1.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
Italian language
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Dante Alighieri (above) and
Petrarch (below) were influential in establishing their
Tuscan dialect as the most prominent literary language in all of
Italy in the
Late Middle Ages
Italian language
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The geographic distribution of the Italian language in the world: large Italian-speaking communities are shown in green; light blue indicates areas where the Italian language was used officially during the Italian colonial period.
Italian language
Italian language
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Pietro Bembo was an influential figure in the development of the Italian language from the Tuscan dialect, as a literary medium, codifying the language for standard modern usage
2.
Film studio
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The majority of firms in the entertainment industry have never owned their own studios, but have rented space from other companies. The largest film studio in the world is Hengdian World Studios, in Zhejiang and he distributed these movies at vaudeville theaters, penny arcades, wax museums, and fairgrounds. The pioneering Thanhouser film studio was founded in New Rochelle, New York in 1909 by American theatrical impresario Edwin Thanhouser, the company produced and released 1,086 films between 1910 and 1917, successfully distributing them around the world. The first film ever, Million Dollar Mystery, was released by the Thanhouser company in 1914. In the early 1900s, companies started moving to Los Angeles, although electric lights were by then widely available, none were yet powerful enough to adequately expose film, the best source of illumination for motion picture production was natural sunlight. Some movies were shot on the roofs of buildings in Downtown Los Angeles, early movie producers also relocated to Southern California to escape Edisons Motion Picture Patents Company, which controlled almost all the patents relevant to movie production at the time. The first movie studio in the Hollywood area was Nestor Studios, in the same year, another 15 independents settled in Hollywood. Other production companies eventually settled in the Los Angeles area in such as Culver City, Burbank. Five large companies, 20th Century Fox, RKO Pictures, Paramount Pictures, smaller studios operated simultaneously with the majors. Together with smaller outfits such as PRC TKO and Grand National, the Big Fives ownership of movie theaters was eventually opposed by eight independent producers, including Samuel Goldwyn, David O. Selznick, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, and Walter Wanger. In 1948, the government won a case against Paramount in the Supreme Court. This decision, reached after years of litigation, hastened the end of the studio system. By the 1950s, the components of a typical major film studio had become standardized. Movement in and out of the studio is normally limited to specific gates, Studio premises generally feature multiple sound stages along with an outside backlot, as well as offices for studio executives and production companies. There is normally a studio commissary, which is the term in the film industry for what other industries call a company cafeteria. With the growing diversification of studios into such fields as video games, television, theme parks, home video and publishing, instead the studios transformed into financing and distribution entities for the films made by their affiliated production companies. With the decreasing cost of CG and visual effects, many studios sold large chunks of their once massive studio spaces or backlots to private real-estate developers. Century City in Los Angeles was once part of the 20th Century Fox backlot, in most cases portions of the backlots were retained and are available for rental by various film and television productions
Film studio
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The
Babelsberg Studio near
Berlin was the first large-scale film studio in the world and the forerunner to
Hollywood. It still produces global blockbusters every year.
3.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
4.
Cinema of Italy
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The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy or by Italian directors. As of 2014, Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most of any country, as well as 12 Palmes dOr, early Italian films were typically adaptations of books or stage plays. One of the first cinematic avante-garde movements, Italian Futurism, took place in Italy in the late 1910s, after a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film. A popular Italian genre during this period, the Telefoni Bianchi, post-World War II Italy saw the rise of the influential Italian neorealist movement, which launched the directorial careers of Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini, and Vittorio De Sica. Neorealism declined in the late 1950s in favor of lighter films, such as those of the Commedia allitaliana genre and important directors like Federico Fellini, actresses such as Sophia Loren, Giulietta Masina and Gina Lollobrigida achieved international stardom during this period. The Spaghetti Western achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with Sergio Leones Dollars Trilogy, erotic Italian thrillers, or giallos, produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. During the 1980s and 1990s, directors such as Ermanno Olmi, Bernardo Bertolucci, Giuseppe Tornatore, Gabriele Salvatores, lumière trainees produced short films documenting everyday life and comic strips in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Pioneering Italian cinematographer Filoteo Alberini patented his Kinetograph during this period, the Italian film industry took shape between 1903 and 1908, led by three major organizations, Cines, based in Rome, and the Turin-based companies Ambrosio Film and Itala Film. Other companies soon followed in Milan and Naples, and these early companies quickly attained a respectable production quality and were able to market their products both within Italy and abroad. Early Italian films typically consisted of adaptations of books or stage plays, such as Mario Caserinis Otello and Arturo Ambrosios 1908 adaptation of the novel, also popular during this period were films about historical figures, such as Caserinis Beatrice Cenci and Ugo Falenas Lucrezia Borgia. LInferno, produced by Milano Films in 1911, was the first full-length Italian feature film ever made, popular early Italian actors included Emilio Ghione, Alberto Collo, Bartolomeo Pagano, Amleto Novelli, Lyda Borelli, Ida Carloni Talli, Lidia Quaranta and Maria Jacobini. Enrico Guazzones 1913 film Quo Vadis was one of the earliest blockbusters in history, utilizing thousands of extras. Giovanni Pastrones 1914 film Cabiria was a larger production, requiring two years and a record budget to produce. Nino Martoglios Lost in Darkness, also produced in 1914, documented life in the slums of Naples, between 1911 and 1919, Italy was home to the first avant-garde movement in cinema, inspired by the countrys Futurism movement. The 1916 Manifesto of Futuristic Cinematography was signed by Filippo Marinetti, Armando Ginna, Bruno Corra, Giacomo Balla, to the Futurists, cinema was an ideal art form, being a fresh medium, and able to be manipulated by speed, special effects and editing. The Italian film industry struggled against rising foreign competition in the years following World War I, several major studios, among them Cines and Ambrosio, formed the Unione Cinematografica Italiana to coordinate a national strategy for film production. This effort was unsuccessful, however, due to a wide disconnect between production and exhibition. Among the notable Italian films of the silent era were Mario Camerinis Rotaio
Cinema of Italy
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Thaïs (1917)
Cinema of Italy
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Some of the notable actors and filmmakers
Cinema of Italy
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Enzo Staiola in
Bicycle Thieves (1948)
Cinema of Italy
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Bartolomeo Pagano as
Maciste
5.
Fascist era
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Italian Fascism, also known simply as Fascism, is the original fascist ideology, as developed in Italy. According to Sternhell “most syndicalist leaders were among the founders of the Fascist movement, ” who, in years, gained key posts in Mussolini’s regime. ”Other historians argued that Fascism billed itself “not only as an alternative. This economic system intended to resolve conflict through collaboration between the classes. It was opposed to Marxist socialism because of its opposition to nationalism. It believed the success of Italian nationalism required respect for tradition, the National Fascist Party founded in 1921, declared that the party was to serve as a revolutionary militia placed at the service of the nation. It follows a policy based on three principles, order, discipline, hierarchy, Mussolini often referred to Fascist Italy during World War II as the proletarian nations that rise up against the plutocrats. It identifies modern Italy as the heir to the Roman Empire and Italy during the Renaissance, Italian Fascism historically sought to forge a strong Italian Empire as a Third Rome, identifying ancient Rome as the First Rome, and Renaissance-era Italy as the Second Rome. Italian Fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the Doctrine of Fascism, ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini, The Fascist state is a will to power, the Roman tradition is here a powerful force. According to the Doctrine of Fascism, an empire is not only a territorial or military or mercantile concept, but a spiritual and moral one. One can think of an empire, that is, a nation, Fascism sought the incorporation of claimed unredeemed territories to Italy. Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries via the Roman Empire, the Fascist regime imposed mandatory Italianization upon the German and South Slav populations living within Italys borders. This resulted in significant violence against South Slavs deemed to be resisting Italianization, the Fascist regime endorsed Albanian irredentism, directed against the predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo and Epirus - particularly in Chameria inhabited by a substantial number of Albanians. The Fascist regime claimed the Ionian Islands as Italian territory, on the basis that the islands had belonged to the Venetian Republic from the mid-14th until the 18th century. To the west of Italy, the Fascists claimed that the territories of Corsica, Nice, as a result, Piedmont-Sardinia was pressured to concede Nice and Savoy to France in exchange for France accepting the unification of Italy. The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the Italianità of the island, the Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds. The Fascists quoted Medieval Italian scholar Petrarch who said The border of Italy is the Var, to the north of Italy, the Fascist regime in the 1930s had designs on the largely Italian-populated region of Ticino and the Romansch-populated region of Graubünden in Switzerland. In November 1938, Mussolini declared to the Grand Fascist Council, the Fascist regime accused the Swiss government of oppressing the Romansch people in Graubünden. Mussolini argued that Romansch was an Italian dialect and thus Graubünden should be incorporated into Italy, Ticino was also claimed because the region had belonged to the Duchy of Milan from the mid-fourteenth century until 1515
Fascist era
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The session of the
Grand Council of 9 May 1936, where the Empire was proclaimed.
