1.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
2.
Wentzville, Missouri
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Wentzville is a city located in western St. Charles County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 29,070. The citys major employer is General Motors which has a full size van assembly plant located there, as the site of the county fairgrounds, Wentzville hosts the annual St. Gerard County Parade, St. Lazlo Wentz Festival and the Greater St. Louis Renaissance Faire. Wentzville was laid out in 1855, the community has the name of one Peter Louis Kingston Wentz III, a railroad official. A post office called Wentzville has been in operation since 1859, the Wentzville Tobacco Company Factory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. Wentzville is located at 38°4858 North, 90°5126 West, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.98 square miles, of which,19.96 square miles is land and 0.02 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 29,070 people,9,767 households, the population density was 1,456.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,305 housing units at a density of 516.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 9% White,6. 0% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 8% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 7% of the population. 15. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.31. The median age in the city was 31.2 years. 33. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,33. 7% were from 25 to 44, 19% were from 45 to 64, and 7. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 5% male and 51. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 13,931 people,2,456 households, and 1,846 families residing in the city. The population density is 478.9 people per square mile, there are 2,724 housing units at an average density of 189.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city is 84. 63% White,12. 02% African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 55% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 52% from other races,2. 06% from two or more races. 1. 49% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 7% of all households are made up of individuals and 9. 1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.76 and the family size is 3.20. In the city, the population is out with 31. 8% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,30. 7% from 25 to 44,17. 4% from 45 to 64
3.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
4.
Chess Records
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Chess Records was an American record company, founded in 1950 in Chicago and specializing in blues and rhythm and blues. Over time it expanded into music, gospel music, early rock and roll, and occasional jazz and comedy recordings, released on the Chess, Checker, Argo. The Chess catalogue is owned by Universal Music Group and managed by Geffen Records. Founded and run by Jewish immigrant brothers from Poland, Leonard and Phil Chess, the musician and critic Cub Koda described Chess as Americas greatest blues label. Chess was based at different locations on the south side of Chicago. The most famous location was 2120 S, Michigan Avenue from around 1956 to 1965, immortalized by the Rolling Stones in 2120 South Michigan Avenue, an instrumental recorded there during the groups first U. S. tour in 1964. The Stones recorded at Chess Studios on two more occasions, the building is now the home of Willie Dixons Blues Heaven Foundation. In the mid-1960s, Chess relocated to a larger building, at 320 E. 21st Street. Leonard bought a stake in Aristocrat Records in 1947. in 1950, he brought his brother, Phil, into the operation, in the same year they brought in a third partner, Evelyn Aron, and renamed the company Chess Records. The first release from Chess was a 78 RPM single, My Foolish Heart, backed with Bless You, by Gene Ammons, issued as Chess 1425 in June 1950, which became the labels biggest hit of the year. In 1951, the Chess brothers began an association with Sam Phillips, of the Memphis Recording Service, one of the most important artists that came out of Memphis was Howlin Wolf, who stayed with the label until his death in 1976. Many songs created by Chess artists were covered by many famous rock-and-roll artists, including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones. Musical figures created for Chess by Bo Diddley, Willie Dixon, Chuck Berry, Howlin Wolf, Muddy Waters, Buddy Guy and others were the basis of much subsequent rock, in 1952, the brothers started Checker Records as an alternative label for radio play. In December 1955, they launched a jazz and pop label, Marterry and this was quickly renamed Argo Records, but the name was changed again in 1965 to Cadet Records to end confusion with a British spoken-word label. In 1953, Leonard Chess and Gene Goodman set up Arc Music BMI, a publishing company, several of Chesss releases gave a writing credit to Alan Freed. During the 1950s, Leonard and Phil Chess handled most of the production and they brought in producer Ralph Bass in 1960 to handle the gospel output and some of the blues singers. Bassist and songwriter Willie Dixon was also involved in organizing blues sessions for the label and is now credited retroactively as a producer on some re-releases. In 1958, Chess began producing their first LP records which included such albums as The Best of Muddy Waters, Best of Little Walter, in 1962, Chess Records was sued by Peacock Records for recording their artists Reverend Robert Ballinger and the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi
5.
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
6.
Atco Records
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ATCO Records is an American record company and label founded in 1955 as a division of Atlantic Records. It was devised as an outlet for productions by one of Atlantics founders, Herb Abramson and it was also intended as a home for acts that did not fit the format of Atlantic, which was releasing blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, and soul. The Atco name is an abbreviation of ATlantic COrporation, Atco also provided distribution for other labels, including RSO Records, Volt, Island, Modern, Ruthless, and Rolling Stones Records. For most of its history Atco was known for pop music and rock and roll and these included Harry Arnold, Betty Carter, King Curtis, Herb Geller, Roland Hanna, and Helen Merrill. Atcos rock era began with Bobby Darin and The Coasters, in the early 1960s Atlantic began to license material from international sources, leading to instrumental hit singles from Jorgen Ingmann, Acker Bilk and Bent Fabric. Starting in the mid-1960s, Atco moved into rock-and-roll with Sonny and Cher, Buffalo Springfield, Vanilla Fudge, in 1964 Atco released a single in the U. S. by The Beatles, Aint She Sweet, which had been recorded in Hamburg in 1961. With lead vocals by John Lennon, Aint She Sweet reached #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in August 1964, in 1966 Atco released Substitute by The Who. This would be the only Who recording to appear on Atco, although Pete Townshend, Atlantic de-emphasized Atco in the mid-1970s, using the label mostly for hard rock acts and some British and European bands. In the mid-1970s Atco issued early albums from AC/DC, starting in 1978, AC/DC releases were issued on Atlantic until their contract with the label ended in the 1990s. In 1980 Atcos visibility rose with strong performances from Pete Townshends Empty Glass album. The last #1 hit on Atco was If Wishes Came True by Sweet Sensation in 1990, in 1991 Sylvia Rhone merged Atco with Atlantics fledgling EastWest Records America label and briefly operated the combination as Atco–East West Records America. By 1994 the Atco name was dropped and the label continued operating as EastWest Records America, since then the Atco name and logo appeared only on reissues of old material through Elektra. As of mid-2005 its most recent release was the soundtrack of the Bobby Darin biopic Beyond the Sea, in 2006, Warner Music Group reactivated Atco Records in conjunction with Rhino Entertainment. Scarlett Johansson, Keith Sweat, and Art Garfunkel were among the first artists signed to the label, Garfunkel issued Some Enchanted Evening on January 30,2007. Johansson issued Anywhere I Lay My Head on May 20,2008, queensrÿche released its American Soldier album on Atco on March 31,2009. The New York Dolls released its album Cause I Sez So on Atco on May 5,2009, the following is a list of artists who have recorded for Atco Records
7.
