1.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
Bulls, New Zealand
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Bulls is a small town near Palmerston North on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is in a farming area in the Rangitikei District at the junction of State Highways 1 and 3 about 160 kilometres north of Wellington. According to a June 2015 Statistics New Zealand estimate, Bulls has a population of 1,630 inhabitants, recent marketing makes puns with the name, for example New Zealand gets its milk from Bulls or the sign for the local police station Const-a-bull. The town is named after James Bull, who founded the town, the town was originally called Bull Town, but this was changed to Clifton and then renamed back to Bulls at the urging of Sir William Fox. The eastern end of the State Highway 1 bridge over the Rangitikei River south-east of the town collapsed suddenly in 1973 while being crossed by a bus, no-one was killed and the collapsed part was rebuilt. The former Lake Alice Psychiatric hospital is 8 km north of Bulls, Lake Alice was a large contributor to the Bulls and Marton economy. As part of the Rangitikei District, the current Mayor of Rangitikei since 2013 is Andy Watson, Bulls is the main town in the Bulls ward of the Rangitikei District Council, which elects two of the eleven district councillors. The two councillors of the Bulls ward are Rebecca McNeil and Tim Harris, the mayor and councillors are all due for re-election in October 2016. Bulls, like the rest of the Rangitikei District, is located in the electorate of Rangitīkei. Rangitīkei is a safe National Party seat since the 1938 election with the exception of 1978–1984 when it was held by Bruce Beetham of the Social Credit Party, since 2011 it is held by Ian McKelvie. Te Tai Hauāuru is a more unstable seat, having been held by three different parties since 1996, i. e, New Zealand First, the Māori Party and the Labour Party. Since 2014 it is held by Adrian Rurawhe of the Labour Party, ohakea and surrounding areas such as Bulls and Feilding would see a significant increase in military families and personnel to the area. The towns sister city is Cowes, England, chris Amon, former Formula One driver between 1963–1976 Ormond Wilson Unforgetabull
3.
Rotorua
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Rotorua is a city on the southern shores of the lake of the same name, in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealands North Island. It is the seat of the Rotorua District, a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua, the majority of the Rotorua District is in the Bay of Plenty Region, but a sizeable southern section and a small western section are in the Waikato Region. Rotorua is in the heart of the North Island,60 kilometres south of Tauranga,80 km north of Taupo,105 km east of Hamilton, and 230 km southeast of the nations most populous city, Auckland. Rotorua has a permanent population of 57,800, making it the countrys 10th largest urban area. The Rotorua District has an estimated population of 70,500. Rotorua is a destination for both domestic and international tourists, the tourism industry is by far the largest industry in the district. It is known for its activity, and features geysers – notably the Pohutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa –. This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua caldera, on which the town lies, Rotorua is home to the Waiariki Institute of Technology. The Lakes of Rotorua are a collection of many lakes surrounding Rotorua, the name Rotorua comes from Māori, the full name being Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe, roto means lake and rua two – Rotorua thus meaning Second lake. Kahumatamomoe was the uncle of the Māori chief Ihenga, the explorer of the Te Arawa. It was the major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera, the name can also mean the equally appropriate crater lake. The area was settled by Māori of the Te Arawa iwi. The first European in the area was probably Phillip Tapsell who was trading from the Bay of Plenty coast at Maketu from 1828 and he later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them. Missionaries Henry Williams and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831 and Chapman and this was abandoned within a year but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island. The lakeshore was a prominent site of skirmishes during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s, a special town district was created in the 1883, to promote Rotoruas potential as a spa destination. Rotorua was established as a borough in 1922, elected its first mayor in 1923, the area of Rotorua has a relatively high altitude, measuring up to 290m or 950 ft. The Rotorua region enjoys a temperate climate
4.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
5.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
6.
1963 Formula One season
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The 1963 Formula One season was the 17th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 14th FIA World Championship of Drivers, the sixth International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, the World Championship commenced on 26 May 1963, and ended on 28 December after ten races. Jim Clark won his first championship with seven wins to two by Graham Hill and one by John Surtees in a revised Ferrari. However, unlike 1963 which only consisted of ten races, both the 1984 and 1988 seasons consisted of 16 races giving Clark a better winning ratio than either Prost or Senna. The ATS venture, founded by workers, a complete disaster which ruined Phil Hills Grand Prix career, was unrelated to the late 1970s German operation which was marginally more successful. The following teams and drivers competed in the 1963 FIA World Championship, points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis at each round, with only the best six round results retained. Italics indicate fastest lap Bold indicates pole position ‡ No points awarded as Hills car was pushed at the start line, points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis at each round with only the best six round results retained. Only the best placed car from each manufacturer at each round was eligible to score points, Bold results counted to championship totals. ‡ No points awarded as Hills car was pushed at the start line, other Formula One races were also held in 1963, which did not count towards the World Championship
7.
1976 Formula One season
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The 1976 Formula One season was the 30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The season also included two races for Formula One cars. Hunt had moved from the Hesketh team to McLaren, taking the place of dual World Champion Emerson Fittipaldi who had moved to drive for his brother Wilsons Fittipaldi Automotive team for the season. The controversy began in Spain where Hunt was initially disqualified from first place, giving the race to Lauda, the six-wheeled Tyrrell P34 confounded the skeptics by winning in Sweden, with Lauda third and Hunt fifth. Hunt won in France and, it seemed, in Britain, but the race had been restarted after a first lap pile-up and Hunt drove on an access road returning to the pits and he was eventually disqualified after an appeal from Ferrari. Lauda became the race winner. Lauda then crashed heavily in West Germany and appeared likely to die from his injuries, Hunt won the race and finished fourth to John Watsons Penske in Austria. Miraculously, Lauda returned to fourth in Italy, where Hunt, Jochen Mass. Hunt won in Canada and in the US but Lauda took third to lead Hunt by three going into the final race in Japan. In appalling weather conditions Mario Andretti won, Lauda withdrew because of the hazardous conditions, Chris Amon, drove his last grand prix in Germany, failing to win a single championship race. The 1976 Wolf-Williams cars were originally Heskeths, and Williams had left the team by September, the 2013 film Rush is based on this season, focusing on the rivalry and friendship between James Hunt and Niki Lauda. The following teams and drivers contested the 1976 World Championship of F1 Drivers, clay Regazzoni in the second Ferrari took the lead at the start. Regazzoni, Lauda, Hunt and Shadows Jean-Pierre Jarier battled, Regazzoni and Jarier collided, and the former had to pit for repairs. Lauda now led from Hunt and Jarier, but Hunt crashed out due to a sticking throttle, Lauda thus started his title defence with victory, with Patrick Depailler second in the Tyrrell, and Tom Pryce completing the podium in the other Shadow. At the Kyalami circuit near Johannesburg, Hunt took pole position for the time in two races, with Lauda alongside again. It was Lauda who led into the first corner, with Hunt dropping down to fourth behind McLaren teammate Jochen Mass, Hunt was waved through by Mass, and passed Brambilla to take second after five laps. Lauda led from start to finish to win again, with Hunt second, well after the South African race, the drivers assembled at Long Beach in the US for the third round. Regazzoni took pole position with Depailler second, forcing Hunt and Lauda onto the second row, the top four maintained their positions at the start, and almost immediately Regazzoni began to pull away
8.
Cooper Car Company
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The Cooper Car Company was founded in December 1947 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper. Together with Johns boyhood friend, Eric Brandon, they began by building racing cars in Charless small garage in Surbiton, Surrey, England, in 1946. The first cars built by the Coopers were single-seat 500-cc Formula Three racing cars driven by John Cooper and Eric Brandon, since materials were in short supply immediately after World War II, the prototypes were constructed by joining two old Fiat Topolino front-ends together. According to John Cooper, the stroke of genius that would make the Coopers an automotive legend—the location of the engine behind the driver—was merely a matter at the time. Because the car was powered by an engine, they believed it was more convenient to have the engine in the back. In fact there was nothing new about mid engined racing cars, Cooper built up to 300 single-and twin-cylinder cars during the 1940s and 1950s, and dominated the F3 category, winning 64 of 78 major races between 1951 and 1954. Though Schell retired in the first lap, this marked the first appearance of a racer at a Grand Prix event since the end of WWII. The front-engined Formula Two Cooper Bristol model was introduced in 1952, until the company began building rear-engined sports cars in 1955, they really had not become aware of the benefits of having the engine behind the driver. Based on the 500-cc cars and powered by a modified Coventry Climax fire-pump engine, jack Brabham raised some eyebrows when he took sixth place at the 1957 Monaco Grand Prix in a rear-engined Formula 1 Cooper. The next year,1959, Brabham and the Cooper works team became the first to win the Formula One World Championship in a rear-engined car, both team and driver repeated the feat in 1960, and every World Champion since has been sitting in front of his engine. The little-known designer behind the car was Owen Maddock, who was employed by Cooper Car Company, Maddock was known as The Beard by his workmates, and Whiskers to Charles Cooper. Describing how the revolutionary rear-engined Cooper chassis came to be, Maddock explained and he kept saying Nah, Whiskers, thats not it, try again. Finally, I got so fed up I sketched a frame in which every tube was bent, meant just as a joke, I showed it to Charlie and to my astonishment he grabbed it and said, Thats it. Maddock later pioneered one of the first designs for a monocoque stressed skin composite chassis. Arriving at the Speedway 5 May 1961, the little car from Europe was mocked by the other teams. It took a few years, but the Indianapolis establishment gradually realized the writing was on the wall, beginning with Jim Clark, who drove a rear-engined Lotus in 1965, every winner of the Indianapolis 500 has had the engine in the back. The revolution begun by the little chain-driven Cooper 500 was complete, the Cooper teams decline was accelerated when John Cooper was seriously injured in a road accident in 1963 driving a twin-engined Mini, and Charles Cooper died in 1964. After the death of his father, John Cooper sold the Cooper Formula One team to the Chipstead Motor Group in April 1965
9.