Fascist era
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Italia Irredenta: Italian ethnic regions claimed by the Fascists in the 1930s: green: Nice, Ticino, and Dalmatia; red: Malta; violet: Corsica; Savoy and Corfu were later claimed.
Fascist era
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Il Duce: Prime Minister Benito Mussolini.
6.
Hollywood on the Tiber
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As opposed to the native Italian film industry, these films were made in English for global release. Although the primary markets for such films were American and British audiences, the commercial success of Quo Vadis led to a stream of blockbusters produced in Italy by Hollywood studios, which reached its height with 20th Century Foxs Cleopatra in 1963. The term was coined in 1950 by Time Magazine during the making of Quo Vadis, the phrase refers to the Tiber, a river that runs through Rome. Following World War II, Hollywood studios increasingly shifted production abroad both to take advantage of lower costs and to use frozen funds and these films, known as runaway productions, could also benefit from local subsidies. By the early 1950s, some of the largest-budget American films were being shot in European countries, particularly in Britain, in both countries newly arrived American companies worked alongside continuing large-scale domestic film industries. In Italy, the film-makers used the vast Cinecittà complex which had built in the 1930s by Benito Mussolinis Fascist regime which was aiming to rebuild Italian cinema. Following Mussolinis overthrow in 1943, production at Cinecittà was suspended, although American companies had shot in Italy before the scale of the post-war investment was unprecedented. Many of the films were sword and sandal epics, often set in Ancient Rome which required large film sets, other films included contemporary-set romances Roman Holiday and Three Coins in the Fountain. The companies imported actors from a variety of countries, who appeared alongside Italians who generally played smaller, sophia Loren was a notable Italian star with sufficient international appeal to be cast in a leading role. In 1962 the lengthy and troubled production of Cleopatra brought further attention to the city. The delays led to a budget, making it the most expensive film ever made at the time. Far from leading to a decline in Italian cinema, the industry boomed during the era. In 1960 Italian films outperformed American imports to Italy for the first time since 1946, Italian actors and directors often adopted English-sounding names. Cinecittà was at the peak of its international fame between the production of Ben Hur and Cleopatra, in 2009 a documentary film Hollywood on the Tiber was released. It portrays Cinecittà and the stars who worked there between 1950 and 1970. The Foreign Film Renaissance on American Screens, 1946–1973, univ of Wisconsin Press,5 Nov 2010. Mussolinis Dream Factory, Film Stardom in Fascist Italy, the Death of Classical Cinema, Hitchcock, Lang, Minnelli. Broken Time, Fragmented Space, A Cultural Map for Postwar Italy
Hollywood on the Tiber
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The Italian studio complex
Cinecittà where the films were made.
Hollywood on the Tiber
–
The expression refers to the
Tiber which runs through Rome.
7.
Benito Mussolini
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Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy, known as Il Duce, Mussolini was the founder of Italian Fascism. In 1912 Mussolini was the member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party. Mussolini was expelled from the PSI for withdrawing his support for the stance on neutrality in World War I. He served in the Royal Italian Army during the war until he was wounded and discharged in 1917, Mussolini denounced the PSI, his views now centering on nationalism instead of socialism, and later founded the fascist movement. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the youngest Prime Minister in Italian history until the appointment of Matteo Renzi in February 2014, within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. Mussolini remained in power until he was deposed by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1943, a few months later, he became the leader of the Italian Social Republic, a German client regime in northern Italy, he held this post until his death in 1945. Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942, however, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, resulting in declarations of war by France and the United Kingdom and starting World War II. In the summer of 1941 Mussolini sent Italian forces to participate in the invasion of the Soviet Union, and war with the United States followed in December. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, the Grand Council of Fascism voted against him, on 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north and his body was then taken to Milan, where it was hung upside down at a service station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Mussolini was born in Dovia di Predappio, a town in the province of Forlì in Romagna on 29 July 1883. During the Fascist era, Predappio was dubbed Duces town, pilgrims went to Predappio and Forlì, to see the birthplace of Mussolini. His father, Alessandro Mussolini, was a blacksmith and a Socialist, while his mother, Benito was the eldest of his parents three children. His siblings Arnaldo and Edvige followed, as a young boy, Mussolini would spend some time helping his father in his smithy. His fathers political outlook combined views of anarchist figures like Carlo Cafiero and Mikhail Bakunin, the military authoritarianism of Garibaldi, in 1902, at the anniversary of Garibaldis death, Benito Mussolini made a public speech in praise of the republican nationalist. The conflict between his parents about religion meant that, unlike most Italians, Mussolini was not baptized at birth, as a compromise with his mother, Mussolini was sent to a boarding school run by Salesian monks. After joining a new school, Mussolini achieved good grades, in 1902, Mussolini emigrated to Switzerland, partly to avoid military service
Benito Mussolini
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Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
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Birthplace of Benito Mussolini in
Predappio, now used as a museum
Benito Mussolini
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Mussolini's father, Alessandro
Benito Mussolini
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Mussolini's mother, Rosa
8.
The Iron Crown
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The Iron Crown is a 1941 Italian adventure written and directed by Alessandro Blasetti, starring Massimo Girotti and Gino Cervi. The narrative revolves a sacred iron crown and a king who is prophesised to lose his kingdom to his grandson and it blends motifs from several European myths, legends and modern works of popular fiction. The film won a Coppa Mussolini award, which is the ancestor to the Golden Lion, Sedemondo succeeds his brother Licinio upon his death as king of Kindaor, and a messenger bearing a crown made from a nail from the true cross requests permission to cross the kingdom. The crown by legend will stay wherever injustice and corruption prevail, Sedemondo takes it to a gorge where it is swallowed by the earth. A wise woman prophesies to the king that his wife will bear a daughter and Licinios widow a son, when he gets home, he is told that his wife has given birth to a boy and so believes the prophesy to be invalid. He raises both the boy Arminio and girl Elsa, after some strife between the Sedemondo and Arminio, the king orders Arminio to be taken to the gorge and slain. Twenty years later, with Arminio having grown up in the forest, tundra leads the resistance among the people against the king. The tournament, with various characters attending in disguise, sets up whether the prophesy will come to pass, voice dubbing, Massimo Girotti, role of Arminio only Lauro Gazzolo. Voice dubbing, Osvaldo Valenti Augusto Marcacci, voice dubbing, Massimo Girotti, role of Licinio only Cesare Polacco. Voice dubbing, Primo Carnera Giovanna Scotto, voice dubbing, Dina Perbellini The film had an unusually large budget and was filmed on elaborate sets at the newly built Cinecittà studios. It stands out in Blasettis filmography, as several of his most famous films instead were shot on location, the Iron Crown belongs to what is sometimes regarded as a tetralogy of films by Blasetti which deal with mythological themes. The other three films are Ettore Fieramosca from 1938, Unavventura di Salvator Rosa from 1940 and The Jesters Supper from 1942. The Italian actress Vittoria Carpi in an uncredited role shows a bare breast for moments in the film, however, the credit for this is normally given to Clara Calamai in Blasettis next film, La cena delle beffe, probably because Calamai is the protagonist of that film. For this adventure-spectacle of ancient times has recruited what seems to be half the population of Italy. But the film wastes no time in dropping all religious overtones, in fact, The Iron Crown is just another romance, played against some magnificent backgrounds with more violence and bloodshed than usual. Venice Film Festival, Mussolini Cup for Best Italian Film, the Iron Crown at the Internet Movie Database
The Iron Crown
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The Iron Crown
9.