Johnnie Johnson (musician)
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Johnnie Clyde Johnson was an American pianist who played jazz, blues and rock and roll. His work with Chuck Berry led to his induction into the Rock, Johnson was born in Fairmont, West Virginia. He began playing the piano in 1928 and he joined the United States Marine Corps during World War II and became a member of Bobby Troups all-serviceman jazz orchestra, the Barracudas. After his service, he moved to Detroit, Illinois and then Chicago and he moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1952 and immediately assembled a jazz and blues group, the Sir John Trio, with the drummer Ebby Hardy and the saxophonist Alvin Bennett. The three had an engagement at the Cosmopolitan Club, in East St. Louis. On New Years Eve 1952, Bennett had a stroke and could not perform. Johnson, searching for a replacement, called a young man named Chuck Berry. Although then a limited guitarist, Berry added vocals and showmanship to the group, Bennett was not able to play after his stroke, so Johnson hired Berry as a permanent member of the trio. Berry took one of their tunes, a reworking of Bob Willss version of Ida Red, by the time the trio left Chicago, Berry had been signed as a solo act, and Johnson and Hardy became part of Berrys band. Said Johnson, I figured we could get jobs with Chuck running the band. He had a car and rubber wheels beat rubber heels any day, over the next 20 years, the two collaborated on arrangements for many of Berrys songs, including School Days, Carol, and Nadine. The song Johnny B. Goode was reportedly a tribute to Johnson, Berry and Johnson played and toured together until 1973. Although never on his payroll after 1973, Johnson played occasionally with Berry until Johnsons death in 2005, Johnson was known to have a serious drinking problem. In Berrys autobiography, he wrote that he had declared there would be no drinking in the car while the band was on the road, Johnson and his bandmates complied with the request by putting their heads out the window. Johnson denied the story but said he did drink on the road, Johnson quit drinking in 1991, after nearly suffering a stroke on stage with Eric Clapton. Johnson received little recognition until the Chuck Berry concert documentary Hail, Rock n Roll was released in 1987. That attention helped Johnson return to music, he had been supporting himself as a bus driver in St. Louis and he recorded his first solo album, Blue Hand Johnnie, that year. He later performed with Keith Richards, Eric Clapton, John Lee Hooker, Bo Diddley and George Thorogood on Thorogoods 1995 live album Live, in 1996 and 1997, Johnson toured with Bob Weirs band, Ratdog, playing 67 shows
8.
T-Bone Walker
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In 2011, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent and his parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington, taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jeffersons protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs, in 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single Wichita Falls Blues backed with Trinity River Blues. Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, the pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record. Walker married Vida Lee in 1935, the couple had three children, by the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hites orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, in 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long-time stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, Call It Stormy Monday. Other notable songs he recorded during this period were Bobby Sox Blues, throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner, the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott, and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea. He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records, Walkers only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955,1956 and 1959 and released by Atlantic Records in 1960. However, several acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl. Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingways music publishing company, Walkers career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died of pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975. Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B. B. King cited hearing Walkers recording of Stormy Monday as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar, Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walkers trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Stormy Monday was a live number of the Allman Brothers Band. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, T-Bone Walker discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs T-Bone Walker at the Internet Movie Database T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave
9.
Muddy Waters
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McKinley Morganfield, better known as Muddy Waters, was an American blues musician who is often cited as the father of modern Chicago blues. Muddy Waters grew up on Stovall Plantation near Clarksdale, Mississippi, and by age 17 was playing the guitar and he was recorded in Mississippi by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress in 1941. In 1943, he moved to Chicago to become a full-time, in 1946, he recorded his first records for Columbia Records and then for Aristocrat Records, a newly formed label run by the brothers Leonard and Phil Chess. These songs included Hoochie Coochie Man, I Just Want to Make Love to You, in 1958, he traveled to England, laying the foundations of the subsequent blues boom there. His performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1960 was recorded and released as his first live album, Muddy Waters influence was tremendous, not just on blues and rhythm and blues but on rock and roll, hard rock, folk music, jazz, and country music. His use of amplification is often cited as the link between Delta blues and rock and roll, Muddy Waters birthplace and date is not conclusively known. He stated that he was born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi in 1915, a 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest he claimed 1915 as his year of birth, which he continued to use in interviews from that point onward. The 1920 census lists him as five years old as of March 6,1920, the Social Security Death Index, relying on the Social Security card application submitted after his move to Chicago in the mid-1940s, lists him as being born April 4,1913. His gravestone gives his year as 1915. Muddy Waters grandmother, Della Grant, raised him after his mother died shortly after his birth, Grant gave him the nickname Muddy at an early age because he loved to play in the muddy water of nearby Deer Creek. Waters was added later, as he began to play harmonica. The remains of the cabin on Stovall Plantation where Waters lived in his youth are now at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale and he had his first introduction to music in church, I used to belong to church. I was a good Baptist, singing in the church, so I got all of my good moaning and trembling going on for me right out of church, he recalled. By the time, he was 17, he had purchased his first guitar, I sold the last horse that we had. Made about fifteen dollars for him, gave my grandmother seven dollars and fifty cents, I kept seven-fifty, the people ordered them from Sears-Roebuck in Chicago. He started playing his songs in joints nearby his hometown, mostly in a owned by Colonel William Howard Stovall. In August 1941, Alan Lomax went to Stovall, Mississippi and he brought his stuff down and recorded me right in my house, Muddy recalled in Rolling Stone, and when he played back the first song I sounded just like anybodys records. Man, you dont know how I felt that Saturday afternoon when I heard that voice, later on he sent me two copies of the pressing and a check for twenty bucks, and I carried that record up to the corner and put it on the jukebox
10.
Maybellene
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Maybellene is one of the first rock-and-roll songs. It was written and recorded in 1955 by Chuck Berry, and inspired/adapted from the Western Swing fiddle tune Ida Red, Berrys song tells the story of a hot rod race and a broken romance. It was released in July 1955 as a single by Chess Records, of Chicago and it was Berrys first single and his first hit. Maybellene is considered one of the pioneering rock-and-roll songs, Rolling Stone magazine wrote, the record is an early instance of the complete rock-and-roll package, youthful subject matter, a small, guitar-driven combo, clear diction, and an atmosphere of unrelenting excitement. The lyrics describe a man driving a V8 Ford chasing his girlfriend in her Cadillac Coupe DeVille. The song was a hit with both black and white audiences. It has received honors and awards. Soon after its release, cover versions were recorded by several other artists. The title is misspelled Maybelline on several releases, Maybellene has been described as an adaptation of the Western Swing song Ida Red, as recorded by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys in 1938. According to Berry, Willss version, a dance number, was his favorite song to sing at racially integrated clubs. To Berrys surprise, Leonard Chess showed little interest in the material but was enthusiastic about the commercial possibilities in a hillbilly song sung by a black man. Chess wanted a bigger beat for the song and added a bass and he also thought the titles Ida Red and Ida May were too rural. The lyrics were rewritten, also at the direction of Chess, the kids wanted the big beat, cars and young love, Chess recalled. It was the trend and we jumped on it and it has been asserted that it was a common practice in the 1950s to alter the instrumental parts and lyrics of old songs and represent them as new songs. With such changes the songs were often not identifiable, particularly if the melody was modified. This practice took place because copyrights on older recordings were rarely asserted, as Chess had predicted, the lyrics appealed to teenagers fascinated by cars, speed, and sexuality. Maybellene was one of the first records to be a hit on the rhythm and blues, country and western and this exciting fusion of a rhythm-and-blues beat with a rural country style was the catalyst for the emergence of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. For this reason, the disc jockey Alan Freed received credit as a co-writer of Maybellene, russ Fratto, who had loaned money to Chess, also received credit
11.
