1.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
2.
Gangsta rap
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Gangsta rap or gangster rap is a subgenre of hip hop music with themes and lyrics that generally emphasize the gangsta lifestyle. After the national attention that Ice-T and N. W. A attracted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gangsta rap became the most commercially lucrative subgenre of hip hop. Many gangsta rap artists openly boast of their associations with various street gangs as part of their artistic image, with the Bloods. Gangsta rap is closely related to other indigenous gang and crime-oriented forms of music, the subject matter inherent in gangsta rap has caused a great deal of controversy. The White House administrations of both George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton criticized the genre, many gangsta rappers argue that in the world of their genre exists the emotions and perspectives of a people whose suffering is too often overlooked and belittled by society. Gangsta rap, some argue, was an effect of the various wrongdoings perpetrated against African-Americans in underprivileged neighborhoods. The various riots sparked by the Rodney King beating and the acquittal of the officers responsible for the beating sparked anger. Gangsta rap acted as an outlet so such people could express themselves angrily and they often used gangsta rap to tell the stories of their lives, which sometimes included strong violence, hypersexuality, and drug abuse. The 1973 album Hustlers Convention by Lightnin Rod and Jaren Clark featured lyrics that deal with life, including pimping. Many rappers, such as Ice-T and Mac Dre, have credited pimp, rudy Ray Moores stand-up comedy and films based on his Dolemite hustler-pimp alter ego also influenced gangsta rap and are still a popular source for samples. Finally, blaxploitation films of the 1970s, with their depictions of black underworld figures, were a major inspiration as well. Tracy Ice-T Morrow, was born in Newark, New Jersey, as a teenager, he moved to Los Angeles where he rose to prominence in the West Coast hip hop scene. In 1986, Ice-T released 6 in the Mornin, which is regarded as among the first gangsta rap songs. In an interview with PROPS magazine, Ice-T said, Heres the exact order of what really went down. Then the syncopation of that rap was used by me when I made 6 in the Mornin, the vocal delivery was the same. P. S. K. is makin that green. six in the morning, police at my door. When I heard that record I was like Oh @#. *%, and call it a bite or what you will but I dug that record. My record didnt sound like P. S. K, but I liked the way he was flowing with it. P. S. K. was talking about Park Side Killers and that was the only difference, when Schoolly did it, it was. one by one, Im knockin em out
3.
Mexican Americans
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Mexican Americans are Americans of full or partial Mexican descent. As of July 2015, Mexican Americans made up 11. 1% of the United States population, as of July 2015, Mexican Americans comprised 63. 4% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second-largest Mexican community in the world, second only to Mexico itself, canada is a distant third, with a small Mexican Canadian population of 96,055 as of 2011. Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California, in 2015, the United States admitted 157,227 Mexican immigrants, and as of November 2016,1.31 million Mexicans were on the waiting list to immigrate to the United States through legal means. Communities of Spanish-speaking Tejanos, Nuevomexicanos, Californios and Mission Indians have existed in the American southwest since the area was part of New Spains Provincias Internas, the majority of these historically Hispanophone populations eventually adopted English as their first language as part of their overall Americanization. Mexican-American history spans more than 400 years and varies from region to region within the United States, in 1900, there were slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics of Mexican descent living in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, California and Texas. Most were Mexican Americans of Spanish descent and other Hispanicized European settlers who settled in the Southwest during Spanish colonial times, as well as local and Mexican Indians. Approximately ten percent of the current Mexican-American population are descended from the colonial settlers. As early as 1813, some of the Tejanos who colonized Texas in the Spanish Colonial Period established a government in Texas that desired independence from Spanish-ruled Mexico, in those days, there was no concept of identity as Mexican. Many Mexicans were more loyal to their states/provinces than to their country as a whole and this was particularly true in frontier regions such as Zacatecas, Texas, Yucatán, Oaxaca, New Mexico, etc. As shown by the writings of colonial Tejanos such as Antonio Menchaca, Mexico encouraged immigration from the United States to settle east Texas and, by 1831, English-speaking settlers outnumbered Tejanos ten to one in the region. Both groups were settled mostly in the part of the territory. The Mexican government became concerned about the volume of Anglo-American immigration. Consistent with its abolition of slavery, the Mexican government banned slavery within the state and his story is complex because he joined the Anglo rebels and helped defeat the Mexican forces of Santa Anna. But later on, as Mayor of San Antonio, he, after receiving a series of death threats, Seguín relocated his family in Mexico, where he was coerced into military service and fought against the US in 1846–1848 Mexican–American War. As a Spanish colony, the territory of California also had an population of colonial settlers. In the mid-19th century, more settlers from the United States began to enter the territory, in California, Spanish settlement began in 1769 with the establishment of the Presidio and Catholic mission of San Diego. 20 more missions were established along the California coast by 1823, along with military Presidios, settlers in California tended to stay close to the coast and outside of the California interior
4.
Chicano
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Chicano or Chicana is a chosen identity of some Mexican Americans in the United States. The term Chicano is sometimes used interchangeably with Mexican-American, both names are chosen identities within the Mexican-American community in the United States. However, these terms have a range of meanings in various parts of the Southwest. The term became widely used during the Chicano Movement by Mexican Americans to express pride in a cultural, ethnic. Ultimately it was the experience of Mexican Americans in the United States which culminated in the creation of a Chicano identity. Linguists Edward R. Simmen and Richard F. Bauerle report the use of the term in an essay by Mexican-American writer, Mario Suárez, however, a gunboat, the Chicana, was sold in 1857 to Jose Maria Carvajal to ship arms on the Rio Grande. The King and Kenedy firm submitted a voucher to the Joint Claims Commission of the United States in 1870 to cover the costs of this conversion from a passenger steamer. No particular explanation of the name is known. The origin of the word chicano is disputed, some claim it is a shortened form of Mexicano. In most cases the sh sound has been replaced with the h sound, the word Chicano would have also been affected by this change. Many Chicanos replace the ch with the x, forming Xicano. In the United States, some Mexican Americans choose the Xicano spelling to emphasize their indigenous ancestry, thus, a newly emigrated Nahuatl speaker in an urban center might referred to his cultural relatives in this country, different from himself, as mexicanos, shortened to chicanos. The Indians later referred to themselves as Meshicanos and even as Shicanos, however, Chicanos generally do not agree that chicamo was ever a word used within the culture, as its assertion is thus far entirely unsubstantiated. Therefore, most self-identifying Chicanos do not agree that Chicano was ever derived from the word chicamo, another hypothesis is that chicano derives from the indigenous population of Guanajuato, the Chichimecas, combined with the word Mexicano. An alternative idea is that it is a form of Chilango. A similar notion is that the word derives from Chichen Itza, Chicano would thus be a Hispanized word for Chichen and Mayans, rather than the Aztec or Nahua people. This seems dubious, as the term is not frequently used other than in reference to Mexican Americans, is not primarily used for Chilean-Americans. Thus far, explanations of the origins of the word remain inconclusive and this is an indication that the term originated as a self-identification
5.
