1.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
St. Louis
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From top left:
Forest Park Jewel Box,
MetroLink at
Lambert-St. Louis International Airport,
Apotheosis of St. Louis at the
Saint Louis Art Museum, The
Gateway Arch and the St. Louis skyline,
Busch Stadium, and the
St. Louis Zoo
St. Louis
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An illustrated map by F. Graf; Saint Louis in 1896.
St. Louis
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South Broadway after a May 27, 1896, tornado
St. Louis
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Westward view of St. Louis skyline, September 2008.
2.
Wentzville, Missouri
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Wentzville is a city located in western St. Charles County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 29,070. The citys major employer is General Motors which has a full size van assembly plant located there, as the site of the county fairgrounds, Wentzville hosts the annual St. Gerard County Parade, St. Lazlo Wentz Festival and the Greater St. Louis Renaissance Faire. Wentzville was laid out in 1855, the community has the name of one Peter Louis Kingston Wentz III, a railroad official. A post office called Wentzville has been in operation since 1859, the Wentzville Tobacco Company Factory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. Wentzville is located at 38°4858 North, 90°5126 West, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.98 square miles, of which,19.96 square miles is land and 0.02 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 29,070 people,9,767 households, the population density was 1,456.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,305 housing units at a density of 516.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 9% White,6. 0% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 8% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 7% of the population. 15. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.31. The median age in the city was 31.2 years. 33. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,33. 7% were from 25 to 44, 19% were from 45 to 64, and 7. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 5% male and 51. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 13,931 people,2,456 households, and 1,846 families residing in the city. The population density is 478.9 people per square mile, there are 2,724 housing units at an average density of 189.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city is 84. 63% White,12. 02% African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 55% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 52% from other races,2. 06% from two or more races. 1. 49% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 7% of all households are made up of individuals and 9. 1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.76 and the family size is 3.20. In the city, the population is out with 31. 8% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,30. 7% from 25 to 44,17. 4% from 45 to 64
Wentzville, Missouri
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Old Downtown Wentzville
3.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock and roll
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Sign commemorating the role of
Alan Freed and
Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll
Rock and roll
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Chuck Berry in 1957
Rock and roll
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Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm
Rock and roll
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
4.
Chess Records
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Chess Records was an American record company, founded in 1950 in Chicago and specializing in blues and rhythm and blues. Over time it expanded into music, gospel music, early rock and roll, and occasional jazz and comedy recordings, released on the Chess, Checker, Argo. The Chess catalogue is owned by Universal Music Group and managed by Geffen Records. Founded and run by Jewish immigrant brothers from Poland, Leonard and Phil Chess, the musician and critic Cub Koda described Chess as Americas greatest blues label. Chess was based at different locations on the south side of Chicago. The most famous location was 2120 S, Michigan Avenue from around 1956 to 1965, immortalized by the Rolling Stones in 2120 South Michigan Avenue, an instrumental recorded there during the groups first U. S. tour in 1964. The Stones recorded at Chess Studios on two more occasions, the building is now the home of Willie Dixons Blues Heaven Foundation. In the mid-1960s, Chess relocated to a larger building, at 320 E. 21st Street. Leonard bought a stake in Aristocrat Records in 1947. in 1950, he brought his brother, Phil, into the operation, in the same year they brought in a third partner, Evelyn Aron, and renamed the company Chess Records. The first release from Chess was a 78 RPM single, My Foolish Heart, backed with Bless You, by Gene Ammons, issued as Chess 1425 in June 1950, which became the labels biggest hit of the year. In 1951, the Chess brothers began an association with Sam Phillips, of the Memphis Recording Service, one of the most important artists that came out of Memphis was Howlin Wolf, who stayed with the label until his death in 1976. Many songs created by Chess artists were covered by many famous rock-and-roll artists, including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones. Musical figures created for Chess by Bo Diddley, Willie Dixon, Chuck Berry, Howlin Wolf, Muddy Waters, Buddy Guy and others were the basis of much subsequent rock, in 1952, the brothers started Checker Records as an alternative label for radio play. In December 1955, they launched a jazz and pop label, Marterry and this was quickly renamed Argo Records, but the name was changed again in 1965 to Cadet Records to end confusion with a British spoken-word label. In 1953, Leonard Chess and Gene Goodman set up Arc Music BMI, a publishing company, several of Chesss releases gave a writing credit to Alan Freed. During the 1950s, Leonard and Phil Chess handled most of the production and they brought in producer Ralph Bass in 1960 to handle the gospel output and some of the blues singers. Bassist and songwriter Willie Dixon was also involved in organizing blues sessions for the label and is now credited retroactively as a producer on some re-releases. In 1958, Chess began producing their first LP records which included such albums as The Best of Muddy Waters, Best of Little Walter, in 1962, Chess Records was sued by Peacock Records for recording their artists Reverend Robert Ballinger and the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi
Chess Records
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The Chess Records logo, as featured on this
Memphis Slim single.
Chess Records
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Chess Records
Chess Records
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Chess Studios 2120 South Michigan Ave, Chicago, later Willie Dixon's Blues Heaven Foundation (photo 2009)
5.
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
Mercury Records
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Divisions and subsidiaries
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records
6.