Battle of Zama
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The Battle of Zama, fought around October 19,202 BC, marked the end of the Second Punic War. This was because many in his army were recent conscripts, Scipio had conceived of a strategy to confuse and defeat Hannibals war elephants, and then his force routed the Carthaginian infantry, thanks in part to superior Roman cavalry. Defeated on their ground, the Carthaginian ruling elite sued for peace and accepted humiliating terms. Crossing the Alps, Hannibal reached the Italian peninsula in 218 BC, the Romans failed to defeat Hannibal or drive him from Italy, but following Scipios decisive victory at the Battle of Ilipa in Spain in 206 BC, Iberia had been secured by the Romans. In 205 BC, Scipio returned to Rome, where he was elected consul with a unanimous vote, Scipio, now powerful enough, proposed to end the war by directly invading the Carthaginian home land. The Senate initially opposed this ambitious design of Scipio, persuaded by Quintus Fabius Maximus that the enterprise was far too hazardous, however, Scipio and his supporters eventually convinced the Senate to ratify the plan, and Scipio was given the requisite authority to attempt the invasion. Initially Scipio received no levy troops, and he sailed to Sicily with a group of 7,000 heterogeneous volunteers, Scipio continued to reinforce his troops with local defectors. He landed at Utica, and defeated the Carthaginian army at the Battle of the Great Plains in 203 BC. The panicked Carthaginians felt that they had no alternative but to offer peace to Scipio, and Scipio, under the treaty, Carthage could keep its African territory, but would lose its overseas empire, by that time a fait-accompli. Masinissa was to be allowed to expand Numidia into parts of Africa, also, Carthage was to reduce its fleet and pay a war indemnity. The Roman senate ratified the treaty, the Carthaginian senate recalled Hannibal, who was still in Italy when Scipio landed in Africa, in 203 BC. Meanwhile, the Carthaginians breached the agreement by capturing a stranded Roman fleet in the Gulf of Tunis. The Carthaginians no longer believed a treaty advantageous, and rebuffed it under much Roman protest, Hannibal led an army composed of mercenaries, local citizens, and veterans and Numidian cavalry from his Italian campaigns. Scipio led a pre-Marian Roman army quincunx, along with a body of Numidian cavalry, the battle took place at Zama Regia, near Siliana 130 km south-west of the capital Tunis. Hannibal was first to march and reach the plains of Zama Regia and this also gave an upper edge in turn to Scipio who relied heavily on his Roman heavy cavalry and Numidian light cavalry. Hannibal deployed his troops facing northwest, while Scipio deployed his troops in front of the Carthaginian army facing southeast. Hannibals army consisted of 36,000 infantry,4,000 cavalry, the first line consisted of mixed infantry of mercenaries from Gaul, Liguria, and the Balearic Islands. In his second line he placed the Carthaginian and Libyan citizen levies, livy states that Hannibal deployed 4000 Macedonians in the second line
Battle of Zama
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The Battle of Zama by
Henri-Paul Motte, 1890
Battle of Zama
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Battle of Zama
Battle of Zama
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The Battle of Zama by
Cornelis Cort, 1567
10.
Allies of World War II
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The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese, at the start of the war on 1 September 1939, the Allies consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, and dependent states, such as the British India. Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Poland was a minor factor after its defeat in 1939, France was a minor factor after its defeat in 1940. China had already been into a war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937. The alliance was formalised by the Declaration by United Nations, from 1 January 1942, however, the name United Nations was rarely used to describe the Allies during the war. The leaders of the Big Three – the UK, the Soviet Union, in 1945, the Allied nations became the basis of the United Nations. The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I, Germany resented signing Treaty of Versailles. The new Weimar republics legitimacy became shaken, by the early 1930s, the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in 1933. The Nazi regime demanded the cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims to German-populated Austria. The likelihood of war was high, and the question was whether it could be avoided through strategies such as appeasement, in Asia, when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, the League of Nations condemned it for aggression against China. Japan responded by leaving the League of Nations in March 1933, after four quiet years, the Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japanese forces invading China. The League of Nations condemned Japans actions and initiated sanctions on Japan, the United States, in particular, was angered at Japan and sought to support China. In March 1939, Germany took over Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before, Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war. On 31 March 1939, Britain formed the Anglo-Polish military alliance in an effort to avert a German attack on the country, also, the French had a long-standing alliance with Poland since 1921. The Soviet Union sought an alliance with the powers. The agreement secretly divided the independent nations of eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine, on 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany. Then, on 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, a Polish government-in-exile was set up and it continued to be one of the Allies, a model followed by other occupied countries. After a quiet winter, Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini
Allies of World War II
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Poland first to fight — British wartime poster supporting
Poland after the German invasion, 1939
Allies of World War II
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Allied Powers (and their colonies)
Allies of World War II
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British
Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft (left) flying past a German
Heinkel He-111 bomber aircraft (right) during the
Battle of Britain
Allies of World War II
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British tanks during the
North African Campaign
11.
Bombing of Rome in World War II
–
Pope Pius XII was initially unsuccessful in attempting to have Rome declared an open city, through negotiations with President Roosevelt via Cardinal Francis Spellman. Rome was eventually declared a city on August 14,1943 by the defending forces. The bombings of the Eternal City were controversial for several reasons, Rome had been the Capital City of Italy for around 70 years, but large parts of the city were more than 2,500 years old. Rome is the Capital of Catholicism and within its city limits was the neutral Vatican City, the Vatican also owned many churches and other buildings outside its territory but within Rome city limits. Many Americans were against a major destruction of Rome, however, the British War Cabinet refused to see bombing Rome as a crime against humanity. The first bombardment occurred on July 19,1943 and was carried out by 500 American bombers which dropped 1,168 tons of bombs. The entire working class district of San Lorenzo was destroyed, and 3,000 Italian civilians were killed in the raids over five residential/railway districts. The military targets were few, the largest Stazione Termini contained a yard, railways and industries that manufactured steel, textile products. Winston Churchill approved the bombardment by the words I agree, W. S. C. In the 110,000 sorties that comprised the Allied Rome air campaign,600 aircraft were lost and 3,600 air crew members died,60,000 tons of bombs were dropped in the 78 days before Rome was captured. On June 16,1943, Roosevelt replied, Bombing of Rome was controversial, arnold described Vatican City as a hot potato because of the importance of Catholics in the U. S. British public opinion, however, was aligned towards the bombing of the city. H. G. Wells was a vocal proponent of doing so. July 19,1943 On July 19,1943, Rome was bombed again, more heavily, by 521 Allied planes, after the raid, Pius XII, along with Msgr. Montini, travelled to the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, which had been badly damaged, between 11 a. m. and 12 noon,150 Allied B-17 Flying Fortresses attacked the San Lorenzo freight yard and steel factory. In the afternoon, the target was the Scalo del Littorio on the northern side of Rome. The third target was the Ciampino airport, on south-east side of Rome, August 13,1943 Three weeks later, on August 13,1943, Allied planes again bombed the city, targeting San Lorenzo and Scalo del Littorio. Vatican City maintained a policy of neutrality during the war
Bombing of Rome in World War II
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Inscription on the wall of a bombed building, translated as "Work of the Liberators!" Rome, 1944
12.
Displaced person
–
Forced displacement or forced migration is the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region and it often connotes violent coercion. Someone who has experienced forced displacement is a migrant, a displaced person, rarely also a displacee, or if it is within the same country. In some cases the forced migrant can also become a refugee, a specific form of forced displacement is population transfer, which is a coherent policy to move unwanted persons, for example, as an attempt at ethnic cleansing. Forced displacement has accompanied persecution, as well as war, throughout history but has only become a topic of serious study. The concept of forced displacement envelopes demographic movements like flight, evacuation, displacement, however this thought has been questioned, especially by Marxians, who argue that in most cases migrants have little or no choice. In such a scenario, migration becomes more of a strategy, as natural disasters often cause the loss of money, homes. For example, Hurricane Katrina resulted in displacement of almost the population of New Orleans, leaving the community and government with several economic. Biological, physical or chemical change in ecosystem, Migration can also occur as a result of slow-onset climate change, such as desertification or sea-level rise, of deforestation or land degradation. Man-made disasters can also cause forced migration, examples are industrial accidents and especially accidents that involve radioactivity, such as in Chernobyl or Fukushima. An elaboration of such migrants is given by Essam El-Hinnawi, Migrants who are able to return to their original habitat once the disruption is over, Migrants who seek better living conditions due to deterioration of environmental conditions in their present habitat, such as soil fertility. In the middle of the 19th century, for example, Ireland experienced a famine never before seen in the country’s history. War, civil war, political repression or religious conflicts, Some migrants are impelled to cross national borders by war or persecution, due to political, social, ethnic and these immigrants may be considered refugees if they apply for asylum in the receiving country. It has been associated with the construction of dams for hydroelectric power and irrigation purposes but also appears due to many other activities, such as mining. The best-known recent example of such development-induced displacement may be resulting from the construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China. This type of forced migration disproportionately affects low income earners and ethnic minorities, according to estimates, between 90 and 100 million people were forced to leave their homes due to development projects in the 1990s. Human trafficking and human smuggling, Migrants displaced through deception or coercion with purpose of their exploitation fall under this category, the data on such forced migration are limited since the activities involved are clandestine in nature. While migration of this nature is well covered for male migrants, the International Labour Organization considers trafficking an offence against labor protection and denies them the opportunity of utilizing their resources for their country. ILO’s Multilateral Framework includes principle no, slavery, Historys greatest forced migration was the Middle Passage of the Atlantic slave trade during the 15th through the 19th centuries
Displaced person
–
The Amam refugee camp is named after its first native, born in 2009. Its name, Amam, means
peace
13.