Chris Amon Racing
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Chris Amon Racing, also known simply as Amon, was a Formula One team established by New Zealand driver Chris Amon. It competed as a team in the 1966 Italian Grand Prix. Chris Amon made his Formula One debut in 1963, driving for Reg Parnells privateer team, after finding himself without a full-time drive in 1966, he entered a Brabham BT11 powered by a 2-litre BRM engine at the Italian Grand Prix, under the banner of Chris Amon Racing. With most of the cars running 3-litre engines, Amon struggled in qualifying. From 1967 until 1972, Amon drove for Ferrari, March and Matra and he then struggled in 1973 with the small Italian Tecno team. But encouraged by the potential of the underdeveloped Gordon Fowell chassis, financial backing came from John Dalton, and the car, designed by Fowell, followed the Lotus 72 in some areas of construction, with sophisticated torsion-bar suspension and side radiators. The venture failed completely, retiring from the first race, Amon withdrew from the second, the AF101 was the only Formula One car built by Amon Racing, the AF101 designation deriving from A for Amon and F for Fowell. Fowell and Tom Boyce designed the car featured a single central fuel tank, titanium torsion bars. One unusual feature of the AF101 was that the tank was located between the drivers cockpit and the engine. Structurally, it proved to be weak and was not ready for a Formula One appearance until the race of the season. Amon was only able to qualify 23rd, due to brake-disc vibration that became worse with the tyres required for the wet race that followed, despite cautious driving, a brake shaft finally broke and Amon was forced to retire after 22 laps. Following further work and testing, Amon returned for the Monaco Grand Prix and qualified twentieth, further problems meant Amon was not able to reappear with the AF101 until the German Grand Prix when both Amon and Larry Perkins failed to qualify. Amon did not reappear with the AF101 until the Italian Grand Prix and that signalled the end of both the car and Chris Amon Racing, leaving Amon to close down the team after the race when the money ran out
10.
Scuderia Ferrari
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Scuderia Ferrari S. p. A. competing as Scuderia Ferrari is the official name of the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer, Ferrari, and competes in Formula One racing. It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team, the team was founded by Enzo Ferrari, initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo, though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars. As a constructor, Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors Championships, Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Mike Hawthorn, Phil Hill, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers Championships for the team. Since Räikkönens title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers title with Felipe Massa, Schumacher is the teams most successful driver. Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team. His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004, including the constructors title of 1999 consecutively being won until the end of 2004, this was the teams most successful period. Currently, World Champions Kimi Räikkönen and Sebastian Vettel are the two race drivers. The team is known for its passionate support base known as the tifosi. The Italian Grand Prix at Monza is regarded as the home race. The Scuderia Ferrari team was founded by Enzo Ferrari on 16 November 1929 and became the team of Alfa Romeo. In 1938, Alfa Romeo management made the decision to enter racing under its own name, establishing the Alfa Corse organisation, Enzo Ferrari disagreed with this change in policy and was finally dismissed by Alfa in 1939. The terms of his leaving forbade him from motorsport under his own name, in 1939 Ferrari started work on a racecar of his own, the Tipo 815. The 815s, designed by Alberto Massimino, were thus the first Ferrari cars, World War II put a temporary end to racing, and Ferrari concentrated on an alternative use for his factory during the war years, doing machine tool work. After the war, Ferrari recruited several of his former Alfa colleagues and established a new Scuderia Ferrari, the team owns and operates a test track on the same site, the Fiorano Circuit built in 1972, which is used for testing road and race cars. The team is named after its founder, Enzo Ferrari, Scuderia is Italian for a stable reserved for racing horses and is also commonly applied to Italian motor racing teams. In 1947 Ferrari constructed the 12-cylinder,1.5 L Tipo 125, a Formula One version of the Tipo 125, the Ferrari 125 F1 was developed in 1948 and entered in several Grand Prix, at the time a World Championship had not yet been established. In 1950, the Formula One World Championship was established, and it is the only team to have competed in every season of the World Championship, from its inception to the current day. The company later switched to the large-displacement naturally aspirated formula for the 275,340, after the 1951 Formula One season the Alfa team withdrew from F1, causing the authorities to adopt the Formula Two regulations due to the lack of suitable F1 cars
11.
March Engineering
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March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. March Engineering began operations in 1969 and its four founders were Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker and Robin Herd. Herds original F1 plan was to build a team around Jochen Rindt. Marchs launch was unprecedented in its breadth and impact, the Formula One effort initially looked most promising, with March supplying its 701 chassis to Tyrrell for Jackie Stewart. In addition, the factory ran two cars for Jo Siffert and Chris Amon sponsored by STP. A third STP car, entered by Andy Granatelli for Mario Andretti, Ronnie Peterson appeared in a semi-works car for Colin Crabbe when his works Formula Two commitments allowed, various other 701s went to privateers. The team constructed ten Formula One chassis that year, in addition to Formula Two, Formula Three, Formula Ford and Can-Am chassis. Stewart gave the March its first Formula One victory at the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix, the 701s tanks though lacked endplates and skirts to help generate any meaningful ground effect. For the 1971 Formula One season March Engineering came up with the remarkable 711 chassis, which had aerodynamics by Frank Costin, the car took no wins, but Ronnie Peterson finished second on four occasions, ending as runner-up in the World Championship. Alfa Romeo V8 powered cars were entered, to little avail. The 1972 Formula One season completely failed to capitalise on the promise shown in 1970-71, Three distinct models of car were used, beginning with the 721, which was a development of the 711. Peterson and Niki Lauda then drove the disappointing experimental 721X factory cars, Frank Williams ran regular 711 and 721 customer cars for Henri Pescarolo and Carlos Pace. The 721G was light and quick, and the team soon built their own chassis. Had they started the year with these, wins may well have been possible, the 721G set the trend for future March F1 cars, which for the rest of the 1970s were essentially scaled-up F2 chassis. Meanwhile, March was going from strength to strength in Formula Two, also, the German team Eifelland entered under its own name a 721 much-modified with distinctive and eccentric bodywork by designer Luigi Colani for its driver Rolf Stommelen. This car was unsuccessful, and later reverted mostly to conventional 721 form and was used by John Watson to make his F1 debut for John Goldies Goldie Hexagon Racing team. Marchs only notable result was Petersons third place in Germany,1973 was the low-point for March in Formula One. Without significant STP money, the March factory team was struggling, running an almost unsponsored car for Jean-Pierre Jarier, Jarier was replaced by Tom Wheatcrofts driver Roger Williamson, who suffered a fatal accident in Zandvoort
12.
Equipe Matra Sports
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In 1979 the sports division was taken over by Peugeot and renamed as Automobiles Talbot. In the mid-1960s, Matra enjoyed considerable success in Formula 3 and F2 racing, particularly with the MS5 monocoque-based car, winning the French, in the race, he failed to finish due to a broken suspension. Matra entered Formula One in 1968 when Jackie Stewart was a serious contender, the F1 team was established at Vélizy-Villacoublay in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. The cars most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks and these allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors. The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970, Matra CEO Jean-Luc Lagardère made a strategic decision for the 1969 championship, the Matra works team would not compete in Formula One. Matra would instead focus its efforts on Ken Tyrrells team and build a new DFV powered car with fuel tanks. The decision was more radical given that Matra was seeking a partnership with Simca. Stewart won the 1969 title easily with the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80, which was designed by Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer and it was a spectacular achievement from a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year. France became only the country to have produced a winning constructor. Like Cosworth, Lotus and McLaren, Matra experimented with four wheel drive during the 1969 season, johnny Servoz-Gavin became the one and only driver to score a point with a 4WD car, finishing sixth with the Matra MS84 at the Canadian Grand Prix. The MS84, along with Brabhams BT26A, was one of the last spaceframe cars to compete in Formula One, for 1970 following the agreement with Simca, Matra asked Tyrrell to use their V12 engine rather than the Cosworth. Matra V12 engines powered the Shadow DN7 car in two races of 1975 and then the Ligier Formula 1 team from 1976–1978, and again from 1981-1982, the firm was also successful in endurance racing with cars powered by the V12 engine. The sportscar team was based at first at Vélizy-Villacoublay and then moved to Le Castellet, near Marseille, the Matra MS670 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1972,1973, and 1974. It also delivered the World Championship for Makes to Matra in both 1973 and 1974. matrasport. dk/ http, //www. epaf. fr Restoration & rebuild of Matra competition cars
13.
Tyrrell Racing
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The Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970. The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s, when it won three Drivers Championships and one Constructors Championship with Jackie Stewart. The team never reached such heights again, although it continued to win races through the 1970s and into the early 1980s, the team was bought by British American Tobacco in 1997 and completed its final season as Tyrrell in 1998. Tyrrell Racing first came into being in 1958, running Formula Three cars for Ken Tyrrell, throughout the 1960s, Tyrrell moved through the lower formulas, variously giving single seater debuts to John Surtees and Jacky Ickx. But the teams most famous partnership was the one forged with Jackie Stewart, Tyrrell ran the BRM Formula Two operation throughout 1965,1966 and 1967 whilst Stewart was signed to the Formula One team. Tyrrell then signed a deal to run Formula Two cars made by French company Matra, Stewart was a serious contender, winning several Grands Prix in the Tyrrell-run Matra MS10. The cars most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks and these allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter while still being stronger than its competitors. The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970, for the 1969 championship, the Matra works team decided not to compete in Formula One. Matra would instead focus its efforts on Ken Tyrrells Matra International team and build a new DFV powered car with fuel tanks. Stewart won the 1969 title easily, driving the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80 which corrected most of the weaknesses of the MS10, stewarts title was the first won by a French chassis, and the only one won by a chassis built in France. It was an achievement from a team and a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year. For the 1970 season following Matras merger with Simca, Tyrrell were asked by Matra to use their V12 rather than the Cosworth, Simca was a subsidiary of the American company Chrysler, a rival of Ford. Stewart tested the Matra V12 and found it inferior to the DFV, Tyrrell was still sponsored by French fuel company Elf, and Tyrrell would retain the traditional French blue racing colours for most of the rest of its existence. Tyrrell and Stewart ran the March-Fords throughout 1970 with mixed success, while Derek Gardner worked on the first in-house Tyrrell Grand Prix car at the woodshed in Ockham, the Tyrrell 001, which bore much resemblance to the MS80, emerged at the end of 1970. It earned Stewart a pole position in the Canadian GP but suffered mechanical failures in all of its 3 race starts, the nearly identical Tyrrell 003 won both Drivers and Constructors Championships in 1971, with strong driving from Jackie Stewart and François Cevert. Stewarts 1972 challenge was ruined by an ulcer, but he returned to full fitness in 1973. He and Cevert finishing 1st and 4th in the Championship, tragedy struck on 6 October 1973, as Cevert was killed in practice for the US Grand Prix at Watkins Glen. Stewart, who was to retire at the end of the season, at the end of the season Stewart made public his decision to retire, a decision that was already made before the US Grand Prix
14.