Rock and Roll Music
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Rock and Roll Music is a 1957 hit single written and recorded by rock and roll star Chuck Berry. The song has been covered and is recognized as one of Berrys most popular. In the fall of 1957, his recording reached number 6 on Billboard magazines R&B Singles chart, Berry performed it on December 16,1957, on ABCs short-lived variety program The Guy Mitchell Show. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Berrys version number 128 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the song is also included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. The sessions for Rock and Roll Music took place on either May 6 or May 21,1957, in Chicago, the session was produced by Leonard Chess and Phil Chess. Backing Berry were Lafayette Leake, Willie Dixon, and Fred Below, sometime after the single was released in September 1957, Rock and Roll Music reached #6 on Billboard magazines R&B Singles chart and #8 on the Billboard Top 100 chart before the years end. Side one Rock and Roll Music Side two Blue Feeling Side one Rock and Roll Music Blue Feeling Side two Oh Baby Doll La Jaunda Side one Rock and Roll Music Side two Johnny B. Among these was a version of Berrys tune that eventually became as known as the original. The lead vocal in The Beatles version was performed by John Lennon, in contrast to Berrys even-toned rendition, Lennon sang it as loudly and dynamically as his voice would permit. In the United States, it was released on the LP and it also served as the title song to The Beatles 1976 compilation album, Rock n Roll Music. The Beatles version of Rock and Roll Music was released as a single in some countries, and topped the charts in Finland, Norway, the Netherlands and Australia. The original Beatles for Sale liner notes, by Derek Taylor, said that George Martin joins John and Paul on one piano, the Beach Boys version is notable for the use of backing vocals which repeat the phrase Rock, roll, rockin and roll. There is a difference between the LP version and the version in that the LP version has more synthesizer. Their version reached number 5 on the US chart and number 11 in Canada during the summer of 1976, kelson, Jr. saxophone, clarinet Carol Lee Miller, autoharp Jack Nimitz, saxophone, clarinet Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
12.
Johnny B. Goode
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Johnny B. Goode is a 1958 rock-and-roll song written and first recorded by Chuck Berry. The song was a hit among both black and white audiences, peaking at number 2 on Billboard magazines Hot R&B Sides chart. Johnny B. Goode is considered one of the most recognizable songs in the history of popular music, credited as the first rock & roll hit about rock & roll stardom, it has been recorded by many other artists and has received several honors and accolades. The song is ranked seventh on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Written by Berry in 1955, the song is about a country boy from the New Orleans area, who plays a guitar just like ringing a bell. Berry acknowledged that the song is partly autobiographical and that the lyrics referred to Johnny as a colored boy. As well as suggesting that the player is good, the title hints at autobiographic elements, because Berry was born at 2520 Goode Avenue. The song was inspired by Johnnie Johnson, the regular piano player in Berrys band. Johnson played on other recordings by Berry, but Lafayette Leake played the piano on this song. The opening guitar riff of Johnny B. Goode is essentially a copy of the opening single-note solo on Louis Jordans Aint That Just Like a Woman. Neither the guitar intro nor the solo are played at once, Berry played the introductory parts together with the rhythm guitar and later overdubbed the solo runs. Berry wrote three more songs involving the character Johnny B, Goode, Bye Bye Johnny, Go Go Go, and Johnny B. Blues, and titled an album, and the nearly 19-minute instrumental title track from it, Chuck Berry - vocals, guitars Lafayette Leake - piano Willie Dixon - bass Fred Below - drums In The Guardian, Joe Queenan wrote that Johnny B. In Billboard, Jason Upshutz stated that the song was the first rock-star origin story, the use of Johnny B. Goode in the 1973 coming-of-age comedy-drama American Graffiti resurrected the songs popularity, as it was used in one of the main scenes of the film. When Chuck Berry was inducted into the first Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on January 23,1986, he performed Johnny B. Goode and Rock and Roll Music, backed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The Hall of Fame included these songs and Maybellene in their list of the 500 songs that shaped Rock and it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999, for its influence as a rock and roll single. In the 1984 film Threads, the song is three times. The first time is when core characters Ruth Beckett and Jimmy Kemp discuss the future of their relationship before the outbreak of nuclear war, the second time is when Jimmy is at a pub, drinking with his mate
13.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
14.
Guitar showmanship
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Guitar showmanship involves gimmicks, jumps, or other stunts with a guitar. Blues musicians such as Charley Patton would use such as playing the guitar behind their back. Other guitarists such as Joe Satriani and Zakk Wylde employ these techniques, buddy Guy has also tossed his guitar up in the air and caught it on exactly the same chord he was previously fretting. Stevie Ray Vaughan would also play the guitar behind his head, Chuck Berrys showmanship has been influential on other rock guitar players. The Whos lead guitarist and main songwriter Pete Townshend commonly plays his guitar with a fast windmill motion, at a show in Tacoma, Washington in 1989, he was windmilling so aggressively that he accidentally pierced his hand with the guitars whammy bar and needed hospital treatment. Townshend also destroys his guitar, usually at the climax of a set, the first occasion was in 1964 at the Railway Tavern in Harrow, which has a low ceiling, he raised his guitar above his head and accidentally drove the headstock into the roof smashing it off. When the audience failed to respond he proceeded to smash the rest of the guitar to pieces. Pete, I was expecting everybody to go, “Wow, he’s broken his guitar, he’s broken his guitar, ” but nobody did anything, and determined to get this precious event noticed by the audience, I proceeded to make a big thing of breaking the guitar. I bounced all over the stage with it and I threw the bits on the stage and I picked up my spare guitar, on March 31,1967 at performance at London Astoria Hendrix sustained hand burns and visited the hospital. Hendrix was also known for having a very erotic stage presence, audiences would see him slowly sweeping his hand similar to Townshends windmill, rolling his head, and wiping the guitars neck in order to create some extra fuzz. He would also make it appear that he played guitar with his teeth, for example at the In 1967 Monterey International Pop Music Festival during the guitar solo from his popular song Hey Joe. Jimmy Page is famous for playing his guitar with a bow, as on the live versions of the songs Dazed and Confused. During Led Zeppelins 1977 tour, the bow was illuminated and emitted a beam from its tip. He would also jump and open his legs wide in mid-air when playing Rock And Roll, a famous example of Blackmores onstage antics can be seen during the California Jam in 1974, where he headlined with Deep Purple. He smashed one of his guitars on a camera before throwing it into the crowd. During the same one of his amplifiers blew up and set the stage on fire. Despite this the band finished their set and this stunt can be seen on the 2003 G3 concert video and in the music video for Ill See the Light, Tonight. Other people who have used the hula hoop stunt include Warner E. Hodges as well as Bruce Springsteen during the Super Bowl XLIII Halftime performance, angus Young is famous for his wild onstage antics, intense jumps and running back and forth across the stage while playing his guitar
15.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
16.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
17.