Atco Records
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ATCO Records is an American record company and label founded in 1955 as a division of Atlantic Records. It was devised as an outlet for productions by one of Atlantics founders, Herb Abramson and it was also intended as a home for acts that did not fit the format of Atlantic, which was releasing blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, and soul. The Atco name is an abbreviation of ATlantic COrporation, Atco also provided distribution for other labels, including RSO Records, Volt, Island, Modern, Ruthless, and Rolling Stones Records. For most of its history Atco was known for pop music and rock and roll and these included Harry Arnold, Betty Carter, King Curtis, Herb Geller, Roland Hanna, and Helen Merrill. Atcos rock era began with Bobby Darin and The Coasters, in the early 1960s Atlantic began to license material from international sources, leading to instrumental hit singles from Jorgen Ingmann, Acker Bilk and Bent Fabric. Starting in the mid-1960s, Atco moved into rock-and-roll with Sonny and Cher, Buffalo Springfield, Vanilla Fudge, in 1964 Atco released a single in the U. S. by The Beatles, Aint She Sweet, which had been recorded in Hamburg in 1961. With lead vocals by John Lennon, Aint She Sweet reached #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in August 1964, in 1966 Atco released Substitute by The Who. This would be the only Who recording to appear on Atco, although Pete Townshend, Atlantic de-emphasized Atco in the mid-1970s, using the label mostly for hard rock acts and some British and European bands. In the mid-1970s Atco issued early albums from AC/DC, starting in 1978, AC/DC releases were issued on Atlantic until their contract with the label ended in the 1990s. In 1980 Atcos visibility rose with strong performances from Pete Townshends Empty Glass album. The last #1 hit on Atco was If Wishes Came True by Sweet Sensation in 1990, in 1991 Sylvia Rhone merged Atco with Atlantics fledgling EastWest Records America label and briefly operated the combination as Atco–East West Records America. By 1994 the Atco name was dropped and the label continued operating as EastWest Records America, since then the Atco name and logo appeared only on reissues of old material through Elektra. As of mid-2005 its most recent release was the soundtrack of the Bobby Darin biopic Beyond the Sea, in 2006, Warner Music Group reactivated Atco Records in conjunction with Rhino Entertainment. Scarlett Johansson, Keith Sweat, and Art Garfunkel were among the first artists signed to the label, Garfunkel issued Some Enchanted Evening on January 30,2007. Johansson issued Anywhere I Lay My Head on May 20,2008, queensrÿche released its American Soldier album on Atco on March 31,2009. The New York Dolls released its album Cause I Sez So on Atco on May 5,2009, the following is a list of artists who have recorded for Atco Records
Atco Records
–
Atco Records
7.
Johnnie Johnson (musician)
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Johnnie Clyde Johnson was an American pianist who played jazz, blues and rock and roll. His work with Chuck Berry led to his induction into the Rock, Johnson was born in Fairmont, West Virginia. He began playing the piano in 1928 and he joined the United States Marine Corps during World War II and became a member of Bobby Troups all-serviceman jazz orchestra, the Barracudas. After his service, he moved to Detroit, Illinois and then Chicago and he moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1952 and immediately assembled a jazz and blues group, the Sir John Trio, with the drummer Ebby Hardy and the saxophonist Alvin Bennett. The three had an engagement at the Cosmopolitan Club, in East St. Louis. On New Years Eve 1952, Bennett had a stroke and could not perform. Johnson, searching for a replacement, called a young man named Chuck Berry. Although then a limited guitarist, Berry added vocals and showmanship to the group, Bennett was not able to play after his stroke, so Johnson hired Berry as a permanent member of the trio. Berry took one of their tunes, a reworking of Bob Willss version of Ida Red, by the time the trio left Chicago, Berry had been signed as a solo act, and Johnson and Hardy became part of Berrys band. Said Johnson, I figured we could get jobs with Chuck running the band. He had a car and rubber wheels beat rubber heels any day, over the next 20 years, the two collaborated on arrangements for many of Berrys songs, including School Days, Carol, and Nadine. The song Johnny B. Goode was reportedly a tribute to Johnson, Berry and Johnson played and toured together until 1973. Although never on his payroll after 1973, Johnson played occasionally with Berry until Johnsons death in 2005, Johnson was known to have a serious drinking problem. In Berrys autobiography, he wrote that he had declared there would be no drinking in the car while the band was on the road, Johnson and his bandmates complied with the request by putting their heads out the window. Johnson denied the story but said he did drink on the road, Johnson quit drinking in 1991, after nearly suffering a stroke on stage with Eric Clapton. Johnson received little recognition until the Chuck Berry concert documentary Hail, Rock n Roll was released in 1987. That attention helped Johnson return to music, he had been supporting himself as a bus driver in St. Louis and he recorded his first solo album, Blue Hand Johnnie, that year. He later performed with Keith Richards, Eric Clapton, John Lee Hooker, Bo Diddley and George Thorogood on Thorogoods 1995 live album Live, in 1996 and 1997, Johnson toured with Bob Weirs band, Ratdog, playing 67 shows
Johnnie Johnson (musician)
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Johnson at the 1996 Riverwalk Blues Festival
8.
T-Bone Walker
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In 2011, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent and his parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington, taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jeffersons protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs, in 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single Wichita Falls Blues backed with Trinity River Blues. Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, the pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record. Walker married Vida Lee in 1935, the couple had three children, by the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hites orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, in 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long-time stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, Call It Stormy Monday. Other notable songs he recorded during this period were Bobby Sox Blues, throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner, the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott, and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea. He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records, Walkers only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955,1956 and 1959 and released by Atlantic Records in 1960. However, several acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl. Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingways music publishing company, Walkers career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died of pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975. Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B. B. King cited hearing Walkers recording of Stormy Monday as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar, Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walkers trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Stormy Monday was a live number of the Allman Brothers Band. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, T-Bone Walker discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs T-Bone Walker at the Internet Movie Database T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave
T-Bone Walker
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Walker in
Hamburg, Germany, 1972
T-Bone Walker
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T-Bone Walker at the American Folk Blues Festival in Hamburg, March 1972
T-Bone Walker
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Publicity photo for T-Bone Walker in 1942
9.
