1.
Circle 7 Animation
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The studio did not release any films during its existence and none of its scripts were used by Pixar. The division was named after the street where its studio was located, Circle Seven Drive in Glendale, California is also home to KABC-TV. Pixar and Disney originally had a seven film distribution agreement that gave Disney full ownership of Pixars feature films and characters, as well as sequel rights. With the success of Toy Story 2 in 1999, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner and then-Pixar owner Steve Jobs began to disagree on how Pixar should be run and the terms of a continued relationship. Eisner claimed that Toy Story 2, as it was a sequel, did not count towards the film count of the agreement. Jobs announced in January 2004 — after 10 months of negotiations — that Pixar would not renew their agreement with Disney and would seek out other distributors for releases starting in 2006. Jobs wanted Pixar to receive most of the profits that their films made as well as ownership of any future films. In 2004, Disney Circle 7 Animation was formed as a CGI animation studio to create sequels to the Disney-owned Pixar properties, and the studio began to hire staff shortly after. It was seen as a chip by people within Pixar and Disney. The first projects that the studio worked on were early drafts of Toy Story 3, Monsters,2, Lost in Scaradise, and Finding Nemo 2. In late January 2006, new Disney CEO Bob Iger and Jobs agreed to a deal in which Disney would purchase Pixar for $7. On May 26,2006, Disney officially closed this division and transferred about 80% of the employees to Walt Disney Feature Animation. Catmull later disclosed in his 2014 book Creativity, Inc and this was why Catmull and Lasseter were willing to absorb most of the Circle 7 workforce directly into Walt Disney Animation Studios. Indeed, they eventually appointed Andrew Millstein, the head of Circle 7
2.
Television station
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A television station is a business, organisation or other enterprise, such as an amateur television operator, that transmits content over terrestrial television. A television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, broadcast television systems standards are set by the government, and these vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over a system were typically limited to one television channel. The term television station is normally applied to television stations. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements, most commercial television stations are owned independently, but many are either affiliated with a television network or are owned-and-operated by a television network. Another form a television station may take is non-commercial educational and considered public broadcasting, some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs. To get a signal from the control room to the transmitter. The link can be either by radio or T1/E1, a transmitter/studio link may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, the license usually specifies which other station is it allowed to carry. In North America, full-power stations on band I are generally limited to 100 kW analog video and 10 kW analog audio, stations on band III can go up by 5dB to 316 kW video,31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1, UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, despite this, in the U. S. the Federal Communications Commission is taking another large portion of this band away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown, since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials and they may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies, many stations have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. There is usually a department, where journalists gather information
3.
Logo
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A logo is a graphic mark, emblem, or symbol commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations, and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition. There are purely graphic emblems, symbols, icons and logos, in the days of hot metal typesetting, a logotype was one word cast as a single piece of type. By extension, the term was used for a uniquely set. At the level of communication and in common usage, a companys logo is today often synonymous with its trademark or brand. The arts were expanding in purpose—from expression and decoration of an artistic, storytelling nature, to a differentiation of brands, consultancies and trades-groups in the commercial arts were growing and organizing, by 1890, the US had 700 lithographic printing firms employing more than 8,000 people. Artistic credit tended to be assigned to the company, as opposed to the individual artists who usually performed less important jobs. Playful children’s books, authoritative newspapers, and conversational periodicals developed their own visual and editorial styles for unique, as printing costs decreased, literacy rates increased, and visual styles changed, the Victorian decorative arts led to an expansion of typographic styles and methods of representing businesses. A renewal of interest in craftsmanship and quality also provided the artists and companies with a greater interest in credit, leading to the creation of unique logos and marks. By the 1950s, Modernism had shed its roots as an artistic movement in Europe to become an international, commercialized movement with adherents in the United States. Modernist-inspired logos proved successful in the era of mass visual communication ushered in by television, improvements in printing technology, the current era of logo design began in the 1870s with the first abstract logo, the Bass red triangle. As of 2014, many corporations, products, brands, services, agencies, as a result, only a few of the thousands of ideograms in circulation are recognizable without a name. Ideograms and symbols may be effective than written names, especially for logos translated into many alphabets in increasingly globalized markets. For instance, a written in Arabic script might have little resonance in most European markets. By contrast, ideograms keep the general nature of a product in both markets. In non-profit areas, the Red Cross exemplifies a well-known emblem that does not need an accompanying name, the red cross and red crescent are among the best-recognized symbols in the world. National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and their Federation as well as the International Committee of the Red Cross include these symbols in their logos, branding can aim to facilitate cross-language marketing. Consumers and potential consumers can identify the Coca-Cola name written in different alphabets because of the standard color, the text was written in Spencerian Script, which was a popular writing style when the Coca Cola Logo was being designed. Since a logo is the visual entity signifying an organization, logo design is an important area of graphic design, a logo is the central element of a complex identification system that must be functionally extended to all communications of an organization
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
6.