Cinema of the United States
–
The cinema of the United States, often metonymously referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is Classical Hollywood Cinema, which developed from 1917-1960, while the French Lumière Brothers are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, it is American cinema that soon became the most dominant force in an emerging industry. Since the 1920s, the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country, in 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the worlds first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City, the United States was in the forefront of sound film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U. S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles, director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar. Orson Welless Citizen Kane is frequently cited in critics polls as the greatest film of all time. T, the Extra-Terrestrial, Jurassic Park, Titanic, Avatar, The Avengers, Furious 7, Jurassic World, and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. Today, American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year, muybridges accomplishment led inventors everywhere to attempt to make similar devices that would capture such motion. In the United States, Thomas Edison was among the first to produce such a device, the history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where, at one time, Fort Lee, New Jersey was the motion picture capital of America. The industry got its start at the end of the 19th century with the construction of Thomas Edisons Black Maria, in 1909, a forerunner of Universal Studios, the Champion Film Company, built the first studio. They were quickly followed by others who either built new studios or who leased facilities in Fort Lee, such notables as Mary Pickford got their start at Biograph Studios. In New York, the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, was built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers, the Edison Studios were located in the Bronx. Chelsea, Manhattan was also frequently used, other major centers of film production also included Chicago, Florida, Texas, California, and Cuba. The film patents wars of the early 20th century led to the spread of film companies across the U. S and they started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles. While there, the decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood. Griffith then filmed the first movie shot in Hollywood, In Old California, a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York, after hearing about Griffiths success in Hollywood, in 1913, many movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Thomas Edison, who owned patents on the movie-making process. Nestor Studios of Bayonne, New Jersey, built the first studio in Hollywood in 1911, Californias more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the 1930s. In Los Angeles, the studios and Hollywood grew, before World War I, movies were made in several U. S. cities, but filmmakers gravitated to southern California as the industry developed
Cinema of the United States
–
The
Hollywood Sign in the Hollywood Hills has become a landmark representing the Southern California film industry.
Cinema of the United States
–
Cinema of the United States
Cinema of the United States
–
The singer and actress
Carmen Miranda participated in 14 films in Hollywood from 1940 to 1953.
Cinema of the United States
–
This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2015)
14.
Roman Holiday
–
Roman Holiday is a 1953 American romantic comedy film directed and produced by William Wyler. It stars Gregory Peck as a reporter and Audrey Hepburn as a royal princess out to see Rome on her own, Hepburn won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance, the screenplay and costume design also won. It was written by John Dighton and Dalton Trumbo, though with Trumbo on the Hollywood blacklist, he did not receive a credit, instead, Trumbos credit was reinstated when the film was released on DVD in 2003. On December 19,2011, full credit for Trumbos work was restored, blacklisted director Bernard Vorhaus worked on the film as an assistant director under a pseudonym. It was shot at the Cinecittà studios and on location around Rome during the Hollywood on the Tiber era, the film was screened in the 14th Venice film festival within the official program. In 1999, Roman Holiday was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically and her doctor gives her a sedative to calm her and help her sleep, but she secretly leaves her countrys embassy. The sedative eventually makes her fall asleep on a bench, where Joe Bradley, not recognizing her, he offers her money so she can take a taxi home, but a woozy Anya Smith refuses to cooperate. Joe finally decides, for sake, to let her spend the night in his apartment. He is amused by her manner, but less so when she appropriates his bed. He transfers her to a couch, the next morning, Joe, having already slept through the interview Princess Ann was scheduled to give, hurries off to work, leaving her still asleep. When his editor, Mr. Hennessy, asks why Joe is late, Joe lies, Joe makes up details of the alleged interview until Hennessy informs him that the event had been canceled because the princess had suddenly fallen ill. Joe sees a picture of her and realizes who is in his apartment. Immediately seeing an opportunity, Joe proposes getting an exclusive interview, Hennessy, not knowing the circumstances, agrees to the deal and offers $5,000 if the interview is all Joe claims it will be, but bets Joe $500 that he will not succeed. Joe hurries home and, hiding the fact that he is a reporter and he also surreptitiously calls his photographer friend, Irving Radovich, to tag along to secretly take pictures. However, Ann declines Joes offer and leaves, Ann, enjoying her freedom, explores an outdoor market, buys a pair of shoes, and, on a whim, gets her long hair cut short. Joe follows and accidentally meets her on the Spanish Steps and this time he convinces her to spend the day with him. They see the sights, including the Mouth of Truth, a carved in marble which is said to bite off the hands of liars. When Joe shouts in pain and pulls his hand out of the mouth
Roman Holiday
–
Promotional poster for reissue
Roman Holiday
–
Filmed on location, several scenes show landmarks such as the
Spanish Steps.
Roman Holiday
–
Joe shocks his royal friend, pretending to have lost his hand to the
Mouth of Truth.
Roman Holiday
–
Joe and Anya on a
scooter ride through Rome—a ride that ends at the police station.
15.
Beat the Devil (film)
–
Beat the Devil is a 1953 Hollywood production filmed on location in Italy with an international cast. The film was directed by John Huston, and starred Humphrey Bogart, Jennifer Jones and Gina Lollobrigida, Huston and Truman Capote wrote the screenplay, loosely based upon a novel of the same name by British journalist Claud Cockburn, writing under the pseudonym James Helvick. Huston made the film as a parody of a genre of film, although often described as a parody of The Maltese Falcon, which Huston directed and in which Bogart and Lorre appeared, this is not the case. Capote said John and I decided to kid the story, to treat it as a parody, instead of another Maltese Falcon, we turned it into a. on this type of film. Billy Dannreuther is a formerly-wealthy American who has fallen on hard times and he is reluctantly working with four crooks, Peterson, ex-Nazi Julius OHara, Major Jack Ross and Ravello, who are trying to acquire uranium-rich land in British East Africa. Billy suspects that Major Ross murdered a British Colonial officer, who threatened to expose their plan, while waiting in Italy for passage to Africa, Billy and his wife Maria meet a British couple, Harry and Gwendolen Chelm, who plan to travel on the same ship. Harry is a proper and traditional Englishman, while Gwendolen is flighty and fanciful. Billy and Gwendolen have an affair, while Maria flirts with Harry, Peterson becomes suspicious that the Chelms may be attempting to acquire the uranium themselves. His suspicions are unfounded, but they seem to him to be confirmed by Gwendolen, Billy and Peterson are in a car accident and wrongly reported to have been killed. In order to replace Petersons lost capital, Ravello approaches Harry Chelm, just then, to everyones surprise, Billy and Peterson return to the hotel alive and unharmed. The purser announces that the ship is at last ready to sail, on board, Harry reveals that he knows about Petersons scheme and intends to inform the authorities. Peterson orders Major Ross to kill Harry, but Billy thwarts the murder attempt, harrys outraged accusations alienate the ships drunken captain, who locks Harry in the brig, where he is uncomfortable, but safe from Major Ross. The ships engine malfunctions and the ship sinks, when Billy goes to free Harry he finds that Harry has escaped and left the ship, intending to swim ashore. The passengers abandon the ship in a lifeboat and land on an African beach. They are interrogated by Ahmed, an Arab official who suspects that they may be spies or revolutionaries, Billy befriends Ahmed by talking with him about Rita Hayworth, upon whom Ahmed has a crush. Billy persuades him to send the party back to Italy, when they land, they are met and questioned by a Scotland Yard detective, who is investigating the murder of the Colonial officer. Gwendolen reveals Petersons scheme, and his involvement in the murder, and his attempt to murder Harry, to the detective, Billy laughs happily, saying This is the end, the end. During the filming of Beat the Devil, Humphrey Bogart lost several of his teeth in a car accident
Beat the Devil (film)
–
Film still image of
Jennifer Jones,
Gina Lollobrigida, and
Humphrey Bogart
Beat the Devil (film)
–
1953 film poster
16.