Electro (music)
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Electro is a genre of electronic music and early hip hop directly influenced by the use of the Roland TR-808 drum machines, and funk. This is the distinction between electro and previously prominent genres such as disco, in which the electronic sound was only part of the instrumentation. It also palpably deviates from its predecessor boogie for being less vocal-oriented, following the decline of disco music in the United States, electro emerged as a fusion of funk and New York boogie. Early hip hop and rap combined with German and Japanese electropop influences such as Kraftwerk, Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record, Nunk by Warp 9. In 1983, Hashim created an electro funk sound which influenced Herbie Hancock, the early 1980s were electros mainstream peak. By the mid 1980s, the genre moved away from its electronic and funk influences, using harder edged beats and rock samples, Electro became popular again in the late 1990s with artists such as Anthony Rother and DJs such as Dave Clarke. A third wave of popularity occurred in 2007, Electro has branched out into subgenres, including Electrocore and Skweee, which developed in Sweden and Finland. From its inception, one of the characteristics of the electro sound was the use of drum machines, particularly the Roland TR-808. As the genre evolved, computers and sampling replaced drum machines in electronic music and it is important to note, that although the electro of the 1980s and contemporary electro both grew out of the dissolution of disco, they are now different genres. Classic electro drum patterns tend to be electronic emulations of breakbeats, with a kick drum. The difference between electro drumbeats and breakbeats is that electro tends to be mechanical, while breakbeats tend to have more of a human-like feel. The definition however is somewhat ambiguous in nature due to the uses of the term. The Roland TR-808 drum machine hit the market in 1980, defining early electro with its immediately recognizable sound, staccato, percussive drumbeats tended to dominate electro, almost exclusively provided by the TR-808. As an inexpensive way of producing a sound, the TR-808 caught on quickly with the producers of early electro because of the ability of its bass drum to generate extreme low-frequencies. This aspect of the Roland TR-808 was especially appealing to producers who would test drive their tracks in nightclubs and its unique percussion sounds like handclaps, open and closed high-hat, clave and cowbell became integral to the electro sound. A number of songs in the early 1980s employed the TR-808, including Marvin Gaye’s “Sexual Healing, ” Cybotron’s “Clear, ” and Afrika Bambaataa’s “Planet Rock. ”The Roland TR-808 has attained iconic status. Through the use of samples, the Roland TR-808 remains popular in electro, most electro is instrumental, but a common element is vocals processed through a vocoder. Additionally, speech synthesis may be used to create robotic or mechanical lyrical content, as in the iconic Planet Rock, although primarily instrumental, early electro utilized rap
6.
Frost (rapper)
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Arturo Molina, Jr. better known as Frost, is an American rapper, songwriter and record producer. He is from Los Angeles, California and he is also the father of American record producer Scoop DeVille. Molina was born and raised in Windsor, California and occasionally lived with his family in military bases in Guam and he began his music career in 1982 as Kid Frost as a tribute to his rival Ice-T, whom he often battled in the music industry. In an interview Frost stated that his first actual DJ was in fact Dr. Dre and he soon became a breakdancer for Uncle Jamms Army. In the mid-1980s, Frost released several pre-gangsta 12 singles on Los Angeles-based labels Electrobeat, in the late 1980s, Kid Frost moved to Virgin Records. Virgin released his biggest hit, La Raza and his debut album, Hispanic Causing Panic was released in 1990. He also established a Latin rap supergroup called Latin Alliance, which released their album, Latin Alliance. His second album, East Side Story was released in 1992, in 1995, Frost dropped the Kid from his nickname and signed with Ruthless Records, Eazy-Es label. Smile Now Die Later was released that year, above The Law were featured as guest rappers, alongside A. L. T. Rick James also appeared on Frosts version of Mary Jane and his second album for Ruthless, When Hell. A. Freezes Over, was released in 1997. Ice-T, Scoop, O. Genius and Domino also appeared as guest rappers, in 1999, Frost moved to a small independent label called Celeb-entertainment records. His first album for Celeb-entertainment titled This Was Then This Is Now Vol, kurupt, King T, Baby Bash, Jay Tee, Jayo Felony, Xzibit, B-Legit, and Cameosis were featured on the CD. That Was Then This Is Now Vol. II was released in 2000, frank V. Clika One, Jay Tee, Baby Bash and other guest rappers were also featured on the CD. 2002s Still Up In This Shit, released by Hit-A-Lick / Koch Records, featured more Latin rap style and G-Funk tracks as well as a hidden bonus rock track titled Cannabis. Mellow Man Ace, Daz Dillinger, Baby Bash, A. L. T, nino Brown, Don Cisco and other guest rappers appeared, and one track featured the group Tierra. Somethin 4 The Ridaz was released in 2003 on 40 Ounce Records, in 2005 Welcome to Frost Angeles was released on Thump Records, which was produced almost entirely by Frost and his son, Scoop DeVille. Only the Intro is produced by Binky Womack, and Philly Blunt co-produced one track, guest rappers included Cameosis, Genovese and Jay Tee. Frost again signed to Low Profile Records and released his album Till The Wheels Fall Off in 2006 and it had various guest appearances which included Baby Bash, Scoop DeVille and Mr. Sancho
7.
Hispanic Causing Panic
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Hispanic Causing Panic is the debut album by rapper, Kid Frost. The album was released in 1990 for Virgin Records and is considered to be one of the first Latin rap albums, setting the stage for later releases by groups like Cypress Hill. The album featured the hit single, La Raza which peaked at #42 on the Billboard Hot 100, #59 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart and it even managed to chart on the Hot Latin Tracks chart at #33. It also would appear in the popular video game, Grand Theft Auto. Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 3, The United States and Canada
8.
Spanglish
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Most varieties of Spanglish are not usually considered a language itself, but instead a blend of Spanish and English lexical items and grammar. Spanglish is not a pidgin, because unlike pidgin languages, Spanglish can be the primary form for some individuals. Spanglish can be considered a variety of Spanish with heavy use of English or a variety of English with heavy use of Spanish and it can be more related either to Spanish or to English, depending on the circumstances. Since Spanglish arises independently in each region, it reflects the spoken varieties of English and Spanish. In general different varieties of Spanglish are not necessarily mutually intelligible, the term was introduced by the Puerto Rican poet Salvador Tió in the late 1940s, when he called it Espanglish or Inglañol. Some of these creoles have become recognized languages in their own right, including the Llanito language of Gibraltar and San Andrés–Providencia Creole of Colombia. In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican journalist, poet, and essayist Salvador Tió coined the terms Espanglish for Spanish spoken with some English terms, between 1902 and 1948, the main language of instruction in public schools was English. Currently Puerto Rico is nearly unique in having both English and Spanish as its official languages, consequently, many American English words are now found in the vocabulary of Puerto Rican Spanish. Spanglish may also be known by different regional names, Spanglish does not have one unified dialect—specifically, the varieties of Spanglish spoken in New York, Florida, Texas, and California differ. It is common in Panama, where the 96-year U. S. control of the Panama Canal influenced much of society, especially among the former residents of the Panama Canal Zone. The same applies to the large Puerto Rican-descended populations of New York City, Spanglish is spoken commonly in the modern United States, reflecting the growth of the Hispanic-American population due to immigration. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the population of Hispanics grew from 35.3 million to 53 million between 2000 and 2012, Hispanics have become the largest minority ethnic group in the US. More than 80% are of Mexican descent, Mexican Americans form one of the fastest-growing groups, increasing from 20.6 million to 34.5 million between 2000 and 2012. Around 58% of this community chose California, especially Southern California, Spanglish is widely used throughout the heavily Mexican-American and other Hispanic communities of Southern California. The use of Spanglish has become important to Hispanic communities throughout the United States in areas such as Miami, New York City, Texas, in Miami a Spanglish familiarly known as Cubonics is spoken. Spanglish is known as bilingualism/ semi-lingual ism, the acquisition of the first language is interrupted or unstructured language input follows from the second language. This can also happen in reverse, many Mexican-Americans, immigrants and bilinguals express themselves in various Spanglishes. For many, Spanglish serves as a basis for self-identity, however, many others believe that Spanglish should not exist and should be prohibited
9.