Muddy Waters
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McKinley Morganfield, better known as Muddy Waters, was an American blues musician who is often cited as the father of modern Chicago blues. Muddy Waters grew up on Stovall Plantation near Clarksdale, Mississippi, and by age 17 was playing the guitar and he was recorded in Mississippi by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress in 1941. In 1943, he moved to Chicago to become a full-time, in 1946, he recorded his first records for Columbia Records and then for Aristocrat Records, a newly formed label run by the brothers Leonard and Phil Chess. These songs included Hoochie Coochie Man, I Just Want to Make Love to You, in 1958, he traveled to England, laying the foundations of the subsequent blues boom there. His performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1960 was recorded and released as his first live album, Muddy Waters influence was tremendous, not just on blues and rhythm and blues but on rock and roll, hard rock, folk music, jazz, and country music. His use of amplification is often cited as the link between Delta blues and rock and roll, Muddy Waters birthplace and date is not conclusively known. He stated that he was born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi in 1915, a 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest he claimed 1915 as his year of birth, which he continued to use in interviews from that point onward. The 1920 census lists him as five years old as of March 6,1920, the Social Security Death Index, relying on the Social Security card application submitted after his move to Chicago in the mid-1940s, lists him as being born April 4,1913. His gravestone gives his year as 1915. Muddy Waters grandmother, Della Grant, raised him after his mother died shortly after his birth, Grant gave him the nickname Muddy at an early age because he loved to play in the muddy water of nearby Deer Creek. Waters was added later, as he began to play harmonica. The remains of the cabin on Stovall Plantation where Waters lived in his youth are now at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale and he had his first introduction to music in church, I used to belong to church. I was a good Baptist, singing in the church, so I got all of my good moaning and trembling going on for me right out of church, he recalled. By the time, he was 17, he had purchased his first guitar, I sold the last horse that we had. Made about fifteen dollars for him, gave my grandmother seven dollars and fifty cents, I kept seven-fifty, the people ordered them from Sears-Roebuck in Chicago. He started playing his songs in joints nearby his hometown, mostly in a owned by Colonel William Howard Stovall. In August 1941, Alan Lomax went to Stovall, Mississippi and he brought his stuff down and recorded me right in my house, Muddy recalled in Rolling Stone, and when he played back the first song I sounded just like anybodys records. Man, you dont know how I felt that Saturday afternoon when I heard that voice, later on he sent me two copies of the pressing and a check for twenty bucks, and I carried that record up to the corner and put it on the jukebox
Muddy Waters
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Muddy Waters at the opening of Peaches Records & Tapes in
Rockville, Maryland (mid-1970s)
Muddy Waters
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Muddy Waters with
James Cotton, 1971
10.
Maybellene
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Maybellene is one of the first rock-and-roll songs. It was written and recorded in 1955 by Chuck Berry, and inspired/adapted from the Western Swing fiddle tune Ida Red, Berrys song tells the story of a hot rod race and a broken romance. It was released in July 1955 as a single by Chess Records, of Chicago and it was Berrys first single and his first hit. Maybellene is considered one of the pioneering rock-and-roll songs, Rolling Stone magazine wrote, the record is an early instance of the complete rock-and-roll package, youthful subject matter, a small, guitar-driven combo, clear diction, and an atmosphere of unrelenting excitement. The lyrics describe a man driving a V8 Ford chasing his girlfriend in her Cadillac Coupe DeVille. The song was a hit with both black and white audiences. It has received honors and awards. Soon after its release, cover versions were recorded by several other artists. The title is misspelled Maybelline on several releases, Maybellene has been described as an adaptation of the Western Swing song Ida Red, as recorded by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys in 1938. According to Berry, Willss version, a dance number, was his favorite song to sing at racially integrated clubs. To Berrys surprise, Leonard Chess showed little interest in the material but was enthusiastic about the commercial possibilities in a hillbilly song sung by a black man. Chess wanted a bigger beat for the song and added a bass and he also thought the titles Ida Red and Ida May were too rural. The lyrics were rewritten, also at the direction of Chess, the kids wanted the big beat, cars and young love, Chess recalled. It was the trend and we jumped on it and it has been asserted that it was a common practice in the 1950s to alter the instrumental parts and lyrics of old songs and represent them as new songs. With such changes the songs were often not identifiable, particularly if the melody was modified. This practice took place because copyrights on older recordings were rarely asserted, as Chess had predicted, the lyrics appealed to teenagers fascinated by cars, speed, and sexuality. Maybellene was one of the first records to be a hit on the rhythm and blues, country and western and this exciting fusion of a rhythm-and-blues beat with a rural country style was the catalyst for the emergence of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. For this reason, the disc jockey Alan Freed received credit as a co-writer of Maybellene, russ Fratto, who had loaned money to Chess, also received credit
Maybellene
–
"Maybellene"
11.
