1.
Arles
–
Arles is a city and commune in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the former province of Provence. A large part of the Camargue is located on the territory of the commune, the city has a long history, and was of considerable importance in the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis. The Roman and Romanesque Monuments of Arles were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1981, the Dutch post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh lived in Arles from 1888 to 1889 and produced over 300 paintings and drawings during his time there. An international photography festival has held in the city since 1970. The river Rhône forks into two branches just upstream of Arles, forming the Camargue delta and its area is 758.93 km2, which is more than seven times the area of Paris. Arles has a Mediterranean climate with an annual temperature of 14.6 °C. The summers are warm and moderately dry, with averages between 22 °C and 24 °C, and mild winters with a mean temperature of about 7 °C. The city is constantly, but especially in the months, subject to the influence of the mistral. Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed from September to May, with the summer drought being less marked than in other Mediterranean areas, the Ligurians were in this area from about 800 BC. Later, Celtic influences have been discovered, the city became an important Phoenician trading port, before being taken by the Romans. The Romans took the town in 123 BC and expanded it into an important city, however, it struggled to escape the shadow of Massalia further along the coast. Its chance came when it sided with Julius Caesar against Pompey, Massalia backed Pompey, when Caesar emerged victorious, Massalia was stripped of its possessions, which were transferred to Arelate as a reward. The town was established as a colony for veterans of the Roman legion Legio VI Ferrata. Its full title as a colony was Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum, Arelate was a city of considerable importance in the province of Gallia Narbonensis. It covered an area of some 99 acres and possessed a number of monuments, including an amphitheatre, triumphal arch, Roman circus, theatre, ancient Arles was closer to the sea than it is now and served as a major port. It also had the southernmost bridge on the Rhône, very unusually, the Roman bridge was not fixed but consisted of a pontoon-style bridge of boats, with towers and drawbridges at each end. The boats were secured in place by anchors and were tethered to twin towers built just upstream of the bridge and this unusual design was a way of coping with the rivers frequent violent floods, which would have made short work of a conventional bridge. Nothing remains of the Roman bridge, which has replaced by a more modern bridge near the same spot
Arles
–
Left bank of the Rhône in Arles
Arles
–
Arles Amphitheatre, a Roman arena.
Arles
–
Passageway in Roman arena
Arles
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Church of St. Trophime and its cloister.
2.
Montpellier
–
Montpellier is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Hérault department, Montpellier is the 8th largest city of France, and is also the fastest growing city in the country over the past 25 years. Nearly one third of the population are students from three universities and from three higher education institutions that are outside the university framework in the city. Located on the south coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, it is the third-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille and Nice. Montpellier is one of the few cities in France without any Roman heritage. In the Early Middle Ages, the episcopal town of Maguelone was the major settlement in the area. Montpellier, first mentioned in a document of 985, was founded under a feudal dynasty, the Guilhem. The two surviving towers of the city walls, the Tour des Pins and the Tour de la Babotte, were built later, william VIII of Montpellier gave freedom for all to teach medicine in Montpellier in 1180. This era marked the point of Montpelliers prominence. The city became a possession of the Kings of Aragon in 1204 by the marriage of Peter II of Aragon with Marie of Montpellier, who was given the city and its dependencies as part of her dowry. Montpellier gained a charter in 1204 when Peter and Marie confirmed the traditional freedoms. Under the Kings of Aragon, Montpellier became an important city, a major economic centre. It was the second or third most important city of France at that time, with its importance steadily increasing, the city finally gained a bishop, who moved from Maguelone in 1536, and the huge monastery chapel became a cathedral. In 1432, Jacques Cœur established himself in the city and it became an important economic centre, at the time of the Reformation in the 16th century, many of the inhabitants of Montpellier became Protestants and the city became a stronghold of Protestant resistance to the Catholic French crown. In 1622, King Louis XIII besieged the city surrendered after a two months siege, afterwards building the Citadel of Montpellier to secure it. Louis XIV made Montpellier capital of Bas Languedoc, and the town started to embellish itself, by building the Promenade du Peyrou, the Esplanade, after the French Revolution, the city became the capital of the much smaller Hérault. During the 19th century the city developed into an industrial centre, in the 1960s, its population grew dramatically after French settlers in Algeria were resettled in the city following Algerias independence from France. In the 1980s and 1990s, the city drew attention with a number of redevelopment projects, such as the Corum
Montpellier
–
Top to bottom, left to right: L'aqueduc Saint-Clément, la Place de l'Europe, la
Place de la Comédie, l'hôtel de région, la promenade du Peyrou, le
Corum, l'arc de Triomphe, la
cathédrale Saint Pierre.
Montpellier
–
Rue Foch with its typical 19th-century architecture.
Montpellier
–
Montpellier seen from Spot satellite
Montpellier
–
Celleneuve
3.
University of Montpellier
–
The University of Montpellier is a French public research university in Montpellier in south-east of France. Established in 1289 the University of Montpellier is one of the oldest of the world, the university is considerably older than its formal founding date, associated with a papal bill issued by Pope Nicholas IV in 1289, combining all the centuries-old schools into a university. The school of law was founded by Placentinus, from the school of law at Bologna, the faculty of law has had a long career. The faculty of law was reorganized in 1998 and it is the worlds oldest medical school still in operation. The school was famous for arguing in the century that the Black Death was caused by a miasma entering the opening of the bodys pores. Doctors educated at Montpellier advocated against bathing because they claimed bathing opened the bodys pores, in 1529, after some years as an apothecary, Nostradamus entered the University of Montpellier to study for a doctorate in medicine. He was expelled shortly afterwards when it was discovered that he had been an apothecary, the expulsion document still exists in the faculty library. Rabelais took his degree at Montpellier, and his portrait hangs among the gallery of professors. The Jardin des plantes de Montpellier, founded in 1593, is the oldest botanical garden in France and it was in this school that the biological theory of vitalism, elaborated by Barthez, had its origin. The French Revolution did not interrupt the existence of the faculty of medicine, the Benedictine monastery that had been converted into the bishops palace, was given to house the medical school in 1795. A gallery devoted to the portraits of professors since 1239 contains one of Rabelais, the school of theology had its origins in lectures in the convents, St. Anthony of Padua, Raymundus Lullus, and the Dominican Bernard de la Treille all lectured. Two letters of King John II prove that a faculty of theology existed at Montpellier independently of the convents, by a Bull of 17 December 1421, Pope Martin V granted canonical institution to this faculty and united it closely with the faculty of law. Like all other universities of France, that of Montpellier was suppressed at the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1793. The faculties of science and of letters were re-established in 1810, the university of Montpellier was officially re-organised in 1969, on the aftermath of May 1968 and the students revolt all over the country. It was split into its successor institutions the University of Montpellier 1, University of Montpellier 2, on 1 January 2015, the University of Montpellier 1 and the University of Montpellier 2 merged to form the newly recreated University of Montpellier. Meanwhile, the Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3, now only Paul Valéry, law University of Montpellier undergraduate law program is ranked 6th of France by Eduniversal, with 3 stars
University of Montpellier
–
The Quia Sapientia bull in 1289 Pope
Nicolas IV
University of Montpellier
–
Seal of the University of Montpellier
University of Montpellier
–
University of Montpellier, Faculty of Medicine, the world oldest medical school still in operation.
4.
University of Paris
–
The University of Paris, metonymically known as the Sorbonne, was a university in Paris, France. Emerging around 1150 as an associated with the cathedral school of Notre Dame de Paris. Vast numbers of popes, royalties, scientists and intellectuals were educated at the University of Paris, following the turbulence of the French Revolution, education was suspended in 1793 whereafter its faculties were partly reorganised by Napoleon as the University of France. In 1896, it was renamed again to the University of Paris, in 1970, following the May 1968 events, the university was divided into 13 autonomous universities. Others, like Panthéon-Sorbonne University, chose to be multidisciplinary, in 1150, the future University of Paris was a student-teacher corporation operating as an annex of the Notre-Dame cathedral school. The university had four faculties, Arts, Medicine, Law, the Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest, as students had to graduate there in order to be admitted to one of the higher faculties. The students were divided into four nationes according to language or regional origin, France, Normandy, Picardy, the last came to be known as the Alemannian nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply, the faculty and nation system of the University of Paris became the model for all later medieval universities. Under the governance of the Church, students wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure, students followed the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the kings laws or courts. This presented problems for the city of Paris, as students ran wild, students were often very young, entering the school at age 13 or 14 and staying for 6 to 12 years. Three schools were especially famous in Paris, the palatine or palace school, the school of Notre-Dame, the decline of royalty brought about the decline of the first. The other two were ancient but did not have much visibility in the early centuries, the glory of the palatine school doubtless eclipsed theirs, until it completely gave way to them. These two centres were much frequented and many of their masters were esteemed for their learning, the first renowned professor at the school of Ste-Geneviève was Hubold, who lived in the tenth century. Not content with the courses at Liège, he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of Ste-Geneviève, and attracted many pupils via his teaching. Distinguished professors from the school of Notre-Dame in the century include Lambert, disciple of Fulbert of Chartres, Drogo of Paris, Manegold of Germany. Three other men who added prestige to the schools of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève were William of Champeaux, Abélard, humanistic instruction comprised grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. To the higher instruction belonged dogmatic and moral theology, whose source was the Scriptures and it was completed by the study of Canon law. The School of Saint-Victor arose to rival those of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève and it was founded by William of Champeaux when he withdrew to the Abbey of Saint-Victor
University of Paris
University of Paris
–
University of Paris
University of Paris
University of Paris
–
The Sorbonne covered by snow.
5.
Haute couture
–
Haute couture is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. A haute couture garment is made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearers measurements. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are described as having no price tag. The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worths work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, in modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan. In either case, the term can refer to the houses or fashion designers that create exclusive. In France, the haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et dindustrie de Paris based in Paris. The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as the commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses. Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth, an affiliated school was organized in 1930 called LEcole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The school helps bring new designers to help the couture houses that are present today. Since 1975, this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise, de couture, more rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945. g. With that of prêt-à-porter in the public perception, almost every haute couture house also markets prêt-à-porter collections, which typically deliver a higher return on investment than their custom clothing. Falling revenues have forced a few houses to abandon their less profitable haute couture division. These houses are no longer considered haute couture houses by the original, legal usage of the term. Many top designer fashion houses such as Chanel use the word for some of their special collections, as well, the term haute couture has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities, such as production of fine art, music, etc. Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century, rose Bertin, the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette, can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture. Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was copied by local dressmakers. Stylish women also ordered fashion d dressed in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models, as railroads and steamships made European travel easier, it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories
Haute couture
–
Pierre Balmain adjusting a dress on model
Ruth Ford in 1947 (photographed by
Carl Van Vechten)
Haute couture
–
Haute couture on the
runway, by
Christian Lacroix
Haute couture
–
Chanel Haute Couture Fall-Winter 2011-2012 Fashion Show by
Karl Lagerfeld
6.
Ready-to-wear
–
Off-the-peg is sometimes used for items other than clothing such as handbags. Ready-to-wear has rather different connotations in the spheres of fashion and classic clothing, in the fashion industry, designers produce ready-to-wear clothing, intended to be worn without significant alteration because clothing made to standard sizes fits most people. They use standard patterns, factory equipment, and faster construction techniques to keep costs low, some fashion houses and fashion designers produce mass-produced and industrially manufactured ready-to-wear lines but others offer garments that are not unique but are produced in limited numbers. The Bread & Butter in Berlin is considered to be the worlds most important trade fair for ready-to-wear fashion, due to technological advances, military uniforms were the first ready-to-wear garments to be mass-produced during the War of 1812. Before, women would alter their previously styled clothing in order to stay up to date with fashion trends, the widespread adoption of ready-to wear clothing reflected a variety of factors including economic disparities, a desire for an independent fashion industry, and an increase in media attention. Another significant factor created by the industry was the US development of a style independent from Europe. Ready-to-wear also sparked new interests in health, beauty, and diet as manufactured clothing set specific, women of larger sizes had difficulties finding apparel in department stores, as most manufacturers maintained and sold the limited sizes across the nation. Overall ready-to-wear fashion exposed women to the newest styles and fashion trends, the ready-to-wear fashion revolution led to an expansion of the US fashion industry that made fashionable apparel accessible, cost effective, and commensurable. The construction of clothing is also held to a different standard than that of haute couture due to its industrial nature. High-end ready-to-wear lines are based upon a famous gown or other pattern that is then duplicated and advertised to raise the visibility of the designer. In high-end fashion, ready-to-wear collections are presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. Smaller lines including the Cruise and Pre-Fall collections, which add to the value of a brand, are presented separately at the fashion designers discretion. Ready-to-wear fashion weeks occur separately and earlier than those of haute couture
Ready-to-wear
–
Ready to wear clothing display
7.