The Barefoot Contessa
–
The Barefoot Contessa is a 1954 drama film written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz about the life and loves of fictional Spanish sex symbol Maria Vargas. It stars Humphrey Bogart, Ava Gardner, and Edmond OBrien, for his performance, OBrien won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding Golden Globe. Mankiewicz was nominated for the Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay, looking for a fresh leading lady, they discover, in a Madrid night club, stunning dancer Maria Vargas, a blithe but proud spirit who likes to go barefoot and has a troubled home life. Maria takes an instant dislike to Kirk but trusts Harry, whose work she knows, thanks to his expertise and the help of sweaty, insincere publicist Oscar Muldoon, her film debut is a sensation. Kirk tries to control Marias life by ordering her to stay away from wealthy Latin American playboy Alberto Bravano. She is a star, but Maria is not satisfied. She envies the happiness her friend Harry has found with his wife Jerry, Alberto is too frivolous and shallow for her. When he berates her in public for ruining his luck at a gambling table. This turns out to be Count Vincenzo Torlato-Favrini, who offers Maria his arm, Maria has found the great love of her life. They wed in a ceremony, but there is a problem. The count and his sister are the last of the Torlato-Favrinis, without offspring. Due to a war injury, he is impotent and he does not tell Maria about this until their wedding night. Some time later, Harry is in Italy and an unhappy Maria tells him about her husband and she believes the count will want this child and plans to tell him about it that night. However, her husband has suspected she was unfaithful and shoots both her and her lover before she can tell him about the child, Harry arrives just as the shots are fired and does not tell the count about the pregnancy. The story ends with flashbacks at her funeral, eubanks Diana Decker as Drunken blonde Bill Fraser as J. According to the commentary on the 1931 film Tabu, she was based on Anne Chevalier. Exterior scenes were shot at Tivoli, Sanremo, and Portofino, however, Bogart wasnt on location at Sanremo. The studio was about to release the films poster with no image of Bogart, Bogart had the matter rectified with the addition of a large line drawing of his face
The Barefoot Contessa
–
Theatrical Film Poster
The Barefoot Contessa
–
Ava Gardner as Maria Vargas
The Barefoot Contessa
–
Humphrey Bogart as director Harry Dawes
The Barefoot Contessa
–
Ava Gardner
17.
Ben-Hur (1959 film)
–
Ben-Hur is a 1959 American epic historical drama film, directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and starring Charlton Heston as the title character. A remake of the 1925 silent film with the name, Ben-Hur was adapted from Lew Wallaces 1880 novel Ben-Hur. The screenplay is credited to Karl Tunberg but includes contributions from Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Gore Vidal, Ben-Hur had the largest budget as well as the largest sets built of any film produced at the time. Filming commenced on May 18,1958, and wrapped on January 7,1959, with shooting lasting for 12 to 14 hours a day, pre-production began in Italy at Cinecittà around October 1957, and post-production took six months. Under cinematographer Robert L. Surtees, MGM executives made the decision to film the picture in a widescreen format, more than 200 camels and 2,500 horses were used in the shooting of the film, with some 10,000 extras. The sea battle was filmed using miniatures in a tank on the back lot at the MGM Studios in Culver City. Following a $14.7 million marketing effort, Ben-Hur premiered at Loews State Theatre in New York City on November 18,1959. It was the fastest-grossing as well as the film of 1959. Ben-Hur also won three Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director and Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for Stephen Boyd. In AD26, Judah Ben-Hur is a prince and merchant in Jerusalem. Esther loves Judah but is committed to another, Judahs childhood friend, the Roman citizen Messala, is now a tribune. After several years away from Jerusalem, Messala returns as the new commander of the Roman garrison, Messala believes in the glory of Rome and its imperial power, while Judah is devoted to his faith and the freedom of the Jewish people. This difference causes tension between the friends, and results in their split after Messala issues an ultimatum to Judah, during the parade for the new governor of Judea, Valerius Gratus, loose tiles fall from the roof of Judahs house. Gratus is thrown from his horse and nearly killed. Although Messala knows this was an accident, he condemns Judah to the galleys and imprisons Miriam, by punishing a known friend and prominent citizen, he hopes to intimidate the Jewish populace. After three years as a slave, Judah is assigned to the flagship of the Roman Consul Quintus Arrius. Arrius admires Judahs determination and self-discipline and offers to him as a gladiator or charioteer. Judah declines the offer, declaring that God will aid him in his quest for vengeance, when the Roman fleet encounters the Macedonians, Arrius orders all the rowers except Judah to be chained to their oars
Ben-Hur (1959 film)
–
Original theatrical poster by
Reynold Brown
Ben-Hur (1959 film)
–
Charlton Heston as Judah Ben-Hur
Ben-Hur (1959 film)
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Hugh Griffith as Arab Sheik Ilderim
Ben-Hur (1959 film)
–
Ben-Hur filming site near
Lifta, intended to be
Jerusalem
18.
Lex Barker
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Alexander Crichlow Lex Barker Jr. was an American actor best known for playing Tarzan of the Apes and leading characters from Karl Mays novels. Alexander Crichlow Barker, Jr. was born on May 8,1919 in Rye and he was the second child of Alexander Crichlow Barker, Sr. a wealthy Canadian-born building contractor, and his American wife, the former Marion Thornton Beals. His father later worked as a stockbroker, Barker had an elder sister, Frederica Amelia Freddie Barlow. She was married three times, to Frederic Clifton Soldwedel, Richard Neuhaufer, and Robert Henry Schlesinger, raised in New York City and Port Chester, New York, Lex Barker attended the Fessenden School and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy. He played football as well as the oboe and he attended Princeton University, but dropped out to join a theatrical stock company, much to the chagrin of his family. Barker made it to Broadway once, in a role in a short run of Shakespeares The Merry Wives of Windsor in 1938. He also had a role in Orson Welless disastrous Five Kings. In February 1941, ten months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Barker left his acting career. He rose to the rank of major during the war and he was wounded in action fighting in Sicily. Back in the USA, he recuperated at an Arkansas military hospital, then upon his discharge from service, within a short time, he landed a small role in his first film, Doll Face. A string of small roles followed, the best of which was as Emmett Dalton in the Western Return of the Bad Men, Barker soon found the role that would bring him fame. In Tarzans Magic Fountain, Barker became the tenth official Tarzan of the movies and his blond, handsome, and intelligent appearance, as well as his athletic, now 64 frame, helped make him popular in the role Johnny Weissmuller had made his own for sixteen years. Barker made only five Tarzan films, but he remains one of the actors best known for the role, in Italy, he also had a short but compelling role as Anita Ekbergs fiancé in Federico Fellinis La Dolce Vita. In Germany, he had his greatest success, in 1966, Barker was awarded the Bambi Award as Best Foreign Actor in Germany, where he was a major, very popular, star. He even recorded two songs in German, Ich bin morgen auf dem Weg zu dir and Mädchen in Samt und Seide, Barker was married five times, Constance Rhodes Thurlow. She was a daughter of Leon Rhodes Thurlow, a president of the Decorated Metal Manufacturing Company. They had one daughter, Lynn Thurlow Barker and a son, in 1952 Constance Barker married her second husband, John Lawrence Adams, a descendant of John Quincy Adams. Actress Arlene Dahl Actress Lana Turner, Turner ordered him out of the house at gunpoint the morning after she learned of this
Lex Barker
–
Lex Barker with
Karen Kondazian in May 1973
19.
La Dolce Vita
–
La Dolce Vita is a 1960 Italian comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Federico Fellini. The film follows Marcello Rubini, a journalist writing for magazines, over seven days and nights on his journey through the sweet life of Rome in a fruitless search for love. La Dolce Vita won the Palme dOr at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival and the Oscar for Best Costumes, based on the most common interpretation of the storyline, the film can be divided into a prologue, seven major episodes interrupted by an intermezzo, and an epilogue. If the evenings of each episode were joined with the morning of the preceding episode together as a day, they would form seven consecutive days. 1st Day Sequence, A helicopter transports a statue of Christ over an ancient Roman aqueduct outside Rome while a second, Marcello Rubinis news helicopter, the news helicopter is momentarily sidetracked by a group of bikini-clad women sunbathing on the rooftop of a high-rise apartment building. Hovering above, Marcello uses gestures to elicit phone numbers from them but fails in his attempt then shrugs, 1st Night Sequence, Marcello meets Maddalena by chance in an exclusive nightclub. A beautiful and wealthy heiress, Maddalena is tired of Rome and they make love in the bedroom of a prostitute to whom they had given a ride home in Maddalena’s Cadillac. 1st Dawn Sequence, Marcello returns to his apartment at dawn to find that his fiancée, on the way to the hospital, he declares his everlasting love to her and again as she lies in a semiconscious state in the emergency room. While waiting frantically for her recovery, however, he tries to make a call to Maddalena. 2nd Day Sequence, That day, he goes on assignment for the arrival of Sylvia, during Sylvias press conference, Marcello calls home to ensure Emma has taken her medication while reassuring her that he is not alone with Sylvia. After the film star confidently replies to the barrage of questions, her boyfriend Robert enters the room late. To Sylvias producer, Marcello casually recommends that Sylvia be taken on a tour of St Peters, inside St Peters dome, a news reporter complains that Sylvia is an elevator because none of them can match her energetic climb up the numerous flights of stairs. Inspired, Marcello maneuvers forward to be alone with her when they reach the balcony overlooking the Vatican. 2nd Night Sequence, That evening, the infatuated Marcello dances with Sylvia in the Baths of Caracalla, Sylvias natural sensuality triggers raucous partying while Robert, her bored fiancé, draws caricatures and reads a newspaper. His humiliating remark to her causes Sylvia to leave the group, eagerly followed by Marcello, finding themselves alone, Marcello and Sylvia spend the rest of the evening in the alleys of Rome where they wade into the Trevi Fountain. 2nd Dawn Sequence, Like a magic spell that has suddenly been broken and they drive back to Sylvias hotel to find an enraged Robert waiting for her in his car. Robert slaps Sylvia, orders her to go to bed, 3rd Day Sequence, Marcello meets Steiner, his distinguished intellectual friend, inside a church playing Bach on the organ. Steiner shows off his book of Sanskrit grammar, 4th Day Sequence, Late afternoon, Marcello, his photographer friend Paparazzo, and Emma drive to the outskirts of Rome to cover the story of the purported sighting of the Madonna by two children
La Dolce Vita
–
Original release poster by Giorgio Olivetti
20.