Evil Ways
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Evil Ways is a song made famous by the band Santana from their 1969 album Santana. It was written by Clarence Sonny Henry and originally recorded by jazz percussionist Willie Bobo on his 1967 album Bobo Motion, alongside Santanas release in 1969, Evil Ways was also recorded by the band The Village Callers. The lyrics of the song are written in verse form. Released as a single in late 1969, it became Santanas first top 40, gregg Rolie performs the lead vocals and plays a Hammond organ solo in the middle section. The double-time coda includes a solo performed by Carlos Santana who also does the backing vocals. Evil Ways is about a girl who is spiteful, Youve got to change your evil ways and she neglects her boyfriend by spending time with her friends instead of him. You hang around, baby/with Jean and Joan and-a who-knows-who, some radio stations play edited versions of the song, cutting portions of the introduction, organ instrumental in the middle, and guitar improvisation in the coda. Jackie Mittoo made a version called Totally Together on his LP Now of 1970. Johnny Mathis released the song as a single in 1970 and it made the Cash Box survey at #118, and also appeared on MOR music surveys in Billboard and Record World. The song was covered by Cal Tjader with vocals by Carmen McRae on his 1982 album Heat Wave. Latin rapper Mellow Man Ace sampled this track and used it as the melody for his single Mentirosa. Alternative rock jam band, Rusted Root performs Evil Ways on the soundtrack of the 1995 film Home for the Holidays, alex Gimeno samples the riff from Evil Ways in his track Funky Bikini from his musical project titled Ursula 1000. Smooth jazz group Fattburger covered Evil Ways for their 2001 album T. G. I, F. attburger In 2002, alternative metal band Nonpoint covered Evil Ways and put it as bonus track on the special edition of their release Development. Los Lonely Boys perform this song on their 2009 tribute EP entitled 1969. Zack was a rockabilly artist out of the Midwest who recorded a song with the same title for a small regional label in 1960, however. The music was used in the scene in The Fast. The music was used in 2014 in a commercial for PODS, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
10.
Chicano rock
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Chicano rock is rock music performed by Mexican American groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture. Chicano Rock, to an extent, does not refer to any single style or approach. Some of these groups do not sing in Spanish at all, Chicano rock is the distinctive style of rock and roll music performed by Mexican Americans from East L. A. and Southern California that contains themes of their cultural experiences. There are two undercurrents in Chicano rock, one is a devotion to the original rhythm and blues and country roots of Rock and roll. Chicano rock n roll star Ritchie Valens, was a Mexican-American singer and songwriter influential in the Chicano rock movement and he recorded numerous hits during his short career, most notably the 1958 hit La Bamba. Valens died at age 17 in a crash with fellow musicians Buddy Holly. The tragedy was later immortalized as the day the music died in the song American Pie, another characteristic is the openness to Latin American sounds and influences. Los Lobos in particular alternates between R&B/roots rock and the Tex-Mex/Latin rock style, the 1958 hit song Tequila. was written and sung by the saxophone player Danny Flores and performed by The Champs. Flores, who died in September 2006, was known as the Godfather of Latino Rock, groups like Ozomatli and Quetzal had led the new wave of Latin Rock groups that fuse multiple musical genres. Ozomatli has been mixing rock, hip-hop, funk, cumbia and they do not have a category for Ozomatli because they mix genres and music together to where they are one, much like how they have spread their music around the globe. Their song “City of Angels, ” has presented Latino rock on the lands of America and has spread in the state of California. Quetzal, the band from the barrios of East Los Angeles has been creating heartfelt Latin folk. The band combines rock, Afro-Cuban, country blues, and jazz elements to support the wide-ranging, bilingual, the retro-futuristic mix has garnered praise from critics the LA Times calls them a world-class act and support from such luminaries as Los Lobos. Quetzal simultaneously forges a sound that makes you dance and contemplate change, another musician to consider includes Robert Lopez aka El Vez-The Mexican Elvis. Robert Lopez aka El Vez started operating an art gallery called “La Luz de Jesus”, since Lopez’s impersonator did not meet his expectation El Vez was created. El Vez’s first performance was in Memphis, Tennessee on August 16,1989, Lopez started making karaoke tapes while running his gallery. Most of his music does not include sacred topics, but it doesn’t mean he doesn’t respect them. His goal is to blur the line between what is sacred and profane allowing him to have wide age range in his audience and he has been releasing albums since 1994 continuing to use satire and humor in his songs to express revolutionary views. His lyrics are like history lessons containing strong, clear, radical message. Some teachers and professors use his music to teach history, Dick Hugg and KRLA1110 played a big role in promoting this music
11.
Carlos Santana
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Carlos Santana audio is a Mexican and American musician who first became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which pioneered a fusion of rock and Latin American music. The bands sound featured his melodic, blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales, Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s, in 2003 Rolling Stone magazine listed Santana at number 20 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy Awards, Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico. He learned to play the violin at age five and the guitar at age eight under the tutelage of his father and his younger brother, Jorge Santana, would also become a professional guitarist. Young Carlos was heavily influenced by Ritchie Valens at a time there were very few Mexicans in American rock. The family moved from Autlán de Navarro to Tijuana, the city on Mexicos border with California, Carlos stayed in Tijuana but later joined his family in San Francisco, graduating from James Lick Middle School, and in 1965 from Mission High School. Carlos was accepted at California State University, Northridge, and Humboldt State University, Santana was influenced by popular artists of the 1950s such as B. B. King, T-Bone Walker, and John Lee Hooker. Soon after he began playing guitar, he joined local bands along the Tijuana Strip where he was able to begin adding his own touch to 50s Rock n Roll. He was also introduced to a variety of new influences, including jazz and folk music. After several years spent working as a dishwasher in a diner and busking for spare change, in 1966 he gained prominence due to a series of accidental events, all happening on the same day. Santana was a frequent spectator at Bill Grahams Fillmore West, during a Sunday matinee show, Paul Butterfield was slated to perform there but was unable to do so as a result of being intoxicated. Santanas manager, Stan Marcum, immediately suggested to Graham that Santana join the impromptu band, during the jam session, Santanas guitar playing and solo gained the notice of both the audience and Graham. During the same year, Santana formed the Santana Blues Band, with street musicians David Brown, Marcus Malone. With their highly original blend of Latin-infused rock, jazz, blues, salsa and African rhythms, the bands early success, capped off by a memorable performance at Woodstock in 1969, led to him signing a recording contract with Columbia Records, then run by Clive Davis. Santana was signed by CBS Records and went into the studio to record their first album and they were not satisfied with the release and decided changes needed to be made. This resulted in the dismissal of drummer Bob Livingston, Santana replaced him with Mike Shrieve, who had a strong background in both jazz and rock. Percussionist Marcus Malone was forced to quit the band due to manslaughter charges
12.
A Lighter Shade of Brown
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LSOB was formed in 1989 by One Dope Mexican and Dont Try To Xerox. They recorded demos and landed a record deal soon after with small independent label Pump and their debut album, 1990s Brown and Proud, brought the group their lone Top 40 single in the U. S. The song also went to #1 for 2 weeks in New Zealand, the duo provided songs for Latino-market movies such as Mi Vida Loca and I Like It Like That following the release of their second LP, 1992s Hip Hop Locos, which failed to chart. The success of Sunday Afternoon nonetheless resulted in Mercury Records signing the group and releasing their third disc, Layin in the Cut, the record did not sell as well as was hoped, peaking at #184 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. LSOB went on a hiatus, returning in 1997 on indie with Danny Dice. Their self-titled fourth album featured guest appearances from Rappin 4-Tay and Dwayne Wiggins of Tony,1999 marked the last of their releases, including a greatest hits album and a non-charting single, Sunny Day. That year, Gutierrez became a DJ at San Bernardino radio station KGGI and Bobby carried on touring as LSOB, a decade later on October 182011 the album Its A Wrap was released through Illuminated Entertainment Group. The album was produced by Playalitical and Ramirez is the one out of the group that raps on it as sort of a one-man Lighter Shade of Brown. The albums radio single Call Me Over was produced by Fingazz and featured Playalitical, a music video was also filmed and released for the song. On June 25,2016, Rumors surfaced that DTTX had died, although ODM commented he is still living but in critical condition. On July 18th, he died after being in a coma for 11 days
13.
Brown & Proud
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Brown & Proud is the debut album by Latin rap group, A Lighter Shade of Brown. It was released in 1990 for Pump Records and was produced by Jammin James Carter, Fabe Love, DJ Romeo, the album peaked at #184 on the Billboard 200 and #8 on the Top Heatseekers. Two single made it to the charts, Latin Active made it to #59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and On a Sunday Afternoon made it to #39 on the same chart. Brown and Proud-3,46 El Varrio-4,13 Spill the Wine-3,06 Pancho Villa-3,54 Poquito Soul-4,01 La Cucaracha-0,18 T. J. Nights-3,29 On a Sunday Afternoon-3,47 Bouncin-3,17 Latin Active-3,31 T. J. J. Nights One of These Nights by Eagles Play That Funky Music by Wild Cherry Latin Active I Like What Youre Doing to Me by Young and Company Radio Activity by Royal Cash
14.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
15.
