Chipseal
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Chipseal is a pavement surface treatment that combines one or more layers of asphalt with one or more layers of fine aggregate. In the United States, chipseals are typically used on rural roads carryi
A chipseal road near Kempton, Indiana in the United States
A chipseal road in the United Kingdom
Advisory sign to alert people that not all gravel have been pressed into the surface
A close-up view of chipseal surface
Portland cement
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Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydra
Chipseal
…as well as New Zealand, chipseal roads are common, including usage on major highways. Chipsealing is cheaper than resurfacing an asphalt concrete or a Portland cement concrete pavement, but not as long-lasting. Chipseals are constructed by evenly distributing a thin base of hot tar, bitumen or asphalt onto an existing…
Bags of Portland cement wrapped and stacked on a pallet.
Blue Circle Southern Cement works near Berrima, New South Wales, Australia
Plaque in Leeds, England commemorating Joseph Aspdin
William Aspdin is considered the inventor of "modern" Portland cement.