Sumner High School (St. Louis)
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Sumner High School, also known as Charles H. Sumner High School, is a St. Louis public high school that was the first high school for African-American students west of the Mississippi River. Together with Vashon High School, Sumner was one of two segregated public high schools in St. Louis City for African-American students. Established in 1875 only after extensive lobbying by some of St. Louis African-American residents, the school is named after the well-known abolitionist senator Charles H. Sumner. The high school was established on Eleventh Street in St, the school was moved in the 1880s because parents complained that their children were walking past the city gallows and morgue on their way to school. The current structure, built in 1908, was designed by architect William B, Sumner was the only black public high school in St. Louis City until 1927, with the opening of Vashon High School. Other later black high schools in St. Louis County were Douglass High School, the St. Louis Public School Superintendent Kevin Adams went over a lot of options with students and parents about the problems of the school. He recommended that if Sumner made efforts and improved conditions they could continue to stay open, one of Adams ideas was to have Sumner alumni mentor current students, transfer troublesome students to different school, and set up achievable goals for the school year. Sumner Highs mascot is the Bulldog, sports that are currently offered are football, volleyball, basketball, baseball, track and field, tennis, and soccer. William Pop Beckett, musician Chuck Berry, musician, lucye Belue, principal of Kinloch High School from 1944–1974 Luther Bogan, Mayor of Moline Acres, Mo. Lester Bowie, jazz trumpeter Grace Bumbry, opera singer, baikida Carroll, trumpeter and composer Alvin Cash, musician Hon. William Clay, politician Billy Davis, Jr. The 5th Dimension Juan Farrow, tennis player Dick Gregory, comedian, Robert Guillaume, actor known for portraying the character Benson DuBois on the ABC sitcom Soap and its spinoff Benson. Victoria Clay Haley, suffragist and clubwoman John Hicks, musician Julius Hunter, james, Jr. engineer Oliver Lake, musician Robert McFerrin, opera singer and father of Bobby McFerrin. Wendell O. Pruitt, pioneering military pilot and Tuskegee Airman in whose honor the notorious Pruitt–Igoe housing projects were posthumously named, marshall Rogers, former NCAA scoring champion. Margaret Bush Wilson, first black woman to head the board of the NAACP Roscoe Robinson Jr. first black to reach the rank of general in the US Army Olly Wilson
18.
Robbery
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Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to deprive the person of that property. Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions, under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment. The word rob came via French from Late Latin words of Germanic origin, among the types of robbery are armed robbery involving use of a weapon and aggravated robbery involving use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a place such as a sidewalk, street. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force, extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Criminal slang for robbery includes blagging or stick-up, and steaming, in Canada, the Criminal Code makes robbery an indictable offence, subject to a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. If the accused uses a restricted or prohibited firearm to commit robbery, there is a minimum sentence of five years for the first offence. Robbery is an offence in the Republic of Ireland. Robbery is an offence in England and Wales. Aggravated theft Robbery is the offence of aggravated theft. Aggravated robbery There are no offences of aggravated robbery and this requires evidence to show a theft as set out in section 1 of the Theft Act 1968. In R v Robinson the defendant threatened the victim with a knife in order to recover money which he was actually owed and his conviction for robbery was quashed on the basis that Robinson had an honest, although unreasonable, belief in his legal right to the money. See also R v Skivington 1 QB166,2 WLR655,131 JP265,111 SJ72,1 All ER483,51 Cr App R167, CA. It was argued that the theft should be regarded as complete by this time, and R v Gomez, should apply, the threat or use of force must take place immediately before or at the time of the theft. Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery, the words or immediately after that appeared in section 23 of the Larceny Act 1916 were deliberately omitted from section 8. The book Archbold said that the facts in R v Harman and it was held in R v Dawson and James that force is an ordinary English word and its meaning should be left to the jury. This approach was confirmed in R v Clouden and Corcoran v Anderton, stealing may involve a young child who is not aware that taking other persons property is not in order
19.
Riff
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In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, usually at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a pattern, part of a tune. Both ostinatos and ostinati are accepted English plural forms, the reflecting the words Italian etymology. If the cadence may be regarded as the cradle of tonality, within the context of film music, Claudia Gorbman defines an obstinate as a repeated melodic or rhythmic figure that propel scenes that lack dynamic visual action. Ostinato plays an important part in improvised music, in which it is referred to as a riff or a vamp. A favorite technique of contemporary writers, ostinati are often used in modal and Latin jazz. Ostinato are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinskys The Rite of Spring Introduction and Augurs of Spring. A famous type of ostinato, called the Rossini crescendo, owes its name to a crescendo that underlies a persistent musical pattern and this style was emulated by other bel canto composers, especially Vincenzo Bellini, and later by Wagner. Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes, more familiar as accompanimental melodies, the techniques appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the 1970s. Lies in part in the need for unity created by the abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases. Relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center and their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though. Ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can lead to monotony. Ground bass or basso ostinato is a type of form in which a bass line. Aaron Copland describes basso ostinato as, the easiest to recognize of the variation forms wherein. A long phrase—either an accompanimental figure or an actual melody—is repeated over and over again in the bass part, however, he cautions, it might more properly be termed a musical device than a musical form. Many instruments south of the Sahara Desert play ostinato melodies and these include lamellophones such as the mbira, as well as xylophones like the balafon, the bikutsi, and the gyil. Ostinato figures are also played on string instruments such as the kora, gankoqui bell ensembles, often, African ostinatos contain offbeats or cross-beats, that contradict the metric structure. Other African ostinatos generate complete cross-rhythms by sounding both the main beats and cross-beats, in the following example, a gyil sounds the three-against-two cross-rhythm
20.
Ida Red
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Ida Red is an American traditional song of unknown origins that was made famous in the upbeat 1938 version by Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys. Wills Ida Red served as the inspiration for Chuck Berrys first big hit Maybellene. It is chiefly identified by variations of the chorus, Ida Red, Ida Red, verses are unrelated, rather humorous, and free form, changing from performance to performance. Ida Reds identity is unknown, but is feminine in most uses, the earliest recording is a one by Fiddlin Powers & Family, which includes vocals. There is also an early well-known instrumental by Dykes Magic City Trio, like his father and grandfather, Wills, renowned in parts of Texas for his fiddling talents before he formed the Texas Playboys, would have learned this tune in his earliest days of fiddling. Ida Red, the personage, appears in a number of other songs only distantly related to the song Ida Red, Alan Lomax includes another in his collection of Negro Bad Men songs titled Ida Red. Other than the title, this song is in no way related to the folk song and this song is of a criminal feeling sorry for himself. In every verse he wails to his woman, Oh, weep, there are also several songs that share the same tune but unrelated subject matter. These include Down The Road and Over The Road Im Bound to Go, in the 1930s Bob Wills took the old tune and set it to a 2/4 dance beat to be played by his Western swing dance band, the Texas Playboys. His 1938 recording became a hit, the song, as originally recorded by Wills, borrowed lyrics from an 1878 popular song written by Frederick W. Root. The Wills version opens with, Lights in the parlor, fires in the grate, Clock on the mantle says its agettin late, Curtains on the window, snowy white, The parlors pleasant on Sunday night. Wills and his Texas Playboys performed this arrangement of Ida Red in two of his movies, Go West, Young Lady and Blazing the Western Trail. In 1949, Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys brought out a boogie woogie version of Ida Red called Ida Red Likes The Boogie, in 1950 it spent 22 weeks on the charts, reaching #10. Ida Red Likes The Boogie has been recorded by other artists numerous times since, in 1955, Chuck Berrys Maybellene, an adaptation of Ida Red as recorded by Bob Wills in 1938, reached #10 on the pop charts and #1 on the R&B charts. Bluegrass and country versions, as performed by Bill Monroe and Roy Acuff, use the traditional humorous free floating verses, brunswick Records, A Discography of Recordings, 1916-1931. ISBN 0-313-31867-0 Lomax, John A. and Alan Lomax, brown Eyed Handsome Man, The Life And Hard Times Of Chuck Berry. Root & Sons Music Co.1879, the Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits
21.