Owned-and-operated station
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In the broadcasting industry, an owned-and-operated station usually refers to a television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate, which is independently owned, the concept of an O&O is clearly defined in the United States and Canada, where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule. In the broadcasting industry, the term owned-and-operated station refers exclusively to stations that are owned by television, on the other hand, the term affiliate only applies to stations that are not owned by networks, but instead are contracted to air programming from one of the major networks. The term station correctly applies to the ownership of the station, for example, a station that is owned and operated by the American Broadcasting Company is referred to as an ABC station or an ABC O&O, but normally should not be referred to as an affiliate. Likewise, a station not owned by ABC but contracted to air the networks programming is referred to as an ABC affiliate, that is. A correct formal phrasing could be, ABC affiliate WFAA is a Gannett station, some stations that are owned by companies that operate a network, but air another networks programming are referred to as an affiliate of the network that they carry. For example, WBFS-TV in Miami is owned by the CBS networks parent company CBS Corporation, prior to the September 2006 shutdown of the CBS-owned UPN television network, WBFS aired that networks programming, therefore, WBFS was a UPN O&O. The stations carrying The WB Television Network were another exception, the controlling shares in the network were held by Time Warner, with minority interests from the Tribune Company and, for a portion of networks existence, the now-defunct ACME Communications. While Tribune-owned stations such as WGN-TV in Chicago, WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles aired programming from The WB, a similar exception existed when UPN launched in January 1995 by co-owners Chris-Craft and Viacom. Each of the owned a number of stations that aired the network. However, the stations were not considered O&Os under the initial standard definition. This ambiguity ended with Viacoms buyout of Chris-Crafts share of the network in 2000, the stations were referred to informally as UPN O&Os. Following the shutdowns of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation, Entertainment became co-owners of the new CW Television Network, which largely merged the programming from both networks onto the scheduling model used by The WB. The network launched in September 2006 on 11 UPN stations owned by CBS Corporation, certain UPN and WB affiliates in markets where Tribune and CBS both owned stations carrying those networks either picked up a MyNetworkTV affiliation or became independent stations. The standard definition of an O&O again does not apply to The CW, in Australia, Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten each own and operate stations in the five largest metropolitan areas. These television markets together account for two thirds of the countrys population, in addition, Seven also owns and operates its local station in regional Queensland, and Nine owns and operates its station in Darwin. Nine also owns and operates NBN Television, based in Newcastle, the two national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service, own and operate all of their local stations. In Japan, commercial terrestrial television is focused on five organizations, the four largest of these – Nippon TV, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji Television, and TV Asahi – each own and operate stations in the Tokyo, Keihanshin, Chukyo and Fukuoka metropolitan areas
7.