BRM
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British Racing Motors was a British Formula One motor racing team. Founded in 1945 and based in the town of Bourne in Lincolnshire, it participated from 1950 to 1977, competing in 197 grands prix. BRM won the title in 1962 when its driver Graham Hill became world champion. In 1963,1964,1965 and 1971, BRM came second in the constructors competition. BRM was founded just after the Second World War by Raymond Mays, who had built several hillclimb and road racing cars under the ERA brand before the war, and Peter Berthon, Owen, whose group primarily manufactured car parts, took over the team in its entirety. Between 1954 and 1970 the team entered its works F1 cars under the name of the Owen Racing Organisation. Berthon and Mays continued to run the team on Rubery Owens behalf into the 1960s, before it was handed over to Louis Stanley, the husband of Sir Alfreds sister Jean Owen. A factory was set up in Spalding Road, Bourne, Lincolnshire, behind Eastgate House, Mays family home, several people involved with ERA returned to the firm to work for BRM, including Harry Mundy and Eric Richter. The team also had access to a test facility at Folkingham aerodrome, the first post-war rules for the top level of motor racing allowed 1. 5-litre supercharged or 4. 5-litre normally aspirated engines. BRMs first engine design was an extremely ambitious 1. 5-litre supercharged V16, Rolls-Royce was contracted to produce centrifugal superchargers, rather than the more commonly used Roots type. The design concept of the V16 had not been used extensively on automobiles before so that problems were many. This made the car very touchy to drive, engineer Tony Rudd was seconded to BRM from Rolls-Royce to develop the supercharging system and remained involved with BRM for nearly twenty years. The Type 15, which was the designation for the V16 car, won the first two races it actually started, the Formula Libre and Formula One events at Goodwood in September 1950, however, it was never to be so successful again. The engine proved unreliable and difficult to develop, and the team were not up to the task of improving the situation, the Type 25 was BRMs next car. The P25 was initially unsuccessful, not winning a race until a victory at the Dutch Grand Prix in 1959, colin Chapman helped to improve the car in 1956. However, the change was the promotion of an exceptional engineer who had been with the team since 1950. Rudd was the first professional engineer to exercise full control over the team. Raymond Mays and Peter Berthon were sidelined, the team had designed their first mid-engined car for 1960, matching the other teams, and won the World Drivers Championship with Graham Hill as driver, in 1962 with the P57
15.
Ensign Racing
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Ensign was a Formula One constructor from Britain. They participated in 133 grands prix, entering a total of 155 cars, Ensign scored 19 championship points and no podium finishes. The best result was a 4th place at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix by Marc Surer, Ensign was founded by Morris Nunn who also carried out design duties during the first two seasons of the teams existence. Nunn would later go on to be a prominent chief engineer in the American-based Champ Car series, winning championships with drivers Alex Zanardi, Ensign entered Formula One in 1973, with backing from pay driver, Rikky von Opel. Von Opel had driven for the team in Formula Three in 1972 and won the Lombard North Central, based upon that success, von Opel commissioned a Formula One chassis. Their first season was not successful, von Opel only finished two races and the teams best result that season was 13th at the 1973 British Grand Prix. However, the partnership continued into 1974, but von Opel left after the first race of the season and he was replaced at Ensign by Vern Schuppan whose only finish was 15th at the Belgian Grand Prix and was later himself replaced by Mike Wilds. Wilds only qualified in America, he finished the race after a pit stop for fuel but was not classified, for 1975 Ensign was sponsored by HB Bewaking leading them to sign Dutch drivers. Roelof Wunderink and Gijs van Lennep, Wunderink did not have much success qualifying for three races and finishing one. Gijs van Lennep qualified for all his races and took place in Germany. Chris Amon also raced for the team in Austria and Italy finishing 12th both times, in 1976 Amon stayed with Ensign having great qualifying results. He qualified third in Sweden and sixth in Britain but only points in Spain where he finished in fifth place. Patrick Nève replaced Amon in France and Hans Binder replaced Amon in Austria, jacky Ickx would race the rest of the season for Ensign. In 1977 Clay Regazzoni raced for Ensign, scoring five points with best finishes of fifth in Italy, in 1978 the team entered cars for Danny Ongais and Lamberto Leoni, but Ongais left after two races and Leoni after four races. Jacky Ickx contested the four races and Derek Daly raced the rest of the season scoring a point in Canada. Also in 1978 Nelson Piquet made his debut in Formula 1 at the German Grand Prix at the Hockenheimring driving an Ensign, in 1979 Daly stayed with Ensign but he left after the Monaco Grand Prix and was replaced by Patrick Gaillard. Gaillard only qualified at two out of five races and was replaced by Marc Surer for the three races of the season. Tiff Needell raced in Belgium, but failed to qualify for the Monaco Grand Prix, jan Lammers raced the rest of the season
16.
Frank Williams Racing Cars
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After Williams backed Courage in a successful 1968 Formula Two season, he purchased a Brabham Formula One car for Courage in 1969. This allegedly angered Jack Brabham, as the car had been sold to Williams with the expectation that it would be used in the Tasman Series, Courage in fact had a great year, taking second place at both the Monaco and US Grands Prix. Their efforts attracted the interest of Italian sports car manufacturer De Tomaso, however, the car was initially uncompetitive, failing to finish the first four races of the year. In the fifth, the Dutch Grand Prix, the De Tomaso 505/38 flipped and caught fire, the death of his friend seriously upset Williams, the subsequent distance the team principal placed between himself and his drivers has been attributed to this event. The team soldiered on, however, first with Brian Redman, with no results, the partnership with De Tomaso was dissolved. For 1971, Williams purchased a year-old March 701, and ran Frenchman Henri Pescarolo, the team later upgraded to a new March 711, but results were difficult to come by. The old car was entered for Max Jean at the French Grand Prix. After the success of 1969, Williams was now low on funds, Pescarolo did, however, keep the outfit ticking over with fourth place at the British Grand Prix and sixth in Austria. From the Brazilian Grand Prix, Carlos Pace was entered in the previous years March 711, the Len Bailey-designed Politoys FX3 was a conventional Cosworth-engined car with a Hewland FG400 gearbox. It debuted in the hands of Pescarolo at the British Grand Prix, but the steering failed, Pescarolo switched back to his March 721 while the Politoys was rebuilt. The Politoys FX3 was reworked as the Iso-Marlboro FX3B and a car was built. Two new drivers were signed, New Zealands Howden Ganley and Italys Nanni Galli, at the first race in Argentina, Galli qualified 16th with Ganley 19th and last on the grid. Gallis engine failed on the first lap, but Ganley finished the race, the team fared better in Brazil with Ganley finishing seventh and Galli ninth. Galli was then injured testing a car and replaced for the following race in South Africa by local driver Jackie Pretorius. Pretorius retired his FX3B at half-distance with overheating problems, but Ganley managed tenth, the FX3B had become obsolete by this time due to new deformable structure regulations and was replaced by the new Iso-Marlboro IR. However, the FX3B was raced in two races at this time, at the 1973 Race of Champions, Tony Trimmer raced an FX3B to fourth place while Ganley retired his car with handling problems. The New Zealander also retired at the FX3Bs last race, the 1973 BRDC International Trophy, introduced at the 1973 Spanish Grand Prix, the Iso-Marlboro IR was driven by eight different drivers during the rest of the 1973 season. Ganley was the regular driver and he scored a point with the car at the Canadian Grand Prix towards the end of the season
17.
Lola Cars
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Lola Cars International Ltd. was a racing car engineering company founded in 1958 by Eric Broadley and based in Huntingdon, England. Enduring more than fifty years, it was one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of racing cars in the world, Lola Cars started by building small front-engined sports cars, and branched out into Formula Junior cars before diversifying into a wider range of sporting vehicles. Lola was acquired by Martin Birrane in 1998 after the unsuccessful MasterCard Lola attempt at Formula One, Lola Cars was a brand of the Lola Group, which combined former rowing boat manufacturer Lola Aylings and Lola Composites, that specialized in carbon fibre production. After a period in administration, Lola Cars International ceased trading on 5 October 2012. Many of Lolas assets were purchased by a partnership composed of Multimatic Engineering. Lola was one of the top chassis suppliers in the 1960s, after its small front-engined sports cars came various single-seaters including Formula Junior, Formula 3, Formula 2 and Formula 1 cars. Broadley designed Lola Mk.6 coupe fitted with the Ford V8 engine, Ford took a keen interest in this and paid Broadley to put the company on hold for two years and merge his ideas with Roy Lunns work, giving rise to the Ford GT40. In 2005, Lola announced that a new batch of T70 coupés, to the original specifications and these will be homologated for historic racing and there is talk of a one-make series for the cars. Various Group 5 and Group 6 sports cars including the T212 and T28x/29x/38x/39x series were built, competing with Chevron, March. Alain de Cadenets Le Mans specials tended to be based on Lola technology, derivatives of this car were successful for some time in IMSA and Group C racing. Later Lola Group C and GTP cars tended to be specifically for manufacturer programmes, specifically the later Nissan Group C entries. Lola also built a car for the 3.5 L Group C formula, the T92/10, more recently, Lola has produced a range of sports cars for Le Mans-style racing starting with the B98/10, which was successful in the European market but less so in the USA. The B2K/10, with its additional central headlight reminiscent of a cyclops or a locomotive was more notable for its looks than its performance, a dedicated LMP675 car was built for MG in 2001, powered by a two-litre four-cylinder AER turbocharged engine. This was entered at Le Mans by the team as the MG-Lola EX257. Later developments of this car have been fitted with assorted small V8s, an updated version of the Lola LMP2 came in 2005 with the introduction of the Lola B05/40. It quickly became a contender in LMP2 by taking class honours in 2005 and 2006 at Le Mans with Ray Mallock Limited. It also earned several wins in the American Le Mans Series in 2005 and 2006 with Intersport Racing, including a second-place overall finish in the 200612 Hours of Sebring. In 2007, extensive updates were made to the chassis, to accommodate the all-new Acura powerplant run by Fernandez Racing, in addition, an essentially brand new LMP2 prototype, the B07/40, was built to house the new AER-based Mazda engine
18.