Roll Over Beethoven
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Roll Over Beethoven is a 1956 hit single written by Chuck Berry, originally released on Chess Records, with Drifting Heart as the B-side. The lyrics of the song mention rock and roll and the desire for rhythm, the title of the song is an imperative directed at the composer Ludwig van Beethoven to roll over in his grave in reaction to the new genre of music that Berry was promoting. The song has been covered by other artists, including the Beatles. Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number 97 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. According to Rolling Stone and Cub Koda of Allmusic, Berry wrote the song in response to his sister Lucy always using the piano to play classical music when Berry wanted to play popular music. The lyric roll over Beethoven and tell Tchaikovsky the news refers to how classical composers would roll over in their graves upon hearing that classical music had given way to rock and roll. Although the lyrics mention rocking and rolling, the music that the classics are supposed to step aside for is referred to as rhythm, the lyric a shot of rhythm and blues was appropriated as the title of a song recorded by Arthur Alexander and others. The lyric about a rhythm revue refers to old-style R&B shows, Berrys version was originally released as a single by Chess Records in May 1956, with Drifting Heart as the B-side. It peaked at number 7 on the Billboard R&B chart and number 29 on the pop chart, Roll Over Beethoven has been released numerous times on compilation albums. Berrys single was one of 50 recordings chosen in 2003 by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, in 2004, Roll Over Beethoven was ranked number 97 on Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The accompanying review stated that it became the ultimate rock & roll call to arms, the opening guitar solo sounds similar to Berrys most famous hit, Johnny B. The sheet music for the two songs is very similar, Koda calls it a masterpiece that helped to define rock and roll. Their version of Roll Over Beethoven was recorded on July 30,1963, for their second British LP, With the Beatles, and features Harrison on vocals and guitar. In the United States, it was released April 10,1964, as the track of The Beatles Second Album. and May 11,1964, as the opening track of the second Capitol EP. It was released by Capitol in Canada with Please Mister Postman as the B-side and this release reached number 68 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Cash Box Singles chart. In 1994, the Beatles released a version of Roll Over Beethoven on Live at the BBC. This live version was recorded on February 28,1964, and broadcast on March 30,1964, as part of a BBC series starring the Beatles called From Us to You. This version of Roll Over Beethoven was used in the film Superman III, directed by Richard Lester, the following year, a live version from an October 1963 performance at the Karlaplansstudion in Stockholm was released on Anthology 1
Roll Over Beethoven
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The Swedish single release of the song, backed with "
Please Mr. Postman "
Roll Over Beethoven
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Chess single
Roll Over Beethoven
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"Roll Over Beethoven"
12.
Rock and Roll Music
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Rock and Roll Music is a 1957 hit single written and recorded by rock and roll star Chuck Berry. The song has been covered and is recognized as one of Berrys most popular. In the fall of 1957, his recording reached number 6 on Billboard magazines R&B Singles chart, Berry performed it on December 16,1957, on ABCs short-lived variety program The Guy Mitchell Show. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Berrys version number 128 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the song is also included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. The sessions for Rock and Roll Music took place on either May 6 or May 21,1957, in Chicago, the session was produced by Leonard Chess and Phil Chess. Backing Berry were Lafayette Leake, Willie Dixon, and Fred Below, sometime after the single was released in September 1957, Rock and Roll Music reached #6 on Billboard magazines R&B Singles chart and #8 on the Billboard Top 100 chart before the years end. Side one Rock and Roll Music Side two Blue Feeling Side one Rock and Roll Music Blue Feeling Side two Oh Baby Doll La Jaunda Side one Rock and Roll Music Side two Johnny B. Among these was a version of Berrys tune that eventually became as known as the original. The lead vocal in The Beatles version was performed by John Lennon, in contrast to Berrys even-toned rendition, Lennon sang it as loudly and dynamically as his voice would permit. In the United States, it was released on the LP and it also served as the title song to The Beatles 1976 compilation album, Rock n Roll Music. The Beatles version of Rock and Roll Music was released as a single in some countries, and topped the charts in Finland, Norway, the Netherlands and Australia. The original Beatles for Sale liner notes, by Derek Taylor, said that George Martin joins John and Paul on one piano, the Beach Boys version is notable for the use of backing vocals which repeat the phrase Rock, roll, rockin and roll. There is a difference between the LP version and the version in that the LP version has more synthesizer. Their version reached number 5 on the US chart and number 11 in Canada during the summer of 1976, kelson, Jr. saxophone, clarinet Carol Lee Miller, autoharp Jack Nimitz, saxophone, clarinet Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Rock and Roll Music
–
The Belgian single release of the song, backed with "
I'm a Loser "
Rock and Roll Music
–
"Rock and Roll Music"
13.