Very high frequency
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Very high frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, with corresponding wavelengths of ten to one meters. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency, and the higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency. Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems work at distances of 100 kilometres or more to aircraft at cruising altitude, some older DVB-T receivers included channels E2 to E4 but newer ones only go down to channel E5. VHF propagation characteristics are suited for terrestrial communication, with a range generally somewhat farther than line-of-sight from the transmitter. VHF waves are restricted to the radio horizon less than 100 miles. VHF is less affected by noise and interference from electrical equipment than lower frequencies. Unlike high frequencies, the ionosphere does not usually reflect VHF waves, the distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves, in engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of a proposed transmitter station. The accuracy of calculations for digital TV signals is being debated. Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas, while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles, for directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or beam antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth, helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization. For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas, vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas, in which more of the antennas power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas. Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world, some national uses are detailed below. 108–118 MHz, Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localiser, 118–137 MHz, Airband for air traffic control, AM,121.5 MHz is emergency frequency 144–146 MHz, Amateur radio. Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these, the initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that the 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services and this was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies—channels 0, 5A and 11
8.
Eyewitness News
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Eyewitness News is a style of news broadcasting that is used by local television stations in different markets around the world. It refers to a style of television newscast with an emphasis on visual elements. It replaced the traditional man-on-camera newscast, after the KYW-TV call letters, management, and some staffers moved from Cleveland to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1965 its then-news director, Al Primo, created the Eyewitness News format. The anchors became personalities instead of presenters with the introduction of banter, anchors would give their own personal comments in between stories to let viewers know their personalities. Primo used the cue 007 from the 1963 film From Russia with Love as the musical theme, the format quickly became a hit in Philadelphia and allowed KYW-TV to surge past longtime leader WCAU-TV for first place, a position it kept on and off until the late 1970s. KYW-TVs success spawned rival station WFIL-TV to develop the Action News format to compete with it, KYW-TV used the name and format until 1991 and re-adopted it in 1998. All five major stations owned by Westinghouse prior to its 1996 acquisition of CBS have used Eyewitness News as their newscast title at some point in time, KYW-TV and WJZ-TV continue to do so. It was a theme for their local newscast since the CBS logo is shaped like an eye, although until 1995 only KDKA-TV. However, he added a new twist at WABC-TV – light, WABC-TV has kept the name and format since then, and has been the highest-rated station in New York City for much of that time. Ironically, WPVI, which developed the Action News format, is now an ABC owned-and-operated station. In addition, U. S. Spanish-language stations also use their own version of Eyewitness News, a separate, but mostly unrelated, Eyewitness News format was developed by Irv Weinstein in Buffalo, New York for WKBW-TV. This format was based not on the original Eyewitness News. This version of Eyewitness News was used on WKBW as well as other Capital Cities stations where the Action News name was in use by another station, such as WTVD in Durham, North Carolina. It was also used on a few stations not owned by Capital Cities, including WOKR in Rochester, the title was used in Canada, on CTV affiliate CFRN-TV in Edmonton. In Japan, TV Tokyo branded its newscasts as Eyewitness News, in Indonesia, Metro TV branded its newscasts as iWitness, and abbreviated as Eyewitness. It has since become one of the segments on the daytime news program Wide Shot. In Australia, BTQ-7 in Brisbane adopted the Eyewitness News branding in the early 1970s, the branding was also employed by NWS-9 in Adelaide for its evening newscast. Regional affiliates for Network Ten including CTC-7 in Canberra, Southern Cross Network in Victoria, Network Ten reinstated the Eyewitness News branding once again on September 16,2013
9.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
10.