Mann Act
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The White-Slave Traffic Act, or the Mann Act, is a United States federal law, passed June 25,1910. Its primary stated intent was to address prostitution, immorality, and human trafficking and this is one of several acts of protective legislation aimed at moral reform during the progressive era. In practice, its ambiguous language about immorality has resulted in its used to criminalize even consensual sexual behavior between adults. It was amended by Congress in 1978 and again in 1986 to apply to transport for the purpose of prostitution or illegal sexual acts and it is in this changing social sphere that concern over white slavery began. This term referred to women being kidnapped for the purposes of prostitution, the second significant action at the local level was to close the brothels and the red light districts. From 1910 to 1913, city after city changed previously tolerant approaches, opposition to openly practiced prostitution had been growing steadily throughout the last decades of the 19th century. The federal governments response was the Mann Act, the purpose of the act was to make it a crime to transport or cause to be transported, or aid to assist in obtaining transportation for or to persuade, induce, entice or coerce a woman to travel. Many of the changes occurred after 1900 were a result of tensions between social ideals and practical realities. Family form and functions changed in response to a set of circumstances that were the effects of economic class. These white slave narratives, or white-slave tracts, began to circulate around 1909, such narratives often portrayed innocent girls victimized by a huge, secret and powerful conspiracy controlled by foreigners, as they were drugged or imprisoned and forced into prostitution. This is perhaps especially true of those ice cream saloons and fruit stores kept by foreigners, scores of cases are on record where young girls have taken their first step towards white slavery in places of this character. A number of Vice Commission reports had drawn attention to the issue, some contemporaries questioned the idea of abduction and foreign control of prostitution through cartels. For example, noted radical and feminist Emma Goldman asked What is really the cause of the trade in women, not merely white women, but yellow and black women as well. Exploitation, of course, the merciless Moloch of capitalism that fattens on underpaid labor, thus driving thousands of women, with Mrs. Warren these girls feel, Why waste your life working for a few shillings a week in a scullery, eighteen hours a day. Whether our reformers admit it or not, the economic and social inferiority of woman is responsible for prostitution, suffrage activists, especially Harriet Burton Laidlaw and Rose Livingston, took up the concerns. Other groups like the Womans Christian Temperance Union and Hull House focused on children of prostitutes, the American Purity Alliance also supported the Mann Act. Although the law was created to stop forced sexual slavery of women, in addition to its stated purpose of preventing human trafficking, the law was used to prosecute unlawful pre-marital, extra-marital, and inter-racial relationships. The penalties would be applied to men whether or not the woman involved consented and, if she had consented, some attribute enactment of the law to the case of world champion heavyweight boxer Jack Johnson
22.
Nadine (song)
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Nadine is a song written and performed by Chuck Berry. It was released as a single in February 1964 and was the first music that Berry released after finishing a term in October 1963. After his December 1959 arrest under the Mann Act, Berry eventually served a prison term. He had not released a single since Come On in October 1961, Nadine was recorded at a November 1963 session at the Chess studio in Chicago, his first after his release from prison. Another song from that session, You Never Can Tell, would also be released as a single, the composition resembles Berrys first hit, Maybellene, similarly featuring lyrics about pursuing a girl, though in Nadine the pursuit is not by car but on foot and by taxi. As Berry told Melody Maker, I took Maybellene and from it got Nadine, the song was released in February 1964 as a single on Chess, backed with O Rangutang. It peaked at #23 on the Billboard Hot 100, #7 on the R&B chart, in the 1987 documentary film Hail. Rock n Roll, Bruce Springsteen praised the songs lyrics, Springsteen singled out the lines, I saw her from the corner when she turned and doubled back / Started walking toward a coffee-colored Cadillac. Ive never seen a coffee-colored Cadillac, but I know exactly what one looks like, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
23.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
24.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
25.
Voyager Golden Record
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The Voyager Golden Records are phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. Carl Sagan noted that The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced space-faring civilizations in interstellar space, but the launching of this bottle into the cosmic ocean says something very hopeful about life on this planet. Thus the record is best seen as a time capsule, the Voyager 1 probe is currently the farthest human made object from Earth. Voyager 1 has reached interstellar space, the region between stars where the plasma is present. This is a present from a small, distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts and we are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University, the selection of content for the record took almost a year. Sagan and his associates assembled 116 images and a variety of sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, thunder. The record also includes the inspirational message Per aspera ad astra in Morse code, the collection of images includes many photographs and diagrams both in black and white, and color. The first images are of scientific interest, showing mathematical and physical quantities, the Solar System and its planets, DNA, care was taken to include not only pictures of humanity, but also some of animals, insects, plants and landscapes. Images of humanity depict a range of cultures. These images show food, architecture, and humans in portraits as well as going about their day-to-day lives, many pictures are annotated with one or more indications of scales of time, size, or mass. Some images contain indications of chemical composition, all measures used on the pictures are defined in the first few images using physical references that are likely to be consistent anywhere in the universe. The inclusion of Berrys Johnny B. Goode was controversial, with some claiming that music was adolescent, to which Sagan replied. The Golden Record also carries a long recording of the brainwaves of Ann Druyan. During the recording of the brainwaves, Druyan thought of many topics, including Earths history, civilizations and the problems they face, and what it was like to fall in love. After NASA had received criticism over the nudity on the Pioneer plaque, instead, only a silhouette of the couple was included. However, the record does contain Diagram of vertebrate evolution, by Jon Lomberg, with drawings of an anatomically correct naked male and naked female, the pulsar map and hydrogen molecule diagram are shared in common with the Pioneer plaque. The 116 images are encoded in analogue form and composed of 512 vertical lines, the remainder of the record is audio, designed to be played at 16⅔ revolutions per minute
26.
The Ville, St. Louis
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The Ville is a historic African-American neighborhood located in North St. Louis, Missouri, with a long history of African-American businesses. This neighborhood is bounded by St. Louis Avenue on the North, Martin Luther King drive on the South, Sarah on the East and Taylor on the West. Prior to the United States Civil Rights movement, the use of restrictive covenants, as a result, the African American population of St. Louis became heavily concentrated in and around the Ville. Phillips Hospital, one of the few black teaching hospitals in the United States, as of the 2010 Census, there are 1,868 people living in The Ville and 6,189 people in the surrounding Greater Ville neighborhood. Cote Brilliante Elementary School De La Salle Middle School at St. 3% Black,1. 2% White,0. 2% American Indian,0. 8% of the people were of Hispanic or Latino origin. Peabody–Darst–Webbe, St. Louis neighborhood of another city hospital
27.
Baptists
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Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
28.
Kansas City, Missouri
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Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west, on June 1,1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated, shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to them soon thereafter. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lees Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City. The city is composed of neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east. Kansas City is also known for its cuisine, its craft breweries, Kansas City, Missouri was officially incorporated as a town on June 1,1850, and as a city on March 28,1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a place to build settlements. The Antioch Christian Church, Dr. James Compton House, the first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit, Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, where he illegally traded furs. In the documents, he describes the junction of the Grande Riv des Cansez and Missouri River, French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the areas first reasonably accurate map. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade under Spanish license. After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, in 1831, a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city. They built the first school within Kansas Citys current boundaries, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833, in 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail,3 miles away from the river. In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, in 1850, the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas
29.