Federico Fellini
–
Federico Fellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Known for his style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. His films have ranked, in such as Cahiers du cinéma and Sight & Sound. Sight & Sound lists his 1963 film 8½ as the 10th greatest film of all time, in 1993, he was awarded an honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles. Fellini was born on 20 January 1920, to parents in Rimini. His father, Urbano Fellini, born to a family of Romagnol peasants and small landholders from Gambettola and his mother, Ida Barbiani, came from a bourgeiois Catholic family of Roman merchants. Despite her familys vehement disapproval, she had eloped with Urbano in 1917 to live at his parents home in Gambettola, a civil marriage followed in 1918 with the religious ceremony held at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome a year later. The couple settled in Rimini where Urbano became a traveling salesman, Fellini had two siblings, Riccardo, a documentary director for RAI Television, and Maria Maddalena. In 1924, Fellini started primary school in a run by the nuns of San Vincenzo in Rimini. In 1926, he discovered the world of Grand Guignol, the circus with Pierino the Clown, Guido Brignone’s Maciste all’Inferno, the first film he saw, would mark him in ways linked to Dante and the cinema throughout his entire career. Enrolled at the Ginnasio Giulio Cesare in 1929, he made friends with Luigi ‘Titta’ Benzi, in Mussolini’s Italy, Fellini and Riccardo became members of the Avanguardista, the compulsory Fascist youth group for males. He visited Rome with his parents for the first time in 1933, the sea creature found on the beach at the end of La Dolce Vita has its basis in a giant fish marooned on a Rimini beach during a storm in 1934. To say that my films are autobiographical is an overly facile liquidation and it seems to me that I have invented almost everything, childhood, character, nostalgias, dreams, memories, for the pleasure of being able to recount them. In 1937, Fellini opened Febo, a shop in Rimini. with the painter Demos Bonini. His first humorous article appeared in the Postcards to Our Readers section of Milan’s Domenica del Corriere, deciding on a career as a caricaturist and gag writer, Fellini travelled to Florence in 1938, where he published his first cartoon in the weekly 420. According to a biographer, Fellini found school exasperating and, in one year, had 67 absences, failing his military culture exam, he graduated from high school in July 1938 after doubling the exam. In September 1939, he enrolled in law school at the University of Rome to please his parents, biographer Hollis Alpert reports that there is no record of his ever having attended a class. Installed in a family pensione, he met lifelong friend
Federico Fellini
–
Federico Fellini
Federico Fellini
–
Federico Fellini during the 1950s
Federico Fellini
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Fellini, Masina, Carla del Poggio and Alberto Lattuada, 1952
Federico Fellini
–
Cinecittà - Teatro 5, Fellini's favorite studio
21.
Bankruptcy
–
Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, Bankruptcy is not the only legal status that an insolvent person may have, and the term bankruptcy is therefore not a synonym for insolvency. In some countries, including the United Kingdom, bankruptcy is limited to individuals, in the United States, bankruptcy is applied more broadly to formal insolvency proceedings. In France, the cognate French word banqueroute is used solely for cases of fraudulent bankruptcy, in Ancient Greece, bankruptcy did not exist. If a man owed and he could not pay, he and his wife, children or servants were forced into debt slavery, until the creditor recouped losses through their physical labour. Many city-states in ancient Greece limited debt slavery to a period of five years, debt slaves had protection of life and limb, which regular slaves did not enjoy. However, servants of the debtor could be retained beyond that deadline by the creditor and were forced to serve their new lord for a lifetime. An exception to rule was Athens, which by the laws of Solon forbade enslavement for debt, as a consequence. The Statute of Bankrupts of 1542 was the first statute under English law dealing with bankruptcy or insolvency, Bankruptcy is also documented in East Asia. According to al-Maqrizi, the Yassa of Genghis Khan contained a provision that mandated the death penalty for anyone who became bankrupt three times, a failure of a nation to meet bond repayments has been seen on many occasions. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557,1560,1575 and 1596, at the edge of Europe, Egypt, Russia, and Turkey have histories of chronic default as well. For private households, it is argued to be insufficient to merely dismiss debts after a certain period and it is important to assess the underlying problems and to minimize the risk of financial distress to re-occur. In most EU Member States, debt discharge is conditioned by a partial payment obligation, in the United States, discharge is conditioned to a lesser extent. The spectrum is broad in the EU, with the UK coming closest to the US system, the Other Member States do not provide the option of a debt discharge. It is almost impossible to discharge student loan debt by filing bankruptcy, unlike most other debtors, the individual with student debt must give a series of reasons and tests to prove that the debtor could not pay the debt. If the person were to file bankruptcy, he or she is encouraged to do so under Chapter 13. In order to avoid bankruptcy, one could negotiate with the lender to lower monthly payments, student loan bankruptcy is considered a last resort. However, some find themselves being forced to file bankruptcy, as the lender refused to lower payments
Bankruptcy
–
Notice of closure attached to the door of a Computer Shop outlet the day after its parent company declared "bankruptcy" (strictly, put into administration) in the
United Kingdom
Bankruptcy
–
Insolvency
Bankruptcy
–
Bankruptcy according to
Salvation Army,
Switzerland.
Bankruptcy
–
In 2013, Detroit filed the
largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history.
22.
Rome (TV series)
–
Rome is a British-American-Italian historical drama television series created by John Milius, William J. MacDonald, and Bruno Heller. The shows two seasons were broadcast on HBO, BBC Two, and RaiDue between 2005 and 2007 and they were later released on DVD and Blu-ray. Rome is set in the 1st century BC, during Ancient Romes transition from Republic to Empire, Rome was a ratings success for HBO and the BBC. The series received media attention from the start, and was honored with numerous awards. The series was filmed in locations, but most notably in the Cinecittà studios in Italy. The fictional Vorenus and Pullo manage to witness and often many of the historical events presented in the series. Against the backdrop of these events, we also see the early years of the young Octavian, who is destined to become Augustus. After their defeat at the Battle of Actium, Kevin McKidd as Lucius Vorenus – A staunch, traditional Roman officer who struggles to balance his personal beliefs, his duty to his superiors, and the needs of his family and friends. The basis for this character is the historical Roman soldier of the same name, Ciarán Hinds as Julius Caesar – Caesar is ambitious but his aims and motives are often kept ambiguous to further complicate the plot and test the personal loyalties of other characters. He advertises himself as a reformer who sides with the Plebeians and he is also merciful to his beaten enemies, genuinely distressed by their deaths and relieved at their willingness to make peace where a more vindictive individual would have simply killed them. Kenneth Cranham as Pompey Magnus – A legendary general, past the days of his prime, the real Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus was a Roman general and politician who was as ambitious as Caesar and just as unorthodox in his youth. He chose to ally himself with the optimates in opposing Caesar, polly Walker as Atia of the Julii – The niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Octavian/Augustus and Octavia. She is depicted as an amoral and opportunistic manipulator. Her family connections and sexual liaisons have brought her into contact with some of the most powerful individuals in Rome, Atia is very loosely based on the historical figure Atia Balba Caesonia about whom little detail is known. Rome Historical Consultant Jonathan Stamp identifies the historical figure Clodia as the basis for the character of Atia. James Purefoy as Mark Antony – A very popular and cunning Roman general and politician, in Season 2, he fights the power hungry and unaccomplished Octavian. Tobias Menzies as Marcus Junius Brutus – Portrayed as a man torn between what he believes is right, and his loyalty and love of a man who has been like a father to him. The real Marcus Junius Brutus was the most famous of Julius Caesars assassins, lindsay Duncan as Servilia of the Junii – The mother of Marcus Junius Brutus, lover of the married Julius Caesar, and enemy of Atia of the Julii
Rome (TV series)
–
Rome
Rome (TV series)
–
Ray Stevenson as
Titus Pullo (left) and
Kevin McKidd as
Lucius Vorenus (right), seen in the episode "
Pharsalus "
Rome (TV series)
–
Set of Rome in
Cinecittà studios, Rome
Rome (TV series)
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Gorgoneion from credits, depicting its use in the ancient world as a protective
apotropaic symbol.