Team Lotus
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Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in motorsport series, including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar. The Lotus name returned to Formula One in 2010, as the name of Tony Fernandess Lotus Racing team. In 2011, Team Lotuss iconic black-and-gold livery returned to F1 as the livery of the Lotus Renault GP team, sponsored by Lotus Cars, colin Chapman established Lotus Engineering Ltd in 1952 at Hornsey, UK. Lotus achieved rapid success with the 1953 Mk 6 and the 1954 Mk 8 sports cars, Team Lotus was split off from Lotus Engineering in 1954. A new Formula Two regulation was announced for 1957, and in Britain, the following year, the Lotus 12 appeared. Driving one in 1958, Allison won the F2 class in the International Trophy at Silverstone, beating Stuart Lewis-Evanss Cooper. As the Coventry Climax engines were enlarged in 1952 to 2. 2-litres, Chapman decided to enter Grand Prix racing, running a pair of Lotus 12s at Monaco in 1958 for Graham Hill and these were replaced later that year by Lotus 16s. By then, the success had caused it to expand to such an extent that it had to move to new premises at Cheshunt. The first Formula One victory for Team Lotus came when Innes Ireland won the 1961 United States Grand Prix, a year earlier, Stirling Moss had recorded the first victory for a Lotus car at Monaco in his Lotus 18 entered by the independent Rob Walker Racing Team. There were successes in Formula Two and Formula Junior, the road car business was doing well with the Lotus Seven and the Lotus Elite and this was followed by the Lotus Elan in 1962. In 1963 Clark drove the Lotus 25 to a remarkable seven wins in a season and won the World Championship. The 1964 title was still for the taking by the time of the last race in Mexico but problems with Clarks Lotus, however, in 1965, Clark dominated again, six wins in his Lotus 33 gave him the championship. While very innovative, Chapman also came under criticism for the fragility of his designs. In Dave Friedmans book Indianapolis Memories 1961–1969, Dan Gurney is quoted as saying and we had several structural failures in those cars. But at the time, I felt it was the price you paid for getting something significantly better, a switch to the new Ford Cosworth DFV, designed by former Lotus employee Keith Duckworth, in 1967 returned the team to winning form. Although they failed to win the title in 1967, by the end of the season, the Lotus 49, however, for 1968 Lotus had lost its exclusive right to use the DFV. The season-opening 1968 South African Grand Prix confirmed Lotuss superiority, with Jim Clark and it would be Clarks last win
19.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
20.
1963 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1963 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 26,1963. It was the first round of the 1963 Formula One season, the 100-lap race was won by British driver Graham Hill driving a BRM P57. After de Beaufort withdrew, his entry was taken over by Bernard Collomb, Collomb was eventually excluded for being too slow, despite being faster in qualifying than Jack Brabham, and despite there being room on the grid. It wasnt until the 2015 Australian Grand Prix that so few cars started the season opener, notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
21.
1976 Canadian Grand Prix
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The 1976 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Mosport Park on 3 October 1976. Hunt won the Mosport event, but it made no difference to his championship standings before the race. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 7 results from the first 8 races and the best 7 results from the last 8 races counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
22.
24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 24 Hours of Le Mans is the worlds oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, France. It is one of the most prestigious races in the world and is often called the Grand Prix of Endurance. The event represents one leg of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, other events being the Indianapolis 500, since 2012, the 24 Hours of Le Mans has been a part of the FIA World Endurance Championship. In 2017, it will be the round of the season. The race has over the years inspired imitating races all over the globe, popularizing the 24-hour format at places like Daytona, Nürburgring, Spa-Francorchamps, and Bathurst. The American Le Mans Series and Europes Le Mans Series of multi-event sports car championships were spun off from 24 Hours of Le Mans regulations. At a time when Grand Prix motor racing was the dominant form of motorsport throughout Europe, Le Mans was designed to present a different test. Instead of focusing on the ability of a car company to build the fastest machines and this encouraged innovation in producing reliable and fuel-efficient vehicles, because endurance racing requires cars that last and spend as little time in the pits as possible. At the same time, the layout of the track necessitated cars with better aerodynamics, while this was shared with Grand Prix racing, few tracks in Europe had straights of a length comparable to the Mulsanne. Additionally, because the road is public and thus not as meticulously maintained as permanent racing circuits, racing puts more strain on the parts, increasing the importance of reliability. The oil crisis in the early 1970s led organizers to adopt a fuel economy formula known as Group C that limited the amount of each car was allowed. Although it was abandoned, fuel economy remains important as new fuel sources reduced time spent during pit stops. Such technological innovations have had an effect and can be incorporated into consumer cars. This has also led to faster and more exotic supercars as manufacturers seek to develop road cars in order to develop them into even faster GT cars. Additionally, in recent years hybrid systems have been championed in the LMP category as rules have changed to their benefit. The race is held in June, leading at times to very hot conditions for drivers, particularly in closed vehicles with poor ventilation, the race begins in mid-afternoon and finishes the following day at the same hour the race started the previous day. Over the 24 hours, modern competitors often cover distances well over 5,000 km, the record is 2010s 5,410 km, six times the length of the Indianapolis 500, or approximately 18 times longer than a Formula One Grand Prix. Drivers and racing teams strive for speed and avoiding damage, as well as managing the cars consumables, primarily fuel, tires
23.
1964 24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 196424 Hours of Le Mans was the 32nd Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 20 and 21 June 1964. It was also the round of the 1964 World Sportscar Championship season. In 1963, Ford had almost won the Indianapolis 500 on its first try with Lotus, the Indianapolis powerplant, a 4. 2L aluminum block Fairlane engine with a Colotti gearbox, was installed in the new Ford GT40s. The new white and blue coupe made its first appearance in April at Le Mans test days, the results were disappointing, as the car was unstable on the straight, however Ford sent one car to Germany for Phil Hill and Bruce McLaren to race in the 1000km Nürburgring. The GT40 qualified second to a Ferrari 275P, but retired after 15 laps, Ford entered three GT40s in the 24 Hours and could also count on Shelbys Cobra Daytona coupés and a works Le Mans Coupé entered by AC. Even if the reliability of the GT40 was questionable, Ferrari took Ford as a serious threat, the works entered four prototypes at Le Mans, three 3. 3L 275Pa and a 4. 0L 330P. Other Ferrari prototypes, including two 330Ps, were entered by the British team Maranello Concessionaires, the Belgian team Equipe Nationale Belge, pedro Rodríguez took the best start with the NART 330P. Richard Attwoods No.12 Ford GT-40 caught fire in the evening, Phil Hill drove the sole surviving GT40, and broke into the top three coming from 32nd during the night and establishing a lap record at 131.375 mph. Just before 05,30, Phil brought the last GT40 to the pits, after some discussion between Ford officials, the cause of the retirement was a gearbox failure. Ferraris took the top three spots, with the factory Ferrari of Jean Guichet and Nino Vaccarella winning, the race saw the first success for Shelby American, with the Daytona Coupe first in the GT class, fourth overall. The race was marred by the deaths of 3 spectators caused by an accident during nighttime hours, boltons Cobra suffered a tyre blow out on a fast corner, and he ended up in Baghettis path, and the two cars collided and hit the three spectators. The three people were standing in a zone of the circuit. Baghetti emerged uninjured, and Bolton was taken to hospital with minor injuries
24.
1967 24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 196724 Hours of Le Mans was the 35th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 10 and 11 June 1967. It was also the round of the World Sportscar Championship. The Ford GT40 Mark IV was a version of the Ford J-Car. The Mark IV had an all new chassis designed and built in the United States, the big-block 427 cubic inch Ford Galaxie-derived engine from the Mk. II was used for the Mk. IV. Although it had the engine they did, the Mark IV had a low-drag body which increased the top speed of the car to nearly 220 mph. The 1967 World Sportscar Championship season started on a low for Ford. Thoroughly humiliated on home soil, Carroll Shelby, the Holman & Moody squad, the team had to fabricate a roof bubble to accommodate the helmet of Dan Gurney, who stood more than 190 cm tall. In one famous incident which took place in the middle of the night, Gurney had been running quite easily to preserve his car, and Parkes came up behind in the second-place Ferrari. Parkes stopped behind him, and the two race-leading cars sat there in the dark, motionless, until Parkes finally realized this attempt at provocation was not going to work, after a few moments, he pulled around Gurney and resumed the race, with Gurney following shortly. With the cat-and-mouse game abandoned, each car then simply maintained their positions to the finish, the win remains, to this day, the sole all-American victory at Le Mans, an American-built car, prepared by an American team and driven by American drivers. When the winners mounted the victory stand, Gurney was handed the traditional magnum of champagne, looking down, he saw Ford CEO Henry Ford II, team owner Carroll Shelby, their wives, and several journalists who had predicted disaster for the high-profile duo of Gurney and Foyt. Many of the journalists had predicted the two drivers, who were heated competitors in the United States, would break their car in intramural rivalry, instead, both drivers took special care to drive the car with discipline and won easily. On the victory stand, Gurney shook the bottle and sprayed everyone nearby, Gurney, incidentally, autographed and gave the bottle of champagne to a Life Magazine photographer, Flip Schulke, who used it as a lamp for many years. Schulke recently returned the bottle to Gurney, who keeps it at his home in California
25.
1969 24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 196924 Hours of Le Mans was the 37th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 14 and 15 June 1969. It was the round of the 1969 International Championship for Makes. The eventual winner, Jacky Ickx, had demonstrated against the start by walking slowly to his car, putting on his safety belts properly, later in the first lap, John Woolfe was killed, presumably due to not wearing belts properly. The traditional Le Mans-style start was discontinued after this accident, as started in 1970 already strapped firmly into their seats, since the next year. During 1969, the minimal production figure to compete in the Sport category was reduced from 50 to 25, in only ten months, the Porsche 917 was developed, which incorporated remarkable technology, Porsches first 12-cylinder engine and many components from titanium, magnesium and exotic alloys. Porsche built 25 917s and according to sources this drove Porsche AG close to bankruptcy. In need of cash, Porsche sold the 917s to anyone who wanted to pay for one, Matra ordered the aerodynamic engineer Robert Choulet to conceive a low-drag Long Tail Coupe specially designed for the Le Mans, the Matra 640. On April 16, Matra brought the car to the Sarthe circuit, henri Pescarolo took it to the track, at the first kilometres in the Hunaudières the car took off and was pulverised, Pescarolo was pulled out alive but severely burned. In parallel, Matra was experimenting with roadster bodywork and this led to a new car, the 650. Some 630 chassis were converted in roadster, they were christened 630/650, despite the fact that no solution was found to fix the instability of the car, three 917s entered Le Mans. Two were Porsche Works teams and the third was entered by the gentleman-driver John Woolfe, Matra entered four cars, a new 650 roadster, a 630 coupe and two 630/650. The Ferrari prototypes made a come-back with the 3.0 L 312P, John Wyers team was there but managed by David Yorke. Wyer himself wasnt in Le Mans as his wife was ill, the team entered two Ford GT40s. Jacky Ickx shared GT401075, the car won the previous year, with Pedro Rodríguez. The Kurt Ahrens/Rolf Stommelen 917 qualified on pole, Woolfe was killed, probably due the fact that he had not bothered to put on his safety belt. The 37-year-old Woolfe likely sacrificed strapping his safety belts in order to gain a better start, the nearly full fuel tank from Woolfes car became dislodged and landed in front of the oncoming Ferrari 312P of Chris Amon. Amon ran over it, causing it to explode under his car, the race was stopped for 2 hours due to these two first lap incidents, but was eventually restarted. The 2 official 917s were put out of the race by clutch bell housing problems, in a dramatic finish, Ickx and Herrmann repeatedly overtook each other as the Porsche 908 had brake problems and the Ford GT40 suffered from exhaust problems
26.
