Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase; the various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds. The separation is based on differential partitioning between the stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation. Chromatography may be analytical; the purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for use, is thus a form of purification. Analytical chromatography is done with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture; the two are not mutually exclusive. Chromatography, pronounced, is derived from Greek χρῶμα chroma, which means "color", γράφειν graphein, which means "to write".

Chromatography was first employed in Russia by the Italian-born scientist Mikhail Tsvet in 1900. He continued to work with chromatography in the first decade of the 20th century for the separation of plant pigments such as chlorophyll and xanthophylls. Since these components have different colors they gave the technique its name. New types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many separation processes. Chromatography technique developed as a result of the work of Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s and 1950s, for which they won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, they established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, their work encouraged the rapid development of several chromatographic methods: paper chromatography, gas chromatography, what would become known as high-performance liquid chromatography. Since the technology has advanced rapidly. Researchers found that the main principles of Tsvet's chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below.

Advances are continually improving the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of similar molecules. Chromatography has been employed as a method to test the potency of cannabis; the analyte is the substance to be separated during chromatography. It is normally what is needed from the mixture. Analytical chromatography is used to determine the existence and also the concentration of analyte in a sample. A bonded phase is a stationary phase, covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the column tubing. A chromatogram is the visual output of the chromatograph. In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. Plotted on the x-axis is the retention time and plotted on the y-axis a signal corresponding to the response created by the analytes exiting the system. In the case of an optimal system the signal is proportional to the concentration of the specific analyte separated.

A chromatograph is equipment that enables a sophisticated separation, e.g. gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation. Chromatography is a physical method of separation that distributes components to separate between two phases, one stationary, the other moving in a definite direction; the eluate is the mobile phase leaving the column. This is called effluent; the eluent is the solvent. The eluite is the eluted solute. An eluotropic series is a list of solvents ranked according to their eluting power. An immobilized phase is a stationary phase, immobilized on the support particles, or on the inner wall of the column tubing; the mobile phase is the phase. It may be a gas, or a supercritical fluid; the mobile phase consists of the sample being separated/analyzed and the solvent that moves the sample through the column. In the case of HPLC the mobile phase consists of a non-polar solvent such as hexane in normal phase or a polar solvent such as methanol in reverse phase chromatography and the sample being separated.

The mobile phase moves through the chromatography column where the sample interacts with the stationary phase and is separated. Preparative chromatography is used to purify sufficient quantities of a substance for further use, rather than analysis; the retention time is the characteristic time it takes for a particular analyte to pass through the system under set conditions. See also: Kovats' retention index The sample is the matter analyzed in chromatography, it may consist of a single component or it may be a mixture of components. When the sample is treated in the course of an analysis, the phase or the phases containing the analytes of interest is/are referred to as the sample whereas everything out of interest separated from the sample before or in the course of the analysis is referred to as waste; the solute refers to the sample components in partition chromatography. The solvent refers to any substance capable of solubilizing another substance, the liquid mobile phase in liquid chromatography.

The stationary phase is the substance fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. Examples include the silica layer i

From Enslavement to Obliteration is the second studio album by grindcore band Napalm Death, released in 1988. It is the final studio album with vocalist Lee Dorrian and guitarist Bill Steer, the first to feature bassist Shane Embury, the band's longest-tenured member. A remastered version was released on 2 April 2012; the album's lyrical themes cover a variety of social and political topics, including misogyny/sexism, animal rights, racism and anti-capitalism. The album calls for social change, as seen in the song "Uncertainty Blurs the Vision," quoting Rudimentary Peni at the song's conclusion. Shane Embury retrospectively commented on the band's progression up until From Enslavement to Obliteration in Kerrang! magazine: It was a good experience but it was a brief one. Back in those days albums were recorded quickly – we recorded the album in about six days and I think it cost about £800. In the early days in the beginning before I joined, it was more of a crust punk band but it was a natural progression, I think, to get faster and faster.

Scum created a buzz and by the time we did FETO, we just wanted to push it as far as we could and as fast as possible. We weren't consciously trying to break any rules but we weren't paying any attention to them either. If we wanted to do a song, going to be 20 seconds long we'd do it – we didn't think there was any reason not to; the vocals for us went hand-in-hand with the distorted bass guitar, distorted guitars and hyper-fast drumming". In 2009 From Enslavement to Obliteration was ranked number 1 in Terrorizer's list of essential European grindcore albums. Writer Jonathan Horsley described it as marking "the genre's perilous rite of passage through Britain's post-industrial urban landscape." Classic Rock reviewer remarked how the stable line-up brought "new maturity and coherence" and reminded that "for an all-too-brief moment in time, this album could lay claim to being the most extreme collection of songs recorded". In 2017, Rolling Stone ranked From Enslavement to Obliteration as 59th on their list of'The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.'

The Curse is a free 7-inch extended play by the grindcore band Napalm Death, included in the initial copies of the From Enslavement to Obliteration LP, released through Earache Records in September 1988. The cover uses the famous photograph of Phan Thi Kim Phuc fleeing a napalm attack, taken by Nick Ut; the song "Morbid Deceiver" is a re-recording of the song "Deceiver" on the album Scum. Napalm DeathLee Dorrian – lead vocals Bill Steer – guitar Shane Embury – bass Mick Harris – drums, backing vocalsProductionSteve Bird – engineering Mark Sikora – cover art Mike Marsh – mastering Some LPs had a sticker with the following line printed on it: "We wanted to be the biggest rock band in the world and you don't do that sounding like Napalm Death" Joe Elliot Grindcore band Sore Throat included a track called "From Off License to Obliteration" on their 101-track 1988 album Disgrace to the Corpse of Sid released on Earache Records

Renato Birolli was an Italian painter. Birolli was born at Verona to a family of industrial workers. In 1923 he moved to Milan where he formed an avantguardist group with other artists such as Renato Guttuso, Giacomo Manzù and Aligi Sassu. In 1937 he was a member of the artistical movement called Corrente di Vita. in the same year he was arrested by the Fascist government: in the following years he left the painting activity to devote himself to the Communist propaganda and to the support of the partisan resistance. After World War II, in 1947, Birolli moved to Paris. Here his painting style changed swiftly under the influences of Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso, moving first to a post-Cubist position and to a somehow abstract form of lyrism, he died at Milan in 1959. Article about Birolli's art