Aix-en-Provence
–
Aix-en-Provence, or simply Aix, is a city-commune in the south of France, about 30 km north of Marseille. It is in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, the population of Aix numbers approximately 143,000. Its inhabitants are called Aixois or, less commonly, Aquisextains, Aix was founded in 123 BC by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus, who gave his name to its springs, following the destruction of the nearby Gallic oppidum at Entremont. In the 4th century AD it became the metropolis of Narbonensis Secunda and it was occupied by the Visigoths in 477. In the succeeding century, the town was plundered by the Franks and Lombards. Aix passed to the crown of France with the rest of Provence in 1487, and in 1501 Louis XII established there the parliament of Provence, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the town was the seat of the Intendance of Provence. Current archeological excavations in the Ville des Tours, a suburb of Aix, have unearthed the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. The city slopes gently north to south and the Montagne Sainte-Victoire can easily be seen to the east. Aixs position in the south of France gives it a warm climate and it has an average January temperature of 5 °C and a July average of 23 °C. It has an average of 300 days of sunshine and only 91 days of rain, while it is partially protected from the Mistral, Aix still occasionally experiences the cooler and gusty conditions it brings. Unlike most of France which has a climate, Aix-en-Provence has a Mediterranean climate. The Cours Mirabeau is a thoroughfare, planted with double rows of plane-trees, bordered by fine houses. It follows the line of the old city wall and divides the town into two sections. The new town extends to the south and west, the old town, with its narrow, along this avenue, which is lined on one side with banks and on the other with cafés, is the Deux Garçons, the most famous brasserie in Aix. Built in 1792, it has been frequented by the likes of Paul Cézanne, Émile Zola, the Cathedral of the Holy Saviour is situated to the north in the medieval part of Aix. The archbishops palace and a Romanesque cloister adjoin the cathedral on its south side, the Archbishopric of Aix is now shared with Arles. Among its other public institutions, Aix also has the second most important Appeal Court outside of Paris, the Hôtel de Ville, a building in the classical style of the middle of the 17th century, looks onto a picturesque square. It contains some fine woodwork and tapestries, at its side rises a handsome clock-tower erected in 1510
Aix-en-Provence
–
The Round Fountain, or Three Graces, built in 1860
Aix-en-Provence
–
Rue Espariat in Aix-en-Provence.
Aix-en-Provence
–
Les Deux Garçons
Aix-en-Provence
–
Place de l'Hotel de Ville
8.
Toulouse
–
Toulouse is the capital city of the southwestern French department of Haute-Garonne, as well as of the Occitanie region. The city lies on the banks of the River Garonne,150 kilometres from the Mediterranean Sea,230 km from the Atlantic Ocean and it is the fourth-largest city in France with 466,297 inhabitants in January 2014. The Toulouse Metro area is, with 1312304 inhabitants as of 2014, Frances 4th metropolitan area after Paris, Lyon and Marseille and ahead of Lille and Bordeaux. Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, the Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, the Airbus Group, ATR and the Aerospace Valley. The city also hosts the European headquarters of Intel and CNESs Toulouse Space Centre, thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, Airbus Groups satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. The University of Toulouse is one of the oldest in Europe and, with more than 103,000 students, is the fourth-largest university campus in France, after the Universities of Paris, Lyon and Lille. The air route between Toulouse Blagnac and Paris Orly is the busiest in Europe, transporting 2.4 million passengers in 2014, according to the rankings of LExpress and Challenges, Toulouse is the most dynamic French city. It is now the capital of the Occitanie region, the largest region in metropolitan France, sernin, the largest remaining Romanesque building in Europe, designated in 1998 because of its significance to the Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage route. Toulouse is in the south of France, north of the department of Haute-Garonne, the city is traversed by the Canal de Brienne, the Canal du Midi and the rivers Garonne, Touch and Hers-Mort. Toulouse has a subtropical climate which can be qualified as submediterranean due to its proximity to the Mediterranean climate zone. The Garonne Valley was a point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic since at least the Iron Age. The historical name of the city, Tolosa, it is of unknown meaning or origin, possibly from Aquitanian, or from Iberian, Tolosa enters the historical period in the 2nd century BC, when it became a Roman military outpost. After the conquest of Gaul, it was developed as a Roman city of Gallia Narbonensis. In the 5th century, Tolosa fell to the Visigothic kingdom and became one of its cities, in the early 6th century even serving as its capital. From this time, Toulouse was the capital of Aquitaine within the Frankish realm, in 721, Duke Odo of Aquitaine defeated an invading Umayyad Muslim army at the Battle of Toulouse. Odos victory was an obstacle to Muslim expansion into Christian Europe. Charles Martel, a later, won the Battle of Tours. The Frankish conquest of Septimania followed in the 750s, and a quasi-independent County of Toulouse emerged within the Carolingian sub-kingdom of Aquitaine by the late 8th century
Toulouse
–
Montage of Toulouse Top: Pont Saint Pierre and
Garonne River Middle:
Place du Capitole,
Pont Neuf Bottom:
Capitole de Toulouse, Ariane 5 at
Cité de l'espace,
Médiathèque José Cabanis
Toulouse
–
Vomitorium at the Roman amphitheatre in Toulouse
Toulouse
–
Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse was a leader of the
First Crusade
Toulouse
–
The
Capitole de Toulouse is an example of the 18th-century architectural projects in the city.
9.
Geneva
–
Geneva is the second most populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic, the municipality has a population of 198,072, and the canton has 484,736 residents. In 2014, the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France, within Swiss territory, the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.25 million. This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains, Geneva is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world. It is also the place where the Geneva Conventions were signed, Geneva was ranked as the worlds ninth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index, ahead of Frankfurt, and third in Europe behind London and Zürich. A2009 survey by Mercer found that Geneva has the third-highest quality of life of any city in the world, the city has been referred to as the worlds most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital. In 2009 and 2011, Geneva was ranked as, respectively, the city was mentioned in Latin texts, by Caesar, with the spelling Genava, probably from a Celtic toponym *genawa- from the stem *genu-, in the sense of a bending river or estuary. The medieval county of Geneva in Middle Latin was known as pagus major Genevensis or Comitatus Genevensis, the name takes various forms in modern languages, Geneva /dʒᵻˈniːvə/ in English, French, Genève, German, Genf, Italian, Ginevra, and Romansh, Genevra. The city in origin shares its name, *genawa estuary, with the Italian port city of Genoa, Geneva was an Allobrogian border town, fortified against the Helvetii tribe, when the Romans took it in 121 BC. It became Christian under the Late Roman Empire, and acquired its first bishop in the 5th century, having been connected to the bishopric of Vienne in the 4th. In the Middle Ages, Geneva was ruled by a count under the Holy Roman Empire until the late 14th century, around this time the House of Savoy came to dominate the city. In the 15th century, a republican government emerged with the creation of the Grand Council. In 1541, with Protestantism in the ascendancy, John Calvin, by the 18th century, however, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city as its own. France also tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk, in 1798, revolutionary France under the Directory annexed Geneva. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, on 1 June 1814, in 1907, the separation of Church and State was adopted. Geneva flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, becoming the seat of international organizations. Geneva is located at 46°12 North, 6°09 East, at the end of Lake Geneva. It is surrounded by two chains, the Alps and the Jura
Geneva
–
Top left:
Palace of Nations, Middle left:
ATLAS experiment at
CERN, Right:
Jet d'Eau, Bottom: View over Geneva and the
lake.
Geneva
–
L'Escalade, the failed surprise-attack (12 December 1602) made by troops sent by
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, to take Geneva
Geneva
–
Geneva seen from SPOT Satellite
Geneva
–
The Geneva area seen from the Salève in France. The Jura mountains can be seen on the horizon.
10.
Mediterranean
–
The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning inland or in the middle of land and it covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2, but its connection to the Atlantic is only 14 km wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar. In oceanography, it is called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has a depth of 1,500 m. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia and it is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, the seas average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km. The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, has an area of approximately 2,510,000 square km. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade, the history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri, the term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning amid the earth or between land, as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios, is similarly from μέσο, between + γη, land, earth) and it can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia, meaning between rivers. The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names, for example, the Carthaginians called it the Syrian Sea and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum, and occasionally Mare Internum. Another name was the Sea of the Philistines, from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites, the sea is also called the Great Sea in the General Prologue by Geoffrey Chaucer. In Ottoman Turkish, it has also been called Bahr-i Sefid, in Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, the Middle Sea, reflecting the Seas name in ancient Greek, Latin, and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East. Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ, in Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, the White Sea since among Turks the white colour represents the west. Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food for numerous communities throughout the ages, due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum
Mediterranean
–
Circa the 6th century BCE: In ancient times the Mediterranean provided sources of food and local commerce and direct routes for trade and communications, colonisation, and war. Numerous cities and colonies were situated at its shores or within the basin: Greek (red) and Phoenician (yellow)
colonies in antiquity; and other cities (grey), including the provincial
"Rom".
Mediterranean
–
Map of the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean
–
With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands, Greece has the longest Mediterranean coastline.
Mediterranean
–
The
Battle of Lepanto, 1571, ended in victory for the European
Holy League against the Ottoman Turks.
11.
LVMH
–
LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE, better known as LVMH, is a French multinational luxury goods conglomerate, native of France and headquartered in Paris. It controls around 60 subsidiaries that each manage a number of prestigious brands. The subsidiaries are often managed independently, the oldest of the LVMH brands is wine producer Château dYquem, which dates its origins back to 1593. Christian Dior, the luxury group, is the main holding company of LVMH, owning 40. 9% of its shares. Bernard Arnault, majority shareholder of Dior, is Chairman of both companies and CEO of LVMH, arnaults successful integration of various famous aspirational brands into the group has inspired other luxury companies into doing the same. Thus, the French conglomerate Kering and the Swiss-based Richemont have also created extended portfolios of luxury brands, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. During the first half of 2015, LVMH recorded strong results in Europe, the revenue of the groupe increased of 19 per cent. LVMH is based in 20 avenue Foch in the 8th arrondissement, Paris, the company is listed on the Euronext Paris exchange, and is a constituent of the CAC40 index. As of 2010, the group had revenues of €20.3 billion with a net income of just over €3 billion, by the 29 February 2016 the company had a share value of 78,126 million euros, distributed in 506,980,299 shares. In 2013, with revenue of $21,7 billion, LVMH is ranked first luxury goods company in Deloittes Global Powers of Luxury Goods” report, the group currently employs more than 83,000 people. Thirty percent of LVMHs staff work in France, LVMH operates over 2,400 stores worldwide. Its current business plan aims to control the brands it manages in order to maintain. For example, Louis Vuitton products are only through Louis Vuitton boutiques found in upmarket locations in wealthy cities or in concessions in other luxury goods shops. At the end of 2010, the only declared major shareholder in LVMH was Groupe Arnault, the groups control amounted to 47. 64% of LVMHs stock and 63. 66% of its voting rights. A further 2. 43% of shares were declared as treasury stock, LVMH holds 66% of the drinks division, Moët Hennessy, with the remaining 34% held by Diageo. A partial list including some of LVMHs best-known brands and subsidiaries, on 7 March 2011, LVMH announced the acquisition of the 50. 4% family-owned shares of the Italian jeweller Bulgari and the intention to make a tender offer for the rest, which was publicly owned. The transaction was about $5.2 billion, in 2011, LVMH invested $640 million in establishing LCapitalAsia. In 2011, LVMH invested $640 million in establishing LCapitalAsia, LVMH sales decreased by about 10 percent from in 2011 in China, and LVMH stopped opening stores in second and third-tier cities in mainland China
LVMH
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LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE
12.
Fashion house
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Fashion House is an American nighttime Soap opera that aired at 9, 00PM Eastern/8, 00PM Central Monday through Saturday on MyNetworkTV stations. The series premiered on September 5,2006 and concluded on December 5,2006 and it was produced by Twentieth Television with directors David Hogan, Alex Hennech, Jim Slocum and Jeremy Stanford. Fashion House focused on greed, lust and ambition surrounding a takeover of the businesss hottest company. It starred Bo Derek as the head of the business. The show was more for the leads hair-pulling, name-calling. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has not announced plans to release this series on DVD and/or Blu-ray, MyNetworkTV episode aired it Monday through Friday for 13 weeks, with a recap show on Saturdays airing at 9 p. m. Eastern. It was based on the Cuban telenovela Salir de Noche, produced by Miami firm XYSTUS. MyNetworkTV originally planned to use the umbrella title Secrets, later changed to Secret Obsessions, for its telenovelas in the 9,00 p. m. ET timeslot, while the show is set in Los Angeles, it was filmed at Stu Segall Productions in San Diego. Logo design was done by design director Chris Hoffman and its debut week saw modest viewership, an average 1.3 household rating and 2 share, slightly higher than its lead in, Desire, according to Nielsen. The second week dipped to 1.1 million viewers, during the next few weeks, ratings stabilized at a 0.6 rating. National advertising spots sold for between $20,000 and $35,000 for a 30-second spot as of September 2006, the theme song played during the opening credits was Chesterwhites Good At Being Bad. A later MyNetworkTV telenovela, American Heiress, made a reference to this show. In episode 17, which aired on June 6, Jordan Wakefield says that since Maria Gianni died you cant find a decent dress in a store, in Ghana, the show aires on Saturdays and Sundays at 4,00 pm. In Kenya, KTN airs the show Sundays at 10,30, in Togo, the show aired on Saturdays at 10,00 am. In Hong Kong, China, Star World airs the show from Feb 6,2007 weeknights at 10pm, plus weekdays, in India, Star World aired it at 11 pm and at 4,30 pm next afternoon. In Israel, HOT3 finished airing on 11/10/07, Star World also aired the series. In Malaysia, Star World airs it at 10 p. m. from Monday to Friday, the series airs at 5,00 p. m. UTC, Saturday through Wednesday, in the Middle East on MBC4. Star World aired the show on weeknights at 11,15 pm and recapped it at 2,45 am, in Pakistan, Star World airs the show on weeknights at 11, 00pm with recap on Sundays at 11pm
Fashion house
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Logo
13.