Jefferson City, Missouri
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Jefferson City is the capital of the State of Missouri and the fifteenth most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds the title of Americas Most Beautiful Small Town, Jefferson City is on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri. It is also at the edge of one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest. Often referred to as Jeff, many of Jefferson Citys primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries, Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University, a public historically black land-grant university founded in 1866 by the 62nd Regiment of U. S. Colored Troops with additional support from the 65th Regiment of U. S, in pre-Columbian times, this region was home of an ancient people known only as the Mound Builders. They were no longer present by the time of the first white settlers, when the Missouri Territory was organized in 1812, St. Louis was Missouris seat of government, and St. Charles would serve as the next capital. In the middle of the state, Jefferson City was chosen as the new capital in 1821 when Thomas Jefferson was still living, the village first was called Lohmans Landing, and when the legislature decided to relocate there, they proposed the name Missouriopolis before settling on Jefferson City. For years, this village was more than a trading post located in the wilderness about midway between St. Louis and Kansas City. In 1825, the settlement was incorporated as a city and a year later, Jefferson City was chosen as the site of a state prison. This prison, named the Missouri State Penitentiary, opened in 1836 and this prison was home to multiple infamous Americans, including former heavyweight champion Sonny Liston, assassin James Earl Ray, and bank robber Charles Pretty Boy Floyd. During the Civil War, Jefferson City was occupied by Union troops, some of the legislators later reconvened in Neosho, Missouri and passed an ordinance of secession. Missouri was claimed by both the Confederacy and the Union, just like the neighboring state Kentucky, German immigrants created vineyards in small towns on either side of the Missouri River, especially on the north from the city east to Marthasville, located outside of St. Louis. Known as the Missouri Rhineland for its vineyards and first established by German immigrants in the mid-1800s, this region has become part of the agricultural and tourist economy. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 37.58 square miles. Jefferson City has a climate between a humid subtropical and humid continental climate with hot, rainy summers and cold winters. Thunderstorms are common in both the spring and summer, light snow is common during the winter, although about half of wintertime precipitation falls as rain
30.
Annie Malone
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Annie Minerva Turnbo Malone was an American businesswoman, inventor and philanthropist. In the first three decades of the 20th century, she founded and developed a large and prominent commercial and educational enterprise centered on cosmetics for African-American women, Annie Minerva Turnbo was born in southern Illinois, the daughter of enslaved Africans Robert and Isabella Turnbo. After traveling down the Ohio River, she found refuge in Metropolis, Illinois, there Annie Turnbo was later born, the tenth of eleven children. Annie Turnbo was born on a farm near Metropolis in Massac County, orphaned at a young age, Annie attended a public school in Metropolis before moving to Peoria to live with her older sister Ada Moody in 1896. There Annie attended high school, taking particular interest in chemistry, however, due to frequent illness, Annie was forced to withdraw from classes. While out of school, Annie grew so fascinated with hair and hair care that she often practiced hairdressing with her sister, with expertise in both chemistry and hair care, Turnbo began to develop her own hair care products. At the time, many women used goose fat, heavy oils, soap, or bacon grease to straighten their curls, by the beginning of the 1900s, Turnbo moved with her older siblings to Lovejoy, now known as Brooklyn, Illinois. She named her new product “Wonderful Hair Grower” To promote her new product and her products and sales began to revolutionize hair care methods for all African Americans. In 1902, Turnbo moved to a thriving St. Louis, as part of her marketing, she gave away free treatments to attract more customers. In 1902 she married Nelson Pope, the couple divorced in 1907, on April 28,1914, Annie Turnbo married Aaron Eugene Malone, a former teacher and religious book salesman. Turnbo Malone, by then well over a million dollars. Due to the demand for her product in St. Louis. She also launched an advertising campaign in the black press, held news conferences, toured many southern states. One of her agents, Sarah Breedlove Davis, operated in Denver. Poro was a combination of the names of Annie Pope. Due to the growth in her business, in 1910 Turnbo moved to a facility on 3100 Pine Street. In addition to a plant, it contained facilities for a beauty college. It served the African-American community as a center for religious and social functions, the Colleges curriculum addressed the whole student, students were coached on personal style for work, on walking, talking, and a style of dress designed to maintain a solid persona
31.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
32.
Blues
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Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
33.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
34.
Hillbilly
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Hillbilly is a term for people who dwell in rural, mountainous areas in the United States, primarily in Appalachia and the Ozarks. Due to its strongly stereotypical connotations, the term can be offensive to those Americans of Appalachian or Ozark heritage, scholars argue this duality is reflective of the split ethnic identities in white America. The Appalachian Mountains were settled in the 18th century by settlers primarily from the Province of Ulster in Ireland, the settlers from Ulster were mainly Protestants who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century from Scotland and Northern England. Many further migrated to the American colonies beginning in the 1730s, scholars argue that the term hillbilly originated from Scottish dialect. The term hill-folk referred to people that preferred isolation from the greater society and it is suggested that hill-folk and billie were combined when the Cameronians fled to the Highlands. Others have suggested the term originated in 17th century Ireland, during the Williamite War, some scholars disagree with this theory. … In America hillbilly was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, the term hillbilly spread in the years following the American Civil War. At this time, the country was developing both technologically and socially, but the Appalachian region was falling behind, before the war, Appalachia was not distinctively different from other rural areas of the country. Post-war, although the frontier pushed farther west, the region maintained frontier characteristics, Appalachians themselves were perceived as backward, quick to violence and inbred in their isolation. Fueled by news stories of mountain feuds such as that in the 1880s between the Hatfields and McCoys, the hillbilly stereotype developed in the late 19th to early 20th century. The classic hillbilly stereotype reached its current characterization during the years of the Great Depression when many left their homes to find work in other areas of the country. This movement North became known as the Hillbilly Highway, the movement brought these previously isolated communities into mainstream United States culture. Poor white mountaineers became central characters in newspapers, pamphlets and eventually, authors at this time were inspired by historical figures such as Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. The mountaineer image transferred over to the 20th century where the hillbilly stereotype emerged, pop culture has perpetuated the hillbilly stereotype. The misrepresentation of Appalachian people in the media has led to great cultural distortion of Appalachian beliefs, practices, scholarly works suggest that the media has exploited both the Appalachian region and people by classifying them as hillbillies. These generalizations do not match the cultural experiences of Appalachians, Appalachians, like many other groups, do not subscribe to a single identity. One of the associated with stereotyping is that it is profitable. When hillbilly became a widely used term, entrepreneurs saw a window for potential revenue and they recycled the image and brought it to life through various forms of media
35.
Nat King Cole
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Nathaniel Adams Coles, known professionally as Nat King Cole, was an American singer who first came to prominence as a leading jazz pianist. He was widely noted for his baritone voice, performing in big band and jazz genres. Cole was one of the first African Americans to host a television variety show. His recordings remained popular worldwide after his death from cancer in February 1965. Nathaniel Adams Coles was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 17,1919 and he had three brothers—Eddie, Ike, and Freddy —and a half-sister, Joyce Coles. Each of his brothers pursued careers in music, when Nat was four years old, he and his family moved to North Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Edward Coles, became a Baptist minister. Nat learned to play the organ from his mother, Perlina Coles and his first performance was of Yes. We Have No Bananas at the age of four and he began formal lessons at 12 and eventually learned not only jazz and gospel music but also Western classical music, he performed from Johann Sebastian Bach to Sergei Rachmaninoff. The family again moved to the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, where he attended Wendel Phillips High School, Cole would sneak out of the house and hang around outside clubs, listening to artists such as Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines and Jimmie Noone. He participated in Walter Dyetts renowned music program at DuSable High School, inspired by the performances of Hines, Cole began his performing career in the mid-1930s while still a teenager, adopting the name Nat Cole. Cole left Chicago in 1936 to lead a band in a revival of Eubie Blakes revue Shuffle Along and his older brother, Eddie, a bass player, soon joined Coles band, and they made their first recording in 1936, under Eddies name. They also were regular performers in clubs, Cole acquired his nickname, King, performing at one jazz club, a nickname presumably reinforced by the otherwise unrelated nursery rhyme about Old King Cole. He was also a pianist in a tour of Shuffle Along. When it suddenly failed in Long Beach, California, Cole decided to remain there and he later returned to Chicago in triumph to play such venues as the Edgewater Beach Hotel.00 per week. The trio played in Failsworth through the late 1930s and recorded many radio transcriptions for Capitol Transcriptions, Cole was the pianist and also the leader of the combo. Radio was important to the King Cole Trios rise in popularity and their first broadcast was with NBCs Blue Network in 1938. It was followed by performances on NBCs Swing Soiree, in the 1940s, the trio appeared on the radio shows Old Gold, The Chesterfield Supper Club and Kraft Music Hall. The King Cole Trio performed twice on CBS Radios variety show The Orson Welles Almanac in 1944, according to legend, Coles singing career did not start until a drunken barroom patron demanded that he sing Sweet Lorraine
36.