Cypress Hill
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Cypress Hill is an American hip hop group from South Gate, California. Cypress Hill was the first Latino American hip hop recording group to have platinum and multi-platinum albums and they are considered to be among the main progenitors of West Coast rap and hip hop in the early 1990s, being critically acclaimed for their first four albums. The band has also advocated for medical and recreational use of cannabis in the United States, senen Reyes and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes are brothers born in Pinar del Río, Cuba. In 1971, their family immigrated to the United States from Cuba and they initially lived in South Gate, California. In 1988, the two teamed up with New York City native Lawrence Muggerud and Louis Freese to form a hip-hop group named DVX. The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career, after recording a demo in 1989, Cypress Hill signed a record deal with the major label, Columbia Records. Their self-titled first album was released in August 1991, the lead single was the double A-side The Phuncky Feel One/How I Could Just Kill a Man which received heavy airplay on urban and college radio. The other two singles released from the album were Hand on the Pump and Latin Lingo, the latter of which combined English and Spanish lyrics, the success of these singles led to the album selling two million copies in the US alone. Cypress Hill contributed the song Shoot Em Up to the soundtrack of the movie Juice, the group made their first appearance at Lollapalooza on the side stage in 1992. Black Sunday, the second album, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in 1993. Also, with their debut still in the charts, they became the first rap group to have 2 albums in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 at the same time. With Insane in the Brain becoming a hit, the album went triple platinum in the U. S. The band headlined the Soul Assassins tour with House of Pain and Funkdoobiest as support, then performed on a tour with Rage Against the Machine. In 1993, Cypress Hill also had two tracks on the Judgment Night soundtrack, teaming up with Pearl Jam on the track Real Thing and Sonic Youth on I Love You Mary Jane. The group later played at Woodstock 94, introducing new member Eric Bobo, son of Willie Bobo, rolling Stone magazine named the group as the best rap group in their music awards voted by critics and readers. Cypress Hill played at Lollapalooza for two years, topping the bill in 1995. They also appeared on the Homerpalooza episode of The Simpsons, prior to Bobo joining the crew, Panchito Ponch Gomez sat in as a percussionist when not acting. Their third album III, Temples of Boom was released in 1995, Cypress Hill also contributed a track I Wanna Get High to the High Times sponsored Hempilation album to support NORML
16.
Big Pun
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Christopher Lee Rios, better known by his stage name Big Pun, was an American rapper. Emerging from the hip hop scene in The Bronx borough of New York City, in the early 1990s. He first appeared on tracks from Fat Joes second album Jealous Ones Envy in 1995, Puns lyrics are notable for technical efficiency, having minimal pauses to take a breath, heavy use of alliteration as well as internal and multi-syllabic rhyming schemes. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest rappers of all time, about. com ranked him #25 on its list of the 50 Greatest MCs of All Time, while MTV2 ranked him #11 on its list of the 22 Greatest MCs. In 2012, The Source ranked him #19 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time, Rios was born on November 10,1971 in The Bronx, New York City, United States, to parents of Puerto Rican descent. He grew up in the South Bronx neighborhood of the city, at the age of five, Rios broke his leg while playing in a park, which would later lead to a large settlement from the city. By all accounts from Puns family, his years were very difficult, including witnessing his mothers drug abuse. During the mid-1980s, he began writing rap lyrics and he later formed the underground rap group called Full-A-Clips which included rappers Lyrical Assassin, Joker Jamz and Toom. Rios made a number of recordings with the group in the early-1990s, at this point Rios was operating under the alias Big Moon Dawg. He also appeared on The Beatnuts song Off the Books Later, Im Not a Player was supported by a significant advertising campaign, in 1996 Big Pun began recording songs for his debut album Capital Punishment. In 1997 producer Knobodys production partner Sean C took advantage of his new role as A&R at Loud Records to play Knobodys tracks to Big Pun, suitably impressed the rapper hired Knobody to remix Im Not a Player. The remixed song, featuring Joe and titled Still Not a Player, became Big Puns first major mainstream hit, the full-length debut Capital Punishment followed in 1998, and became the first album by a solo Latino rapper to go platinum, peaking at #5 on the Billboard 200. Capital Punishment was also nominated for a Grammy, the album did not fare well commercially but it was well received critically and the album was meant to start the foundation for all other Terror Squad members to release their solo projects. Pun struggled with a problem for all of his adult life. His weight fluctuated in the early 1990s between obese and morbidly obese, Pun was pronounced dead at the hospital after paramedics could not revive him. Big Pun was at his highest weight at the time of his death,698 pounds and he was cremated a few days later. Big Pun is survived by his wife, Liza, and their three children, Amanda, Vanessa, and Christopher Jr and his second album, Yeeeah Baby, completed after his death, was released as originally intended in April 2000. It peaked at #3 on the Billboard charts and earned gold status within three months of its release
17.
Eazy-E
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Eric Lynn Wright, better known by his stage name Eazy-E, was an American rapper who performed solo and in the hip hop group N. W. A. Wright is affectionately called The Godfather of Gangsta Rap and he was born to Richard and Kathie Wright in Compton, California. After dropping out of school in the tenth grade, he supported himself primarily by selling drugs before founding Ruthless Records. Arabian Prince, Eazy-E, Dr. Dre and Ice Cube formed N. W. A, after DJ Yella and MC Ren joined the group, N. W. A released their debut single Panic Zone. In 1988, they released their most controversial album, Straight Outta Compton, the group released two more albums and then disbanded after Eazy released Dr. Dre from his contract. Eazys main influences included 1970s funk groups, contemporary rappers, over-the-top lyrics, and undeniable charisma made him a star. Eric Wright was born to Richard and Kathie Wright on September 7,1964, in Compton, California and his father was a postal worker and his mother was a grade school administrator. Wright dropped out of school in the tenth grade. Wright supported himself primarily by selling drugs, introduced to the occupation by his cousin, Wrights friend Jerry Heller admits that he witnessed Wright selling marijuana, but says that he never saw him sell cocaine. As Heller noted in his book Ruthless, A Memoir, Wrights dope dealer label was part of his self-forged armor, Wright was also labeled as a thug. Heller explains, The hood where he grew up was a dangerous place, thug was a role that was widely understood on the street, it gave you a certain level of protection in the sense that people hesitated to fuck with you. Likewise, dope dealer was a role that accorded you certain privileges, in 1986, at the age of 22, Wright had allegedly earned as much as US$250,000 from dealing drugs. However, after his cousin was shot and killed, he decided that he could make a living in the Los Angeles hip hop scene. He started recording songs during the mid-1980s in his parents garage, the original idea for Ruthless Records came when Wright asked Heller to go into business with him. Wright suggested a company, but it was later decided that Wright would get eighty percent of the companys income. According to Heller, he told Wright, Every dollar comes into Ruthless, thats industry standard for a manager of my caliber. I take twenty, you take eighty percent, I am responsible for my expenses, and youre responsible for yours. Along with Heller, Wright invested much of his money into Ruthless Records, Heller claims that he invested the first $250,000, and would eventually put up to $1,000,000 into the company
18.