1971 24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 197124 Hours of Le Mans was the 39th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 12 and 13 June 1971. It was the round of the 1971 International Championship for Makes. At the end of the 1970 season, Ferrari had entered a new version of the 512 in some races, the 512M had a new bodywork built on the same aerodynamics doctrine of the Porsche 917K. During the 1971 season, the FIA decided to eliminate the Sport category for 1972, so the big 917s and 512s would have to retire at the end of a year. Ferrari decided to give up any official effort with the 512 in order to prepare the new 312PB for 1972, roger Penske bought a used 512M chassis that was totally dismantled and rebuilt. The car was tuned for long races receiving many unique features, among them were a large rear wing. The engine was tuned by Can-Am V8 specialist Traco, this engine was able to deliver more than 600 hp. As of today its impossible to know to what extent Penskes initiative was backed by Ferrari works and this 512 M, painted in a blue and yellow livery, was sponsored by Sunoco and the Californian Ferrari dealer Kirk F. White. This car made the position for the 24 Hours of Daytona. For the 12 Hours of Sebring the Sunoco 512 won the pole, despite this misfortune, the car had proved to be a serious opponent for the 917. Not only this car was the fastest on track in Daytona and Sebring, the presence of the Sunoco 512M forced Porsche to pursue his effort of research and development on the 917. The 917K tail was modified, and the 917 LH aerodynamics received further improvements, an entirely new car, the 917/20 was built as test-bed for future Can-Am parts and aerodynamic low-drag concepts. The chunky car was painted in pink for the race with names of pieces of meat written across it, during the 1970-71 race period the 917 won 14 of the 21 races it entered and achieved second place in two of those races. A modified Ferrari 512 featuring a cockpit was entered by Scuderia Filipinetti, for Mike Parkes. Matra entered only one 660 for Chris Amon and Jean-Pierre Beltoise, the Ford-Cosworth DFV made its Le Mans debut in Guy Ligiers new JS-3. The engine was limited to 8800 rpm, allowing around 400 hp. The 1971 Le Mans race was the first race to start using the rolling start method, rather than the Le Mans start method that had been used in previous Le Mans races. Despite the much-vaunted speed of the Porsches, the ACO speedtrap clocked a Ferrari at 359 km/h and this would be eclipsed during the race when a Porsche was timed at 362 km/h
27.
1973 24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 197324 Hours of Le Mans was the 41st Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 9 and 10 June 1973. It was the round of the 1973 World Championship of Makes. In 1973, Matra competed against Ferrari for the World Champion title, the beginning of the championship had showed that the Matra 670s had better handling, but the Ferraris showed better reliability. The Matras 670s were updated to the 670B specification consisting mainly of larger spoilers, the main weakness of the 1972670 was the ZF gearbox. By the end of the 1972 race, it had showed so much wear that it was obvious that it could not finish a 24-hour race with serious opposition, new Porsche Type 1983 gearboxes especially built for Matra by Porsche were fitted in the 670B. For Le Mans, the Ferrari 312PB had a previously unseen longtail bodywork, john Wyer was back with two Cosworth-powered Gulf Mirage M6 roadsters. In 1000 km races the M6s had proven they were competitors. Alfa Romeo was more affected than Ferrari by strikes and social troubles in Italy, Alfa racing subsidiary Autodelta did not enter the new flat-12 powered cars, and the marque was represented only by a V8 powered private car entered by Scuderia Brescia Corse. A Sigma powered by a Mazda Wankel engine was entered, this was the first Japanese car to qualify for Le Mans, Ferrari sent the Arturo Merzario/Carlos Pace 312PB out first as a hare. Matra raced to their plan and let the Ferrari go, while the Matras were all running at the same speed, the Ferraris had a variety of strategies. Carlos Reutemann and Tim Schenken were running among the Matra, jacky Ickx and Brian Redman were running with the slowest 3L cars, the Lolas and the private Alfa Romeo. Ferrari swapped the lead with Matra through the four hours
28.
Briggs Cunningham
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Briggs Swift Cunningham II was an American entrepreneur and sportsman, who raced automobiles and yachts. Born into a family, he became a racing car constructor, driver. He skippered the first victorious 12-metre yacht Columbia in the 1958 Americas Cup race and he was featured on the April 26,1954 cover of Time magazine, with three of his Cunningham racing cars. The caption reads, Road Racer Briggs Cunningham, Horsepower, Endurance and he became an early member of the Road Racing Drivers Club, an invitation-only club formed to honor notable road racing drivers. He was inducted into the Americas Cup Hall of Fame in 1993, the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1997, Cunningham died in Las Vegas, of complications from Alzheimers disease, at the age of 96. In 1931 Cunningham was a member on the Dorade when it won the Fastnet race. He also invented the cunningham downhaul to increase the speed of racing sailboats and he continued in competition for 36 years. By 1940 he was building cars for others to race. His first race as a driver was with his Bu-Merc, a modified Buick chassis with Buick engine and Mercedes-Benz SSK body, some of his other hybrids involved Cadillacs, Chryslers, and Fords. Cunningham was one of the first to purchase a Ferrari Tipo 166 Corsa Spyder, in 1950 Briggs Cunningham entered two Cadillac cars for Le Mans, one a stock-appearing Sixty Special, the other a special-bodied sports car dubbed Le Monstre. They finished 10th and 11th overall, on December 31,1950 Cunningham participated in the 6-hour Sam Collier Memorial Race, the first automobile race held on the Sebring Airport race track, which was won by a Crosley HotShot. Cunningham finished 3rd in class and 17th overall in his Aston Martin DB2 Vantage LML/50/21,1955 was last year for the Cunningham marque of cars. The Internal Revenue Service rules of the time allowed such prototype low volume manufacturers 5 years to reach profitability before classifying the business as a non-deductible hobby. By 1956 Team Cunningham, which also fielded other marques, was described as a dominant force in SCCA sports car racing — a distinction the team retained for the next decade. The team traveled in a caravan with tractor trailer vans that contained the automobiles, mechanics and equipment and this contrasted with the typical arrival into the pits of a single race car on a trailer, and was described as impressive by driver Lake Underwood. The teams chief mechanic was Alfred Momo. Cunningham concentrated on automobiles, high-performance prototypes that he. A few, adapted for use, were personal vehicles. In 1952, Cunningham introduced the Continental C3 road car, production began in his West Palm Beach plant where his team of mechanics installed 331-cubic-inch Chrysler hemi V-8s in Cunningham C-2R racing chassis
29.
Carroll Shelby International
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In 2009, Shelby Automobiles was officially renamed to Shelby American, bringing back the original company name to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the 427 Cobra and GT350. Carroll Shelby Licensing is the wholly owned subsidiary that forms Carroll Shelby International. Shelby American manufactures component automobiles, including replicas of the small-block and large-block AC Cobras, the Shelby GT350, since 2005, Shelby American has released new models each year. Carroll Shelby International was previously working with Texas-based Unique Performance to create new Mustang-based Shelby cars such as the GT350SR, Shelby American was founded by Carroll Shelby in 1962 to build and market high performance parts and modified cars for individuals. The company was based at Santa Fe Springs, California, Venice, California, Ionia, Michigan, Whittier, California and Las Vegas, some of the automobiles produced by Shelby American were the Ford Mustang-based Shelby GT350, Shelby GT500 and Shelby GLHS. Shelby American also installed the engines of US-market examples of the AC Cobra which was an AC Ace with a Ford V8. The company was highly involved with racing, with Shelby cars winning many races. With Shelby Daytona, Shelby became one of only three American constructors to win a title on the scene at the FIA World Championships. Shelby American moved in 1998 to Nevada becoming the first automobile manufacturer in Nevada, from Shelby American, and it was taken public. Shelby Automobiles was also created as a subsidiary and manufacturing arm of the new company, the Shelby Museum is located on the site. It includes a range of Shelby vehicles, from the first Cobra CSX2000 to prototypes of Series 1
30.
Simca
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Simca was a French automaker, founded in November 1934 by Fiat and directed from July 1935 to May 1963 by Italian Henri Théodore Pigozzi. Simca was affiliated with Fiat and then, after Simca bought Fords French activities, in 1970, Simca became a subsidiary and brand of Chrysler Europe, ending its period as an independent company. Simca disappeared in 1978, when Chrysler divested its European operations to another French automaker, PSA replaced the Simca brand with Talbot after a short period when some models were badged as Simca-Talbots. During most of its activity, Simca was one of the biggest automobile manufacturers in France. For instance the Simca 1307 was sold in Britain as the Chrysler Alpine, Simca vehicles were also manufactured by Simca do Brasil in São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil, and Barreiros in Spain. They were also assembled in Australia, Chile, Colombia and the Netherlands during the Chrysler era, Henri Théodore Pigozzi was active in the automotive business in the early 1920s when he met Fiat founder, Giovanni Agnelli. They began business together in 1922 with Pigozzi acting as a merchant, buying old automobile bodies. Two years later Pigozzi became Fiats General Agent in France, in 1928, SAFAF started the assembly of Fiat cars in Suresnes near Paris, and licensed the production of some parts to local suppliers. By 1934, as many as 30,000 Fiat cars were sold by SAFAF, the SIMCA company was founded in 1935 by FIAT, when Fiat bought the former Donnet factory in the French town of Nanterre. The first cars produced were Fiat 508 Balillas and Fiat 518 Arditas and they were followed during 1936 by the Simca Cinq or 5CV, a version of the Fiat Topolino announced in the Spring, but only available for sale from October 1936. The Huit, an 8CV version of the Fiat 508C-1100, appeared in 1937, production of the 6CV and 11CV stopped in 1937, leaving the 5CV and the 8CV in production until the outbreak of World War II. The firm nevertheless remained closely connected with Fiat, and it was not until 1938 that the shortened name Simca replaced Simca-Fiat, of the businesses that emerged as Frances big four auto-makers after the war, Simca was unique in not suffering serious bomb damage to its plant. Despite France being occupied, Simca cars continued to be produced in numbers throughout the war. Nevertheless, shortly after the liberation the Nanterre plants financial sustainability received a boost when Simca won a contract from the American army to repair large numbers of Jeep engines, on 3 January 1946 the new government’s five-year plan for the automobile industry came into force. Grégoire owed his influence to a powerfully persuasive personality and an engineering talent. Regarding the future of the French automobile industry, Grégoire held strong opinions, a few weeks after the liberation Grégoire joined the Simca board as General Technical Director, in order to prepare for the production of the AFG at the company’s Nanterre factory. For Simca, faced with a determinedly dirigiste left-wing French government, in return, Grégoire obtained the personal commitment of the surviving Director General to the production at Nanterre of his two-door AFG. It is very easy to see how the two-door AFG looked, because its four-door equivalent went into production, little changed from Grégoire’s prototype and it was a car designed by an engineer, and Pigozzi thought it ugly
31.