WABC-TV
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WABC-TV, channel 7, is the flagship station of the ABC Television Network, located in New York City. WABC-TV is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of the Disney-ABC Television Group division of the Disney Media Networks subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The stations studios and offices are located near Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, adjacent to ABCs corporate headquarters, its transmitter is atop the Empire State Building. WABC-TV is best known in broadcasting circles for its version of the Eyewitness News format and for its morning show, in the few areas of the eastern United States where an ABC station isnt receivable over-the-air, WABC is available on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network. The station signed on August 10,1948, as WJZ-TV, Channel 7s call letters came from its then-sister radio station, WJZ. The stations original transmitter site was atop The Pierre Hotel at 2 East 61st Street, the stations original studios were located at 77 West 66th Street, with studios at 7 West 66th Street. An underground tunnel linked ABC studios at 7 West 66th Street to the lobby of the Hotel des Artistes, another studio inside the Hotel des Artistes was used for Eyewitness News Conference. S. At about the time, construction was started at 30 West 67th Street on the site of a former parking lot. Both buildings were completed in June 1979 and WABC-TV moved its offices from 77 West 66th Street to 7 Lincoln Square, transmitter maintenance engineer Donald DiFranco died in the attack. The station eventually established transmission facilities at the Empire State Building, on May 27,2007, WABC-TVs studios suffered major damage as the result of a fire that knocked the station off the air shortly before the start of the 11,00 PM Newscast. The stations building was evacuated and the fire was brought under control, though the studio was said to be damaged, having suffered smoke. WABC-TV resumed broadcasting at around 1,00 AM on May 28,2007, starting with the 5,00 PM Newscast on June 20,2007, the station resumed the Eyewitness News and Live. Broadcasts from its studios at Columbus Avenue and 66th Street. WABC-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, at 12,30 PM on June 12,2009, the stations digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 45 to VHF channel 7. WABCs digital signal was difficult to receive over-the-air in New York City. On June 29,2009, WABC filed an application with the FCC to increase power from 11.69 kW to 27 kW, on January 31,2010, the FCC granted a special temporary authority for the station to increase power to 26.9 kW. WABCs sister station, WPVI-TV in Philadelphia was also pulled from Cablevisions New Jersey systems in Mercer, Ocean, in July 2010, ABCs parent company Disney announced that it was involved in a carriage dispute with Time Warner Cable, its first with that provider in 10 Years. This dispute involved 4 ABC owned-and-operated stations, Disney Channel and the ESPN networks, if a deal wasnt in place, the affected stations and cable channels wouldve been removed from Time Warner and Bright House Networks systems across the country
11.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
12.
KABC-TV
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KABC-TV, channel 7, is an ABC owned-and-operated television station located in Los Angeles, California, United States. The station is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of the Disney-ABC Television Group division of the Disney Media Networks subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. KABC maintains studios and offices on Circle Seven Drive in Glendale, in the few areas of the western United States where an ABC stations over the air signal is not receivable over-the-air, KABC-TV is available on satellite television through DirecTV. Channel 7 first signed on the air under the callsign KECA-TV on September 16,1949. At the same time, it was the last television station licensed to Los Angeles operating on the VHF band to sign on, and it was also the last of the Los Angeles classic seven TV stations to sign on. In addition, it was the last new Los Angeles TV station to sign on from 1949 until 1962 when the first two UHF Los Angeles stations launched, the stations callsign was named after Los Angeles broadcasting pioneer Earle C. Anthony, whose initials were also present on channel 7s then-sister radio station, KECA, anthonys other Los Angeles radio station, KFI, was aligned with the NBC Red Network. The Red Network survived the split of the two NBC radio networks ordered by the Federal Communications Commission in 1943. Edward J. Noble, who bought the Blue Network, purchased KECA radio a year later when the FCC forced Anthony to divest one of his Los Angeles radio stations, on February 1,1954, KECA-TV changed its callsign to the present-day KABC-TV. From the time of its initial sign-on in 1949, channel 7 was located at the ABC Television Center, on Prospect Avenue in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, east of Hollywood. In December 2000, KABC-TV moved from the Los Feliz studios to a new facility designed by César Pelli in nearby Glendale. The station is located four miles east of ABCs West Coast headquarters on the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank. KABC-TV has used the Circle 7 logo since 1962, and augmented its bottom left quadrant with the ABC network logo in 1997. The stations news anchors and reporters wear Circle 7 lapel pins when they appear on camera, in 1984, KABC-TV became the first West Coast television station to air Stereo audio for the 1984 Summer Olympics. On February 4,2006, KABC-TV became the first television station in the state of California to broadcast its newscasts in high definition using HD cameras in the studio. Along with the upgrades, the station debuted an updated news set. In July 2010, The Walt Disney Company became engaged in a dispute with Time Warner Cable. This dispute involved KABC-TV and three other ABC owned-and-operated stations, Disney Channel and the ESPN family of networks, if a deal was not in place, all of the Disney-owned channels would have been removed from Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks systems across the United States
13.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
14.