Brownside
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Brownside is a Chicano hip-hop group founded in 1993 by the late Eazy-E. The group originally consisted of rappers Toker, Wicked, and Danger, originally, Eazy-Es intentions on signing Brownside to Ruthless Records was to create a Chicano version of the critically acclaimed rap group N. W. A. Toker had attended school in Compton, California where he later met Eazy-E. It is said that towards the end of Eazys life he was attracted to Chicano rap in California, Brownside has been known to use Sureño slang in their lyrics, as well as album covers. Brownside was one of the most promising Latin Hip-Hop groups coming out of Los Angeles. Brownsides line-up included members Toker, Danger and Wicked, in 1994, they were signed to Eazys Ruthless Records and released only one single entitled Gang Related. However, they did record one track with Eric Eazy-E Wright entitled Eastside Drama which was not released at that time, after Eazy-E died on 26 March 1995, Brownside, among many of their label mates, was dropped from the label. Eastside Drama Their debut album, Eastside Drama, released early 1997, was recorded at the G-Spot Studio and featured a Chicano version of Eazy-Es Boyz n the Hood called Vatos N The Varrio. Brownsides main image was that they arent rappers trying to be gangbangers and their greatest hardship came in 1997 when member Danger was gunned down in a drive-by shooting in San Bernardino, CA. As a result of the shooting, Brownsides Toker and Wicked had to make their 1997 LP Eastside Drama without Danger, the first single from that LP was Life On The Streets. The dedication song on the album entitled Rest In Piece AKA Firme Memories, samples The Tempreess Love Can Be So Wonderful, Payback In 2002, they released Payback which contains unreleased tracks and some remixes of their tracks from Eastside Drama. The Takeover In 2006, they released The Takeover which introduced a new member to Brownside, Trouble, Bangin Storyz In May 27,2016 Brownside released Bangin Storyz. Which introduced a new member Klever, Eastside Drama 1997 Payback 1999 Mr. Bald & Brown 1999 Wickeds Transa 2002 The Take Over 2006 One Out Of Many 2006 Trece Razones 2008 Bangin Storyz 2016
19.
N.W.A
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N. W. A was an American hip hop group from Compton, California. The group was banned from many mainstream American radio stations. In spite of this, the group has sold over 10 million units in the United States alone, the group was also known for their deep hatred of the police system, which sparked much controversy over the years. The original lineup formed in 1986 consisted of Arabian Prince, Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, MC Ren and Dr. Dre would later become platinum-selling solo artists in the 1990s. Rolling Stone ranked N. W. A number 83 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, in 2016, the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, following three previous nominations. The group was assembled by Compton-based Eazy-E, who co-founded Ruthless Records with Jerry Heller, Eazy-E sought an introduction to Steve Yano. Although initially rebuffed, Yano was impressed by Eazy-Es persistence and arranged a meeting with Dr. Dre, initially, N. W. A consisted of Eazy-E and Dr. Dre. Together with fellow producer Arabian Prince, Ice Cube was added to the roster after he had started out as a rapper for the group C. I. A, Dre would later bring DJ Yella on board as well. Dre and Yella were both members of the World Class Wreckin Cru as DJs and producers. Ruthless released the single Panic Zone in 1987 with Macola Records, which was included on the compilation album N. W. A. Mexican rapper Krazy-Dee co-wrote Panic Zone, which was originally called Hispanic Zone, also included was Eazy-Es solo track Boyz-n-the-Hood. N. W. A released their studio album, Straight Outta Compton. With its famous opening salvo of three tracks, the reflected the rising anger of the urban youth. The opening song Straight Outta Compton introduced the group, Fuck tha Police protested police brutality and racial profiling, while the group was later credited with pioneering the burgeoning subgenre of gangsta rap, N. W. A referred to their music as reality rap. Dr. Dre and DJ Yella, as HighPowered Productions, composed the beats for each song, with Dre making occasional rapping appearances. Ice Cube, and MC Ren wrote most of the lyrics, including Fuck tha Police, perhaps the groups most notorious song. This letter can still be seen at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, policemen refused to provide security for the groups concerts, hurting their plans to tour. Nonetheless, the FBIs letter only served to more publicity to the group
20.
DJ Laz
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Lazaro Mendez, better known by his stage name DJ Laz is a Cuban-American rapper and DJ from Miami, Florida. He hosted the weekday morning DJ Laz Morning Show in Miami on WPOW96.5 FM, branded Power 96, beginning July 4,2012, the new DJ Laz Morning Show began after arbitration on the newly reformatted WRMA DJ106.7 a Bilingual Dance/Rhythmic formatted station. He is best known for his albums DJ Laz and Category 6 and he is also notable for the singles Journey Into Bass and Move Shake Drop, which peaked at #56 on the Billboard Hot 100. The DJ Laz Morning Show on LA96.3 of Los Angeles, DJ Laz is also known for his shows prominent appearance on Foxs television show, Dish Nation.3. On Tuesday, September 11,2012, the DJ Laz Morning Show aired an interview with President Barack Obama. Many Obama critics quickly bashed Obama for making no mention to the September 11 attacks in 2001, the White House later made it clear that the call was indeed pre-recorded and was supposed to have been played on Monday, September 10. On May 5,2014, DJ Laz was in command of a boat that was stuck on a bar in Biscayne Bay. When bystanders got out to push the boat, DJ Laz increased power to the engine, DJ Laz is now hosting the Morning Show for 97.3 in Miami. S. A. 2010, Alcoholic 2011, You Got Me Going DJ Laz at MySpace DJ Laz on Twitter Detailed discography of DJ Laz at Discogs Profile and discography of DJ Laz at Allmusic
21.
Akwid
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Akwid is a Mexican hip hop group combining hip hop-style vocals with regional Mexican music. An earlier incarnation of the group was known as Juvenile Style, rappers Francisco AK Gómez and Sergio Wikid Gómez, who make up Akwid, are brothers, originally from Jiquilpan, Michoacán, now live in Los Angeles, California. Relocated to the United States of America at the ages of five, educated on the streets of South Central Los Angeles, They discovered a musical talent and a great concern among the worlds of Hip Hop. They were recognized and aggressively pressed the fusion of music and culture, AKWID gave life and the identity of people who today represents youth between communities worldwide. Appointed pioneers of the genre, humbly Gómez brothers are in the world of creation and expression through music, conquering one to see with a unique style to others. Their first album, Proyecto Akwid, won two Billboard Prizes and a Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album. Their 2004 album Hoy, Ayer, and Forever remixes several songs from the album 2002 A. D. using their more recent style and they are currently signed to Universals Machete Music. Their song, ¡Chivas Explosivas. is the anthem for Club Deportivo Chivas USA of Major League Soccer. Proyecto Akwid KOMP104.9 Radio Compa Los Aguacates de Jiquilpan E. S. L
22.
Serio (rapper)
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Jonathán Pérez, better known as Serio, is a Mexican American rap artist from Los Angeles, California, United States. He has worked with other rap artists such as Kid Frost, Lighter Shade of Brown, Proper Dos. When Pérez was a child, his grandmother said that he always had a look on his face. It was for that reason she gave him the nickname, Serio, Serio claims he loved rap since childhood and started writing and rapping when he was a teenager. He made his debut as a rap artist in 2005. In 2006, Serio released his first album, Nightmares Turned Into Reality and his single, I Got To Have You gained rotation on radio stations throughout the United States. In 2008, Serio released the single, “Serio Controla” from his upcoming second album. Part 2 The Revenge of Serio, subsequently released in 2009 and this time, his track, In L. A. included a guest appearance by Kid Frost. In 2011, his album, Gansterism Part 3, was released featuring MC Magic on two tracks, Serio Come Back and I’ll Never Forget. Also featured on the album are Lighter Shade of Brown, Conejo, also in 2011, Pérez trademarked his pseudonym. In 2012, Serio released another single Don’t Hate Me Because I’m Mexican featuring Proper Dos and Conejo. The song challenged the new SB1070 law that was passed in the state of Arizona, as well as anyone that might be bias towards Mexicans, since many politicians seem to be tough on immigration. Serios message in song is that it is time for La Raza to stand up and tell all people that we should be treated fairly. On February 13,2013, Serio released his fourth album, also included on the album, the hit club song Sexy Ladies. The song has been getting played in clubs across the country already. Serio has had a deal of success with his independent label. To date, his label has released four albums and three DVDs, selling over a quarter-of-a-million units worldwide. In addition he continues to work with his peers in Chicano Rap,2006, Nightmares Turned Into Reality 2009, N. T. I. R.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL
23.