Johnny B. Goode
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Johnny B. Goode is a 1958 rock-and-roll song written and first recorded by Chuck Berry. The song was a hit among both black and white audiences, peaking at number 2 on Billboard magazines Hot R&B Sides chart. Johnny B. Goode is considered one of the most recognizable songs in the history of popular music, credited as the first rock & roll hit about rock & roll stardom, it has been recorded by many other artists and has received several honors and accolades. The song is ranked seventh on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Written by Berry in 1955, the song is about a country boy from the New Orleans area, who plays a guitar just like ringing a bell. Berry acknowledged that the song is partly autobiographical and that the lyrics referred to Johnny as a colored boy. As well as suggesting that the player is good, the title hints at autobiographic elements, because Berry was born at 2520 Goode Avenue. The song was inspired by Johnnie Johnson, the regular piano player in Berrys band. Johnson played on other recordings by Berry, but Lafayette Leake played the piano on this song. The opening guitar riff of Johnny B. Goode is essentially a copy of the opening single-note solo on Louis Jordans Aint That Just Like a Woman. Neither the guitar intro nor the solo are played at once, Berry played the introductory parts together with the rhythm guitar and later overdubbed the solo runs. Berry wrote three more songs involving the character Johnny B, Goode, Bye Bye Johnny, Go Go Go, and Johnny B. Blues, and titled an album, and the nearly 19-minute instrumental title track from it, Chuck Berry - vocals, guitars Lafayette Leake - piano Willie Dixon - bass Fred Below - drums In The Guardian, Joe Queenan wrote that Johnny B. In Billboard, Jason Upshutz stated that the song was the first rock-star origin story, the use of Johnny B. Goode in the 1973 coming-of-age comedy-drama American Graffiti resurrected the songs popularity, as it was used in one of the main scenes of the film. When Chuck Berry was inducted into the first Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on January 23,1986, he performed Johnny B. Goode and Rock and Roll Music, backed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The Hall of Fame included these songs and Maybellene in their list of the 500 songs that shaped Rock and it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999, for its influence as a rock and roll single. In the 1984 film Threads, the song is three times. The first time is when core characters Ruth Beckett and Jimmy Kemp discuss the future of their relationship before the outbreak of nuclear war, the second time is when Jimmy is at a pub, drinking with his mate
Johnny B. Goode
–
"Johnny B. Goode"
Johnny B. Goode
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"Johnny Be Good"
14.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
Rhythm and blues
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T-Bone Walker, American Folk Blues Festival 1972 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 46)
Rhythm and blues
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Louis Jordan, New York, N.Y., ca. July 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 04721).
Rhythm and blues
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Big Joe Turner, Hamburg 1974 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 86)
Rhythm and blues
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The habanera rhythm shown as tresillo (lower notes) with the backbeat (upper note).
15.
Guitar showmanship
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Guitar showmanship involves gimmicks, jumps, or other stunts with a guitar. Blues musicians such as Charley Patton would use such as playing the guitar behind their back. Other guitarists such as Joe Satriani and Zakk Wylde employ these techniques, buddy Guy has also tossed his guitar up in the air and caught it on exactly the same chord he was previously fretting. Stevie Ray Vaughan would also play the guitar behind his head, Chuck Berrys showmanship has been influential on other rock guitar players. The Whos lead guitarist and main songwriter Pete Townshend commonly plays his guitar with a fast windmill motion, at a show in Tacoma, Washington in 1989, he was windmilling so aggressively that he accidentally pierced his hand with the guitars whammy bar and needed hospital treatment. Townshend also destroys his guitar, usually at the climax of a set, the first occasion was in 1964 at the Railway Tavern in Harrow, which has a low ceiling, he raised his guitar above his head and accidentally drove the headstock into the roof smashing it off. When the audience failed to respond he proceeded to smash the rest of the guitar to pieces. Pete, I was expecting everybody to go, “Wow, he’s broken his guitar, he’s broken his guitar, ” but nobody did anything, and determined to get this precious event noticed by the audience, I proceeded to make a big thing of breaking the guitar. I bounced all over the stage with it and I threw the bits on the stage and I picked up my spare guitar, on March 31,1967 at performance at London Astoria Hendrix sustained hand burns and visited the hospital. Hendrix was also known for having a very erotic stage presence, audiences would see him slowly sweeping his hand similar to Townshends windmill, rolling his head, and wiping the guitars neck in order to create some extra fuzz. He would also make it appear that he played guitar with his teeth, for example at the In 1967 Monterey International Pop Music Festival during the guitar solo from his popular song Hey Joe. Jimmy Page is famous for playing his guitar with a bow, as on the live versions of the songs Dazed and Confused. During Led Zeppelins 1977 tour, the bow was illuminated and emitted a beam from its tip. He would also jump and open his legs wide in mid-air when playing Rock And Roll, a famous example of Blackmores onstage antics can be seen during the California Jam in 1974, where he headlined with Deep Purple. He smashed one of his guitars on a camera before throwing it into the crowd. During the same one of his amplifiers blew up and set the stage on fire. Despite this the band finished their set and this stunt can be seen on the 2003 G3 concert video and in the music video for Ill See the Light, Tonight. Other people who have used the hula hoop stunt include Warner E. Hodges as well as Bruce Springsteen during the Super Bowl XLIII Halftime performance, angus Young is famous for his wild onstage antics, intense jumps and running back and forth across the stage while playing his guitar
Guitar showmanship
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Pete Townshend from
The Who leaping in the air - an example of guitar showmanship
16.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
African Americans
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An artist's conception of
Crispus Attucks (1723–1770), the first "
martyr " of the
American Revolution. He was of
Native American and African American descent.
African Americans
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Jesse Owens shook racial stereotypes both with Nazis and segregationists in the USA at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
African Americans
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An African-American boy outside of
Cincinnati,
Ohio in the 1940s.
African Americans
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March on Washington, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders.
17.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited what we now call Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
Missouri
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A physiographic map of Missouri.
Missouri
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Flag
Missouri
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The
Bell Mountain Wilderness of southern Missouri's
Mark Twain National Forest
Missouri
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External video
18.