1966 24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 196624 Hours of Le Mans was the 34th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 18 and 19 June 1966. It was also the round of the 1966 World Sportscar Championship season. This was the first win at LeMans for the Ford GT40 and it was the first time that Henri Pescarolo entered the race, a driver who went on to set the record for the most starts. In 1966, the Ford GT40 Mk. II had become reliable, Shelby test driver Ken Miles managed to win at the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring with the big block Ford. Ford sent no less than eight Mk, IIs to La Sarthe, entered by three teams,3 by Shelby-American,3 by Holman & Moody and 2 by Alan Mann Racing. Ferrari sent only two works Ferrari 330 P3s to compete against the Ford armada, another P3 was entered by NART, and four 365 P2 were entered by Ferraris usual private partners. The two works P3s were involved in an accident, at 01,45 the P2s had already exhausted their engine in trying to keep contact with the Mk. II and the last Ferrari prototype, the Pedro Rodríguez/Richie Ginther NART P3 retired with overheating. The race was won for Ford, for the first time in history an American car had won Le Mans. At the last pit stop, three Mark IIs were in front, Ken Miles and Denny Hulme were leading, followed by Bruce McLaren and Chris Amon in the same lap. Ronnie Bucknum and Dick Hutcherson were third, but twelve laps behind, at the end of the race, Ford decided to stage a publicity photo. The plan was to have the top three podium finishers cross the line near one another to provide a photographic finish, depicting Fords dominating race performance, miless #1 car was leading until the drivers were told to close up for the finish. As it turned out McLarens #2 car crossed the line in first place and was declared the winner. It is rumored that Miles, upset about the team orders, car #5 finished close behind the other two Fords. Film of the lap of the race and photos of the finish show that Ford #2 car actually crossed the finish line first. A decision was made in the Ford pits to have the cars side by side in what hopefully would be considered a dead heat. Since McLaren and Amon had started 60 feet behind Miles and Hulme, Both New Zealanders who now reside in England, it was the most important victory yet for the two youngsters. McLaren, who builds his own Formula and sports cars, is 28, Amon 22, is the youngest winner in the history of the event. It was a record shattering performance as the car covered more miles at a faster speed than any previous entry
32.
Member of the Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
33.
Motorsport
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The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing, and includes off-road racing such as motocross. Four- wheeled motorsport competition is governed by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. In 1894, a French newspaper organised a race from Paris to Rouen and back, in 1900, the Gordon Bennett Cup was established. Closed circuit racing arose as open road racing, on roads, was banned. Brooklands was the first dedicated motor racing track in the United Kingdom, following World War I, European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In the United States, dirt track racing became popular, after World War II, the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established, motorsports ultimately became divided by types of motor vehicles into racing events, and their appropriate organisations. Open-wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, with their wheels outside of. However, in North America, the IndyCar series is their pinnacle open-wheeled racing series, more recently, new open-wheeled series have been created, originating in Europe, which omit the Formula moniker, such as GP2 and GP3. Former Formula series include Formula 5000 and Formula Two, the formula regulations contain a very strict set of rules which govern vehicle power, weight and size. In the United States, Indy Car is a class of single seat paved track racing and its premier race is the Indianapolis 500. Enclosed wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, where the wheels are primarily enclosed inside the bodywork of the vehicle, sports car racing is a set of classes of vehicles, over a closed course track, including sports cars, and specialised racing types. The premiere race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans which takes place annually in France during the month of June, sports car racing rules and specifications differentiate in North America from established international sanctioning bodies. Stock car racing is a set of vehicles, that race over a speedway track, while once stock cars, the vehicles are now purpose built, but resemble the body design and shape of production cars. NASCAR was organised in 1947, to flat track oval racing of production cars. Daytona Beach and Road Course was founded where land speed records were set on the beach, touring car racing is a set of vehicles, modified street cars, that race over closed purpose built race tracks and street courses. Motorsport was an event at the 1900 Summer Olympics
34.
Grand Prix motor racing
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Grand Prix motor racing has its roots in organised automobile racing that began in France as far back as 1894. It quickly evolved from a road race from one town to the next, to endurance tests for car. Grand Prix motor racing eventually evolved into formula racing, and Formula One can be seen as its direct descendant, each event of the Formula One World Championships is still called a Grand Prix, Formula One is referred to as Grand Prix racing. Motor racing was started in France, as a result of the enthusiasm with which the French public embraced the motor car. Manufacturers were enthusiastic due to the possibility of using motor racing as a window for their cars. The first motoring contest took place on July 22,1894 and was organised by a Paris newspaper, the Paris–Rouen rally was 126 km, from Porte Maillot in Paris, through the Bois de Boulogne, to Rouen. Count Jules-Albert de Dion was first into Rouen after 6 hours 48 minutes at an speed of 19 km/h. He finished 3 minutes 30 seconds ahead of Albert Lemaître, followed by Doriot, René Panhard, in 1900, James Gordon Bennett, Jr. the owner of the New York Herald and the International Herald Tribune, established the Gordon Bennett Cup. He hoped the creation of an event would drive automobile manufacturers to improve their cars. Each country was allowed to enter up to three cars, which had to be built in the country that they represented and entered by that countrys automotive governing body. International racing colours were established in this event, in the United States, William Kissam Vanderbilt II launched the Vanderbilt Cup at Long Island, New York in 1904. Some anglophone sources wrongly list a race called the Pau Grand Prix in 1901 and this may stem from a mistranslation of the contemporary French sources such as the magazine La France Auto of March 1901. The name of the 1901 event was the Circuit du Sud-Ouest, the Grand Prix du Palais d’Hiver was the name of the prizes awarded for the lesser classes. The Grand Prix de Pau was the name of the awarded for the Heavy class. Thus Maurice Farman was awarded the Grand Prix de Pau for his victory in the Circuit du Sud-Ouest driving a Panhard 24 hp. In L’Histoire de l’Automobile/Paris 1907 Pierre Souvestre described the 1901 event as, dans le Circuit du Sud-Ouest, à l’occasion du meeting de Pau. ” The only race at the time to carry the name Grand Prix was organised by the Automobile Club de France. The circuit used, which was based in Le Mans, was triangular in shape
35.
Mario Andretti
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Mario Gabriele Andretti is an Italian-born American former racing driver, one of the most successful Americans in the history of the sport. He is one of two drivers to have won races in Formula One, IndyCar, World Sportscar Championship and NASCAR. He also won races in cars, and sprint cars. During his career, Andretti won the 1978 Formula One World Championship, four IndyCar titles, No American has won a Formula One race since Andrettis victory at the 1978 Dutch Grand Prix. Andretti had 109 career wins on major circuits, Andretti had a long career in racing. He was the person to be named United States Driver of the Year in three decades. He was also one of three drivers to have won major races on road courses, paved ovals, and dirt tracks in one season. With his final IndyCar win in April 1993, Andretti became the first driver to have won IndyCar races in four different decades and the first to win automobile races of any kind in five. In American popular culture, his name has become synonymous with speed, as with Barney Oldfield in the twentieth century. Mario Andretti and his twin brother Aldo were born to Alvise Andretti, a farm administrator, Istria was then part of the Kingdom of Italy, but it was annexed by Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, as confirmed by the Treaty of Paris. The Andretti family left Montona in 1948, during the Istrian exodus, ending up in a camp in Lucca. They emigrated to the United States of America in 1955, settling in Nazareth in Pennsylvanias Lehigh Valley with just $125 to their name, Andretti became a naturalized United States citizen in 1964. In 1945, at the age of five, he and Aldo were racing their hand-crafted wooden cars through the streets of their hometown. It was a feeling I cant describe, I still get it every time I get into a race car. Andrettis first racing experience was in a new youth racing league called Formula Junior in Ancona, however, the Formula Junior story is likely apocryphal. In an interview during an RRDC Evening with Mario Andretti, Mr. Mario, the twins worked on a 1948 Hudson Commodore modified funded by money that they earned in their uncles garage in 1959. They took turns racing the old Hudson on oval dirt tracks near Nazareth in 1959 and they did not tell their parents that they were racing. The twins each had two wins after their first four races, Aldo was seriously hurt near the end of the season, and their parents were unhappy to find out that the twins were racing
36.