WLS-TV
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WLS-TV, virtual channel 7, is an ABC owned-and-operated television station located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The station is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, WLS-TV maintains studio facilities located on North State Street in the Chicago Loop, and its transmitter is located atop the Willis Tower on South Wacker Drive. The station first signed on the air on September 17,1948 as WENR-TV and it was the third television station to sign on in the Chicago market. As one of the original ABC-owned stations on channel 7, it was the station to begin operations. The stations original call letters were taken from co-owned radio station WENR, in February 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the former theater division of Paramount Pictures. UPT subsidiary Balaban and Katz owned WBKB, as a result, WBKBs channel 4 license was sold to CBS, which subsequently changed that stations call letters to WBBM-TV, that outlet would move to VHF channel 2 several months later on July 5,1953. The old WBKBs on-air and behind-the-scenes staff stayed at the new WBBM-TV, while the WBKB call letters, sterling Red Quinlan served as the stations general manager from the early 1950s to the mid-1960s, and became a giant in early Chicago television. Quinlan was instrumental in starting the careers of Tom Duggan, Frank Reynolds, the station courageously aired The Tom Duggan Show in the mid-1950s, which became the most popular show in the Chicago market, far outdrawing other network competition. Ironically, ABC merged WLS with WENR, its shared-time partner, WLS-TV had claimed to be Chicagos first television station in its sign-ons during the 1980s, but admitted to its true roots with WENR with its 30th anniversary in 1978. m. The service was similar in format to competitor ONTV and other over-the-air pay services that existed during the early and mid-1980s. Tele1st was created with the concept of allowing users to programming for later viewing, therefore. Tele1st was deemed a failure, attributing only 4,000 subscribers at its peak, the stations digital channel is multiplexed, Prior to February 24,2011, WLS-DT3 aired ABC7 News Now with weather programming from The Local AccuWeather Channel. WLS operated its digital signal at low power to protect the signal of WOOD-TV in Grand Rapids. As a result, many viewers were not able to receive the station, the FCC sent extra personnel to Chicago, Philadelphia and New York City to deal with difficulties in those cities. WLS had received 1,735 calls just by the end of the day on June 12, and an estimated 5,000 calls in total by June 16. WLS-TV was just one station which needed to increase its strength or move its frequency to solve its problems. WLS received an experimental permit for a power increase late in June. WLS had also applied for a permit to construct a low-power fill-in digital translator station on UHF channel 32, but abandoned that plan
15.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
16.
KGO-TV
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KGO-TV, channel 7, is an ABC owned-and-operated television station located in San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, kGO-TVs studios are located at the ABC Broadcast Center in downtown San Francisco north of the citys Financial District, and its transmitter is based at Sutro Tower. KGO-TV first signed on the air on May 5,1949 as the San Francisco Bay Areas second-oldest television station, in fact, KPIX had a hand in getting KGO-TV on the air, as the CBS-affiliated station produced informational programming on how to receive and view ABCs channel 7. KGO-TVs original studios were located in the renovated Sutro Mansion near Mount Sutro in San Francisco, Channel 7 was the fourth of ABCs five original owned-and-operated stations to sign-on, after outlets in New York City, Chicago and Detroit, and before Los Angeles. In addition, it is the only ABC station to keep its original call letters, Channel 7 had a limited broadcasting schedule during its first year on the air. It was not until September 1950 that the announced, in the San Francisco Chronicle. For much of the 1950s, the station signed on late in the morning or early afternoon, especially on the weekends, because the ABC network didnt offer many daytime programs. For many years, Saturday programming began with King Normans Kingdom of Toys, in 1954, KGO-TV moved to one of the most modern broadcasting facilities on the West Coast at the time at 277 Golden Gate Avenue, formerly known as the Eagle Building. The building was demolished between 2010 and 2011, as an ABC-owned station, KGO-TV originated a few network daytime shows, including programs hosted by fitness expert Jack La Lanne, singer Tennessee Ernie Ford, and entertainer Gypsy Rose Lee. Syndicated game shows Oh My Word and The Anniversary Game were produced at KGO-TV by Circle Seven Productions, in September 1962, KGO began carrying ABCs first color program, the animated series The Jetsons, followed by The Flintstones. In the mid 1960s, KGO became the first Bay Area station to broadcast local programs in color, in 