Sumner High School (St. Louis)
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Sumner High School, also known as Charles H. Sumner High School, is a St. Louis public high school that was the first high school for African-American students west of the Mississippi River. Together with Vashon High School, Sumner was one of two segregated public high schools in St. Louis City for African-American students. Established in 1875 only after extensive lobbying by some of St. Louis African-American residents, the school is named after the well-known abolitionist senator Charles H. Sumner. The high school was established on Eleventh Street in St, the school was moved in the 1880s because parents complained that their children were walking past the city gallows and morgue on their way to school. The current structure, built in 1908, was designed by architect William B, Sumner was the only black public high school in St. Louis City until 1927, with the opening of Vashon High School. Other later black high schools in St. Louis County were Douglass High School, the St. Louis Public School Superintendent Kevin Adams went over a lot of options with students and parents about the problems of the school. He recommended that if Sumner made efforts and improved conditions they could continue to stay open, one of Adams ideas was to have Sumner alumni mentor current students, transfer troublesome students to different school, and set up achievable goals for the school year. Sumner Highs mascot is the Bulldog, sports that are currently offered are football, volleyball, basketball, baseball, track and field, tennis, and soccer. William Pop Beckett, musician Chuck Berry, musician, lucye Belue, principal of Kinloch High School from 1944–1974 Luther Bogan, Mayor of Moline Acres, Mo. Lester Bowie, jazz trumpeter Grace Bumbry, opera singer, baikida Carroll, trumpeter and composer Alvin Cash, musician Hon. William Clay, politician Billy Davis, Jr. The 5th Dimension Juan Farrow, tennis player Dick Gregory, comedian, Robert Guillaume, actor known for portraying the character Benson DuBois on the ABC sitcom Soap and its spinoff Benson. Victoria Clay Haley, suffragist and clubwoman John Hicks, musician Julius Hunter, james, Jr. engineer Oliver Lake, musician Robert McFerrin, opera singer and father of Bobby McFerrin. Wendell O. Pruitt, pioneering military pilot and Tuskegee Airman in whose honor the notorious Pruitt–Igoe housing projects were posthumously named, marshall Rogers, former NCAA scoring champion. Margaret Bush Wilson, first black woman to head the board of the NAACP Roscoe Robinson Jr. first black to reach the rank of general in the US Army Olly Wilson
Sumner High School (St. Louis)
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The Charles H. Sumner High Building
19.
Armed robbery
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Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to deprive the person of that property. Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions, under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment. The word rob came via French from Late Latin words of Germanic origin, among the types of robbery are armed robbery involving use of a weapon and aggravated robbery involving use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a place such as a sidewalk, street. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force, extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Criminal slang for robbery includes blagging or stick-up, and steaming, in Canada, the Criminal Code makes robbery an indictable offence, subject to a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. If the accused uses a restricted or prohibited firearm to commit robbery, there is a minimum sentence of five years for the first offence. Robbery is an offence in the Republic of Ireland. Robbery is an offence in England and Wales. Aggravated theft Robbery is the offence of aggravated theft. Aggravated robbery There are no offences of aggravated robbery and this requires evidence to show a theft as set out in section 1 of the Theft Act 1968. In R v Robinson the defendant threatened the victim with a knife in order to recover money which he was actually owed and his conviction for robbery was quashed on the basis that Robinson had an honest, although unreasonable, belief in his legal right to the money. See also R v Skivington 1 QB166,2 WLR655,131 JP265,111 SJ72,1 All ER483,51 Cr App R167, CA. It was argued that the theft should be regarded as complete by this time, and R v Gomez, should apply, the threat or use of force must take place immediately before or at the time of the theft. Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery, the words or immediately after that appeared in section 23 of the Larceny Act 1916 were deliberately omitted from section 8. The book Archbold said that the facts in R v Harman and it was held in R v Dawson and James that force is an ordinary English word and its meaning should be left to the jury. This approach was confirmed in R v Clouden and Corcoran v Anderton, stealing may involve a young child who is not aware that taking other persons property is not in order
Armed robbery
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Rōnin robbing a merchant's house in
Japan around 1860.
Armed robbery
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Marauders attacking a group of travellers, by
Jacques Courtois
Armed robbery
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"The Eveleigh Payroll Heist", 1914 was committed in the middle of the day in a busy area and has been reported to be the first robbery in
Australia where a
getaway car was used.
20.
Riff
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In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, usually at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a pattern, part of a tune. Both ostinatos and ostinati are accepted English plural forms, the reflecting the words Italian etymology. If the cadence may be regarded as the cradle of tonality, within the context of film music, Claudia Gorbman defines an obstinate as a repeated melodic or rhythmic figure that propel scenes that lack dynamic visual action. Ostinato plays an important part in improvised music, in which it is referred to as a riff or a vamp. A favorite technique of contemporary writers, ostinati are often used in modal and Latin jazz. Ostinato are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinskys The Rite of Spring Introduction and Augurs of Spring. A famous type of ostinato, called the Rossini crescendo, owes its name to a crescendo that underlies a persistent musical pattern and this style was emulated by other bel canto composers, especially Vincenzo Bellini, and later by Wagner. Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes, more familiar as accompanimental melodies, the techniques appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the 1970s. Lies in part in the need for unity created by the abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases. Relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center and their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though. Ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can lead to monotony. Ground bass or basso ostinato is a type of form in which a bass line. Aaron Copland describes basso ostinato as, the easiest to recognize of the variation forms wherein. A long phrase—either an accompanimental figure or an actual melody—is repeated over and over again in the bass part, however, he cautions, it might more properly be termed a musical device than a musical form. Many instruments south of the Sahara Desert play ostinato melodies and these include lamellophones such as the mbira, as well as xylophones like the balafon, the bikutsi, and the gyil. Ostinato figures are also played on string instruments such as the kora, gankoqui bell ensembles, often, African ostinatos contain offbeats or cross-beats, that contradict the metric structure. Other African ostinatos generate complete cross-rhythms by sounding both the main beats and cross-beats, in the following example, a gyil sounds the three-against-two cross-rhythm
Riff
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Ghanaian gyil
Riff
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Dido's Lament ground bass, measures 1–6. Play (
help ·
info)
Riff
–
Ghanaian gyil cross-rhythmic ostinato. Play (
help ·
info)
Riff
–
Cuban guajeo written in cut-time. Play (
help ·
info)
21.