Proper Dos
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Proper Dos is a Mexican-American hip hop group composed of Frank Villareal, Ernie Gonzalez, Big Bass Brian, and Stuart Wylen. The group released an album, Mexican Power, in 1992 on Rhino Records, after this came Were at It Again in 1995, Heat in 1998, and Overdose in 1999. A street-style group, Proper Dos main lyricist is Frank Villareal, however, Proper Dos has also had help on some recordings by special guests including Big Shady, Lil Rob, Point Blank, Royal T, Knightowl, and others. In 1992, the group finished their potent debut album, Mexican Power, under the Rhino Records label, one Summer Night, Life of a Gangster, No Turning Back, and Hard Time are a few of the hip-hop/chicano rap mixed numbers on the debut. Proper Dos recorded a number of singles, and then finally, another three years went by before the album Heat hit the store shelves, followed a year later by Overdose. The album Overdose carries numbers like Shake the Ground, We Run This Mutha, many of the tunes have explicit lyrics. In 2000, Proper Dos saw the release of album, Brown Pride Riders, Vol.2. Back in the 1990s, Proper dos also did music videos like Firme Hina, Tales from the westside,1992 - Mexican Power 1995 - Were At It Again 1998 - Heat 1999 - Overdose 2005 - Ol Skool Wayz
24.
History of Mexico
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The history of Mexico, a country in the southern portion of North America, covers a period of more than three millennia. First populated more than 13,000 years ago, the territory had complex indigenous civilizations before being conquered and colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century and this era before the arrival of Europeans is called variously the prehispanic era or the precolumbian era. The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan became the Spanish capital Mexico City, from 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, during the colonial era, Mexicos long-established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish-speaking, Catholic, after a protracted struggle for independence, New Spain became the sovereign nation of Mexico, with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba. A brief period of monarchy, called the First Mexican Empire, was followed by the founding of the Republic of Mexico, legal racial categories were eliminated, abolishing the system of castas. Slavery was not abolished at independence in 1821 or with the constitution in 1824, Mexico continues to be constituted as a federated republic, under the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The Age of Santa Anna is the period of the late 1820s to the early 1850s that was dominated by criollo military-man-turned-president Antonio López de Santa Anna. In 1846, the Mexican–American War was provoked by the United States, even though Santa Anna bore significant responsibility for the disastrous defeat, he returned to office. The Liberal Reform began with the overthrow of Santa Anna by Mexican liberals, the Reform sparked a civil war between liberals defending the constitution and conservatives, who opposed it. The US was engaged in its own Civil War, so did not attempt to block the foreign intervention, abraham Lincoln consistently supported the Mexican liberals. At the end of the war in the US and the triumph of the Union forces. France withdrew its support of Maximilian in 1867 and his monarchist rule collapsed in 1867, with the end of the Second Mexican Empire, the period often called the Restored Republic brought back Benito Juárez as president. Following his death from an attack, Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada succeed him. He was overthrown by liberal military man Porfirio Diaz, who after consolidating power ushered in a period of stability, the half-century of economic stagnation and political chaos following independence ended. The Porfiriate is the era when army hero Porfirio Díaz held power as president of Mexico almost continuously from 1876-1911 and he promoted order and progress that saw the modernization of the economy and the flow of foreign investment to the country. The period is called the Porfiriato, which ended with the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910. Under Díaz, Mexicos industry and infrastructure were modernized by a strong, stable, increased tax revenues and better administration brought dramatic improvements in public safety, public health, railways, mining, industry, foreign trade, and national finances
25.
Lowrider
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A lowrider is a class or style of customized vehicle. Given these specific characteristics, it is important to note that while a lowrider is always a lowered car, the term is used to describe a class of vehicle, not simply the height from ground to chassis. The term lowrider can also refer to the driver of the car and it began in the Mexican-American Barrios of Los Angeles California in the mid-to-late 1940s and during the post-war prosperity of the 1950s. Initially, some youths would place sandbags in the trunk of their cars in order to create a lowered effect. This method was replaced by lowering blocks, cut spring coils, z’ed frames, the aim of the lowriders is to cruise as slowly as possible, Low and Slow being their motto. In 1959, a customizer named Ron Aguirre developed a way of bypassing the law with the use of hydraulic Pesco pumps, the following year saw the emergence of the Chevrolet Impala, which featured an X-shaped frame that was perfectly suited for lowering and modification with hydraulics. Between 1960 and 1975, customizers adapted and refined GM X-frames, hydraulics, today, the lowriding scene is diverse with many different participating cultures, vehicle makes and visual styles. Essentially all the options available to todays custom automobile creator are also available to the lowrider builder, and lowrider style varies greatly from region to region
26.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
27.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
28.
CD Baby
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CD Baby, Inc. is an online music store specializing in the sale of CDs, vinyl records and music downloads from independent musicians to consumers. The company is also a digital aggregator of independent music recordings, CD Baby is one of the few sources of information on physical CD sales in the independent music industry. CD Baby was the name of Hit Media, Inc. a Nevada Corporation founded by Derek Sivers in 1997. Sivers sold CD Baby to Disc Makers in 2008 for what Sivers has reported to be $22 million, the firm currently operates out of Portland, Oregon. CD Baby allows artists to set their price point for selling physical compact discs – CD Baby retains $4 of every CD sale and they also charge a one-time $49 setup fee per album and $9.99 per single song. CD Baby was founded in 1998 in Woodstock, New York, Sivers was a musician who created the website to sell his own music. As a hobby, he began to sell the CDs of local bands and friends. Sivers originally listened to every CD he sold, Sivers, eventually hired John Steup as his vice president and first employee. Currently, there are one hundred or so employees of CD Baby whose work ranges from warehouse work to programming to business development to customer service, Sivers partnered with Oasis Disc Manufacturing to distribute the complete Oasis artist roster. Although the majority of artists who use CD Baby are North American, about thirty percent of orders for CD Baby are overseas. In 2004, CD Baby began offering an online distribution service. Music, InProdicon, Kdigital, Saavn, AWA, Claro música, Kuack, Amazon Music, MusicMatch, Didiom, songs on CD Baby are now also available on Spotify. In August 2008 it was announced that Disc Makers, a CD and DVD manufacturer, until 2009, CD Baby ran on PHP and MySQL. Sivers announced in 2005 that he was rewriting all the systems in Ruby on Rails, Sivers noted that Rails was an amazing teacher but he concluded that PHP was up to the task once he had learned the lessons Ruby on Rails taught him. The website is no longer being run with the original or revised PHP, CD Baby has a catalogue of more than 350,000 albums and over two million downloadable song tracks. Music created by acts, ranging from part-time hobbyists, to full-time musicians with successful careers, spans all genres. Dave Matthews has an album for sale on CD Baby, recorded with Mark Roebuck before the inception of Dave Matthews Band, American singer-songwriter Grayson Hugh sells his music on CD Baby, as well as on his website. Grammy Award-winning artist Janis Ian, a pioneer among independent musicians marketing online, the midwest punk rock bands Degenerates and Spite also sell their music on CD Baby. Hong Kong based singer Wing, best known for guest starring on an episode of South Park, fabien Biancalani, also sells his music on CD Baby
29.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
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La Raza
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The Spanish term raza translates as race or people, Spanish raza having the meaning of race, ethnicity, breed, strain, lineage. The term originated in the 1925 book, La Raza Cósmica by the Mexican writer José Vasconcelos and he described la Raza Cósmica as the product of gradual racial mixing that was already underway in the Latin world. Vasconcelos believed that all of the people within the former Spanish Empire would be completely mixed into a new race. The term expresses ethnic or racial pride, and is used somewhat different shades of meaning in Spain and in Latin America. In Spain, raza denotes specifically Spanish or European Christian heritage, francisco Franco wrote a novel under the pen name Jaime de Andrade which was turned into the film Raza of 1944. The film celebrates ideally Spanish national qualities, exemplifies this usage, in Latin America, la raza emphasizes an Amerindian or mestizo heritage, or it may express Latino identity. Día de la Raza marks the arrival of Christopher Columbus to America, the term became popular in the United States during the 1970s as part of the Chicano Movement. Various Hispanic groups in the United States use the term, race and ethnicity in Latin America Hispanidad Casta Raza Unida Party National Council of La Raza Bidal Aguero The Clash of Civilizations
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Hispanic and Latino Americans