1985, KGO-TV began broadcasting from its current studios at 900 Front Street, sharing the facility with radio stations KGO, KSFO and KMKY. By 2012 the radio stations had vacated 900 Front street, KRON-TV also uses one of the two studios on the first floor for production of its news programming. This resulted in the Salinas–Santa Cruz–Monterey Bay market losing over-the-air reception of ABC programs since KNTV had also served those communities. On December 20,2010, Hearst Television, owners of NBC affiliate KSBW, the new subchannel debuted on April 18,2011, effectively displacing KGO from cable providers in Californias Central Coast, which replaced the station with KSBWs ABC-affiliated subchannel. KGO-TV was one of the earliest ABC stations to use the original Circle 7 logo, according to Broadcasting magazine, KGO unveiled this logo, created by San Francisco design consultant G. Dean Smith, on August 27,1962. Some programs seen on channel 7.2, such as the Commonwealth Club Speakers Luncheon, KGO-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, on June 12,2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 24 to VHF channel 7 for post-transition operations. As a result, KGO-TV is the only Bay Area television station to retain the same channel allocation post-transition, KGO-TV has a construction permit for a fill-in translator on UHF Channel 35, serving the southern portion of the viewing area, including San Jose
17.
WXYZ-TV
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WXYZ-TV, channel 7, is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, WXYZ-TV is part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYD, WXYZ-TV maintains studio and transmitter facilities located at Broadcast House, in Southfield, Michigan. The station first signed on the air on October 9,1948 as the television station in Michigan. Channel 7 was also the third of ABCs five original owned-and-operated television stations to sign on, after New York City and Chicago and before San Francisco, WXYZ-TV was created out of ABC-owned radio station WXYZ, which produced the popular radio programs The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet. WXYZ radio personality Dick Osgood was host of WXYZ-TVs inaugural broadcast, the television station originally broadcast from studios located in the Maccabees Building on Woodward Avenue in midtown Detroit, across from the Detroit Institute of Arts. In the 1950s, WXYZ-TV began producing a series of popular, in 1959, all of WXYZs radio and television operations moved into new broadcast facilities at Broadcast House, at 20777 West Ten Mile Rd. in Southfield, where WXYZs television operations remain. The facility was built on the site of a former farm, WXYZ began broadcasting network programs in color in 1956 and started broadcasting local programs and newscasts in color around 1964. In 1979, ABC named Jeanne Findlater as WXYZs general manager and she was the first woman to hold that title at a major market television station. In May 1985, Capital Cities Communications, which owned Detroit radio stations WJR and WHYT, ABC had sold WXYZ a year earlier in 1984 to the radio stations general manager, Chuck Fritz, who changed its call sign to WXYT. Upon gaining FCC approval of the merger in February 1986, the new company sold WXYZ-TV as well as Capital Cities Tampa station WFTS-TV to the E. W. Scripps Company, at the time, Cozzin Communications emerged as another prospective bidder for the station. ABC retained some of WXYZs assets, including the satellite uplink for its satellite news-gathering service ABC NewsOne, under Scripps ownership, WXYZ-TV retained the ABC network affiliation and continued to use ABCs proprietary Circle 7 logo. Under this rule, a station that is carried on a cable system under must carry rules can request cable systems to compensate the station for carrying it. The station was selected as the site of the first Town Meeting with President Bill Clinton in February 1993, President Clinton would address questions from audience members at WXYZs studios as well as audiences at other television stations via satellite. A shift in affiliation at Detroits CBS affiliate, WJBK-TV, to the Fox network in 1994 prompted CBS to attempt to lure WXYZ to drop its ABC affiliation in favor of switching to CBS. As a contingency plan, ABC approached SJL Broadcast Management about buying Toledo, Ohios WTVG and Flints WJRT-TV to cover the Detroit area, both stations city-grade signals reached portions of the Detroit area. Eventually, Scripps signed a ten-year long-term deal with ABC that would keep WXYZ as an affiliate of the network, CBS would purchase UHF independent station WGPR-TV, after it failed to reach deals to affiliate with WDIV, WKBD-TV or the markets other independent stations, WXON and WADL-TV. WXYZ-TV has been active in community service projects. The station received the National Community Service Award from the National Academy of Television Arts, WXYZ is a partner in several charitable endeavors including the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, Operation Can-Do and Detroits annual childrens immunization fair
18.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
19.