Duty-free
–
Which products can be sold duty-free vary by jurisdiction, as well as how they can be sold, and the process of calculating the duty or refunding the duty component. However, some countries impose duty on goods brought into the country, though they had been bought duty-free in another country, or when the value or quantity of such goods exceed an allowed limit. Duty-free shops are found in the international zone of international airports, sea ports. They are not as available for road or train travelers. These outlets were abolished for intra-EU travellers in 1999, but are retained for travelers whose final destination is outside the EU and they also sell to intra-EU travelers but with appropriate taxes. Some special member state territories such as Åland, Livigno and the Canary Islands, are within the EU but outside the EU tax union, and thus still continue duty-free sales for all travelers. 31 percent of sales came from the fragrances and cosmetics category, followed by the wine and spirit category with 17 percent and then comes tobacco products. The worlds largest airport by duty free sales is South Koreas Incheon Airport, with US$1.85 billion in 2016, the worlds first duty-free shop was established at Shannon Airport in Ireland by Brendan ORegan in 1947 and is still open to this day. Duty-free shopping was in its infancy when two American entrepreneurs, Charles Feeney and Robert Warren Miller, created what is now Duty Free Shoppers on 7 November 1960, DFS started operations in Hong Kong and spread to Europe and other places around the globe. Securing the exclusive concession for duty-free sales in Hawaii in the created a business breakthrough for DFS. DFS continued to innovate, expanding into off-airport duty-free stores and large downtown Galleria stores, in 1996, LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton acquired the interests of Feeney and two other shareholders and today jointly owns DFS with Miller. In this same period, several locales grew as duty-free shopping destinations and they are exemplified by Saint Martin and the U. S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean, Hong Kong and Singapore. Still others claim prices competitive to duty-free, generally, goods are free of duty and tax levied on imports for sale anywhere in the shopping destination. Merchants may pay inventory/business or other taxes, but their customers usually pay none directly, the mere absence of duty or other taxes on goods being sold does not assure that they are bargains. Costs of identical goods from different duty-free sources can vary widely and they often depend on the presence or absence of nearby competition, e. g. airport stores, especially if all at any airport are owned by a single firm such as Dufry. Also, prices can often be driven upward by the costs of buyer convenience, many airlines, such as Emirates, El Al, Singapore Airlines, Middle East Airlines, Ukraine International Airlines, Delta, and Avianca, offer duty-free sales on their flights. Some duty-free shops operate in central business districts away from airports or other ports, in Japan, for example, any visitor whose passport indicates that they have been in the country for less than six months can buy duty-free items. Duty-free shops are also a mainstay in the Akihabara electronic shopping district of Tokyo, in Thailand, the King Power chain has shops where duty-free items are pre-purchased and delivered separately to the airport to be picked up on departure
Duty-free
–
Dubai Duty Free is the world's largest airport duty free by sales volume.
Duty-free
–
A typical duty-free store, at
Zürich Airport
Duty-free
–
Duty-free stores at
Ben Gurion Airport in
Tel Aviv,
Israel
Duty-free
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Duty-free stores at
Oslo Airport in
Oslo,
Norway
14.
Avon Products
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Avon Products, Inc, known as Avon, is an American international manufacturer and direct selling company in beauty, household, and personal care categories. Avon had annual sales of $10.0 billion worldwide in 2013 and it is the fifth-largest beauty company and, with 6.4 million representatives, is the second largest direct selling enterprise in the world. Avon Products is a marketing company. The companys CEO is Sherilyn S. McCoy, who was appointed to the position in April 2012, the former CEO, Andrea Jung, became the executive chairman of the board. Recently, Avon has struggled with the global sales falling for five straight years, in 2016, Avon completed the sale of the remainder of its American business. All of its operations are now outside the United States, as part of a three-year plan, Avon will also move its headquarters to the United Kingdom. David H. McConnell was first a struggling door-to-door salesman who used to sell books to New York homes. In September 1886, he decided to sell rather than books and he then started the business in a small office at 126 Chambers Street, in lower Manhattan. In 1894, Alexander D. Henderson, Vice-President and Treasurer, joined the company and helped to shape its policies, on June 16,1909, McConnell and Henderson signed an agreement of Corporation for the California Perfume Company in the state of New Jersey. On January 28,1916, the California Perfume Company was incorporated in the state of New York, McConnell, Henderson, and William Scheele were listed as company officials. The California Perfume Company, Inc. of New York filed their first trademark application for Avon on June 3,1932 with the USPTO. Part of the description for goods and services provided to the USPTO included perfumes, toilet waters, powder and rouge compacts, lipsticks, First use and commercial use for Avon by the California Perfume Company was on September 1,1929. Registration was granted on August 30,1932, the trademark is owned by Avon Products, Inc. of New York. The status of the original stylized word mark for Avon is expired, Avon sells products in over 100 countries. Brazil is the companys largest market, passing the United States in 2010, Avon entered the Chinese market in 1990. Direct selling was outlawed in China in 1998, which forced Avon to sell only through physical stores called Beauty Boutiques, the ban was lifted in 2001, and the company received a license for direct selling in 2006. 88% of Avons 2013 revenue came from overseas markets, Avon purchased Silpada, a direct seller of silver jewelry, in 2010 for $650 million. In May 2012, perfume company Coty, Inc. offered $24.75 a share for Avon, in March,2016, Cerberus Capital Management paid $435 million in cash for preferred stock in Avon Products
Avon Products
–
The drawing stylized word AVON mark is an expired trademark at the
USPTO, and owned by Avon Products, Inc.
Avon Products
–
An Avon training center in
the Bronx
Avon Products
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The Avon Walk for Breast Cancer
15.
Christina Aguilera
–
Christina María Aguilera is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. Born in Staten Island, New York and raised in Rochester and Wexford, Pennsylvania, she appeared on the television series Star Search, after recording Reflection, the theme for Disneys 1998 film Mulan, Aguilera signed with RCA Records. She rose to prominence with her 1999 self-titled debut album spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, Genie in a Bottle, What a Girl Wants. The following year, Aguilera released two albums, the Spanish-language album Mi Reflejo and the holiday album My Kind of Christmas. She assumed creative control for her studio album, Stripped, which produced Dirrty, Beautiful. Aguileras fifth studio album, Back to Basics, debuted at one on the album charts of ten countries and spawned the tracks Aint No Other Man. In 2010, Aguilera released her studio album Bionic and starred in the film Burlesque. The following year, she debuted as a coach on the reality television series The Voice. Her seventh studio album, Lotus, was released in 2012, Aguilera has also been featured on several successful collaborations during her career, including Lady Marmalade, Moves like Jagger, and Say Something. Aguilera has been recognized as a pop icon and earned the title Pop Princess in her early years and her work has earned her five Grammy Awards, one Latin Grammy Award, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She has sold over 17.9 million albums in the United States as of 2014 and 50 million albums worldwide as of 2015. In 2009, she ranked at number 58 on Rolling Stones list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, thereby becoming the youngest and the only artist under 30 to be named. Billboard recognized her as the 20th most successful artist of the 2000s, aside from her work in the entertainment industry, Aguilera is involved in charitable activities through human rights, world issues, and her work as a UN ambassador for the World Food Programme. Christina María Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York, on December 18,1980, to Shelly Loraine, a musician, and Fausto Xavier Aguilera and her father is Ecuadorian, while her mother has German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry. Her family moved frequently because of her fathers service, and lived in places including New Jersey, Texas, New York. Aguilera and her mother alleged that her father was physically and emotionally abusive, claims which he denied, Aguilera used music as a form of escape from her turbulent household. Following her parents divorce when she was six years old, Aguilera, her younger sister Rachel, after several years of being estranged, Aguilera expressed interest in reconciling with her father in 2012. Growing up, Aguilera, known locally as the girl with the big voice, aspired to be a singer, singing in local talent shows
Christina Aguilera
–
Aguilera at the Sanremo Music Festival
Christina Aguilera
–
Aguilera performing "The Voice Within", the fifth single from Stripped, during The Stripped Tour (2003)
Christina Aguilera
–
Aguilera singing "What A Girl Wants" during the "Back to Basics World Tour"
Christina Aguilera
–
Aguilera (at premiere of "To John With Love", September 2010).
16.
Edina Monsoon
–
Edina Monsoon is the main character in the BBC programme Absolutely Fabulous, played by Jennifer Saunders, who is also the creator of the show. The character is known for her extravagance and various attempts to follow new crazes, Edina was born Edwina Margaret Rose Monsoon on 6 August 1951 in London, her parents only child. She later changed her name to Edina and is always called Eddy, only her mother. It is never established whether Monsoon is her maiden or married name and her mother is only ever referred to as Mrs M and her second husband Justins last name is never revealed. As his daughter also goes by the surname Monsoon, its possible its Edinas married name, in the episode Gay she has completely forgotten that her first husbands surname was Turtle. According to Patsy, Edinas teenage nickname was The Shredder due to her addiction to eating huge amounts of tissues, Edina is the owner of a successful metropolitan PR company. It seems that this stems partly from her being at the places at the right times. In several episodes, including Fashion and The Last Shout, Edina demonstrates the creativity, organisational ability, in the first episode, Fashion she prides herself as going down in history as the woman that put Princess Anne in a Vivienne Westwood basque. However more often not, in numerous episodes her ventures fail rather than triumph. In the episode Small Opening, Edina asked her assistant Bubble, How would I normally ensure a flop. and Bubble replied, Promote it. She also runs her own shop which sells ethnic ornaments, but the shop is largely unsuccessful, a self-loathing yet self-obsessed neurotic, Edinas self-image is based on 1960s counterculture and the world of fashion and celebrity. She is fixated on self-indulgence and her ideas of self-actualisation, Edina subscribes to every trend that arises, including New Age spirituality—she calls herself a Buddhist—and feng shui. She aspires to move in the highest circles of creativity, fashion and she is a die-hard fan of Christian Lacroix and is quick to point out Its Lacroix, sweetie, Lacroix. Others often draw attention to Edinas weight, aware of her obsession with it only adds to her neurosis. In later years, this was switched to model Twiggy and Spice Girl Emma Bunton, Edina is desperate to give off the aura of success, wealth and fabulousness. Her outrageous but always expensive wardrobe is one of her ways of doing this and she is extremely status conscious, loudly clarifying that her house is in Holland Park whenever someone identifies the neighbourhood as Shepherds Bush. In an early episode, Edina says that she has always voted Labour and she collects hefty alimony payments from her two ex-husbands, Justin and Marshall, until they are cut off in the episode Poor. Saffys father Justin is homosexual and for a time has a boyfriend named Oliver, Marshall Turtle, Edinas first husband, is the father of her homosexual and almost perpetually off-screen son Serge
Edina Monsoon
–
Edina Monsoon
17.
Absolutely Fabulous
–
Absolutely Fabulous, also known as Ab Fab, is a BBC television sitcom created by, written by and starring Jennifer Saunders. It is based on a 1990 French & Saunders sketch created by Saunders, the series features Saunders as Edina Monsoon, a heavy-drinking, drug-abusing PR agent who spends her time chasing bizarre fads in a desperate attempt to stay young and hip. The series also stars June Whitfield as Edinas sarcastic and thieving mother, Absolutely Fabulous returned for three special episodes which were originally broadcast on 25 December 2011,1 January 2012 and 23 July 2012 to mark the shows 20th anniversary. The episode broadcast on 23 July 2012 featured the 2012 Summer Olympics which were being held in London that week, a film based on the series was released to theatres on 1 July 2016. On 28 November 2016, Jennifer Saunders announced that the series is finished, the show has had an extended and sporadic run. The first three series were broadcast on the BBC from 1992 to 1995, followed by a series finale in the form of a television film entitled The Last Shout in 1996. Creator Jennifer Saunders revived the show for a series in 2001, after having written and submitted a pilot entitled Mirrorball. The pilot was intended to be turned into a series of episodes, however, Saunders felt the characters were far too rich and interesting to put aside, and were far better suited for her new story ideas. Instead of Mirrorball, a new series of Absolutely Fabulous was proposed to the BBC, which later commissioned the fourth series in 2001. From 2001 to 2004, two series were produced, along with three one-off hour-long specials, Gay in 2002, Cold Turkey, a Christmas special in 2003, and White Box. A Comic Relief sketch was broadcast in 2005, in August 2011, Lumley confirmed the planned filming of three new episodes. In 2011, plans for a 20th anniversary revival were welcomed in The Guardian, the first new special was broadcast on 25 December with the second episode being shown on 1 January 2012. The third, and final special coincided with the 2012 Summer Olympics, a film version of the series was released in summer 2016. In the United States, the first of the three new 20th anniversary specials aired in January 2012 for broadcast by both BBC America and Logo Channel, both channels also co-produced the 20th Anniversary episodes, although Logo removed some scenes for its airings. BBC America broadcast it in full, both channels aired the episode in a 40-minute block to allow for commercial interruptions. Absolutely Fabulous is ranked as the 17th greatest British TV show of all time by the British Film Institute, a scene from the show was included in the 100 Greatest TV Moments programme broadcast by Channel 4. In 1997, the episode, Fashion, was ranked number 47 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list. In 2004 and 2007, the series was ranked number 24, Absolutely Fabulous evolved from a French & Saunders sketch called Modern Mother and Daughter, which starred Saunders as the mother and French as the daughter, already named Saffron
Absolutely Fabulous
–
Title card (2011–2012)
Absolutely Fabulous
–
From left to right,
Jane Horrocks,
Julia Sawalha,
Jennifer Saunders,
June Whitfield and
Joanna Lumley
Absolutely Fabulous
–
North American box set release Absolutely Everything includes all episodes of the comedy series, with the exception of the 2011–2012 specials.
Absolutely Fabulous
–
Series 1 DVD cover
18.
Desigual
–
Founded in 1984 by Swiss businessman Thomas Meyer on the island of Ibiza, Desigual was managed by Manel Adell from 2002 until December 2013. Manel Jadraque then became the new CEO, Desigual sells mens, womens, childrens clothing, accessories and womens shoes. It achieved a 60% annual growth from 2002 to 2009, in 2011 it employed 2,900 people of 72 nationalities. Desigual claims to have a philosophy based on positivity, tolerance, commitment, each season the Desigual design team, comprising 25 designers, prepares a collection of over 1,000 items, including clothes and accessories, built around a unified concept. Some of the used by the company are Real Life, Magic Stories, Luxury Feelings, Me&You, Better&Better, Wow, Life is Cool, All Together. In 2011 the company started collaborating with the French designer Christian Lacroix, the clothing will be made available at Desigual stores as well as Cirque du Soleil show boutiques. In January 2011 Desigual launched a campaign in Spain and Portugal by promising shoppers Come in undressed, at the Madrid store some 200 people queued outside ready to strip down to their underwear to take advantage of the shops winter sale offer. The same campaign was repeated in June 2011 in London, Berlin, Stockholm, Madrid, Prague and New York City
Desigual
–
Desigual
Desigual
–
Desigual at
The Brandery fashion show 2010
Desigual
–
A Desigual store
19.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
20.