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Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans, are Americans who are descendants of the peoples of Spain, Portugal, or the Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking countries of Latin America. More generally, it includes all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, other U. S. government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term, including Brazilians and other Portuguese-speaking groups. The Census Bureau uses the terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably, origin can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the persons parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race, as the only specifically designated category of ethnicity in the United States, Hispanics form a pan-ethnicity incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages. Most Hispanic Americans are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Salvadoran, Dominican, Guatemalan, the predominant origin of regional Hispanic populations varies widely in different locations across the country. Hispanic Americans are the second fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States after Asian Americans, hispanic/Latinos overall are the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, after non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics have lived within what is now the United States continuously since the founding of St. Augustine by the Spanish in 1565, after Native Americans, Hispanics are the oldest ethnic group to inhabit much of what is today the United States. Spain colonized large areas of what is today the American Southwest and West Coast, the terms Hispanic and Latino refer to an ethnicity, people of this group may be of any race. Hispanic people may share some commonalities in their language, culture, history, according to the Smithsonian Institution, the term Latino includes peoples with Portuguese roots, such as Brazilians, as well as those of Spanish-language origin. In the United States, many Hispanics and Latinos are of both European and Native American ancestry, others are wholly or predominately of European ancestry, or wholly or predominantly of Amerindian ancestry. Many Hispanics and Latinos from the Caribbean, as well as regions of Latin America where African slavery was widespread. The difference between the terms Hispanic and Latino is confusing to some, the U. S. Census Bureau equates the two terms and defines them as referring to anyone from Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas. The term Latino has developed a number of definitions, one definition of Latino is a Latin male in the United States. This is the oldest and the definition used in the United States. This definition encompasses Spanish speakers from both Europe and the Americas, under this definition, immigrants from Spain and immigrants from Latin America are both Latino. This definition is consistent with the 21st-century usage by the U. S. Census Bureau and OMB, a later definition of Latino is as a condensed form of the term Latino-Americano, the Spanish word for Latin-American, or someone who comes from Latin America. Under this definition a Mexican American or Puerto Rican, for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino, a Brazilian American is also a Latino by this definition, which includes those of Portuguese-speaking origin from Latin America. An immigrant from Spain, however, would be classified as Hispanic, while the U. S. Census Bureaus definition of Hispanic is limited to Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America, other government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term
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Hispanos
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This article is about the descendants of Spanish and Mexican settlers in the US South. Not to be confused with Hispanic, the English translation of Hispano, for other uses of the term, see Hispano. Hispanos are people of colonial Spanish descent in what is today the United States who retained a predominantly Spanish culture, the distinction was made to compensate for flawed U. S. Census practices in the 1930s which used to characterize Hispanic people as non-white. They are mostly descendants of Spanish settlers, Mexicans who arrived during the Spanish colonial period and the Mexican period, some Hispanos differentiate themselves culturally from the population of Mexican Americans whose ancestors arrived in the Southwest after the Mexican Revolution. As the United States expanded westward, it annexed lands with a population of Spanish-speaking settlers. Prior to incorporation into the United States, Hispanos had enjoyed a status in the society of New Spain. In the US today, this group is associated with the state of Louisiana. While generally integrated into mainstream American societies, Hispanos have retained much of their colonial culture, many Hispanos also identify with later waves of Mexican immigrants that arrived after these lands became part of the US. Many Hispanos, particularly those of generations, identify more with the mainstream population. Most of them are Roman Catholic Christians
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Tejano
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The Tejano are residents of the state of Texas who are culturally descended from the original Spanish-speaking settlers of Texas and northern Mexico. They may be variously of Criollo Spanish or Mexican American heritage, historically, the Spanish term Tejano has been used to identify various groups of people. During the Spanish colonial era, the term was applied to Spanish settlers of the region now known as the state of Texas. Since the early 20th century, Tejano has been broadly used to identify a Texan Mexican American. It is also a used to identify natives, as opposed to newcomers. Latino people of Texas identify as Tejano if their families were living there before the area was controlled by Anglo Americans, a dilemma arose a few years ago debating if West Texas residents, were considered to be Tejanos. A board committee composed of Odessa and Midland members came to conclusion that people from West Texas are not considered Tejanos as they are categorized as Mexican American people, as early as 1519, Alonso Alvarez de Pineda claimed the area which is now Texas for Spain. The Spanish monarchy paid little attention to the province until 1685, in that year, the Crown learned of a French colony in the region and worried that it might threaten Spanish colonial mines and shipping routes. King Carlos II sent ten expeditions to find the French colony, between 1690 and 1693 expeditions were made to the Texas region, and they acquired better knowledge of it for the provincial government and settlers who came later. These populations shared certain characteristics, yet they were independent of one another, the main unifying factor was their shared responsibility for defending the northern frontier of New Spain. Some of the first settlers were Isleños from the Canary Islands and their families were among the first to reside at the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar in 1731. Soon after, they established the first civil government at La Villa de San Fernando, ranching was a major activity in the Bexar-Goliad area, which consisted of a belt of ranches that extended along the San Antonio River between Bexar and Goliad. The Nacogdoches settlement was located north and east. Tejanos from Nacogdoches traded with the French and Anglo residents of Louisiana, the third settlement was located north of the Rio Grande, toward the Nueces River. The ranchers there were citizens of Spanish origin from Tamaulipas and northern Mexico, in 1840 the northern Mexican states of Nuevo León, Coahuila, and Tamaulipas seceded from Mexico to establish la República del Río Grande with its capital in what is now Laredo, Texas. They did not maintain this status and became part of Mexico again, by 1821 at the end of the Mexican War of Independence, about 4,000 Tejano lived in Mexican Texas alongside a lesser number of foreign settlers. In addition, several thousand Mexicans lived in the areas of Paso del Norte and Nuevo Santander, incorporating Laredo, during the 1820s, many settlers from the United States and other nations moved to Mexican Texas, settling mostly in the eastern area. The passage of a colonization law encouraged immigration, granting them citizenship if they declared loyalty to Mexico
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Californio
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The Californio era was from the first Spanish presence established by the Portolá expedition in 1769 until the regions cession to the United States of America in 1848. Non-Spanish-speaking immigrants who 1) became naturalized Mexican citizens, 2) married Californios, such residents, by these actions, became eligible to own land and receive rancho grants from the Mexican government. Most such grants occurred after mission secularization in the 1830s, an even looser definition may include descendants of Californios, especially those who married other Californio descendants. The much larger population of non-Spanish-speaking indigenous peoples of California who lived in the prior to. Many Californios, however, were the California-born children of non-Spanish speakers who married Spanish speakers, such spouses usually also converted to the Catholic faith and, after Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821, often became naturalized Mexican citizens. The military, religious and civil components of pre-1848 Californio society were embodied in the presidios, missions. After secularization, the Mexican authorities divided most of the lands into new ranchos. The Spanish colonial and later Mexican national governments encouraged settlers from the northern and western provinces of Mexico, People from other parts of Latin America did settle in California. However, only a few official colonization efforts were ever undertaken—notably the second expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza, children of those few early settlers and retired soldiers became the first Californios. Sporadic colonization efforts continued under Mexican rule, including the Hijar-Padres group of 1834, One genealogist estimated that, by 2004, between 300,000 and 500,000 Californians were descendants of Californios. Alta California was nominally controlled by a national-government appointed governor, the governors of California were at first appointed by the Viceroy, and after 1821 by the approximate 40 Mexican Presidents from 1821 to 1846. The costs of the minimum Alta California government were paid by means of a roughly 40–100% import tariff collected at the entry port of Monterey. The other center of Spanish power in Alta California was the Franciscan friars who, as heads of the 21 missions, none of the Franciscan friars were Californios, however, and their influence rapidly waned after the secularization of the missions in the 1830s. Governors had little support from far-away Mexico to deal with Alta Californians. Mexico-born governor Manuel Victoria was forced to flee in 1831, after losing a fight against an uprising at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass. As Californios matured to adulthood and increasingly assumed positions of power in the Alta California government, several times, Californio leaders attempted to break away from Mexico, most notably Juan Bautista Alvarado in 1836. Southern regional leaders, led by Pio Pico, made attempts to relocate the capital from Monterey to the more populated Los Angeles. Alvarado recruited a company of Tennessean riflemen, many of them former trappers who had settled in the Monterey Bay area, the company was led by another American, Isaac Graham, the Americans refused to fight against fellow Americans