Blazer
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A blazer is a type of jacket resembling a suit jacket, but cut more casually. A blazer is generally distinguished from a sportcoat as a formal garment. Blazers often have naval-style metal buttons to reflect their origins as jackets worn by boating club members, a blazers cloth is usually durable, as it is intended as outdoor wear. Blazers are often part of a uniform that denotes, for example, an airlines employees, students of a school, members of sports clubs. Blazers are worn with a variety of other clothes, ranging from a dress shirt and necktie to an open-necked polo shirt. They are seen with trousers of all colors and fabrics, from the white cotton or linen, to grey flannel, to brown or beige chinos. A fitted, classically cut, double-breasted navy blue blazer with navy-style buttons is a popular design, particularly in North America and the United Kingdom, it is now frequently used in business casual attire. Blazers are worn as part of uniforms by many schools across the Commonwealth. These are blazers in the sense, single-breasted often of bright colors or with piping. This style is worn by some boat clubs, such as those in Cambridge or Oxford. In this case, the piping is in colours. This traditional style can be seen in films set in the Edwardian era. Where the blazer is part of the dress of a school, college, sports club, or armed service veterans association, in the British army officers do not normally wear badges on their blazers. Any two regimental blazers will very rarely be the same, as they are made up from different civilian sources and are not issued by any authority. This has come to be representative of the fact that the members of the association are now civilians, the standard color is navy blue, although in some associations different colors are worn, such as rifle green for the associations of rifle regiments. Two sporting events where blazers signify victory are the Congressional Cup Regatta at the Long Beach Yacht Club, the sartorial term blazer originated with the red blazers of the Lady Margaret Boat Club, the rowing club of St. Johns College, Cambridge. The Lady Margaret club jackets were termed blazers because of the red cloth. When I was at Cambridge it meant that and nothing else and it seems from your article that a blazer now means a colored flannel jacket, whether for cricket, tennis, boating, or seaside wear
20.
Paul Rand
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Paul Rand was an American art director and graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc. He was one of the first American commercial artists to embrace and practice the Swiss Style of graphic design, Rand was a professor emeritus of graphic design at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut from 1956 to 1969, and from 1974 to 1985. He was inducted into the New York Art Directors Club Hall of Fame in 1972, Paul Rand was born on August 15,1914 in Brooklyn, New York. He embraced design at a young age, painting signs for his fathers grocery store as well as for school events at P. S. Rands father did not believe art could provide his son with a sufficient livelihood, Rand was largely self-taught as a designer, learning about the works of Cassandre and Moholy-Nagy from European magazines such as Gebrauchsgraphik. Rand Also attended Parsons The New School for Design and the Art Students League of New York and his career began with humble assignments, starting with a part-time position creating stock images for a syndicate that supplied graphics to various newspapers and magazines. Between his class assignments and his work, Rand was able to amass a large portfolio. Morris Wyszogrod, a friend and associate of Rand, noted that he figured that Paul Rand, four letters here, four letters there, roy R. Indeed, Rand was rapidly moving into the forefront of his profession. Although Rand was most famous for the logos he created in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1936, Rand was given the job of setting the layout for an Apparel Arts magazine anniversary issue. The cover art for Direction magazine proved to be an important step in the development of the Paul Rand look that was not as yet fully developed, a perfect union of the aggressive vertical and the passive horizontal. Rands most widely known contributions to design are his corporate identities, IBM, ABC, Cummins Engine, UPS, and the now-infamous Enron, among many others, owe Rand their graphical heritage. One of his strengths, as Moholy-Nagy pointed out, was his ability as a salesman to explain the needs his identities would address for the corporation, the logo was modified by Rand in 1960. The striped logo was created in 1972, the stripes were introduced as a half-toning technique to make the IBM mark slightly less heavy and more dynamic. Two variations of the logo were designed, one with eight stripes. Rand also designed packaging, marketing materials and assorted communications for IBM from the late 1950s until the late 1990s, ford appointed Rand in the 1960s to redesign their corporate logo, but afterwards chose not to use his modernized design. Although the logos may be interpreted as simplistic, Rand was quick to point out in A Designers Art that ideas do not need to be esoteric to be original or exciting. His Westinghouse trademark, created in 1960, epitomizes that ideal of minimalism while proving Rands point that a logo cannot survive unless it is designed with the utmost simplicity and restraint
21.
