River. On June 22,1908, the city adopted a system proposed by Edward P. Brennan. The changes were effective September 1,1909 for most of the city, addresses in Chicago and some suburbs are numbered outward from baselines at State Street, which runs north and south, and Madison Street, which runs east and west. A book was published in 1909 by The Chicago Directory Company indexing the old and this volume is available on line in pdf format indexed by initial letter, Plan of Re-Numbering, City of Chicago, August 1909. The downtown area did not conform to this system until April 1,1911, downtown was defined as Lake Michigan on the east, Roosevelt Road on the south, and the Chicago River on the north and west. The addition to downtown was published, and is also on line as a pdf indexed by downtown street name. This additional paragraph explained the changes, The 1909 address change did not affect downtown Chicago. The ordinance was amended June 20,1910 to include the downtown area, the new addresses for the “loop” went into use on April 1,1911. Chicago house numbers are assigned at the rate of 800 to a mile. The only exceptions are from Madison to 31st Street, just south of downtown, South of 31st Street, the pattern of 800 to the mile resumes, with 39th Street the next major street, 47th after that, and so on. Individual house numbers are assigned at the rate of one per 20 feet of frontage. Thus the last two digits of house numbers generally go only as high as 67 before the block number is reached. Higher house numbers are found on streets and have sometimes been assigned by request. South of Madison Street most of the east-west streets are simply numbered, the street numbering is aligned with the house numbering, so that 95th Street is exactly 9500 South
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Cable car (railway)
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A cable car is a type of cable transportation used for mass transit where rail cars are hauled by a continuously moving cable running at a constant speed. Individual cars stop and start by releasing and gripping this cable as required, the first cable-operated railway, employing a moving rope that could be picked up or released by a grip on the cars was the Fawdon railway in 1826, a Colliery railway line. The London and Blackwall Railway, which opened for passengers in east London, England, the rope available at the time proved too susceptible to wear and the system was abandoned in favour of steam locomotives after eight years. In America, the first cable car installation in operation probably was the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in New York City, the cable technology used in this elevated railway involved collar-equipped cables and claw-equipped cars, and proved cumbersome. The line was closed and rebuilt, and reopened with steam locomotives, beauregard demonstrated a cable car at New Orleans and was issued U. S. Other cable cars to use grips were those of the Clay Street Hill Railroad, the building of this line was promoted by Andrew Smith Hallidie with design work by William Eppelsheimer, and it was first tested in 1873. The success of these grips ensured that this became the model for other cable car transit systems. In 1881 the Dunedin cable tramway system opened in Dunedin, New Zealand, both of these innovations were generally adopted by other cities, including San Francisco. In Australia the Melbourne cable tramway system operated from 1885 to 1940 and it was one of the most extensive in the world with 1200 trams and trailers operating over 15 routes with 103 km of track. Sydney also had a few cable tram routes, Cable cars rapidly spread to other cities, although the major attraction for most was the ability to displace horsecar systems rather than the ability to climb hills. Thus, for a period, economics worked in favour of cable cars even in relatively flat cities, for example, the Chicago City Railway, also designed by Eppelsheimer, opened in Chicago in 1882 and went on to become the largest and most profitable cable car system. As with many cities, the problem in flat Chicago was not one of grades and this caused a different approach to the combination of grip car and trailer. After 1896 the system was changed to one on which a car was added to each train to maneuver at the terminals, while en route. On 25 September 1883 a test of a cable car system was held by Liverpool United Tramways and Omnibus Company in Kirkdale and this would have been the first cable car system in Europe, but the company decided against implementing it. Instead the distinction went to the 1884 route from Archway to Highgate, north London, the installation was not reliable and was replaced by electric traction in 1909. Other cable car systems were implemented in Europe, though, among which was the Glasgow District Subway, the first underground cable car system, in 1896. For a while hybrid cable/electric systems operated, for example in Chicago where electric cars had to be pulled by grip cars through the loop area, due to the lack of trolley wires there. In the last decades of the 20th century cable traction in general has seen a revival as automatic people movers, used in resort areas, airports, huge hospital centers
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Wells Street (Chicago)
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Wells Street is a main North–South street in downtown Chicago. It is officially designated as 200 West, originally named 5th Avenue and is named in honor of William Wells, Wells Street is interrupted by Comiskey Park, Interstate 55, and Lincoln Park. Wells Street crosses the Chicago River at the Wells Street Bridge, several Chicago attractions are located on or near Wells Street, including Comiskey Park and Ed Debevics. Some downtown blocks of Wells Street are located beneath the Chicago L train system, the first Crate & Barrel store, which opened in 1962, was located on Wells Street. Wells Street was named in Time Magazines 1976 article The Porno Plague
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Lake Street (Chicago)