Victoria and Albert Museum
–
The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, is the worlds largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and these include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001, the V&A covers 12.5 acres and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum owns the worlds largest collection of sculpture, with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea, the East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection is amongst the largest in the Western world. Overall, it is one of the largest museums in the world, New 17th- and 18th-century European galleries were opened on 9 December 2015. These restored the original Aston Webb interiors and host the European collections 1600–1815, at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection, by February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the Board of Trade as too expensive. The site was occupied by Brompton Park House, this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857, the official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting, in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of High Art at the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis, the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection, passionately promoted the idea of art education through the museum collections. From the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. In 1893 the Science Museum had effectively come into existence when a director was appointed. The laying of the stone of the Aston Webb building on 17 May 1899 was the last official public appearance by Queen Victoria. It was during this ceremony that the change of name from the South Kensington Museum to the Victoria, the exhibition which the museum organised to celebrate the centennial of the 1899 renaming, A Grand Design, first toured in North America from 1997, returning to London in 1999
Victoria and Albert Museum
–
Entrance to the Victoria and Albert Museum
Victoria and Albert Museum
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In 2000,
an 11 metre high, blown glass chandelier by
Dale Chihuly was installed as a focal point in the rotunda at the V&A's main entrance.
Victoria and Albert Museum
–
Henry Cole, the museum's first director
Victoria and Albert Museum
–
Frieze detail from internal courtyard showing Queen Victoria in front of the 1851 Great Exhibition.
21.
Designer labels
–
The term is most often applied to luxury goods. But almost every designer brand has merchandise that middle-class wouldnt normally be able to afford such as skins, furs and hides, limited edition pieces. Many department stores themselves may be considered designer labels, such as Neiman Marcus, Harrods, David Jones, designer labels are not only restricted to the fashion design industry. Many car and motorcycle companies such as Rolls Royce, Harley Davidson and these vehicles are also in high demand all over the world, and waiting lists may be applied to some models such as the Rolls Royce Phantom and the Bugatti Veyron. Many people consider designer labels to be a status symbol, the relationship between consumer products and social status is highly debated
Designer labels
–
The
Tommy Hilfiger brand is an example of a designer label.
Designer labels
–
Armani is another example of luxury designer clothing label.
22.
Akris
–
Akris is a Swiss fashion house specializing in luxury goods for women designed by Creative Director Albert Kriemler. Akris was founded in 1922 by Alice Kriemler-Schoch in St. Gallen, Switzerland, the company initially made simple, dotted aprons that were crafted by Kriemler-Schoch on a single sewing machine. The company grew significantly and began producing ready-to-wear clothing, following the lead of Max Kriemler, Akris also produced clothes for French designers Givenchy and Ted Lapidus. However, in 1980, Max Kriemlers right-hand man died, Albert would never complete his fashion education, within those two years, he had already begun to take over the company. Peter Kriemler, Alberts brother, joined Akris in 1987 after studies at St. Gallen University on law, Peter is now Akriss global CEO, handling management and manufacturing. Peter Kriemler is credited with bringing the Akris collection to Asia with subsidiaries in Japan and Korea, as well as developing the worldwide network of directly operated stores. Since 2004, the Akris collection is shown during Paris fashion week - the only Swiss house in the Fédération française de la couture,1922 Akris founded by Alice Kriemler-Schoch. 1944 Max Kriemler joins the company, Akris is transforned into a ready-to-wear brand. 1980 Albert Kriemler joins the company at the age of 19,1985 Development of the current Akris company logo. 1987 Peter Kriemler joins the company, official takeover of management by both brothers in the third generation. While Albert is wholly responsible for creation and the impact of the company, Peter controls management and production. 1988 Sales debut of Akris at Bergdorf Goodman in New York,1995 First global advertising campaign with US photographer Steven Klein, New York, and model Stella Tennant. 1996 Launch of the Designer Sportswear Collection Akris punto,1996 Opening of the first Akris boutique in Paris and Boston. Mid-1990s Expansion to the department stores in the U. S. A. with partners Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue,1996 Akris becomes a member of the Fédération Française de la Couture, du Prêt-à-Porter des Couturiers et des Créateurs de Mode. It is one of the few couturiers in this organization, such as Dries van Noten. 1999 Opening of the first Akris Boutique in Seoul, Korea,2000 Opening of Namiki Dori, Ginza, the first Akris Boutique in Tokyo, Japan. 2001 Opening of the boutique in Paris on Avenue Montaigne,2002 Founding of the subsidiary Akris Japan Ltd. with headquarters in Tokyo. 2003 Opening of a boutique on Kohlmarkt in Vienna, Austria,2004 First official press defile in Paris
Akris
–
Akris
23.
Armani
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The brand utilizes the association of the Armani name with high-fashion, benefiting from its prestige in the fashion industry. By the end of 2005, estimated sales of the company were around $1.69 billion, Armani is the fastest growing fashion brand. The company already operates a range of cafés worldwide, in addition to a bar, Giorgio Armani is a high-end label specializing in mens and womens ready-to-wear, accessories, glasses, cosmetics, and perfumes. It is available only in Giorgio Armani boutiques, specialty clothiers, the logo is a curved G completing a curved A, forming a circle. According to WSJ and other reporters, in addition to couture line Armani Privé, Giorgio Armani. In addition, selling at lower prices are Armani Collezioni, Armani Exchange, Emporio Armani is the second brand of Armani family, features ready-to-wear and runway collections. Emporio Armani focuses on trends and modern traits, Emporio Armani usually only sold in freestanding Emporio Armani boutiques and its official website. Dj Ruru starred in four Emporio Armani underwear campaigns from Spring/Summer 2008 to Fall/Winter 2009-2010, beckham appeared with his wife, former Spice Girl and fashion designer Victoria, in the campaigns twice in 2009. All campaigns were photographed by Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott, in January 2010, football star Cristiano Ronaldo and Hollywood movie star Megan Fox became the male and female face and body of Emporio Armani. In 2011 Megan Fox was replaced with Rihanna and Ronaldo was replaced by tennis athlete Rafael Nadal, Emporio Armani has teamed up with Reebok to create fashion shoes under the label EA7. Armani Collezioni is the line of Giorgio Armani that retails at a lower price and is less exclusive than Giorgio Armani, Emporio Armani. The logo is usually displayed black written on a white label, Armani being larger and Collezioni underneath it. It provides made-to-measure tailored suits and shirts where every element can be chosen, last year, a sporty line of this label has appeared named Armani Collezioni Active in the same way as the EA7 line from Emporio Armani line. Armani Jeans is a collection of denim-related clothing, created in 1981. Armani Jeans is mainly sold in department stores, although there are many freestanding Armani Jeans stores in the world, some Armani Jeans items are sold in Emporio Armani Stores. This line does not feature Giorgio Armanis signature simplicity, the colors used are more diverse than those found in his higher end lines. Brazilian Midfielder Kaka was signed to endorse the jeans, A|X Armani Exchange was launched in 1991 in the U. S. It retails fashion and lifestyle products and is known for its occasionally provocative ad campaigns, inspired by street-chic culture and dance music, it is targeted as the more accessible Armani brand
Armani
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A Giorgio Armani boutique in
Chicago
Armani
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Emporio Armani/Chater House in
Hongkong
Armani
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Armani Collezioni at Indooroopilly Shopping Centre
Armani
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Armani Exchange store at
Marina Bay Sands,
Singapore
24.
Max Azria
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Max Azria is a Tunisian fashion designer who founded the contemporary womens clothing brand BCBGMAXAZRIA. Azria is also the designer, chairman and CEO of the BCBG Max Azria Group and he is based in Los Angeles. Max Azria was born in Sfax, Tunisia as the youngest of six children to a Tunisian Jewish family, as a child, Max was educated in southeastern France before his family relocated to Paris, France in 1963. His brother is Serge Azria, founder of the clothing lines Joie, Current/Elliott. After 11 years of designing a line of apparel in Paris, Azria moved to Los Angeles, California in 1981 and launched Jess. In 1989, Azria launched BCBG Max Azria, named for the French phrase bon chic, bon genre, Azria was credited for offering designer fashion at affordable price points and, as a result, was inducted into the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 1998. The BCBG Max Azria Runway collection was first presented at New York Fashion Week in 1996, Azria also maintains two eponymous designer collections, Max Azria Atelier and Max Azria. Launched in February 2004, Max Azria Atelier is a collection of couture gowns created for celebrity clients, sharon Stone, Halle Berry, Fergie and Alicia Keys have worn the label on the red carpet. In February 2006, Azria debuted Max Azria, a collection with a directional aesthetic. During the 2009 awards season, Angelina Jolie wore Max Azria to the 2009 Screen Actors Guild Awards, the company bought out the bankrupt G+G Retail, which operated the G+G and Rave brands, in 2006. Azria acquired the Hervé Léger fashion house in 1998, marking the first time in history that an American designer had acquired a French couturier, in early 2007, Azria relaunched the Hervé Léger label with his own designs, which were quickly embraced by celebrities and trendsetters worldwide. Azria launched a contemporary collection called BCBGeneration in 2008. In June 2009, Azria teamed up with Miley Cyrus to create a line for Walmart called Miley Cyrus & Max Azria, Azria also designed clothing for Cyrus 2009 American tour. BCBG Max Azria Group is a fashion house with a portfolio including more than 20 brands. Max Azria is the CEO, chairman and head designer alongside his wife, Lubov Azria, as of 2006, there are over 550 BCBG Max Azria boutiques worldwide, including locations in London, Paris, Tokyo, Santiago and Hong Kong. BCBG Max Azria Group campaigns regularly feature notable models, including Eva Herzigova, Karen Elson, the company frequently works with internationally renowned photographers such as Patrick Demarchelier, Paolo Roversi and David Sims. BCBG Max Azria Group clothing are featured in major fashion publications such as Vogue, InStyle and Vanity Fair. Azria also received the Wells Fargo Century Fashion Achievement Award at the 2007 L. A, Fashion Awards and the 2008 Fashion Excellence Award at the 33rd Annual Dallas Fashion Awards
Max Azria
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Max Azria at the Spring 2009
Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week
Max Azria
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Max Azria's Collection.
25.
Badgley Mischka
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Badgley Mischka /ˌbædʒli ˈmɪʃkə/ is an American fashion label designed by Mark Badgley and James Mischka. James Mischka began at Rice University as an engineering major and ultimately graduated with degrees in art history. Badgley and Mischka met at Parsons School of Design in Manhattan, the two launched the label Badgley Mischka in 1988, though their bridal business launched in 1993. In September 2006, Badgley Mischka announced that Sharon Stone would replace Mary-Kate, list of fashion designers Media related to Badgley Mischka at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Badgley Mischka
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A Badgley Mischka fur coat on display in the window of
Bergdorf Goodman 's
Fifth Avenue store.
Badgley Mischka
Badgley Mischka
26.
Victoria Beckham
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Victoria Caroline Beckham, OBE is an English businesswoman, fashion designer, model, and singer. In the late 1990s, Beckham rose to fame with the pop group Spice Girls. After the Spice Girls split, she was signed to Virgin Records and her first release, Out of Your Mind, reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart. She has since made a appearance in an episode of Ugly Betty, and been a guest judge on Project Runway, Germanys Next Topmodel. In the past decade, Beckham has become an internationally recognised style icon and fashion designer, following high-profile collaborations with other brands, she launched an eponymous label in 2008, and a lower-priced label in 2011. The Victoria Beckham label was named designer brand of the year in the UK in 2011 and she is married to David Beckham, and they have four children. As of September 2015, the couples joint wealth is estimated at £508 million, Beckham was born at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom, and raised in Goffs Oak, Hertfordshire. She is the eldest of three children of Jacqueline Doreen, an insurance clerk and hairdresser, and Anthony William Adams. They founded a wholesale business which allowed a comfortable upbringing for Victoria, her sister, Louise. In 1980, she watched the musical film Fame and subsequently made the decision to pursue a musical career, Jacqueline and Anthony Adams enrolled her at Jason Theatre School. In 1991, Beckham entered Laine Theatre Arts in Epsom, Surrey and studied dance, Beckham attended St. Marys High School in Cheshunt, where she was embarrassed by her familys wealth and often begged her father not to drop her off outside the school in their Rolls Royce. Eventually, she became a member of a band called Persuasion, Beckham made a guest appearance on the catwalk for Maria Grachvogel on 17 February 2000, marking her debut as a model at London Fashion Week. Beckham also acted as a British ambassador for Dolce and Gabbana and was briefly the face of Rocawear in 2003. Beckham designed a fashion line for Rock & Republic called VB Rocks in 2004, consisting mainly of jeans for the high end of the market. On 16 January 2006, Beckham walked the runway for Roberto Cavalli at Milan Fashion Week, for the March 2006 issue of Harpers Bazaar, Beckham acted as fashion editor when she styled her close friend, Katie Holmes, for a fashion shoot. She has admitted to a love of sunglasses, saying Im quite obsessed with sunglasses. I collect vintage Guccis and Carreras – they can make virtually any outfit look cool, after Beckhams departure from Rock & Republic, in September 2006, she furthered her fashion ventures by launching her own denim label, dvb Style. Beckham then launched a new website, dvbstyle. com to promote her fashion work
Victoria Beckham
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Beckham at the LG Mobile Phone Touch event in 2010.
Victoria Beckham
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Beckham performing with the Spice Girls in Las Vegas in December 2007
Victoria Beckham
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Beckham in Düsseldorf promoting her new jeans in October 2008
Victoria Beckham
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Beckham with her husband David in Silverstone Circuit during the
British Grand Prix in July 2007
27.