Ferrari
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Ferrari N. V. is an Italian sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1939 as Auto Avio Costruzioni, the company built its first car in 1940, however the companys inception as an auto manufacturer is usually recognized in 1947, when the first Ferrari-badged car was completed. Ferrari is the worlds most powerful according to Brand Finance. In May 2012 the 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO became the most expensive car in history, Fiat S. p. A. acquired 50 percent of Ferrari in 1969 and expanded its stake to 90 percent in 1988. In October 2014 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its intentions to separate Ferrari S. p. A. from FCA, through the remaining steps of the separation, FCAs interest in Ferraris business was distributed to shareholders of FCA, with 10 percent continuing to be owned by Piero Ferrari. The spin-off was completed on 3 January 2016, Ferrari road cars are generally seen as a symbol of speed, luxury and wealth. Enzo Ferrari was not initially interested in the idea of producing road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari in 1929, Scuderia Ferrari literally means Ferrari Stable and is usually used to mean Team Ferrari. Ferrari bought, prepared and fielded Alfa Romeo racing cars for gentlemen drivers, in September 1939 Enzo Ferrari left Alfa Romeo under the provision that he would not use the Ferrari name in association with races or racing cars for at least four years. A few days later he founded Auto Avio Costruzioni, headquartered in the facilities of the old Scuderia Ferrari, the new company ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. In 1940 Ferrari did in fact produce a race car – the Tipo 815 and it was the first Ferrari car and debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia, but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since, the factory was bombed by the Allies and subsequently rebuilt including a works for road car production. The first Ferrari-badged car was the 1947125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine, Enzo Ferrari reluctantly built, the Scuderia Ferrari name was resurrected to denote the factory racing cars and distinguish them from those fielded by customer teams. In 1960 the company was restructured as a corporation under the name SEFAC S. p. A. Early in 1969, Fiat took a 50 percent stake in Ferrari, new model investment further up in the Ferrari range also received a boost. In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversaw the launch of the Ferrari F40, the last new Ferrari to be launched before his death later that year, in 1989 the company was renamed as Ferrari S. p. A. From 2002 to 2004, Ferrari produced the Enzo, their fastest model at the time and it was to be called the F60, continuing on from the F40 and F50, but Ferrari was so pleased with it, they called it the Enzo instead. It was initially offered to loyal and reoccurring customers, each of the 399 made had a tag of $650,000 apiece. On 15 September 2012,964 Ferrari cars (worth over $162 million attended the Ferrari Driving Days event at Silverstone Circuit, on 29 October 2014, the FCA group, resulting from the merger between manufacturers Fiat and Chrysler, announced the split of its luxury brand, Ferrari
37.
Mauro Forghieri
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Mauro Forghieri is an Italian mechanical engineer, best known for his work as a Formula One racing car designer with Scuderia Ferrari during the 1960s and 1970s. Forghieri was born in Modena, the child of Reclus. His father, a turner, did war work during World War II for the Ansaldo mechanical workshops of Naples, after the conflict, he took up work in the Ferrari workshop in Maranello. Meanwhile, Forghieri completed the Liceo Scientifico and obtained a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Bologna, despite his initial interest in aviation design, he accepted an offer from Ferrari, where he had been introduced by his father. He became part of the team in 1962, with the position of Chief of the Technical Department for racing cars after the departure of Carlo Chiti. He was later promoted to Technical Director of the Racing Department, in 1970, Forghieri designed the Ferrari 312 series. He also designed the first transversal automatic gear and Ferraris first turbo-compressed engine, under his guidance Ferrari won the drivers F1 world championship title four times, with John Surtees, Niki Lauda, and Jody Scheckter. Ferrari also won the constructors F1 world championship eight times. After leaving Ferrari in 1987, Forghieri joined Lamborghini Engineering, a department created by Lee Iacocca, the then CEO of Chrysler, the V12 engine was used exclusively by the Larrousse team in the 1989 F1 season. Following the encouraging performance of the engine, the project of designing a car was conceived. Nevertheless, the car debuted thanks to financing by Carlo Patrucco, the latter was an unsuccessful enterprise, however, and Forghieri left Lamborghini soon afterwards. In 1992, he became the director of the re-emerging Bugatti. In the same year, he was called as an expert in the trial relating to the death of driver Ayrton Senna on the Imola track. In 1994, Forghieri co-founded with Franco Antoniazzi and Sergio Lugli the Oral Engineering Group and their projects there have included making the Ferrari Pinin concept car actually run. Mauro Forghieris Biography ISBN 978-88-09-06209-2 Forghieri, Mauro, Buzzonetti, Daniele, la Ferrari secondo Forghieri - dal 1947 ad oggi. Grand Prix History – Hall of Fame, Mauro Forghieri
38.
Sports car racing
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Sports car racing is a form of circuit auto racing with sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going models, a type of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this style is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, Le Mans is one of the oldest motor races still in existence, other classic but now defunct sports car races include the Italian classics, the Targa Florio and Mille Miglia, and the Mexican Carrera Panamericana. Most top class sports car races emphasize endurance, reliability, and strategy, longer races usually involve complex pit strategy and regular driver changes. These makers top road cars have often very similar both in engineering and styling to those raced. This close association with the nature of the cars serves as a useful distinction between sports car racing and touring cars. The 12 Hours of Sebring,24 Hours of Daytona, and 24 Hours of Le Mans were once considered the trifecta of sports car racing. In the 1920s, the used in endurance racing and Grand Prix were still basically identical, with fenders. Cars such as the Bugatti Type 35 were almost equally at home in Grands Prix and endurance events, but specialisation gradually started to differentiate the sports-racer from the Grand Prix car. As mainly Italian cars and races defined the genre, the category was called Gran Turismo, as long distances had to be travelled, reliability and some basic comfort were necessary in order to endure the task. After the Second World War, sports car racing emerged as a form of racing with its own classic races. Top Grand Prix drivers also competed regularly in sports car racing, from 1962 sports cars temporarily took a back seat to GT cars with the FIA replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. The US scene tended to feature small MG and Porsche cars in the smaller classes, the combination of mostly British chassis and American V8 engines gave rise to the popular and spectacular Can-Am series in the 1960s and 1970s. Clubmans provided much entertainment at club-racing level from the 1960s into the 1990s, after a relative period of decline in the 1980s a British GT Championship emerged in the mid-90s. Road races such as the Mille Miglia included everything from stock touring cars to World Championship contenders, the Mille Miglia was the largest sporting event in Italy until a fatal accident caused its demise in 1957. The Targa Florio, another road race, remained part of the world championship until the 1970s. Between the late 1960s and late 1970s, Matra and Renault made significant, the competition at Le Mans even made it to the movie screens, with Steve McQueens film Le Mans. This era was seen by many as the highpoint of sports car racing, with the technology, a peculiarly American form of sports car racing was the Can-Am series, in which virtually unlimited sports prototypes competed in relatively short races
39.
Bruce McLaren
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Bruce Leslie McLaren was a New Zealand race-car designer, driver, engineer and inventor. Born in Auckland, New Zealand, Bruce McLaren attended Meadowbank Primary School, as a nine-year-old, he was diagnosed with Perthes disease in his hip that left his left leg shorter than the right. Bruce spent all of his free hours hanging around the workshop, les McLaren restored an aging Austin 7 Ulster, which 14-year-old Bruce used in 1952 when he entered his first competition, a hillclimb. Two years later, he took part in his first real race and he moved up from the Austin to a Ford 10 special and an Austin-Healey, then an F2 Cooper-Climax sports. He immediately began to modify and improve — and master — it, McLaren founded McLaren Automotive in 1963. His performance in the New Zealand Grand Prix in 1958 was noticed by Australian driver Jack Brabham, McLaren was the first recipient, to be followed by others later including Denny Hulme. McLaren went to Cooper and stayed seven years and he raced in F2 and was entered in the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in which F2 and F1 cars competed together. He astounded the motor racing fraternity by being first F2, and fifth overall, in a field of the best drivers in the world. McLaren joined the Cooper factory F1 team alongside Jack Brabham in 1959 and won the 1959 United States Grand Prix at age 22 years 104 days, becoming the youngest ever GP winner up to that time. He followed that with a win in the Argentine Grand Prix, the first race of the 1960 Formula One season, McLaren won the 1962 Monaco Grand Prix, eventually finishing a fine third in the championship that year. The next year, he founded Bruce McLaren Motor Racing Ltd, McLaren continued to race and win in Coopers. McLaren left Cooper at the end of 1965, and announced his own GP racing team, with co-driver, Amon left in 1967 to drive for Ferrari. In 1968, McLaren was joined by another fellow Kiwi Denny Hulme, McLaren took his fourth career win racing his own McLaren car at Spa in 1968, achieving the teams first Grand Prix win. Hulme won twice in the McLaren-Ford, the 1969 championship was also a success, with McLaren finishing third in the standings despite taking no wins. In tribute to his homeland, McLarens cars featured the speedy Kiwi logo, McLarens design flair and ingenuity were graphically demonstrated in powerful sports car racing. Just as the Can-Am began to very popular with fans in Canada and the U. S. the new McLaren cars finished second twice. In 1967, they won five of six races and in 1968, the following year, McLarens proved unbeatable, winning all 11 races. In two races, they finished 1-2-3, in 1966, McLaren and co-driver Chris Amon won the prestigious 24 Hour Race at Le Mans in a Ford GT40
40.
Wanganui Collegiate School
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Wanganui Collegiate School is a state-integrated coeducational, day and boarding secondary school in Whanganui, Manawatu-Wanganui region, New Zealand. The school is affiliated to the Anglican church and it was originally a boys-only school but in 1991 began admitting girls at senior levels and went fully co-educational in 1999. The school celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2004, the school amalgamated with St George’s School in 2010. The combined schools provide education for day students on the St George campus. Wanganui Collegiate is one of three member schools in New Zealand. Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, spent two terms in 1982 at the school as a master during his gap year. In November 2012, it was announced that the school would integrate into the system effective January 2013. As a boarding school, the system plays a significant role in student life. Each house accommodates approximately 80 students, and each has its own Housemaster, Assistant Housemaster, the school houses are named Harvey, Hadfield, Grey, Selwyn, Godwin and Bishops. The school grounds are also host to sporting facilities, including the Izard Gymnasium, High Performance Cricket Centre. The School also hosts the nationally popular Wanganui Cricket Festival each year which sees over 1000 cricketers display their skills throughout the month of January, since 1925, the schools First XV rugby team has played Christs College, Wellington College and Nelson College in an annual quadrangular rugby tournament. In recent times, this tournament has been dominated by Wellington College, Wanganui Collegiate last won in 1991. Charles Henry Sinderby Nicholls, who remained at the school from 1854 until 1860, at the time of the Rev. Mr. Not least were the problems of the community as it found its feet in the new land. There is little doubt that Richard Taylor and Governor Sir George Grey envisaged that the primary function was to be a Native School for Christianizing the Māori. On the other hand, George Augustus Selwyn and Nicholls, laid equal stress on the Industrial Nature of the school. As early as 1853, when concerned about the enormity of the labour required in preparing the school land, Richard Taylor wrote that “the Bishop of New Zealand introduced the industrial or self-supporting system, but it did not succeed. The parents as well as the scholars got the idea there was more labour than teaching
41.