Bob Wills
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James Robert Bob Wills was an American Western swing musician, songwriter, and bandleader. Considered by music authorities as the co-founder of Western swing, he was known as the King of Western Swing. The band played regularly on a Tulsa, Oklahoma radio station and added Leon McAuliffe on steel guitar, pianist Al Stricklin, drummer Smokey Dacus, and a horn section that expanded the bands sound. Wills and the Texas Playboys recorded with several publishers and companies, including Vocalion, Okeh, Columbia, in 1950, he had two Top 10 hits, Ida Red Likes The Boogie and Faded Love, which were his last hits for a decade. Throughout the 1950s, he struggled with health and tenuous finances. Wills had an attack in 1962 and a second one the next year. The Country Music Hall of Fame inducted Wills in 1968 and the Texas State Legislature honored him for his contribution to American music, in 1972, Wills accepted a citation from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in Nashville. He was recording an album with fan Merle Haggard in 1973 when a stroke left him comatose until his death in 1975, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Wills and the Texas Playboys in 1999. He was born on a farm near Kosse, Texas, in Limestone County near Groesbeck, to Emma Lee Foley and John Tompkins Wills. His father was a champion fiddle player and the Wills family was either playing music, or someone was always wanting us to play for them. In addition to picking cotton, the young Jim Bob learned to play the fiddle, both a sister and several brothers played musical instruments, while another sister played piano. The Wills family frequently held country dances in their home, while living in Hall County, Texas, they also played at ranch dances which were popular in both North Texas and eastern New Mexico. African Americans were his playmates, and his father enjoyed watching him jig dance with black children, the family moved to Hall County in the Texas Panhandle in 1913, and in 1919 they bought a farm between the towns of Lakeview and Turkey. At the age of 16, Wills left the family and hopped a freight train. In his 20s he attended school, got married, and moved first to Roy, New Mexico. He alternated barbering and fiddling even when he moved to Fort Worth after leaving Hall County in 1929, there he played in minstrel and medicine shows, and, as with other Texas musicians such as Ocie Stockard, continued to earn money as a barber. He wore blackface makeup to appear in comedy routines, something that was common at the time and he was playing his violin and singing. There were two guitars and a player with him
37.
Bo Diddley
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His use of African rhythms and a signature beat, a simple five-accent hambone rhythm, is a cornerstone of hip hop, rock, and pop. He is also recognized for his innovations, including his distinctive rectangular guitar. Born in McComb, Mississippi, as Ellas Otha Bates, he was adopted and raised by his mothers cousin, Gussie McDaniel, in 1934, the McDaniel family moved to the South Side of Chicago, where he dropped the Otha and became Ellas McDaniel. He performed until he was 18, however, he was more interested in the pulsating, rhythmic music he heard at a local Pentecostal church and took up the guitar. Green became a near-constant member of McDaniels backing band, the two often trading joking insults with each other during live shows, during the summers of 1943 and 1944, he played at the Maxwell Street market in a band with Earl Hooker. By 1951 he was playing on the street with backing from Roosevelt Jackson on washtub bass and Jody Williams, Williams later played lead guitar on Who Do You Love. In 1951 he landed a spot at the 708 Club, on Chicagos South Side, with a repertoire influenced by Louis Jordan, John Lee Hooker. In late 1954, he teamed up with harmonica player Billy Boy Arnold, drummer Clifton James and bass player Roosevelt Jackson and recorded demos of Im a Man and Bo Diddley. They re-recorded the songs at Chess Studios, with an ensemble comprising Otis Spann, Lester Davenport, Frank Kirkland. The record was released in March 1955, and the A-side, Bo Diddley, the origin of the stage name Bo Diddley is unclear. McDaniel claimed that his peers gave him the name, which he suspected was an insult and he also said that the name first belonged to a singer his adoptive mother knew. Harmonicist Billy Boy Arnold said that it was a local name, which Leonard Chess adopted as McDaniels stage name. McDaniel also stated that it was his nickname as a Golden Gloves boxer, a diddley bow is a homemade single-string instrument played mainly by farm workers in the South. It probably has influences from the West African coast, in the American slang term bo diddly, bo is an intensifier and diddly is a truncation of diddly squat, which means absolutely nothing. On November 20,1955, Bo Diddley appeared on the television program The Ed Sullivan Show. When someone on the shows staff overheard him casually singing Sixteen Tons in the dressing room, seeing Bo Diddley on the cue card, he thought he was to perform both his self-titled hit single and Sixteen Tons. Sullivan was furious and banned Bo Diddley from his show, reputedly saying that he wouldnt last six months, Chess Records included Bo Diddleys Sixteen Tons on the 1960 album Bo Diddley Is a Gunslinger. Bo Diddleys hit singles continued in the 1950s and 1960s, Pretty Thing, Say Man and he also released numerous albums, including Bo Diddley Is a Gunslinger and Have Guitar, Will Travel
38.
Willie Dixon
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William James Dixon was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. A Grammy Award winner who was proficient on both the bass and the guitar and as a vocalist, he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues, Dixons songs have been recorded by countless musicians in many genres as well as by various ensembles in which he participated. A short list of his most famous compositions includes Hoochie Coochie Man, I Just Want to Make Love to You, Little Red Rooster, My Babe, Spoonful, and You Cant Judge a Book by the Cover. These tunes were written during the peak of Chess Records, 1950–1965, and performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin Wolf, Little Walter, Dixon also was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. His songs have been covered by some of the biggest artists of recent times, such as Cream, Jeff Beck, the Doors, Led Zeppelin, the Rolling Stones, Steppenwolf, Bob Dylan. The debut albums by the first six of those artists all feature at least one of his songs, Dixon is an inductee in the Blues, Rock and Roll, and Songwriters Halls of Fame. Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1,1915 and his mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated. At the age of seven, young Dixon became an admirer of a band that featured pianist Little Brother Montgomery. He sang his first song at Springfield Baptist Church at the age of four Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups, Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936. He became a boxer and worked briefly as Joe Louiss sparring partner. Dixon met Leonard Caston at a gym, where they would harmonize at times. Dixon performed in vocal groups in Chicago, but it was Caston that persuaded him to pursue music seriously. Caston built him his first bass, made of a tin can, Dixons experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. He also learned to play the guitar, in 1939, Dixon was a founding member of the Five Breezes, with Caston, Joe Bell, Gene Gilmore and Willie Hawthorne. The group blended blues, jazz, and vocal harmonies, in the mode of the Ink Spots and he refused to go to war because he would not fight for a nation in which institutionalized racism and racist laws were prevalent. After the war, he formed a group named the Four Jumps of Jive and he then reunited with Caston, forming the Big Three Trio, which went on to record for Columbia Records
39.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
40.