Laura Biagiotti
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Laura Biagiotti is an Italian high fashion designer. She studied literature in Rome, expecting to become an archeologist and her mother, Delia Biagiotti had designed the uniforms for Alitalia staff in 1964. The House of Biagiotti is now listed among the largest fashion houses in Italy and she also received the Leonardo Prize in Italy. The Italian post office issued a 41 Euro cent stamp with her name in 2002 and she received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2011. Since 1980 Biagiotti has lived and worked in the Roman countryside, in the restored 11th century Marco Simone Castle together with her husband Gianni Cigna, Biagiotti is the daughter of Delia Soldaini Biagiotti, the founder of a fashion atelier. Laura’s daughter Lavinia Biagiotti Cigna entered the business in 1997. In 1992, Laura Biagiotti received the Woman of the Year award in New York, in 1993, she received the Marco Polo award in Beijing for having brought Italian industry to China. Laura Biagiotti was the President of the Leonardo Committee, composed of prominent Italians in the fields of industry, art and culture, from 2000 to 2008, and became its Honorary President in 2009. In 2001 she was the first designer to receive the Prix Femmes dEurope for her contribution in promoting participation in the development of a unified Europe. In 2002 received several the Marisa Bellisario Award and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the National Council of Italian Fashion and that year the Italian Postal Service issued a 41 Euro cent stamp honoring the designer and portraying a long dress inspired by classic Roman style. Biagiotti compiled a chapter on Italian fashion for the Treccani Encyclopedia in the Book of the Year 2004, in July 2004 Rome Mayor Walter Veltroni presented Biagiotti with the Lupa Capitolina award. In September 2007 Laura Biagiotti received the Crystal Lion Lifetime Achievement – Venice Casino Award at the conclusion of the 64th Venice International Film Festival, in January 2011 Laura Biagiotti was presented the Leonardo Award by the President of the Italian Republic, Giorgio Napolitano. Official website Laura Biagiotti at the Fashion Model Directory
Laura Biagiotti
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Roma (perfume) (it), the first perfume created by Laura Bagiotti
28.
Ozwald Boateng
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Ozwald Boateng OBE is an English fashion designer of Ghanaian descent, known for his trademark twist on classic British tailoring and bespoke style. Boateng, whose parents emigrated from Ghana in the 1950s, was born in 1967 in Muswell Hill, Boateng was inspired by the immaculate suits his father wore, and received his first suit from his mother aged eight, a double-breasted in purple mohair. At fourteen, he found a job sewing linings into suits. While studying computer science at Southgate College at age 16, he was introduced to cutting and designing by his girlfriend, using his mothers old sewing machine, he started designing and selling to his fellow students, and switched to graduate in fashion and design. Boateng helped a friend to make clothes for a fashion show, some of his first pieces were also sold in Academy, Newburgh Street, in about 1987. This enabled him to open his first studio in Portobello Road in 1991, in 1994, Boateng staged his first catwalk presentation during Paris Fashion Week, the first tailor to stage a catwalk show in Paris. Mentored by Tommy Nutter, the success of the Paris show in 1994 enabled Boateng to open his boutique on Vigo Street, Boatengs contemporary approach to menswear design helped to forge a new appreciation for Savile Row, and draw in a younger demographic. Boatengs moved fully into Savile Row in June 2002, in 2005, Boateng was honoured with a major 20-year retrospective event at the Victoria and Albert Museum. The exhibition recognised that he had by combining the highest standards of execution with a fresh, vibrant design philosophy, in 2008, Boatengs new flagship store and headquarters are launched at No.30 Savile Row, on the corner of Savile Row and Clifford Street. The signage and interiors were co-designed with British-Ghanaian Architect David Adjaye, in 2003, Boateng launched an original concept in fragrances for women. Bespoke comprises two different vials of fragrance within an elongated, jewel-like bottle, in 2007, Boateng merged the corporate headquarters of his company with his redesigned flagship store on Savile Row. Today, in addition to a service, Boateng also produces two ready-to-wear collections a year, produced at the former Chester Barrie factory in Crewe, Cheshire. LVMH President Bernard Arnault appointed Boateng Creative Director of Menswear at French Fashion house Givenchy and his first collection was shown in July 2004 in Paris, at Hotel de Ville. Boateng parted with Givenchy after the Spring 2007 collection, in 2004, Coutts approached Boateng to design a new Super-Premium credit card. The Coutts World Credit Card appears in Boatengs trademark imperial purple, designed to communicate a new modernity, in 2004, Boateng designed new amenity kits for Virgin Atlantics Upper Class. Critically claimed to be the most stylish first class kits available to travellers on any airline, Boateng was commissioned by John Agyekum Kufuor, President of the Republic of Ghana, to design and orchestrate a show at the 9th Annual African Union summit in 2007. Held in Accra, it coincided with 200 years since the cessation of the slave trade. Director Varon Bonicos filmed Boateng between 1998 and 2010 for fly-on-the-wall feature documentary, A Mans Story, released in March 2012, the series was produced by Robert Redford and Ben Silverman
Ozwald Boateng
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Ozwald Boateng
Ozwald Boateng
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Portrait photograph of Ozwald Boateng by
Miles Warren
Ozwald Boateng
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Ozwald Boateng at the
Financial Times 125th Anniversary in 2013
Ozwald Boateng
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Ozwald Boateng photographed in 2013 by
Financial Times
29.
Roberto Cavalli
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Roberto Cavalli is an Italian fashion designer and inventor. He is known for prints and for creating the sand-blasted look for jeans. He is also the founder of the high-end Italian fashion house Roberto Cavalli which sells clothing, perfume. Roberto Cavalli was born in Florence, Tuscany and his grandfather, Giuseppe Rossi, was an artist and a member of the Macchiaioli Movement, whose work is exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery. Cavalli enrolled at the local Art Institute, concentrating in textile print, while still a student, he made a series of flower prints on knit that caught the attention of major Italian hosiery factories. In the early 1970s, he invented and patented a printing procedure on leather and he debuted these techniques in Paris, immediately getting commissions from the likes of Hermès and Pierre Cardin. At age 32, he presented his first namesake collection at the Salon for Prêt-à-Porter in Paris. He brought it to the catwalks of the Sala Bianca of Palazzo Pitti in Florence, and later on those of Milano Collezioni, jeans made of printed denim, intarsia leathers, brocade and he then opened his first boutique in 1972 in Saint-Tropez. In 1980, Roberto Cavalli married Eva Düringer, in Milan in 1994, Cavalli presented the first sand-blasted jeans. By December of the year, he had opened boutiques in Saint Barth, in the French Caribbean, followed by others in Venice. There is also the Angels & Devils Children Collection, the Class line, in 2002, Cavalli opened his first café-store in Florence, revamping it with his signature animal prints. This was shortly followed by the opening in Milan of the Just Cavalli café at Torre Branca, Roberto Cavalli was a judge at the Miss Universe 1977 pageant where his future wife was a contestant, who represented Austria and won second place. The woman that won was the first Black Miss Universe, in July 2011, his company collection was presented at the catwalk of The Brandery fashion show in Barcelona. Cavalli has five children, Tommaso and Christiana from his first marriage, and Robert, Rachele, on June 18,2013, he was awarded an Honorary Master Diploma in Fashion Management from Domus Academy in Milan, during a ceremony after which he held a lectio magistralis. Many leading models have worked for the brand, Jessica Stam, Eva Riccobono, Laetitia Casta, Natasha Poly, Mariacarla Boscono, Karen Elson, Karolina Kurkova and Ivan Olita amongst others. In May 2014, Cavalli approached Investcorp, an investment firm in the Persian Gulf, Cavalli was sharply criticized in 2004 by the Hindu community for marketing a line of feminine underwear which featured the images of Hindu goddesses. The line was withdrawn and formal apologies were made. The Maktab Tarighat Oveyssi Shahmaghsoudi school of Islamic Sufism accused Cavalli of copying their sacred emblem for branding the Just Cavalli line, the Sufi school brought forth a proceeding in Europe to the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market
Roberto Cavalli
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Photo: Ed Kavishe, Fashion Wire Press
30.
Jimmy Choo Ltd
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Jimmy Choo is a British high fashion house specialising in shoes, handbags, accessories and fragrances. The company, J. Choo Limited, was founded in 1996 by couture shoe designer Jimmy Choo, the brand claims to have been a favourite of Princess Diana. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, the brand traces its roots to a bespoke shoemaker named Jimmy Choo, based in the East End of London in the early 1990s, who catered to the global jet set, including Diana, Princess of Wales. Mr Choo departed the company in 2001, Choo sold his 50% share in the Jimmy Choo company to Equinox Luxury Holdings Ltd. in 2001. Lion Capital acquired a majority shareholding in November 2004, and the company was sold in 2007 to TowerBrook Capital Partners for £225 million, in 2011 it was sold to Labelux for £525.5 million. J. Choo Limited is currently run by ex-LVMH executive Pierre Denis, Jimmy Choo’s IPO was announced in September 2014. In October 2014, Jimmy Choo announced it would price its London Stock Exchange listing at 140 pence a share, the first Jimmy Choo store was opened in 1996 on Motcomb Street in London. Two years later, the company expanded to the US, opening two stores in New York City and Beverly Hills, over the following years, Jimmy Choo expanded its store portfolio by opening directly operated stores and with local partners. Over 2011 and 2012, Jimmy Choo took control of the majority of its Asian operations in China, Hong Kong, J. Choo Ltd. has over 400 design patents to its name. The company has several prominent cases for copyright and trademark infringement, as well as being the target of knock-off counterfeit imports in the UK. The company has sued Oasis, Warehouse and Marks & Spencer for copying shoes, in December 2008 the company threatened to sue a New Zealand website, Kookychoo. com, for trademark infringement. Kookychoo is a company sells products unrelated to shoes, items such as toys, jewellery. Kookychoos owner stated, Its terrifying to be honest because Im feeling really bullied, there was never any malice intended, we just wanted to start a small New Zealand business so its quite frightening. Jimmy Choo suede and leather platforms worn by Carrie Bradshaw in US TV show Sex And The City Season 3 and she lost a shoe running to catch the Staten Island Ferry and said I lost my Choo. Jimmy Choo footwear is worn by a villain, and cited as a clue to the nature of her character, in The Salt-Stained Book, a childrens novel by Julia Jones
Jimmy Choo Ltd
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Jimmy Choo
Jimmy Choo Ltd
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A pair of green Jimmy Choo shoes
Jimmy Choo Ltd
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Shoes
31.
Kenneth Cole Productions
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Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. is an American fashion house founded in 1982 by Kenneth Cole. Cole originally named the company Kenneth Cole Incorporated in September 1982, with Kenneth Cole Productions painted on the side of the truck, they opened for business on December 2,1982, in front of 1370 Avenue of the Americas. They had a fully furnished forty-foot trailer, klieg lights, a director, a camera, models as actresses. A velvet rope allowed a number of people into the trailers. The company remains Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. to this day to honor this unusual beginning, in 1985, Kenneth Cole opened his first store on Columbus Avenue in Manhattan, followed shortly thereafter by another store on Union Street in San Francisco. In 2013, Elana Drell Szyfer was named vice president of global brand strategy for Kenneth Cole Productions and, before this. Two full-priced stores would open in New York and Virginia. Kenneth Cole currently operates 6 separate clothing and accessories lines with different price points and 1 shoes-only line, Kenneth Cole New York The original and second most expensive line consists of fashion and accessories for men and women, watches and fragrances. Gentle Souls Comfort shoes for women only, Kenneth Cole Reaction Introduced in 1996 as a more casual, less expensive component to Kenneth Cole New York. The secondary line for more affordable products consists of fashion and accessories for men and women, Kenneth Cole Unlisted The tertiary and cheapest line consists of handbags and clothing for men and women. Tribeca Le Tigre The following Kenneth Cole mens and womens lines are manufactured, marketed and distributed by Haggar Canada Co. a subsidiary of Haggar Clothing Co. Campaigns often incorporate topical issues, such as addressing Imelda Marcosa shoe fetish in 1986 with the line, “Imelda Marcos bought 2,700 pairs of shoes. She couldve at least had the courtesy to buy a pair of ours. ”In 1994, the company ran its first partisan political ad for the New York state gubernatorial race featuring George Pataki and Mario Cuomo, Coles father-in-law. The ad was an image of a boot with the words, “Next time you hear George Pataki speak, might we suggest the appropriate footwear. ”George Pataki did end up becoming governor. Not all of their ads are as overtly political, but most have a humorous tint to them, often incorporating word plays or puns. Some of his lines include, “What you stand for is more important than what you stand in, ” “Are you putting us on. ”And “Today is not a dress rehearsal. ”Popular topics in his advertising include HIV/AIDS, homelessness, gun control, abortion. The current advertising campaign uses the tagline “We need more than a surface mentality, the writing is on the wall. ”Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. is active in charities and often uses advertising, publicity and other corporate initiatives to support charitable causes. Cole’s advocacy for AIDS awareness and research has made the house a legend in philanthropic circles
Kenneth Cole Productions
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Headquarters
32.