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Lake Street is an east-west street in Chicago and its suburbs. Part of Lake Street is designated as U. S. Route 20, Lake Street begins in the city of Chicago and travels west and slightly north to the Chicago suburbs. It ends at the terminus of the Elgin Bypass around Elgin. This is a distance of about 34.4 miles, Lake Street begins at Stetson Avenue in the Illinois Center area of the Chicago Loop and then runs to the west as a one-way eastbound street. From the first two-way traffic segment at Canal Street, it continues to the west through the city of Chicago before heading into the western suburbs. For most of the first 7 miles miles between Wabash Avenue and Laramie Avenue, Lake Street runs beneath the elevated Green Line CTA tracks, in Stone Park, Lake Street runs concurrent with U. S.20 at Mannheim Road. Eastbound U. S.20 turns south with U. S, westbound U. S.20 follows Lake Street westbound to the western terminus of Lake Street for 20.7 miles. A portion of Lake Street in Elmhurst has been replaced by the Eisenhower Expressway, at this point, Lake Street parallels the Eisenhower until the interchange with Interstate 355. Continuing west, Lake Street becomes a six lane divided highway passing through the western suburbs, at Roselle. At the current western terminus of the Elgin-OHare Expressway41. 9819°N88. 13957°W /41.9819, -88.13957, just west of the Villa Olivia Country Club, Lake Street ends at the eastern terminus of the Elgin Bypass. All of Lake Street was once marked as U. S.20, in 1938, U. S.20 was moved onto Mannheim Road and La Grange Road. The remaining segment of Lake Street became City U. S.20, in 1960, it was renamed to Business U. S.20. In 1968, all designations were dropped from Lake Street east of Mannheim Road
43.
Home Insurance Building
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The Home Insurance Building was a skyscraper in Chicago, generally noted as the first tall building to be supported, both inside and outside, by a fireproof metal frame. The building opened in 1884, and was demolished 47 years later in 1931. It was constructed in 1884 in Chicago, Illinois, and was the first tall building to use steel in its frame. While the Ditherington Flax Mill was an earlier fireproof-metal-framed building, it was five stories tall. Due to the Chicago buildings unique architecture and weight-bearing frame, it is considered the worlds first skyscraper and it had 10 stories and rose to a height of 138 ft In 1890, two additional floors were added. The architect was William Le Baron Jenney, the building weighed only one-third as much as a stone building would have, city officials were so concerned, they halted construction while they investigated its safety. The Home Insurance Building is an example of the Chicago School of Architecture, the building set precedent in skyscraper construction. The exterior was created from brick, the Field Building, later known as the La Salle Bank Building, then the Bank of America Building, and now the Private Bank Building, built in 1931, now stands on the site
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Chicago Board of Trade Building
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The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It stands at 141 W. Jackson Boulevard at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon, built in 1930 and first designated a Chicago Landmark on May 4,1977, the building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2,1978. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16,1978, in 2012, the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors, including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company. The current structure is known for its art deco architecture, sculptures and large-scale stone carving, an aluminum, three-story art deco statue of Ceres, goddess of agriculture, caps the building. The building is a sightseeing attraction and location for shooting movies. On April 3,1848, the Board of Trade opened for business at 101 South Water Street, when 122 members were added in 1856, it was moved to the corner of South Water and LaSalle Streets. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed this building, in 1882 construction began of the CBOTs new home, which opened at the current location on May 1,1885. The building was designed by William W. Boyington, best known today for his work on the Chicago Water Tower and it faced Jackson Street with 180 ft feet of frontage, and was built from structural steel and granite taken from the Fox Island quarry near Vinalhaven, Maine. With a rear of enameled brick, it was 10 stories tall and featured a tower 320 ft tall containing a clock and 4,500 pounds bell. The interiors were finished in mahogany and frescoed and it was also the first building in the city to exceed 300 ft in height and at the time was the tallest building in Chicago. The building attracted tourists, visitors, and protesters, the building, on which two million dollars had been lavished in the midst of an economic depression, was denounced by the anarchists as. The crowning symbol of all that was hateful in the property system. The procession were cheered by thousands of spectators, viewing galleries were opened to the public for the first time in honor of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. In 1895, the tower was removed and the tallest building in Chicago record was then held by the 302 ft tall Masonic Temple Building. Built on caissons surrounded by muck, the house was rendered structurally unsound in the 1920s when construction began across the street on the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. The 1885 building was demolished in 1929, and the exchange temporarily moved to Van Buren and Clark while a new building was constructed at the LaSalle. The 1885 allegorical architectural sculptures of 35 ft Industry and Agriculture, in 1925, the Chicago Board of Trade commissioned Holabird & Root to design the current building. The general contractors Hegeman & Harris built it for $11.3 million and it serves as the southern border for the skyscrapers hugging LaSalle Street and is taller than surrounding structures for several blocks
Chicago Loop travel guide from Wikivoyage
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