Ida Red
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Idared is a type of apple cultivar from Moscow, Idaho, United States. Variety is characterized by a skin color. First developed at the University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station in 1942, the Idared has a white flesh with a firm body, and generally considered to be tart and juicy. For these reasons, it is well suited for making apple sauces, pies. Idared is harvested at the end of September to the middle of October and it remains hardy and durable until the end of January, and can even last until June with proper storage. According to the US Apple Association website it is one of the fifteen most popular cultivars in the United States. Descendants, Pia Piflora Pikosa Pilana Pingo Pivita Scab, high Powdery mildew, high Cedar apple rust, high Fire blight, high National Fruit Collection page
Ida Red
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Malus domestica 'Idared'
Ida Red
Ida Red
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Idared apples in a tree
Ida Red
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Species
22.
Mann Act
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The White-Slave Traffic Act, or the Mann Act, is a United States federal law, passed June 25,1910. Its primary stated intent was to address prostitution, immorality, and human trafficking and this is one of several acts of protective legislation aimed at moral reform during the progressive era. In practice, its ambiguous language about immorality has resulted in its used to criminalize even consensual sexual behavior between adults. It was amended by Congress in 1978 and again in 1986 to apply to transport for the purpose of prostitution or illegal sexual acts and it is in this changing social sphere that concern over white slavery began. This term referred to women being kidnapped for the purposes of prostitution, the second significant action at the local level was to close the brothels and the red light districts. From 1910 to 1913, city after city changed previously tolerant approaches, opposition to openly practiced prostitution had been growing steadily throughout the last decades of the 19th century. The federal governments response was the Mann Act, the purpose of the act was to make it a crime to transport or cause to be transported, or aid to assist in obtaining transportation for or to persuade, induce, entice or coerce a woman to travel. Many of the changes occurred after 1900 were a result of tensions between social ideals and practical realities. Family form and functions changed in response to a set of circumstances that were the effects of economic class. These white slave narratives, or white-slave tracts, began to circulate around 1909, such narratives often portrayed innocent girls victimized by a huge, secret and powerful conspiracy controlled by foreigners, as they were drugged or imprisoned and forced into prostitution. This is perhaps especially true of those ice cream saloons and fruit stores kept by foreigners, scores of cases are on record where young girls have taken their first step towards white slavery in places of this character. A number of Vice Commission reports had drawn attention to the issue, some contemporaries questioned the idea of abduction and foreign control of prostitution through cartels. For example, noted radical and feminist Emma Goldman asked What is really the cause of the trade in women, not merely white women, but yellow and black women as well. Exploitation, of course, the merciless Moloch of capitalism that fattens on underpaid labor, thus driving thousands of women, with Mrs. Warren these girls feel, Why waste your life working for a few shillings a week in a scullery, eighteen hours a day. Whether our reformers admit it or not, the economic and social inferiority of woman is responsible for prostitution, suffrage activists, especially Harriet Burton Laidlaw and Rose Livingston, took up the concerns. Other groups like the Womans Christian Temperance Union and Hull House focused on children of prostitutes, the American Purity Alliance also supported the Mann Act. Although the law was created to stop forced sexual slavery of women, in addition to its stated purpose of preventing human trafficking, the law was used to prosecute unlawful pre-marital, extra-marital, and inter-racial relationships. The penalties would be applied to men whether or not the woman involved consented and, if she had consented, some attribute enactment of the law to the case of world champion heavyweight boxer Jack Johnson
Mann Act
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"Ice cream parlors of the city and fruit stores combined, largely run by foreigners, are the places where scores of girls have taken their first step downward. Does her mother know the character of the place and the man she is with."
Mann Act
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Newspaper clip "Wanted 60,000 girls to take the place of 60,000 white slaves who will die this year"
Mann Act
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Jack Johnson marries Lucille Cameron 1912
23.
Nadine (song)
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Nadine is a song written and performed by Chuck Berry. It was released as a single in February 1964 and was the first music that Berry released after finishing a term in October 1963. After his December 1959 arrest under the Mann Act, Berry eventually served a prison term. He had not released a single since Come On in October 1961, Nadine was recorded at a November 1963 session at the Chess studio in Chicago, his first after his release from prison. Another song from that session, You Never Can Tell, would also be released as a single, the composition resembles Berrys first hit, Maybellene, similarly featuring lyrics about pursuing a girl, though in Nadine the pursuit is not by car but on foot and by taxi. As Berry told Melody Maker, I took Maybellene and from it got Nadine, the song was released in February 1964 as a single on Chess, backed with O Rangutang. It peaked at #23 on the Billboard Hot 100, #7 on the R&B chart, in the 1987 documentary film Hail. Rock n Roll, Bruce Springsteen praised the songs lyrics, Springsteen singled out the lines, I saw her from the corner when she turned and doubled back / Started walking toward a coffee-colored Cadillac. Ive never seen a coffee-colored Cadillac, but I know exactly what one looks like, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Nadine (song)
–
"Nadine"
24.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
The former Annex in Soho in New York City (now closed)
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (left) sits on the
Lake Erie shore next to the
Great Lakes Science Center (right) in Cleveland's
North Coast Harbor.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, showing
Lake Erie in the foreground
25.