S. T. Dupont
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Dupont Paris is a brand name and manufacturer of lighters, collectible pens, handbags, perfumes, cigarettes, and recently other gadgets using the trademark diamond-head pattern. The company has been producing luxury items since its founding in 1872, the founder of the brand, Simon Tissot-Dupont, was born in Savoy in 1847, the company owes its initials to him. Simon Tissot Dupont founded a company which was destroyed in a fire in 1872. The same year he bought a workshop which made leather briefcases for diplomats, in 1884, Dupont became the supplier to one of the world’s largest shops – Les Grands Magasins du Louvre – while maintaining his private clientele. Dupont handed over his company to his sons in 1919, Lucien and Andre and they focused on high quality travel cases and accessories. Craftsmen were employed and patents were taken out to protect industrial secrets,250 workers and 17 separate traders were involved in the manufacture, including goldsmiths, woodworkers, engravers, leather craftsmen, lacquer workers, and locksmiths. Dupont transferred its workshops from rue Dieu in Paris back to the hometown of Faverges in Savoy in 1924. In 1929 Lucien Tissot Dupont was invited to New York by Louis Cartier to present his travel cases in their 5th Avenue shop, on the ship going to New York he learned about the Wall Street crash. In response, on his subsequent return to Paris he decided to even further upmarket. In 1971, Gillette purchased 48% of the stock of S. T, Dupont, and in 1987 the company was sold to Dickson Concepts. Dupont has gone on to produce lighters, pens, wallets, watches, cigarette, the companys first serially produced lighter was created in 1941, and was made of aluminium, as brass was used as a strategic metal restricted for war purposes only. From 1958 to 1963, all lighters were constructed of 18k solid gold with 3% brass, ST Dupont Official English language website Gizmodo, S. T. Dupont Creates Palladium Flash Drive for the Well-Heeled
S. T. Dupont
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S.T.Dupont logo
33.
Dean and Dan Caten
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Dean and Dan Caten are Canadian fashion designers, radio personalities, and businessmen. They are identical twin brothers and the founders and owners of Dsquared², Dean and Dan Catenacci were born in 1964 in Toronto, Ontario and grew up in Willowdale. Their father is from a town near Sora, Lazio. In 1983, they moved to New York to study fashion at Parsons School of Design, finding a financial backer in 1986, they launched their first signature womenswear collection, DEanDAN. By 1988 they had signed on to label Ports International as creative directors to bring the more fashion forward. At the same time, the Catens designed for their lower-end, leisure brand, Tabi International. In 1991, the moved to Milan, Italy where they worked as designers for the house of Gianni Versace, and denim brand Diesel. They debuted their mens collection in 1994, and in 2003, they launched a womens collection, the brothers are known for designing clothes and staging elaborate fashion shows. They design mens and womens apparel, footwear, fragrances, a runway show in 2005 ended with Christina Aguilera stripping male models of their clothes. In September 2007, the Dsquared² fashion show in Milan featured Rihanna entering the stage in an American muscle car, Bill Kaulitz opened and closed the Dsquared² Autumn/Winter 2010 menswear show in Milan. Their designs have been worn by Britney Spears, Madonna, Tokio Hotels lead singer Bill Kaulitz, Justin Timberlake, Kendrick Lamar, Ricky Martin, Nicolas Cage, and Lenny Kravitz. In 2000–01, Madonna commissioned the brothers to design over 150 pieces for her Drowned World Tour 2001, dSquared2s design was also featured in Britney Spears 2009 world tour The Circus Starring Britney Spears and Tokio Hotels Welcome to Humanoid City tour. They have been featured on Americas Next Top Model and they appeared in the video for Fergies Clumsy. In 2006, the brothers were selected to design the new uniforms for football team Juventus. In March 2008, the Catens signed an agreement to design sunglasses with Marcolin, in 2013, the Dsquared² brand had a brand turnover of about €200 million. The brands slogan is Born in Canada, living in London, the twins themselves have worked on side projects, they have appeared on Americas Next Top Model and co-hosted their own show Launch My Line. Celebrities associated with the brand include singer Fergie, Madonna, Britney Spears, in June 2007, the first Dsquared² flagship was opened in Milans fashion district. Stores also opened in St. Moritz, Athens, Mykonos, Capri, Istanbul, Kiev, Cannes, Singapore, Paris, Nicosia, in March 2015, Dsquared² opened their first flagship store in London
Dean and Dan Caten
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Dean and Dan Caten
34.
Escada
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Escada SE is an Indian-owned German luxury womens designer clothing company headquartered in Munich owned by Megha Mittal. Escada was founded in 1976 by Margaretha and Wolfgang Ley in Munich, the company soon stood out, with its distinctive creations featuring unusual combinations of colors and patterns, exclusive embroidery, and elaborately designed knitted fashions. Escada saw a rapid upswing and continually extended its collections and its creative work, in the course of its international expansion, Escada SE went public in 1986. In 2007, the artist Stefan Szczesny created a new Escada collection in Saint-Tropez, since July 2008, Bruno Sälzer was the acting CEO with responsibilities for design, marketing, and sales. In 2009, Escada sold its subsidiary Primera AG, based in Münster, Westphalia which comprised the brands apriori, cavita, and Laurèl, as well as BiBA. On August 11,2009, Escada filed insolvency at Munich Local Court, in November 2009, it was acquired by Indias London-based billionaire Lakshmi Mittal, whose daughter-in-law, Megha Mittal, is the owner and Director of the Board. She is married to Aditya Mittal, on 20 February 2014, according to Womens Wear Daily, Bruno Sälzer will step down as CEO of Escada by December 2014. Escada divides its business activities in three segments, Fashion with the brands Escada Couture and Escada Sport, accessories consisting of bags, shoes, and small leather goods. Licenses which utilizes the Escada brand for fragrances, eyewear, crown Princess Victoria of Sweden is a regular Escada customer. In 2010, she wore Escada to the party at the wedding of Prince Nikolaos of Greece. In 2011, she wore Escada to the Monaco royal wedding, sarah, Duchess of York, wore Escada to Elton Johns White Tie and Tiara Ball in 2011. According to their website, on October 18, there were 40 actions against Escada in 14 countries, on October 6,2007, Escada headquarters were vandalized by the Animal Liberation Front. Since that date the campaign against Escada continues with regular pickets in front of Escada-outlets worldwide, in October 2010, Frank Elsner, the representative for press and business communication, confirmed to the campaigners that Escada will go completely fur-free, starting January 2011. Media related to Escada at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Escada
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Escada SE
35.
Etro
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Etro is an Italian fashion house founded in 1968. The label remains a business, with the founders children in executive positions with the company. Etro produces a menswear and womenswear line, in addition to accessories, fragrances, the company is best known for its paisley patterned designs, which it began producing in 1981. Etro was founded in 1968 by Gerolamo Gimmo Etro as a design company. The main stylistic driver for Etro over its first decades was the paisley pattern, the companys headquarters is located in Milan on Via Spartaco, and was refurbished in 1977. The headquarters includes textile art archived in their in-house library, after a trip to India made by Etro executives, the furnishing textiles line made its debut in 1981. The swirling paisley design found on this trip is now synonymous with the according to Elle Magazine. The company began producing Leather goods in 1984 crafted from Paisley Jacquard fabrics, Etro then began its home collection in 1985. The Fragrances collection was launched in 1989, making its debut in the Milanese Fragrances flagship boutique, more recent additions of the line include Rajasthan and Jacquard. Etros first fashion show at Milan Fashion Week was held in 1996, the company began sales by direct-mail through inserts in the New York Times starting in 1999, and Etro began selling its clothing online in addition to in retail stores in 2013. In 2014, a monograph on the companys history entitled Etro was published by Rizzoli publishing house, Etro is identified primarily with Gimmo, the founder, however the company is managed by his four children. Kean Etro is the director of the Etro Man collections, sometimes inspired by his travels. He joined the business in 1986 as a digital intern. In 1990 he designed his first menswear collection, and in 1996 he produced a show focused on the concept of New Tradition. Veronica Etro is the director of the Etro Woman collections. She unveiled her first womenswear collection in 2000, in 2010, he was also invited to sit on the board of the Camera Nazionale Della Moda Italiana as the delegate for the Italian textile industry. Ippolito Etro joined the company in 1991, overseeing the Administration Department before his promotion to General Director and he was quoted by the New York Times stating that, My father always told us that we could do what we wanted in life. But he said, If you work here, you have to start from scratch, the most iconic Etro mens pieces are its paisley cashmere items
Etro
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Kean Etro
36.
Fendi
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Fendi is an Italian luxury fashion house whose specialities include fur, ready-to-wear, leather goods, shoes, fragrances, eyewear, timepieces and accessories. Founded in 1925 in Rome, Fendi is renowned for its fur and fur accessories, Fendi is also well known for its leather goods such as Baguette, 2jours, Peekaboo or Pequin handbags. The house of Fendi was launched in 1925 by Adele and Edoardo Fendi as a fur and leather shop in Via del Plebiscito, since 1946, the five sisters of second generation started entering the company and bought new wave of enthusiasm. Karl Lagerfeld joined Fendi in 1965 and became the Creative Director for Fur, silvia Venturini Fendi, daughter of Anna, joined in 1994 and is the Creative Director for Accessories and Mens lines. Since 2001, Fendi became a luxury fashion brand and member of LVMH group. In 2014, Fendi started making plans to use drones to show its catwalk fashions, Fendi invested more than 2 million euros to help restore the Trevi Fountain in Rome designed by Nicola Salvi in 18th century. The restoration works started June 2014, “It’s about tying us with a city that makes millions of people dream, ” Fendi CEO Pietro Beccari said. Official homepage Fendi – brand and company profile at Fashion Model Directory
Fendi
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Fendi boutique in
The Landmark,
Hong Kong
Fendi
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Fendi
37.
Fiorucci
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Fiorucci is an Italian fashion label founded by Elio Fiorucci in 1967. The first shop exposed Milan to the styles of Swinging London and American classics such as the T-shirt, by the late 1970s and early 1980s this would be reversed, and the New York store would become famous for the fashions it introduced to the United States. Known as the daytime Studio 54, it attracted trendsetters from Andy Warhol to a young Madonna, as a leader in the globalisation of fashion Fiorucci would scour the globe, introducing a newly affluent mass market to underground trends such as thongs from Brazil and Afghan coats. The label popularised camouflage prints and leopard-skin prints before creating the designer jean market with the invention of stretch jeans, Elio Fiorucci was found dead in his Milan home on July 20,2015, at the age of 80. Relatives say he was in good health before his death, Elio Fiorucci was born in Milan on 10 June 1935, son of a shoe shop owner. One day in 1962, Elio came up with the idea of making galoshes in bright primary colours whilst working at his fathers shop, when they were featured in a local weekly fashion magazine, the galoshes caused a sensation. Following a trip to London in 1965, Elio was determined to bring Carnaby Street fashions to Milan and he opened his first shop on Galleria Passerella in Milan on 31 May 1967 selling clothes by London designers such as Ossie Clark and Zandra Rhodes. In 1968 Fiorucci looked East for inspiration, buying cheap T-shirts from India, two years later the company set up its own manufacturing plant, and adopted the two angels logo created by Italo Lupi. In 1974 the company opened a new store on Via Torino in Milan, expanding beyond fashion to offer books, furniture. The new shop also had an area, vintage clothing market, and restaurant. Meanwhile the label introduced the monokini and thong from Brazil, causing controversy with the photos used to advertise them. Glass beads from New Mexico were another hit, in 1975 the company opened its first store overseas, on the Kings Road in London, and launched a childrens collection called Fioruccino. It brought Afghan coats to the market, and popularised the leopard-skin prints first created by Elsa Schiaparelli two decades before. In the early 1980s the Fiorucci art director was jewelry designer Maripol, other employees included Madonnas brother Christopher Ciccone, Terry Jones of i-D magazine fame, Oliviero Toscani, who shot many of the famous Benetton ads, and famed interior designer Jim Walrod. The opening included a performance by Klaus Nomi, the new opera singer. Meanwhile, the continued to bring new products to market, including a collection made from DuPonts new Tyvek fabric. In 1982 the company launched the first stretch jeans with Lycra, in 1987 Fiorucci produced the Junior Gaultier line designed by Jean-Paul Gaultier, and in 1989 they went back to their roots with a deal with Vivienne Westwood, queen of the London street scene. The company expanded rapidly after 1978, launching new stores across the US, Europe, Benetton sold their remaining stake to Fiorucci and Aki Nuhi in August 1987
Fiorucci
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Fiorucci Design Office S.r.l.
38.
Tom Ford
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Thomas Carlyle Tom Ford is an American fashion designer, film director, screenwriter and film producer. He gained fame as the director at Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent. In 2006, Ford launched his own Tom Ford label, Ford directed the films A Single Man and Nocturnal Animals, which were Oscar-nominated. Tom Ford was born on August 27,1961, in Austin, Texas and he spent his early life in the suburbs of Houston, Texas, and in San Marcos, outside Austin, his family moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, when he was 11. In Santa Fe, he entered St. Michaels High School and later moved to Santa Fe Preparatory School, at age 16, he enrolled at Bard College at Simons Rock, but quickly dropped out. He moved to New York City to study art history at New York University, Ford dropped out of NYU after a year, focusing on acting in television commercials. Ford began studying architecture at The New Schools art and design college. While in New York, he often visited Studio 54, where he realized he was gay, the clubs disco-era glamor would be a major influence on his later designs. Before his last year at New School, Ford spent a year and a half in Paris and he spent his final year at The New School studying fashion, but graduated with a degree in architecture. Despite his lack of experience in fashion, Ford called American designer Cathy Hardwick every day for a month in hopes of securing a job at her sportswear company, Hardwick eventually agreed to interview him. She later recalled the incident, I had every intention of giving him no hope, I asked him who his favorite European designers were. Months later I asked him why he said that, and he said, is it any wonder he got the job. Ford worked as an assistant for Hardwick for two years. In 1988, Ford moved to Perry Ellis, where he knew both Robert McDonald, the president, and Marc Jacobs, its designer, socially. He worked at the company for two years, but grew tired of working in American fashion, in a later interview with The New York Times, he commented, If I was ever going to become a good designer, I had to leave America. My own culture was inhibiting me, too much style in America is tacky. Its looked down upon to be too stylish, at the time, Italian fashion house Gucci was struggling financially and was seeking to strengthen its womens ready-to-wear presence as a part of a brand overhaul. The companys creative director, Dawn Mello said, no one would dream of wearing Gucci, in 1990, Mello hired Ford as the brands chief womens ready-to-wear designer and Ford moved to Milan
Tom Ford
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Tom Ford, September 2009
Tom Ford
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Evening dress by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche. Selected as
Dress of the Year for 2004.