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Hispanos of New Mexico
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Not to be confused with Hispanic, the English translation of Hispano. For other uses of the term, see Hispano, for most of its modern history, New Mexico belonged to Spain and later Mexico. Like some of the Californios and Tejanos, most settlers in New Mexico were of Spanish ancestry, the descendants of the settlers make up an ethnic community of more than 340,000 in New Mexico, with others in southern Colorado. In Spanish, the predominant term for this group has always been Hispano, analogous to Californio. In New Mexico, the Spanish-speaking population was always greater than those of California. The term is used to differentiate those who settled the area early, around 1598 to 1848. It can also refer to anyone of Spanish or Indo-Hispanic descent native to the American Southwest, the settlers founded San Juan de los Caballeros, the first Spanish settlement in what was called the Kingdom of New Mexico, after the Valley of Mexico. Oñate also conquered the territories of the Pueblo peoples and he became the first governor of New Mexico. The exploitation of Spanish rule under Oñate caused nearly continuous attacks and reprisals from the nomadic Amer-Indian tribes on the borders, especially the Apache, Navajo, there were also major clashes between the Franciscan missionaries and secular and religious authorities. The colonists exploited Indian labor, as was typical in areas of the Spanish colonies in the Americas. In the 1650s, Governor Bernardo López de Mendizabal, and his subordinate Nicolas de Aguilar, enacted a law to force the settlers and Franciscans to pay Native Americans for their work. He opposed what he perceived to be the mistreatment of the Indians by the Franciscans and proposed to allow the Indians to preserve and to practice their culture, religion, the Franciscans protested the law and accused the governor before the Inquisition. Later he was tried in Mexico City, so, the Franciscans indirectly governed the New Mexico province. In the 1640s, the Native American groups that lived along the Rio Grande successfully rose against the Spanish colonizers in what known as the Pueblo Revolt. After forcing the flight of the settlers/invadors from New Mexico, they were able to follow their own customs, when they returned to the province in 1692, Don Diego de Vargas became the new governor of New Mexico. He entered the former bearing a image of La Conquistadora. The Native Americans were so intrigued by the statue of the Virgin Mary that they are reputed to have laid down their arms at the sight of it. At the time of Vargas arrival, New Mexico was under the jurisdiction of the Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara, however, in 1777 with the creation of the Provincias Internas it was included only in the jurisdiction of the Commandant-General
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History of Mexican Americans
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Large-scale new migration augmented their numbers during the 1910s, as Mexico was torn by a high-casualty civil war. Until the 1960s, most lived within a few hundred miles of the border, more recently, Mexican Americans have diffused throughout the U. S. especially in the Midwest and Southeast, with the largest numbers in California and Texas. In the past hundred years Mexican-Americans have campaigned for voting rights, stood against educational, employment, at the same time many Mexican-Americans have struggled with defining and maintaining their communitys identity. Communities of Spanish-speaking Tejanos, Nuevomexicanos, Californios and Mission Indians have existed in the American southwest since the area was part of New Spains Provincias Internas, the majority of these historically Hispanophone populations eventually adopted English as their first language as part of their overall Americanization. When Mexico took over control from Spain in the early 1820s, when Texas seemed too independent, Mexicos President Santa Anna led an army to massacre the villagers and destroy the American settlements. After initial victories and massacres at The Alamo and Goliad, Santa Anna was decisively defeated by the Texans, who declared independence. The Tejanos in Texas joined the revolution and supported the new Republic of Texas, The Hispanics in New Mexico and California were localistic and did not identify with the regime in Mexico City. Only when large numbers of Americans arrived did they develop a sense of lo mexicano, that is of being Mexican, American entrepreneurs often cultivated alliances and partnerships with the Mexican propertied elites in the states of Texas and California, and the territories of New Mexico and Arizona. The Latino culture of the rest of the Southwest, especially New Mexico and southern Texas, beginning in the 1820s, immigrants from the U. S. and Europe settled in Texas, then part of Mexico. Anglo and Hispanic Texas joined to fight Mexico in 1836, defeating an invading army, the Texas Republic included Tejanos as leading citizens, but Mexico refused to recognize its legal existence. The US annexed Texas in 1845, leading to the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, while there were some Americans who considered the war with Mexico illegal and immoral, others considered it part of Manifest Destiny—the American destiny to pursue the war. This policy claimed that it was the United States right to expand westward across North America, the Americans won easily and the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In the Treaty Mexico gave up more than 500,000 square miles of territory, which today comprises Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The United States in 1853 purchased the Gadsden Purchase, a strip of land in southern New Mexico, the vast majority of Hispanic populations chose to stay and become full US citizens. By and large, the Hispanic populations of these supported the new government. After the Santa Fe Ring succeeded in dispossessing thousands of landholders in New Mexico, some Hispanics, of whom Joaquín Murieta was a legendary example and Tiburcio Vásquez a real one, responded by resorting to banditry. During the Gold Rush, there was an immigration of Mexican miners to California, about 20,000 Tejanos lived in South Texas in the 1850s. The social structure has been analyzed by historian Randolph Campbell, South Texans of Hispanic descent lived in a three-tiered society during the antebellum years, at the top stood the landed elite, the owners of huge ranches, many of which originated as haciendas in the Spanish colonial period
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the U. S. to pay $15 million to Mexico, Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexicos new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights. Over 90% chose to become U. S. citizens, the U. S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty by a vote of 38–14. The opponents of this treaty were led by the Whigs, who had opposed the war and rejected Manifest destiny in general, and rejected this expansion in particular. The peace talks were negotiated by Nicholas Trist, chief clerk of the US State Department, Nicholas Trist negotiated with a special commission representing the collapsed government led by Don José Bernardo Couto, Don Miguel de Atristain, and Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas of Mexico. Instead, Article V of the treaty simply described the new U. S. –Mexico border. Comparing the boundary in the Adams–Onís Treaty to the Guadalupe Hidalgo boundary, Mexico conceded about 55% of its pre-war, pre-Texas territorial claims, articles VIII and IX ensured safety of existing property rights of Mexican citizens living in the transferred territories. Despite assurances to the contrary, the property rights of Mexican citizens were not honored by the U. S. in accordance with modifications to. The U. S. also agreed to assume $3.25 million in debts that Mexico owed to United States citizens, the residents had one year to choose whether they wanted American or Mexican citizenship, Over 90% chose American citizenship, which included full voting rights. The others returned to Mexico, or in cases in New Mexico were allowed to remain in place as Mexican citizens. Article XII engaged the United States to pay, In consideration of the acquired,15 million dollars. Article XI of the treaty was important to Mexico. S, would return captives of the Indians to Mexico. Mexicans believed that the United States had encouraged and assisted the Comanche and Apache raids that had devastated northern Mexico in the years before the war and this article promised relief to them Article XI, however, proved unenforceable. Destructive Indian raids continued despite a heavy U. S. presence near the Mexican border, Mexico filed 366 claims with the U. S. government for damages done by Comanche and Apache raids between 1848 and 1853. In 1853, in the Treaty of Mesilla concluding the Gadsden Purchase, the remainder of New Mexico and Arizona were peacefully purchased under the Gadsden Purchase, which was carried out in 1853. In this purchase the United States paid an additional $10 million, however, the American Civil War delayed construction of such a route, and it was not until 1881 that the Southern Pacific Railroad finally was completed, fulfilling the purpose of the acquisition. Mexico had claimed the area in question since winning its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. About 80,000 Mexicans lived in the areas of California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas during the period of 1845 to 1850, and far fewer in Nevada, in southern and western Colorado, and in Utah