Rolling Stone
–
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
Rolling Stone
–
Cee Lo Green,
Adam Levine,
Christina Aguilera, and
Blake Shelton, on the cover of the February 1, 2012, issue of Rolling Stone
26.
500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll
–
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum
500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll
–
The former Annex in Soho in New York City (now closed)
500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (left) sits on the
Lake Erie shore next to the
Great Lakes Science Center (right) in Cleveland's
North Coast Harbor.
500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, showing
Lake Erie in the foreground
27.
Voyager Golden Record
–
The Voyager Golden Records are phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. Carl Sagan noted that The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced space-faring civilizations in interstellar space, but the launching of this bottle into the cosmic ocean says something very hopeful about life on this planet. Thus the record is best seen as a time capsule, the Voyager 1 probe is currently the farthest human made object from Earth. Voyager 1 has reached interstellar space, the region between stars where the plasma is present. This is a present from a small, distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts and we are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University, the selection of content for the record took almost a year. Sagan and his associates assembled 116 images and a variety of sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, thunder. The record also includes the inspirational message Per aspera ad astra in Morse code, the collection of images includes many photographs and diagrams both in black and white, and color. The first images are of scientific interest, showing mathematical and physical quantities, the Solar System and its planets, DNA, care was taken to include not only pictures of humanity, but also some of animals, insects, plants and landscapes. Images of humanity depict a range of cultures. These images show food, architecture, and humans in portraits as well as going about their day-to-day lives, many pictures are annotated with one or more indications of scales of time, size, or mass. Some images contain indications of chemical composition, all measures used on the pictures are defined in the first few images using physical references that are likely to be consistent anywhere in the universe. The inclusion of Berrys Johnny B. Goode was controversial, with some claiming that music was adolescent, to which Sagan replied. The Golden Record also carries a long recording of the brainwaves of Ann Druyan. During the recording of the brainwaves, Druyan thought of many topics, including Earths history, civilizations and the problems they face, and what it was like to fall in love. After NASA had received criticism over the nudity on the Pioneer plaque, instead, only a silhouette of the couple was included. However, the record does contain Diagram of vertebrate evolution, by Jon Lomberg, with drawings of an anatomically correct naked male and naked female, the pulsar map and hydrogen molecule diagram are shared in common with the Pioneer plaque. The 116 images are encoded in analogue form and composed of 512 vertical lines, the remainder of the record is audio, designed to be played at 16⅔ revolutions per minute
Voyager Golden Record
–
The
Voyager Golden Record
Voyager Golden Record
–
Cover of the Voyager Golden Record
Voyager Golden Record
–
The golden record's location on Voyager (middle-bottom-left)
Voyager Golden Record
–
Golden record is attached to the spacecraft
28.
The Ville, St. Louis
–
The Ville is a historic African-American neighborhood located in North St. Louis, Missouri, with a long history of African-American businesses. This neighborhood is bounded by St. Louis Avenue on the North, Martin Luther King drive on the South, Sarah on the East and Taylor on the West. Prior to the United States Civil Rights movement, the use of restrictive covenants, as a result, the African American population of St. Louis became heavily concentrated in and around the Ville. Phillips Hospital, one of the few black teaching hospitals in the United States, as of the 2010 Census, there are 1,868 people living in The Ville and 6,189 people in the surrounding Greater Ville neighborhood. Cote Brilliante Elementary School De La Salle Middle School at St. 3% Black,1. 2% White,0. 2% American Indian,0. 8% of the people were of Hispanic or Latino origin. Peabody–Darst–Webbe, St. Louis neighborhood of another city hospital
The Ville, St. Louis
–
The Homer G. Phillips Hospital was built in 1937 to provide medical care to the black residents of a segregated city.
29.
Baptist
–
Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
Baptist
–
Print from Anglican theologian
Daniel Featley 's book, "The Dippers Dipt, or, The Anabaptists Duck'd and Plung'd Over Head and Ears, at a Disputation in Southwark", published in 1645.
Baptist
–
The
First Baptist Church in America. Baptists constitute roughly one-third of
U.S. Protestants.
Baptist
–
(
The Ninety-Five Theses)
30.
Kansas City, Missouri
–
Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west, on June 1,1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated, shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to them soon thereafter. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lees Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City. The city is composed of neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east. Kansas City is also known for its cuisine, its craft breweries, Kansas City, Missouri was officially incorporated as a town on June 1,1850, and as a city on March 28,1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a place to build settlements. The Antioch Christian Church, Dr. James Compton House, the first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit, Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, where he illegally traded furs. In the documents, he describes the junction of the Grande Riv des Cansez and Missouri River, French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the areas first reasonably accurate map. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade under Spanish license. After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, in 1831, a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city. They built the first school within Kansas Citys current boundaries, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833, in 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail,3 miles away from the river. In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, in 1850, the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas
Kansas City, Missouri
–
From top left: the
Liberty Memorial, the
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Kansas City skyline, the
Country Club Plaza,
Arrowhead Stadium, and
Kauffman Stadium
Kansas City, Missouri
–
Kansas City Pioneer Square monument in Westport features
Pony Express founder
Alexander Majors, Westport/Kansas City founder
John Calvin McCoy and Mountainman
Jim Bridger who owned Chouteau's Store.
Kansas City, Missouri
–
Walnut Street, Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, 1906.
Kansas City, Missouri
–
Kansas City satellite map
.jpg)
President Bill Clinton recognizing Chuck Berry after Berry was named a Kennedy Center honoree, Dec. 3, 2000, C-SPAN[91]
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