Tom Ford
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Tom Ford boutique in
The Crystals (Las Vegas)
39.
Jean Paul Gaultier
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Jean-Paul Gaultier is a French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer. Gaultier was the director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010. Jean-Paul Gaultier co-presented the popular television series Eurotrash with Antoine de Caunes, Gaultier grew up in the suburb of Paris. His mother was a clerk and his father an accountant and it was his maternal grandmother, Marie Garrabe, who introduced him to the world of fashion. He never received training as a designer. Instead, he started sending sketches to famous couture stylists at an early age, Pierre Cardin was impressed by his talent and hired him as an assistant in 1970. Afterwards he worked with Jacques Esterel in 1971 and Jean Patou later that year and his first individual collection was released in 1976, and his characteristic irreverent style dating from 1981 has led to his being known as the enfant terrible of French fashion. In 1985, he introduced man-skirts and promoted their use, especially kilts, in mens wardrobe, Gaultier has also worked in close collaboration with Wolford Hosiery. This earned him criticism and enormous popularity. At the end of the 1980s, Gaultier suffered some losses, including his boyfriend and business partner Francis Menuge. In 1988 Gaultier released a single titled How To Do That on Fontana records from which came one of the first ever single title remix albums Aow Tou Dou Zat on Mercury records. The album includes mixes by Norman Cook, J. J. Jeczalik, George Shilling, Mark Saunders, Latin Rascals, David Dorrell, Tim Atkins, Carl Atkins, co-written & produced by Tony Mansfield, video directed by Jean-Baptiste Mondino. The album also featured a collaboration with accordion player Yvette Horner, starting in 1993, he co-hosted the Channel 4s program Eurotrash with Antoine de Caunes. Gaultier hosted the show until 1997, Gaultier was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010, where he succeeded Martin Margiela. He also designed furniture for the French furniture brand Roche Bobois. The exhibition in Paris, which took place from April to August 2015, was the subject of a documentary called Jean Paul Gaultier at the Grand Palais aired exclusively on Eurochannel. The Granny Gray hair color trend is attributed to Gualtier, whose Autumn/Winter 2011 show featured models in grey Beehives, in Spring 2015, his catwalk show at Paris Fashion Week featuring silver haired models again, as did the shows of other fashion designers, Chanel and Gareth Pugh. The trend soon took off among celebrities and the general public, in 2012, he was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival
Jean Paul Gaultier
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Jean Paul Gaultier
Jean Paul Gaultier
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Corset with cone bra from the exhibition at the
ArtDes, 2013
Jean Paul Gaultier
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Gaultier at the
2011 Cannes Film Festival.
Jean Paul Gaultier
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Le Male
Perfume by Jean Paul Gaultier
40.
Gucci
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Gucci is an Italian luxury brand of fashion and leather goods, part of the Gucci Group, which is owned by the French holding company Kering. Gucci was founded by Guccio Gucci in Florence in 1921, Gucci is also the biggest-selling Italian brand. Gucci operates about 278 directly operated stores worldwide as of September 2009, in the year 2013, the brand was valued at US$12.1 billion, with sales of US$4.7 billion. In the Forbes Worlds Most Valuable Brands list, Gucci is ranked the 38th most valuable brand, as of January 2015, the creative director is Alessandro Michele. With beginnings at the end of the 19th century, the Gucci company became one of the world’s most successful manufacturers of leather goods, clothing. As an immigrant hotel worker in Paris and later London, young Guccio Gucci was impressed with the luggage he saw urbane guests bring with them. Before leaving, he visited the manufacturer, H. J. Cave & Sons, upon returning to his birthplace of Florence, a city distinguished for high-quality materials and skilled artisans, he established a shop in 1920 that sold fine leather goods with classic styling. Although Gucci organized his workrooms for industrial methods of production, he maintained traditional aspects of fabrication, initially, Gucci employed skilled workers in basic Florentine leather crafts, attentive to finishing. With expansion, machine stitching was a method that supported construction. Together with three of his sons, Aldo Gucci, Vasco Gucci, and Rodolfo Gucci, Gucci expanded the company to include stores in Milan and Rome as well as additional shops in Florence. Guccis stores featured such finely crafted leather accessories as handbags, shoes, the company made handbags of cotton canvas rather than leather during World War II as a result of material shortages. The canvas, however, was distinguished by a signature double-G symbol combined with prominent red, after the war, the Gucci crest, which showed a shield and armored knight surrounded by a ribbon inscribed with the family name, became synonymous with the city of Florence. Aldo and Rodolfo Gucci further expanded the horizons in 1953 by establishing offices in New York City. Film stars and jet-set travelers to Italy during the 1950s and 1960s brought their glamour to Florence, movie stars posed in Guccis clothing, accessories, and footwear for lifestyle magazines around the world, contributing to the company’s growing reputation. Guccis distinctive lines made its products among the most frequently copied in the world in the early 2000s, pigskin, calf, and imported exotic animal skins were subjected to various methods of fabrication. Waterproof canvas and satin were used for evening bags, bamboo was first used to make handbag handles by a process of heating and molding in 1947, and purses made with a shoulder strap and snaffle-bit decoration were introduced in 1960. In 1964 Gucci’s lush butterfly pattern was custom-created for silk foulards, the original Gucci loafer was updated by a distinctive snaffle-bit ornament in 1966, while the Rolls-Royce luggage set was introduced in 1970. Watches, jewelry, ties, and eyewear were then added to the product lines
Gucci
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Gucci shop on
Strøget in Copenhagen, Denmark
Gucci
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Gucci shop on 5th Avenue in New York
Gucci
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Gucci store in Toronto
Gucci
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Gucci store at night
41.
Carolina Herrera (fashion designer)
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Her socialite grandmother introduced her to the world of fashion, taking young Carolina to shows by Balenciaga and buying her outfits at Lanvin and Dior. She has said My eye was accustomed to see pretty things, in 1957, at the age of 18, she married Guillermo Behrens Tello, a Venezuelan landowner, with whom she had two daughters, Mercedes and Ana Luisa. In 1968, in Caracas, she married Reinaldo Herrera Guevara, therefore, by marriage, Carolina held the title The Marquise consort of Torre Casa, until it was retracted in 1992, as Reinaldo had issued no son. Her husband is an editor of Vanity Fair magazine. In 2009, Herrera became a naturalized United States citizen, in 1965, Herrera began her career working as a publicist for Emilio Pucci, a Florentine Marquis himself and a close family friend. She began working at Puccis Caracas boutique, and moved to New York in 1980, frequently associating with Mick and Bianca Jagger and Andy Warhol, at Studio 54, she became well known for her dramatic style. She first appeared on the International Best Dressed List in 1972, in 1981, her friend Diana Vreeland, then Editor-in-Chief of Vogue suggested that Carolina design a clothing line. Upon this initial success, she returned to Caracas and raised capital to fund a more formal launch and her first runway show in 1980 included future supermodel Iman. Carolina Herrera presents her Ready-to-Wear Collection semiannually at Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week in New York, in the late 1980s, Spanish fragrance company Puig licensed the Carolina Herrera name to develop and market a line of perfumes. In 1995, the acquired the Carolina Herrera fashion business. As of 2011, her daughters Carolina Jr. and Patricia Lansing participated in the creative direction and design. In February 2016, it was reported by WWD that the side of the business had more than 25,000 points of sale across the globe while the CH brand included 129 freestanding stores. In 2015, the first advert for the brand was released, featuring models Elisabeth Erm, in July 2016 Herrera announced the release of her new womens fragrance to be available for purchase in September, her biggest fragrance launch in 14 years. The scent is called Good Girl and Karlie Kloss is the face of the fragrance, in 2008, she was awarded the Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, and Womenswear Designer of the Year in 2004. Herrera is a recipient of The International Center in New Yorks Award of Excellence as well as Spains Gold Medal for Merit in the Fine Arts and she was awarded the Gold Medal of the Queen Sofía Spanish Institute in 1997. She received the Fashion Group International Superstar Award, the Style Awards Designer of the Year in 2012 and she has been on the cover of Vogue seven times. Since 2004, she has been a member of the board of directors of jewelry designer Mimi So, in 2014, she earned the 2014 Couture Council Award for Artistry of Fashion. Carolina Herrera Spring 2014 Ready-to-Wear Collection Carolina Herrera runway shows and fashion collections Carolina Herrera
Carolina Herrera (fashion designer)
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Herrera, in September 2007
42.
Tommy Hilfiger Corporation
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Tommy Hilfiger, formerly known as Tommy Hilfiger Corporation and Tommy Hilfiger Inc. The company was founded in 1985, and today is sold in department stores, in 2006, private equity firm Apax Partners acquired Tommy Hilfiger for approximately 1.6 billion, and in May 2010, PVH Corp. bought the company. Daniel Grieder was appointed CEO in July 2014, while founder Tommy Hilfiger remains the principal designer, leading the design teams. Global sales in retail through the brand in 2013 were US $6.4 billion, Tommy Hilfiger’s career in fashion began in 1968, when he co-founded a clothing and record store named People’s Place in upstate New York. Using $150 hed saved from working at a station as startup money. Despite meeting with success, Peoples Place filed for bankruptcy in 1977. In 1979 Hilfiger moved to New York City to pursue a career as a fashion designer, in the early 1980s he met Mohan Murjani, an “Indian textile magnate” hoping to launch a line of men’s clothing. With Murjani’s backing in 1985 Hilfiger debuted his first signature collection, which featured modernized versions of button-down shirts, chinos, the casual youthful attitude of these first designs would remain a trait of the Tommy Hilfiger Corporations later collections. The new clothing line made its debut with a marketing campaign. The Tommy Hilfiger brand left Murjani International in 1989, with Silas Chou instead providing financial backing, the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation went public in 1992. After licensing Pepe Jeans USA in 1995, in 1996 Tommy Hilfiger Inc. began distributing womens clothing, by the end of the next year Hilfiger had opened his first store in Beverly Hills, which was followed by a store in London in 1998. The company launched its bed and bath line in 1998, throughout the 1990s the companys marketing division worked in tandem with the popular music industry, and as early as 1993 Hilfiger was an official sponsor for Pete Townshends Psychoderelict tour. In the early 1990s a baggier, less tailored menswear look came into fashion, moreover, Hilfiger courted the new hip hop market, and rappers like Puffy and Coolio walked during his runways shows. The company would later sponsor Sheryl Crow’s “If It Makes You Happy” tour in 1997, Britney Spears 1999. Baby One More Time Tour, womens intimate apparel was introduced in 2001. After sales and net income faltered in 2001, the sales in 2002 totaled $1.87 billion. Overall between 2000 and 2009, sales slipped from around $1.9 billion to $700 million, during the same time period, however, Hilfiger’s European sales steadily rose to $1.13 billion. Gehring also adapted the model to suit European retail culture, pursuing partnerships with European department stores and with smaller boutiques. Hilfiger also strove to retain the designer brand exclusivity of the Hilfiger label by signing a deal to distribute the best-selling Hilfiger lines at Macys only, Hilfiger has endorsed products such as True Star is a fragrance, which was released in 2004 with Beyoncé Knowles as poster girl
Tommy Hilfiger Corporation
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Freha beja Erichsen at Tommy Hilfiger Spring 2009
Tommy Hilfiger Corporation
Tommy Hilfiger Corporation
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Tommy Hilfiger designer glasses
Tommy Hilfiger Corporation
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Tommy Hilfiger storefront inside a mall in 2014
43.
Marc Jacobs
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Marc Jacobs is an American fashion designer. He is the designer for his own fashion label, Marc Jacobs, as well as Marc by Marc Jacobs. He was the director of the French design house Louis Vuitton from 1997 to 2014. Jacobs was on Time magazines 2010 Time 100 list of the 100 most influential people in the world, Marc Jacobs was born to a non-observant Jewish family in New York City. When he was seven, his father, an agent at the William Morris Agency and his mother, who remarried three times, was “mentally ill” and “didn’t really take care of her kids”, according to Jacobs. As a teenager, he went to live with his grandmother on the Upper West Side. He attended the High School of Art and Design and studied at the Parsons School of Design in New York, while at Parsons in 1984, Jacobs won the Perry Ellis Gold Thimble Award, Chester Weinberg Gold Thimble Award, and Design Student of the Year Award. He also won an award in 1991 from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, at age 15, Jacobs worked as a stockboy at Charivari, a now-defunct avant-garde clothing boutique in New York City. While still at Parsons, Jacobs designed and sold his first line of hand-knit sweaters and he also designed his first collection for Reuben Thomas, Inc. under the Sketchbook label. With Robert Duffy, Jacobss creative collaborator, and business partner since the mid-1980s, in 1986, backed by Onward Kashiyama USA, Inc. Jacobs designed his first collection bearing the Marc Jacobs label. In 1987, Jacobs was the youngest designer to have ever awarded the fashion industrys highest tribute. In 1988, Jacobs and Duffy joined the womens unit of Perry Ellis as creative director/vice president and president, respectively, following the death of its namesake. In addition, Jacobs oversaw the design of the various womens licensees, in 1992, the Council of Fashion Designers of America awarded Jacobs with The Womens Designer of the Year Award. In the same year, he designed a collection for Perry Ellis. In the fall of 1993, Jacobs Duffy Designs Inc. launched their own licensing and design company, Marc Jacobs International Company, in 1994, Jacobs produced his first full collection of menswear. In 1997, Jacobs was appointed Louis Vuittons creative director, where he created the companys first ready-to-wear clothing line, in 2005, Look was the Marc by Marc Jacobs ready-to-wear license holder in Japan with retail value of €50 million. In 2006, Jacobs started a new line of fragrances in affordable huge ten-ounce bottles which are distributed by Coty. First only being sold in boutiques, they have become more and more popular during the recent years
Marc Jacobs
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Marc Jacobs
Marc Jacobs
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Marc by Marc Jacobs in
Porto.