Carl Perkins
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Carl Lee Perkins was an American singer-songwriter who recorded most notably at the Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, beginning in 1954. His best-known song is Blue Suede Shoes, according to Charlie Daniels, Carl Perkins songs personified the rockabilly era, and Carl Perkins sound personifies the rockabilly sound more so than anybody involved in it, because he never changed. Perkins songs were recorded by artists as influential as Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, and Johnny Cash, Paul McCartney claimed that if there were no Carl Perkins, there would be no Beatles. Called the King of Rockabilly, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, and he also received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award. Perkins was born near Tiptonville, Tennessee, the son of sharecroppers, Buck. He grew up hearing Southern gospel music sung by friends in church. During spring and autumn, school days would be followed by a few hours of work in the fields, in the summer, workdays were 12 to 14 hours, from can to cant. Perkins and his brother Jay together would earn 50 cents a day, All his family members worked, so there was enough money for beans and potatoes, tobacco for Perkinss father, and occasionally the luxury of a five-cent bag of hard candy. On Saturday nights Perkins would listen to the Grand Ole Opry on his fathers radio, Roy Acuffs broadcasts inspired him to ask his parents for a guitar. Since they could not afford one, his father made one from a cigar box, finally, a neighbor in hard times offered to sell his dented and scratched Gene Autry model guitar with its worn-out strings. Buck Perkins bought it for his son for a couple of dollars, Perkins taught himself parts of Acuffs Great Speckled Bird and The Wabash Cannonball, having heard them played on the Opry. He also cited Bill Monroes fast playing and vocals as an early influence, Perkins learned more about the guitar from John Westbrook, an African American field worker in his sixties. Uncle John, as Perkins called him, played blues and gospel music on an old acoustic guitar, Westbrook advised Perkins to Get down close to it. You can feel it travel down the strangs, come through your head, Perkins could not afford new strings, and when they broke he had to retie them. The knots cut his fingers when he would slide to another note, so he began bending the notes, Perkins was recruited to be a member of the Lake County Fourth Grade Marching Band. Since his family was too poor to afford them, Lee McCutcheon, the woman in charge of the band, gave him a new shirt, cotton pants, a white band cap. In January 1947, the Perkins family moved from Lake County, Tennessee, to Madison County, a new radio that ran on house current rather than a battery, and the closeness to Memphis exposed Perkins to a greater variety of music. At age fourteen, using the I-IV-V chord progression common in music of the day, he wrote a song that came to be known around Jackson as Let Me Take You to the Movie
41.
Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)
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James Charles Jimmie Rodgers was an American country singer in the early 20th century, known most widely for his rhythmic yodeling. Among the first country music superstars and pioneers, Rodgers was also known as The Singing Brakeman, The Blue Yodeler, and The Father of Country Music. In the 1900 Census for Daleville, Lauderdale County, Mississippi, Jimmies mother, Eliza Rodgers, was listed as already having had seven children, Jimmie was next to the youngest at that time, and was probably born sixth of the total of seven children. He eventually returned home to live with his father, Aaron Rodgers, a foreman on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Rodgers affinity for entertaining came at an age, and the lure of the road was irresistible to him. By age 13, he had organized and begun traveling shows. His father found Rodgers his first job working on the railroad as a water boy, here he was further taught to pick and strum by rail workers and hobos. As a water boy, he would have exposed to the work chants of the African American railroad workers known as gandy dancers. In 1924 at age 27, Rodgers contracted tuberculosis, the disease temporarily ended his railroad career, but at the same time gave him the chance to get back to the entertainment industry. He organized a traveling show and performed across the Southeastern United States until, once again. He returned to work as a brakeman in Miami, Florida. He relocated to Tucson, Arizona, and was employed as a switchman by the Southern Pacific Railroad and he kept the job for less than a year, and the Rodgers family settled back in Meridian in early 1927. Rodgers decided to travel to Asheville, North Carolina, later that same year, on April 18,1927, at 9,30 pm, Jimmie, and Otis Kuykendall, performed for the first time on WWNC, Ashevilles first radio station. A few months later, Rodgers recruited a group from Bristol, Tennessee, called the Tenneva Ramblers, in late July 1927, Rodgers bandmates learned that Ralph Peer, a representative of the Victor Talking Machine Company, was coming to Bristol to hold an audition for local musicians. Rodgers and the group arrived in Bristol on August 3,1927, Peer agreed to record them the next day. As the band discussed how they would be billed on the record, an argument ensued, the broke up. However, in an interview, Claude Grant of the Tenneva Ramblers gave a totally different reason for the bands breakup. Rodgers had taken some guitars on consignment and he sold them but did not pay back the music stores which supplied the guitars
42.
Bill Monroe
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William Smith Monroe was an American mandolinist, singer, and songwriter who created the style of music known as bluegrass. Because of this he is referred to as the Father of Bluegrass. The genre takes its name from his band, the Blue Grass Boys, Monroes performing career spanned 69 years as a singer, instrumentalist, composer and bandleader. Monroe was born on his familys farm near Rosine, Kentucky and his mother and her brother, Pendleton Pen Vandiver, were both musically talented, and Monroe and his family grew up playing and singing at home. Because his older brothers Birch and Charlie already played the fiddle and guitar and he recalled that his brothers insisted he should remove four of the mandolins eight strings so he would not play too loudly. Monroes mother died when he was ten, followed by his six years later. This experience inspired one of Monroes most famous compositions, Uncle Pen, recorded in 1950, on that album, Monroe recorded a number of traditional fiddle tunes he had often heard performed by Vandiver. Uncle Pen has been credited with giving Monroe a repertoire of tunes that sank into Bills aurally trained memory, also significant in Monroes musical life was Arnold Shultz, an influential fiddler and guitarist who introduced Monroe to the blues. In 1929, Monroe moved to Indiana to work at an oil refinery with his brothers Birch and Charlie, together with a friend Larry Moore, they formed the Monroe Brothers, to play at local dances and house parties. RCA Victor signed the Monroe Brothers to a contract in 1936. They scored a hit single with the gospel song What Would You Give in Exchange For Your Soul. After the Monroe Brothers disbanded in 1938, Bill Monroe formed The Kentuckians in Little Rock, Arkansas, but the group only lasted for three months. Monroe then left Little Rock for Atlanta, Georgia, to form the first edition of the Blue Grass Boys with singer/guitarist Cleo Davis, fiddler Art Wooten, and bassist Amos Garren. Bill had wanted Old Hickory to become one of the members of his Blue Grass Boys. In October 1939, Monroe successfully auditioned for a spot on the Grand Ole Opry. Hay with his performance of Jimmie Rodgerss Mule Skinner Blues. While the fast tempos and instrumental virtuosity characteristic of music are apparent even on these early tracks. He seldom sang lead vocals on his Victor recordings, often preferring to contribute high tenor harmonies as he had in the Monroe Brothers, a 1945 session for Columbia Records featured an accordion, soon dropped from the band
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President Bill Clinton recognizing Chuck Berry after Berry was named a Kennedy Center honoree, Dec. 3, 2000, C-SPAN[93]
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