Hillclimbing
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Hillclimbing is a branch of motorsport in which drivers compete against the clock to complete an uphill course. It is one of the oldest forms of motorsport, since the first known hillclimb at La Turbie near Nice, France took place as long ago as 31 January 1897. The hillclimb held at Shelsley Walsh, in Worcestershire, England is the worlds oldest continuously staged motorsport event still staged on its original course, a very different kind of hillclimbing is done with offroad motorcycles going straight up extremely steep hills. The winner is the one which could climb the highest, or in the more than one made it to the top. This kind of motorsport, which requires skill as well as bravery, has a tradition in the USA and has been popular in France. The Austrian event in Rachau focused on entertainment, and inspired many similar events. Hillclimbs in continental Europe are usually held on courses which are several long, taking advantage of the available hills. The most prestigious competition is the FIA European Hill Climb Championship, an historic course is at Semmering. For this reason, cars and drivers do not generally cross between the British and continental European championships, Hillclimbing is also relevant to motorcycle sport, the governing body is the National Hill Climb Association. Notable champions from this period include Pierre Maublanc, Daniel Rouveyran, Hervé Bayard, the best-known Course de Côte are Mont Ventoux and Mont-Dore. Caracciola won the over two-litre racing car class, numerous events are organised annually by the Island Car Club. Participants are divided according to their type of vehicle into various categories ranging from single seaters to saloon cars, Hillclimbing is popular in Romania among drivers with limited financial resources. It has a tradition in the country. The first major event was the Feleac course, in Cluj, from 1930, it was a round in the European Hill Climb Championship. The record of the Feleac was set by famous German racer Hans Stuck in 1938, Stuck stormed through the 7 km gravel course in 2 min 56 sec. Despite several attempts in the 1970s, Stucks record was never beaten, in recent decades, the course was widened in order to be suitable for intense traffic and therefore is considered inappropriate for auto racing. Today, hillclimbing in Romania is referred to as Viteză în Coastă or Campionatul Naţional de Viteză pe Traseu Montan, in 2006, the Romanian National Hillclimbing Championship had 7 events, each containing two rounds held on Friday and Sunday respectively, with Saturday being a rest day. The seven events were Câmpulung Muscel, Braşov, Reşiţa, Bálványos, Abrud, Reşiţa, there are several traditional hillclimbing race events in Portugal, and its national championship growing in popularity since 2010
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Maserati 250F
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The Maserati 250F was a racing car made by Maserati of Italy used in 2.5 litre Formula One racing between January 1954 and November 1960. The 250F principally used the SSG220 bhp 2. 5-litre Maserati A6 straight-six engine, ribbed 13.4 drum brakes, wishbone independent front suspension and it was built by Gioacchino Colombo, Vittorio Bellentani and Alberto Massimino, the tubular work was by Valerio Colotti. A streamlined version with bodywork which partially enclosed the wheels was used in the 1956 French Grand Prix, the 250F first raced in the 1954 Argentine Grand Prix where Juan Manuel Fangio won the first of his two victories before he left for the new Mercedes-Benz team. Fangio won the 1954 Drivers World Championship, with points gained with both Maserati and Mercedes-Benz, Stirling Moss raced his own privately owned 250F for the full 1954 season, in 1955 a 5-speed gearbox, SU fuel injection and Dunlop disc brakes were introduced. Jean Behra drove this in a works team which included Luigi Musso. In 1956 Stirling Moss won the Monaco and Italian Grands Prix, in 1956 three 250F T2 cars first appeared for the works drivers. In doing so he broke the lap record at the Nürburgring,10 times, by the 1958 season, the 250F was totally outclassed by the new rear engined F1 cars. However, the car remained a favourite with the privateers, including Maria Teresa de Filippis, and was used by back markers through the 1960 F1 season, in total, the 250F competed in 46 Formula One championship races with 277 entries, leading to eight wins. Success was not limited to World Championship events with 250F drivers winning many non-championship races around the world, Stirling Moss later said that the 250F was the best front-engined F1 car he drove. David McKinney, Maserati 250F, 250F Overview Article Case history of 250F article with complete chassis data Top Gear 250F review
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Cooper T51
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The Cooper T51 was a Formula One and Formula Two racing car designed by Owen Maddock and built by the Cooper Car Company for the 1959 Formula One season. The T51 earned a significant place in racing history when Jack Brabham drove the car to become the first driver to win the championship with a rear-engined car. The T51 was raced in several configurations by various entrants until 1963, aesthetically and aerodynamically the T51 was a natural development of the T43 and T45 cars that had given Cooper their first two wins. One notable throwback, however, was the leaf spring rear suspension, although it used a more modern coil spring. The standard F1 T51 was the first Cooper powered by the 2. 5-litre 4-cylinder engine which Cooper, the pioneering nature of this configuration created problems of its own, since there were so few rear-engined production cars from which a gearbox could be sourced. This shortage eventually created a niche in the market which paved the way for Hewlands prominence, the works Coopers were fitted with modified Citroen gearboxes, while Rob Walkers team ran bespoke units from Italian specialist Valerio Colotti, although these proved much more fragile. Only the five 2. 5-litre cars qualified, with Stirling Moss in pole position, Brabham cruised to his first World Championship win with Trintignant third and McLaren fifth. From Monaco on Coopers season went from strength to strength, with Brabham leading the championship from start to finish, Brabham took his second win in the British Grand Prix, before Moss took a brace in Portugal and Italy and dominated the non-championship Gold Cup. By the final race at Sebring Cooper already had the Constructors Championship in the bag, Moss needed to beat Brabham and finish second or better to take the title, while Ferraris Tony Brooks had a mathematical chance but needed both the win and fastest lap. Moss sprinted into the lead from pole position with Brabham in pursuit, after five laps Moss was a commanding ten seconds ahead, before his gearbox gave way again. Brabham led right up to the lap, when a poor decision on Brabhams part meant he ran out of fuel. He managed to push his car across the line in fourth, Cooper travelled down to the 1960 Argentine Grand Prix seemingly at the peak of their powers, and Trintignant won the Buenos Aires F1 event that preceded the main championship race. However this turned out to be the last major win for a T51, as the speed of the new Lotus 18 raised eyebrows around the paddock. On the journey back, John Cooper made his mind up that to stay at the front he needed to build a new car, and at the next championship race at Monaco the lowline T53 made its debut. In the meantime Moss took the Walker T51 to second in the Glover Trophy, Cooper entered the T51 just three more times, with Scarab refugee Chuck Daigh and journeyman Ron Flockhart retiring each time. As well as being a racing team Cooper was very much a business, indeed, the T51 continued to appear on minor, non-championship F1 race entry lists as late as the 1967 Rhodesian Grand Prix. Guglielmo Dei set up Scuderia Centro Sud to publicise his business as distributor of Maserati cars to central and southern Italy, in this configuration Centro Sud entered the T51 in 14 World Championship races, more than any other entrant. After converting to the 1. 5-litre formula post-1960, Centro Suds Cooper Maseratis still made the appearance in minor Italian F1 races as late as 1963
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Scuderia Veloce
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Scuderia Veloce was an Australian motor racing team founded by journalist racer David McKay that competed in many motor racing categories in the 1960s. The team is regarded as the first professional motor racing operation in Australia, the team was based in Wahroonga on Sydneys upper North Shore. McKay emerged into prominence as a driver and as a motoring writer during the 1950s. McKay himself won many races, with his best remembered title winning the inaugural Australian Touring Car Championship in 1960 driving a Mark I Jaguar, mcKays operation began sporting the Scuderia Veloce label in 1960, following a change of sponsorship from Ampol to Castrol. First running first Cooper-Climax, then Brabham-Climax open racings cars in the Tasman Series, Australian Grand Prix, in 1969 the team was Ferraris official Tasman Series team and had Chris Amon and Derek Bell in the drivers seats. The season was a success with Amon having winning the 1969 Tasman Series. Scuderia Veloce also competed in Appendix J Touring Cars running a variety of cars, as well as his own racing efforts, McKay supported the racing efforts of several drivers including Brian Muir and Greg Cusack, although the driver most associated with SV would be Spencer Martin
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Lakeside International Raceway
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Lakeside Park, formerly known as Lakeside International Raceway is a motor racing circuit located at Pine Rivers 30 km north of Brisbane and lies adjacent to Lake Kurwongbah. The circuit is known as the home of Queensland motorsport and was built by volunteers. The 2.41 km circuit opened in 1961 and was closed in mid-2001, the circuit reopened on 5 April 2008, with a race meeting held the following day. Touring cars were a mainstay of the popularity, with the venue hosting the single race Australian Touring Car Championship titles in both 1964 and 1967. Following the change to a format, Lakeside staged rounds of the ATCC in most years from 1970 to 1998. Despite a wounded car Johnson won the race and the title in front of his home crowd, Touring cars left Lakeside after the 1998 season, increasing the circuits decline as a venue. During the seven years the circuit was closed, several organisations and activist groups made up of competitors, fans, Friends of Lakeside is a small group with the aims of preserving Lakeside as the home of historic and modern era motorsport for all. Lakeside Motor Racing Enthusiasts is composed of both car and primarily motorcycle aficionados from 17 to 70 years old and hail from all various motoring fraternities and niches conceivable. On 18 December 2007, Pine Rivers Shire Council and Queensland Raceway signed off on a 30-year-long term lease to operate the facility, Racing was limited by noise and time constraints as a means of ensuring neighbourhood management. Lakeside was closed during the summer of 2008/2009 while QR staff, during the refurbishment a tunnel was also added underneath the circuit just before the foot bridge. The circuit is now 12m wide on the exit of Shell Corner, the Bus Stop was not resurfaced, and neither was a short stretch between Hungry and Eastern Loop. The majority of the bumps were removed during the resurfacing, further upgrades following these works in 2011 involved removing the Armco barriers on the inside of the track on the exit of Karousel. A sand trap was added and the area increased and concrete barriers installed. The track reopened after the refurbishment in early 2009 and has remained open since, Lakeside hosted the Australian Grand Prix in 1966 and again in 1969. These two races formed part of the Tasman Series. Lakeside hosted the first Lakeside 300 on August 7,2016, a field of 16 cars took the grid with 14 finishing. Along with the AGP in 1966 and 1969, Lakeside hosted a round of the Tasman Series in 1964 and 1967, both races were won by World Formula One Champion drivers, Australias own Jack Brabham in 1964 and Scotlands Jim Clark in 1967. Lakeside hosted 17 rounds of the Australian Drivers Championship for the CAMS Gold Star between 1963 and 1994, * Lakeside hosted two rounds of the 1993 Australian Drivers Championship
New Zealander
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Briggs S. Cunningham
Jochen Neerpasch
SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Peter Schetty
Equipe Matra-Simca