Marc Jacobs
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Marc Jacobs storefront in
New York City
44.
Donna Karan
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Donna Karan, also known under the alias DK, is an American fashion designer and the creator of the Donna Karan New York and DKNY clothing labels. Karan was born Donna Ivy Faske to mother Helen and father Gabby Faske in the Forest Hills neighborhood of the Borough of Queens, Karans mother had been a model and had also worked in designer Chester Weinbergs showroom. Her father was a tailor and haberdasher who died when Donna was three years old, Karan and her older sister Gail were raised by their mother in Woodmere, in the Five Towns region of Nassau County, New York. She graduated from Hewlett High School in 1966, and then went to the Parsons School of Design, after leaving college, Karan worked for Anne Klein, eventually becoming head of the Anne Klein design-team, where she remained until 1985, when she launched her Donna Karan label. Karan began her career as an assistant designer with Anne Klein in the late 1960s, as Kleins assistant, Karan was a participant in The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show on November 28,1973. When Klein herself died in 1974, Takihyo Corporation of Japan became the new owner and Karan, together with her classmate and friend Louis DellOllio. In 1984, Karan left Anne Klein and, together with her then husband Stephan Weiss and Takihyo Corporation and she showed her first womens clothing collection in 1985. Karan always insisted that she would only design clothes, like jersey dresses and opaque Lycra tights, in 1988, Karan, nicknamed The Queen Of Seventh Avenue, extended her womens Donna Karan New York line by creating a less expensive clothing line for younger women, called DKNY. Two years later, she created DKNY Jeans, a denim-inspired collection, DKNY for men was launched in 1992, one year after the Signature line for men had been presented. Karan left her CEO position in 1997, but continued as chairwoman, after 2002 Karans designer contributions became less and less. In August 2008, Karan relaunched her discontinued fragrance lines from the 1990s, in 2015, Donna Karan announced that she would be stepping down as head of her eponymous company to focus on her lifestyle brand, Urban Zen, established by Karan in 2007. Urban Zen embraces conscious consumerism, a harmony of philanthropy and commerce, Urban Zen offers artisan objects of desire globally curated from Donna’s travels, signature Karan-designed apparel, accessories, art and exclusive handmade Balinese furniture. Fashion icon and humanitarian Donna Karan believes through creativity, collaboration, connection and this conviction lies at the heart of Urban Zen and its Foundation, established in 2007. The foundation is dedicated to three initiatives, preservation of culture and bringing mind, body and spirit to healthcare and education. The Urban Zen Center in New York is the Foundation’s home, a place, the groundbreaking Urban Zen Integrative Therapy Program integrates eastern healing modalities with western science, with over 700 certified therapists working throughout the country. This initiative is close to Karan’s heart, as it was inspired by her experience with the healthcare system during her husband’s battle with lung cancer. In 2010, in the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti, Urban Zen launched Hope, Help & Relief Haiti in collaboration with leaders in music, fashion, film, finance and art. To further advance that goal, Karan collaborated with her alma mater, Parsons School of Design, in 2016, immediately following Hurricane Matthew, the Urban Zen Foundation collaborated with on the ground partners to deliver critical aid in the form of emergency kits
Donna Karan
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Karan at the 2012
Tribeca Film Festival
Donna Karan
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Sasha Pivovarova in DKNY by Donna Karan
Donna Karan
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DKNY Spring 2012
45.
Kenzo (brand)
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Kenzo is a French luxury house founded in 1970 by Japanese designer Kenzo Takada. Kenzo Takada was born in Japan and moved to Paris in 1964 to start his fashion career and he then became known for using Asian and Japanese influenced style with the expert construction of European high fashion. He started out with a Jungle Jap boutique located in Paris and he began with handmade womens clothing, then in 1983 Kenzo started designing men and then kids and home collections in 1987. Today, it is a luxury goods brand owned by parent company LVMH. Since 2011, The founders of Opening Ceremony, Humberto Leon and Carol Lim, are the creative directors and their aim is to shake up the jungle world of fashion. Like Kenzo in the 1970s, Humberto and Carol decide to go up against the expectations of seasonal trends. They are said to be influenced by the environment of the 21st century. They collaborate with artists, musicians, actors, and designers each collection. Their most recent Fall 2014 collection, they collaborated with filmmaker David Lynch, “We were eager to partner with a visionary organization that spoke about how we could live in harmony with the ocean. As we researched different charitable associations, we discovered the Blue Marine Foundation to be the perfect match and we wholeheartedly support their mission creating sustainable fishing and creating marine reserves. We are extremely excited about this partnership between Kenzo and the Blue Marine Foundation and hope to create more and more awareness of this issue. They have also put up a pop up store in Paris for one week from March 21 to March 27. A screen will allow the customers to browse and buy the garments, also by taking a photo of the store and using the hashtag #NoFishNoNothing, will also support the cause and add a fish to the digital aquarium
Kenzo (brand)
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Kenzo
46.
Calvin Klein
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Calvin Klein Inc. is an American fashion house founded by the fashion designer Calvin Klein. The company is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and is owned by PVH. In 1968, Klein founded Calvin Klein Limited, a shop in the York Hotel in New York City. The first Calvin Klein collection was a line of youthful, understated coats, in September 1969, Klein appeared on the cover of Vogue magazine. By 1971, Klein had added sportswear, classic blazers, in 1973, he received his first Coty American Fashion Critics Award for his 74-piece womenswear collection - the youngest recipient at that time. Klein won the award again in 1974 and 1975, by 1977, annual revenues had increased to $30 million, and Klein had licenses for scarves, shoes, belts, furs, sunglasses, and sheets. Klein and Schwartz were making $4 million each, after the company signed licenses for cosmetics, jeans, and menswear, Kleins annual retail volume was estimated at $100 million. In 1978, Klein claimed sales of 200,000 pairs of his famous jeans the first week they were on the market, by 1981, Fortune figured Kleins annual income at $8.5 million a year. In the mid-1970s, he had created a designer-jeans craze by putting his name on the back pocket. The gift was assumed by Schwartz to be part of the upcoming line, in the late 1970s, the company also made attempts to set up its own fragrance and cosmetics lines, but soon withdrew from the market with big financial losses. The stunning growth continued through the early eighties, the licensing program, which brought in $24,000 when it was initiated in 1974, had royalty income of $7.3 million ten years later. That year, worldwide sales were estimated at more than $600 million. His annual income passed $12 million, and indeed, in late 1987, it was said that the sale of the company to Triangle Industries, a container manufacturer, had only failed because of the crashing stock market. During his 1990-1995 stint as Calvin Kleins head of design, John Varvatos pioneered a type of mens underwear called boxer briefs. Made famous by a series of 1992 print ads featuring Mark Marky Mark Wahlberg, Klein was named Americas Best Designer for his minimalist all-American designs in 1993, and it came as a surprise in 1999 when it was announced that CKI was again up for sale. Planning to expand its business, the company had been approached by two luxury goods companies, LVMH and Pinault Printemps Redoute, to join Calvin Klein, but nothing resulted. Other potentials like Tommy Hilfiger Corp. and Italys Holding di Partecipazioni proved to be similar disappointments because of CKIs steep price tag of supposedly $1 billion, after seven months and no potential buyer, Klein announced that his empire was not on the market anymore. The company would never manage to go public, which had supposedly been Kleins plan once, in mid-December 2002, Calvin Klein Inc
Calvin Klein
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A Calvin Klein store in
Fairview Mall
Calvin Klein
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Calvin Klein models
47.
Michael Kors (brand)
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Michael Kors Holdings is an American luxury fashion company established in 1981 by designer Michael Kors. The company is known for watches, handbags and other accessories, as of 2015, the MK Holdings has more than 550 stores and over 1500 in-store boutiques in various countries. Though the brand began in 1981, it wasnt until 2006 where they opened their first retail stores, some main competitors of the brand include Coach, Kate Spade, and Louis Vuitton. Michael Kors has been a fashion trend among grown men. As of March 29,2014, the company has 288 North American retail stores, including concessions and 117 international retail stores, including concessions, in Europe and Japan. As of 2014, the revenue for the company was 3.2 billion dollars. There have been multiple counterfeit Michael Kors bags, wallets and other items in Montreal. The company stores in the countries around the globe
Michael Kors (brand)
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A Michael Kors handbag
Michael Kors (brand)
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Michael Kors
Michael Kors (brand)
48.
Lacoste
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Lacoste is a French clothing company, founded in 1933 by tennis player René Lacoste and André Gillier. It sells high-end clothing, footwear, perfume, leather goods, watches, eyewear, in recent years, Lacoste has introduced a home line of sheeting and towels. The company can be recognized by its green crocodile logo, René Lacoste, the companys founder, was nicknamed the Crocodile by fans because of his tenacity on the tennis court. In November 2012 Lacoste was bought by Swiss family-held group Maus Frères, René Lacoste founded La Chemise Lacoste in 1933 with André Gillier, the owner and president of the largest French knitwear manufacturing firm at the time. They began to produce the revolutionary tennis shirt Lacoste had designed, in addition to tennis shirts, Lacoste produced shirts for golf and sailing. In 1951, the company began to expand as it branched from tennis white, in 1952, the shirts were exported to the United States and advertised as the status symbol of the competent sportsman, influencing the clothing choices of the upper-class. Lacoste was sold at Brooks Brothers until the late 1960s and it is still one of the most popular brands in the United States, sporting the preppy wardrobe. In 1963, Bernard Lacoste took over the management of the company from his father René, significant company growth was seen under Bernards management. When he became president, around 300,000 Lacoste products were sold annually. The company also began to other products into their line including shorts, perfume, optical and sunglasses, tennis shoes, deck shoes, walking shoes, watches. This partnership ended in 1993 when Lacoste regained exclusive U. S. rights to distribute shirts under its own brand, more recently, Lacostes popularity has surged due to French designer Christophe Lemaire’s work to create a more modern, upscale look. In 2005, almost 50 million Lacoste products sold in over 110 countries, Bernard Lacoste became seriously ill in early 2005, which led him to transfer the presidency of Lacoste to his younger brother and closest collaborator for many years, Michel Lacoste. Bernard died in Paris on March 21,2006, Lacoste licenses its trademark to various companies. Until recently, Devanlay owned the exclusive worldwide clothing license, though today Lacoste Polo Shirts are also manufactured under licence in Thailand by ICC, in June 2007, Lacoste introduced their very first e-commerce site for the U. S. market. In 2009, Hayden Christensen became the face of the Challenge fragrance for men, in September 2010, Christophe Lemaire stepped down and Felipe Oliveira Baptista succeeded him as the creative manager of Lacoste. René Lacoste Foundation is a community developed to help children be able to play sports in school. In March 2016, the opened a new flagship store on Fashion Street. In the early 50s, Bernard Lacoste teamed up with David Crystal, in the 1970s and 1980s, it was extremely popular with teenagers who called the shirts simply Izod
Lacoste
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Lacoste store in Vaňkovka,
Brno
Lacoste
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Lacoste S.A.
Lacoste
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5th Avenue, NYC, 2013
49.
Karl Lagerfeld
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Karl Otto Lagerfeld is a German fashion designer, artist, and photographer based in Paris. He is the designer and creative director of the fashion house Chanel as well as the Italian house Fendi. Over the decades, he has collaborated on a variety of fashion and he is well recognized around the world for his trademark white hair, black sunglasses, and high starched collars. Lagerfeld was born on 10 September 1933 in Hamburg, Germany and is the son of businessman Otto Lagerfeld and his father owned a company that produced and imported evaporated milk, while his grandfather Karl Bahlmann was a local politician for the Catholic Centre Party. His family belonged to the Old Catholic Church, when she met his father, Lagerfelds mother was a lingerie saleswoman from Berlin. His parents were married in 1930, Lagerfeld is known to misrepresent his birth year, claiming to be younger than his actual age, and to misrepresent his parents background. There is also no evidence that his mother Elisabeth Bahlmann, the daughter of a middle class local politician and he is known to insist that no one knows his real birth date. In an interview on French television in February 2009, Lagerfeld said that he was neither in 1933 nor 1938. In April 2013 he finally declared that he was born in 1935, bild am Sonntag published his baptismal records in 2008 and interviewed his teacher and a classmate, who both confirmed that he was born in 1933. Despite that, Karl Lagerfeld announced publicly that he was celebrating his 70th birthday on 10 September 2008 and his older sister, Martha Christiane Christel, was born in 1931. Lagerfeld has an older half-sister, Thea, from his fathers first marriage and his family name has been spelled both Lagerfeldt and Lagerfeld. Like his father, he uses the spelling Lagerfeld, considering it to more commercial. His family was mainly shielded from the deprivations of World War II due to his fathers interests in Germany through the firm Glücksklee-Milch GmbH. His father was in San Francisco during the 1906 earthquake, after attending a private school, Lagerfeld finished his secondary school at the Lycée Montaigne in Paris, where he majored in drawing and history. Karl Lagerfeld was hired as Pierre Balmains assistant after winning the category in a design competition sponsored by the International Wool Secretariat in 1955. In 1958, after three years at Balmain, he moved to Jean Patou where he designed two haute couture collections per year for five years. His first collection was shown in a presentation in July 1958. Although, in 1962, reporters began referring to him as Karl Lagerfelt or Karl Logerfeld, the first collection was poorly received
Karl Lagerfeld
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Lagerfeld at a Fendi store opening, May 2014
Karl Lagerfeld
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Lagerfeld at the
2007 Cannes Film Festival
Karl Lagerfeld
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Lagerfeld with
Prince Albert II and
Princess Charlene of Monaco, 2011
Karl Lagerfeld