23.
Fellini Satyricon
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The film opens on a graffiti-covered wall with Encolpius lamenting the loss of his lover Gitón to Ascyltus. Vowing to win him back, he learns at the Thermae that Ascyltus sold Gitón to the actor Vernacchio. At the theatre, he discovers Vernacchio and Gitón performing in a play based on the emperors miracle. Encolpius storms the stage and reclaims Gitón, on their return to Encolpiuss home in the Insula Felicles, a Roman tenement building, they walk through the vast Roman brothel known as the Lupanare, observing numerous sensual scenes. They fall asleep after making love at Encolpiuss place, Ascyltus sneaks into the room, waking Encolpius with a whiplash. Since both share the tenement room, Encolpius proposes they divide up their property and separate, Ascyltus mockingly suggests they split Gitón in half. Encolpius is driven to despair, however, when Gitón decides to leave with Ascyltus. At that moment, an earthquake destroys the tenement, Encolpius meets the poet Eumolpus at the art museum. The elderly poet blames current corruption on the mania for money and invites his friend to a banquet held at the villa of Trimalchio, a wealthy freeman. Eumolpuss declamation of poetry is met with catcalls and thrown food, while Fortunata performs a frantic dance, the bored Trimalchio turns his attention to two very young boys. Scandalized, Fortunata berates her husband who attacks her then has her covered in gizzards, fancying himself a poet, Trimalchio recites one of his finer poems whereupon Eumolpus accuses him of stealing verses from Lucretius. Enraged, Trimalchio orders the poet to be tortured by his slaves in the huge kitchen furnace. The guests are invited to visit Trimalchios tomb where he enacts his own death in an ostentatious ceremony. The story of the Matron of Ephesus is recounted, the first story-within-a-story in the film, Encolpius finally leaves the villa, helping the limping, beaten Eumolpus to drink water from a pool in a tilled field. In return for his kindness, Eumolpus bequeaths the spirit of poetry to his young friend, Lichas selects Encolpius for a Greco-Roman wrestling match and quickly subdues him. Smitten by his beauty, Lichas takes Encolpius as his spouse in a ceremony blessed by his wife. After a long voyage the ship arrives at the private island. The teenage emperor kills himself, and the board the ship
Fellini Satyricon
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Italian theatrical release poster
24.
Helen of Troy (film)
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Helen of Troy is a 1956 Warner Bros. WarnerColor epic film in CinemaScope, based on Homers Iliad and Odyssey and it was directed by Robert Wise, from a screenplay by Hugh Gray and John Twist, adapted by Hugh Gray and N. Richard Nash. The music score was by Max Steiner and the cinematography by Harry Stradling Sr and his ship is forced to return to Troy in a storm after he has been swept overboard on the shore of Sparta. Paris is found by Helen, Queen of Sparta, with whom he falls in love and he goes to the palace where he finds Helens husband, King Menelaus, Agamemnon, Odysseus, Achilles and many other Greek kings debating whether to go to war with Troy. Menelaus, who is denied by Helen, sees that his wife and Paris are in love and, pretending friendship, warned by Helen, Paris flees and, after they are both nearly caught by the Spartans, takes Helen with him to Troy. Under the pretense of helping Menelaus regain his honor, the Greeks unite, much blood is shed in the long ordeal, with the Trojans blaming their plight on Paris and Helen until it turns out that the Greeks are solely after Troys riches, not Helen. The siege culminates in Greek victory through the ruse of the legendary Trojan Horse, while trying to flee, Helen and Paris are cornered by Menelaus. Paris faces the Spartan king in combat, but just as he wins the upper hand he is stabbed from behind. Helen is forced to return with Menelaus, but she is serene in the knowledge that in death she will be reunited with Paris in Elysium, the film was made in Romes Cinecittà Studios and in Punta Ala, Grosseto. Some shots from this sequence would in turn be reused in the scenes of the 1963 film Jason. The 2003 miniseries sharing its name with this film would later partially re-employ this plot device
Helen of Troy (film)
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Original film poster
25.
Francis of Assisi (film)
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Francis of Assisi is a 1961 DeLuxe CinemaScope film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the novel The Joyful Beggar by Louis de Wohl. It was shot entirely in Italy, the film was a box office loss. It starred Bradford Dillman in one of his few sympathetic leading film roles, Francis Bernardone is the son of a wealthy cloth merchant in Assisi, who gives up all his worldly goods to dedicate himself to God. Clare is an aristocratic woman who, according to the film, is so taken with St. Francis that she leaves her family. By this time, St. Francis has a reputation for his vows of poverty. The movie goes on to note miracles and other aspects of his life, up to, the funeral befitted a man loved by man and beast alike, and ended with the birds he loved doing a flyby
Francis of Assisi (film)
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Francis of Assisi
26.
Cleopatra (1963 film)
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Cleopatra is a 1963 American epic historical drama film chronicling the struggles of Cleopatra VII, the young Queen of Egypt, to resist the imperial ambitions of Rome. It was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and shot in the 70 mm Todd-AO format, with a screenplay adapted by Mankiewicz, Ranald MacDougall, the film stars Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Rex Harrison, Roddy McDowall, and Martin Landau. It was the most expensive ever made up to that point. Cleopatra later won four Academy Awards, and was nominated for five more, Caesar follows him to Egypt, under the pretext of being named the executor of the will of their father, Ptolemy XII. Much to his dismay, Caesar is given Pompeys head as a gift, as Caesar stays in one of the palaces, a slave named Apollodorus brings him a gift. When the suspicious Caesar unrolls the rug, he finds Cleopatra herself concealed within and he is intrigued with her beauty and warm personality, and she convinces him to restore her throne from her younger brother. Soon after, Cleopatra warns Caesar that her brother has surrounded the palace with his soldiers, counterattacking, he orders the Egyptian fleet burned so he can gain control of the harbor. The fire spreads to the city, destroying the famous Library of Alexandria, Cleopatra angrily confronts Caesar, but he refuses to pull troops away from the fight with Ptolemys forces to quell the fire. In the middle of their spat, Caesar forcefully kisses her, the Romans hold, and the armies of Mithridates arrive on Egyptian soil, causing Ptolemys offensive to collapse. The following day, Caesar is in control of the kingdom. Cleopatra is crowned Queen of Egypt and she begins to develop megalomaniacal dreams of ruling the world with Caesar, who in turn desires to become king of Rome. They marry, and when their son Caesarion is born, Caesar accepts him publicly, which becomes the talk of Rome, after he is made dictator for life, Caesar sends for Cleopatra. She arrives in Rome in a procession and wins the adulation of the Roman people. The Senate grows increasingly discontented amid rumors that Caesar wishes to be made king, on the Ides of March in 44 BC, the Senate is preparing to vote on whether to award Caesar additional powers. They assassinate Caesar and split up the empire, Lepidus receives Africa, Octavian Spain and Gaul, however, the rivalry between Octavian and Antony is becoming apparent. Cleopatra is angered after Caesars will recognizes his adopted son Octavian instead of Caesarion as his official heir, while planning a campaign against Parthia in the east, Antony realizes he needs money and supplies, and cannot get enough from anywhere but Egypt. After refusing several times to leave Egypt, Cleopatra gives in, Antony becomes drunk during a lavish feast. Cleopatra sneaks away, leaving a slave dressed as her, but Antony discovers the trick, the war is decided at the naval Battle of Actium on September 2,31 BC where Octavians fleet, under the command of Agrippa, defeats the Antony-Egyptian fleet
Cleopatra (1963 film)
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Original theatrical release poster
Cleopatra (1963 film)
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Taylor in Cleopatra.
27.
The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)
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The Agony and the Ecstasy is a 1965 American film directed by Carol Reed, starring Charlton Heston as Michelangelo and Rex Harrison as Pope Julius II. The film was based on Irving Stones biographical novel of the same name. This film deals with the conflicts of Michelangelo and Pope Julius II during the painting of the Sistine Chapels ceiling and it also features a soundtrack co-written by prolific composers Alex North and Jerry Goldsmith. The film was shot in Todd-AO and Cinemascope versions, the Todd-AO version was used for the DVD release because of its superior picture quality. Michelangelo Buonarroti is a sculptor of the Republic of Florence in the early 16th century. When Pope Julius II commissions him to paint the Sistine Chapel, nonetheless, he is forced into taking the job. During the initial attempt, Michelangelo is discontent with the results and he flees to Carrara and then into the mountains, where he finds inspiration from nature. Michelangelo returns and is allowed to paint the vault in a variety of newly designed biblical scenes. The work proceeds nonstop, even with mass in session, as months turn to years, Michelangelos work is threatened when he collapses due to fatigue. He is nursed back to health by Contessina de Medici, daughter of his old friend Lorenzo de Medici, after recovering, Michelangelo returns to work after learning he is at risk of being replaced by Raphael. Meanwhile, the Papal States are threatened during the War of the League of Cambrai, preparing for battle and having reached the limits of his patience, the Pope terminates Michelangelos contract. Raphael, impressed with the work in progress, asks Michelangelo to show humility, when the injured and weakened Pope returns, Michelangelo pleads for him to restore the patronage. Though the Pope believes an invasion of Rome is inevitable, he raises the money needed to work on the ceiling. One night, Michelangelo finds the ailing Pope inspecting the portrait of God in The Creation of Adam and he then collapses and becomes bedridden. Though everyone assumes that the Pope will die, Michelangelo goads him into having the will to live, the tide of war turns in favor of the Papal States, as allies pledge to assist the Pope. A mass is held in which the congregation is shown the completed ceiling, after the ceremony, Michelangelo asks to begin carving the Popes tomb. Realizing he has a time to live, the Pope agrees. Together, the men admire the masterpiece of the Sistine Chapel, philip Dunne wrote the screenplay for the film in 1959, around the time the original book by Irving Stone was published
The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Howard Terpning
28.
Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)
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Romeo and Juliet is a 1968 British-Italian romance film based on the tragic play of the same name by William Shakespeare. The film was directed and co-written by Franco Zeffirelli, and stars Leonard Whiting, sir Laurence Olivier spoke the films prologue and epilogue and reportedly dubbed the voice of the Italian actor playing Lord Montague, but was not credited in the film. Several critics also welcomed the film enthusiastically, in Verona, Italy, the longstanding feud between the Montague and the Capulet clans breaks out in a street brawl, broken up by the Prince of the city. The same night, two teenagers of the two families — Romeo and Juliet — meet at a Capulet masked ball and become deeply infatuated, later, Romeo stumbles into the secluded garden under Juliets bedroom balcony and the two exchange impassioned pledges. They are soon married by Romeos confessor and father figure, Friar Laurence. Unfortunately, another street duel breaks out between Juliets first cousin Tybalt and Romeos best friend Mercutio when Tybalt insults Romeo. Since Tybalt is Juliets cousin and Romeo has just been married to Juliet, he sees Tybalt as family and refuses to him, leading Mercutio to be a loyal friend. Romeo retaliates by fighting Tybalt and killing him, and is punished by the Prince with banishment instead of the death penalty. Romeo, however, sees his banishment as worse than death, as Verona is the home he has known. Friar Laurence eventually convinces Romeo that he is lucky and should be thankful for what he has. Romeo and Juliet secretly spend their night together and consummate their marriage. Unaware of Juliets secret marriage, her father has arranged for her to marry wealthy Count Paris, in order to escape this arranged marriage and remain faithful to Romeo, Juliet consumes a potion prepared by Friar Laurence intended to make her appear dead for forty-two hours. However, when Romeos servant, Balthasar, sees Juliet being buried, under the impression that she is dead, he goes to tell Romeo, in despair, Romeo goes to Juliets tomb and kills himself by drinking poison. Awakening shortly after he expires, Juliet discovers a dead Romeo and proceeds to stab herself with his dagger, later, the two families attend their joint funeral and agree to end the feud. Laurence Oliviers involvement in the production was by happenstance and he was in Rome to film The Shoes of the Fisherman and visited the studio where Romeo and Juliet was being shot. He asked Zeffirelli if there was anything he could do, and was given the Prologue to read, then ended up dubbing the voice of Lord Montague as well as other assorted roles. Set in a 14th-century Renaissance Italy in varying locations, The balcony scene, At the Palazzo Borghese, built by Cardinal Scipione Borghese in the 16th century, in Artena,20 miles south of Rome. The interior church scenes, At a Romanesque church named St. Pietro Somaldi in, Lucca, the tomb scene, Also in Tuscania
Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)
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Romeo and Juliet
29.
La Traviata (1983 film)
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La Traviata is a 1983 Italian film written, designed, and directed by Franco Zeffirelli. It is based on the opera La traviata with music by Giuseppe Verdi, soprano Teresa Stratas, tenor Plácido Domingo, and baritone Cornell MacNeil starred in the movie, in addition to singing their roles. The film premiered in Italy in 1982 and went into general release there the following year and it opened in theatres in the U. S. on April 22,1983. The movies soundtrack with James Levine conducting the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra won a Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording, the film opens in the Paris home of courtesan Violetta Valéry, where sheets cover the furniture in dimly lit rooms. Creditors, appraisers, and movers are removing much of the artwork, one of them curiously wanders through the rooms, until he comes upon Violetta, bedridden and looking pallid and weak, and he stares at her with undisguised awe. She is startled to see him and follows him to see what he is doing. As she gazes down the hallway, her delirious mind drifts back to a happier time. One of her guests, Count Gastone, has brought him his friend, the young nobleman Alfredo Germont. She becomes dizzy and retires to her bedroom to recover, he follows her, at first Violetta rejects him, telling him love means nothing to her, but she is touched by his concern and offers him a camellia, telling him to return it when it has wilted. He promises to see her the next day, three months pass, and Violetta and Alfredo are living together in a peaceful country house outside Paris. She has fallen deeply in love him and has abandoned her former life. During his absence, his father Giorgio arrives and requests that, for the sake of his family, Violettas unsavory reputation has threatened his daughters engagement. After declaring her love for Alfredo, she agrees to Giorgios demand. He kisses her forehead in a gesture of gratitude for her sacrifice, Violetta is in the midst of writing a letter of farewell to Alfredo when he enters. She tells him repeatedly of her love before rushing out. Giorgio returns and attempts to comfort his son, who suspects Barone Douphol is the real reason Violetta left, when he finds an invitation from Flora Bervoix on the desk, he decides to confront Violetta at the party. Violetta arrives with Baron Douphol, who challenges Alfredo at the gambling table and he misunderstands her apprehension and demands she admit she loves Douphol. When she does, an infuriated Alfredo humiliates and denounces her in front of the other guests, Giorgio, having arrived in search of his son, witnesses the scene and castigates Alfredo for his boorish behavior
La Traviata (1983 film)
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Film poster
30.
Anthony Minghella
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Anthony Minghella, CBE was a British film director, playwright and screenwriter. He was chairman of the board of Governors at the British Film Institute between 2003 and 2007 and he won the Academy Award for Best Director for The English Patient. Minghella was born in Ryde, on the Isle of Wight and his family are well-known on the Island, where they have run an eponymous business making and selling Italian-style ice cream since the 1950s. His parents were Edoardo Minghella and Leeds-born Gloria Alberta and his mothers ancestors originally came from Valvori, a small village in the Lazio region of central Italy. One of five children, Minghella attended St. Marys Catholic Primary School, Ryde, Sandown Grammar School and St Johns College, early interests suggested a possible career as a musician, with Minghella playing keyboards with local bands Earthlight and Dancer. The latter recorded an album Tales of the Riverbank in 1972 although it was not released until 2001 and he attended the University of Hull, studying Drama. After several years of teaching at the university, he abandoned his pursuit of a PhD to work for the BBC. His debut work was an adaptation of Gabriel Josipovicis Mobius the Stripper. His double bill of Samuel Becketts Play and Happy Days was his debut and debut feature film as a director was A Little Like Drowning. He wrote several episodes of the ITV detective drama Inspector Morse, made in Bangkok found mainstream success in the West End. Radio success followed with a Giles Cooper Award for the radio drama Cigarettes and it was revived on 3 May 2008 as a tribute to its author director following his death. His production starred Juliet Stevenson, Bill Nighy and Jenny Howe and his first radio play Hang Up, starring Anton Lesser and Juliet Stevenson, was revived on 10 May 2008 as part of the BBC Radio 4 Minghella season. Truly, Madly, Deeply, a drama written and directed for the BBCs Screen Two anthology strand, bypassed TV broadcast. He bypassed an offer of another Inspector Morse directorial to do the project, the English Patient brought him two Academy Awards nominations, Best Director and Adapted Screenplay. He also received an Adapted Screenplay nomination for The Talented Mr. Ripley, the No.1 Ladies Detective Agency, a pilot episode television adaptation which he co-wrote and directed, was broadcast posthumously on BBC One, watched by 6.3 million viewers. He vocally supported I Know Im Not Alone, a film of musician Michael Frantis peacemaking excursions into Iraq, Palestine and he directed a party election broadcast for the Labour Party in 2005. When you are talking to me, Ill give you my full attention only if I think you are very high status or if I love you, on that party political broadcast, they are staring at each other like lovers. With Samuel Becketts 100th birthday celebrations, he returned to radio on BBC Radio 3 with Eyes Down Looking, with, Jude Law, Juliet Stevenson, an operatic directorial debut came with Puccinis Madama Butterfly
Anthony Minghella
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Anthony Minghella