E. W. Scripps Company
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The E. W. Scripps Company is an American broadcasting company founded in 1878 as a chain of daily newspapers by Edward Willis Scripps. It was also formerly a media conglomerate, the company is headquartered inside the Scripps Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Its corporate motto is Give light and the people find their own way. The E. W. Scripps Company was incorporated on December 1,1987, but it traces its history to November 2,1878, when Edward Willis Scripps published the first issue of the Cleveland Penny Press. In 1894, E. W. Scripps and his half-brother, George H. Scripps, in July 1895, it was named the Scripps-McRae League with the addition of Cincinnati Post general manager Milton A. McRae as a partner. On November 29,1921, it was renamed Scripps-Howard Newspapers, on November 23,1922, the company was placed in trust for E. W. Scripps children and grandchildren. In 1990, the company completed a new downtown Cincinnati headquarters, on October 16,2007, the company announced that it would separate into two publicly traded companies, The E. W. Scripps Company and Scripps Networks Interactive. The transaction was completed on July 1,2008, on October 3,2011, The E. W. Scripps Company announced it was purchasing the television arm of McGraw-Hill for $212 million. This purchase nearly doubles the number of Scripps stations to 19 with a reach of 13% of U. S. households. Upon the 2012 death of E. W. Scripps grandson, Robert Scripps, the E. W. Scripps Company and Journal Communications announced on July 30,2014, that the two companies would merge and spin-off their newspaper assets. The FCC approved the deal on December 12,2014, the merger and spinoff were completed on April 1,2015. Journal Media Group merged with the all-newspaper Gannett Company on April 8,2016, Gannett had also shed their television and broadcast operations into a spin-off, Tegna, months after the Scripps-Journal merger. The purchase price was to be between $605 and $775 million, depending on a federal ruling, United Feature Syndicate syndicated many notable comic strips including Peanuts, Garfield, Lil Abner, Dilbert, Nancy and Marmaduke. The distribution rights to properties syndicated by United Media was outsourced to Universal Uclick in February 2011, while United Media effectively ceased to exist, Scripps still maintains copyrights and intellectual property rights. Scripps also operated United Press International until selling it off in 1982 and it also previously owned the Scripps Howard News Service, which shut down in 2013. E. W. Scripps also previously owned the Shop at Home Network from 2000 until 2006, Shop at Home in turn owned five television stations, all as a division of its cable network division. In October 1995, Comcast announced the purchase of E. W. Scripps cable provider operation, attempts to use Shop at Home as a complementary service to Food Network and HGTV by selling products connected to personalities of those networks were middling compared to competitors QVC and HSN. On May 22,2006, Scripps announced that it was to cease operations of the network, jewelry Television eventually acquired Shop at Home, but Scripps still intended to sell its affiliated stations
22.
Font
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In metal typesetting, a font is a particular size, weight and style of a typeface. Each font was a set of type, one piece for each glyph. In modern usage, with the advent of digital typography, font is frequently synonymous with typeface, in particular, the use of vector or outline fonts means that different sizes of a typeface can be dynamically generated from one design. The word font derives from Middle French fonte melted, a casting, the term refers to the process of casting metal type at a type foundry. In a manual printing house the word font would refer to a set of metal type that would be used to typeset an entire page. Unlike a digital typeface it would not include a definition of each character. A font when bought new would often be sold as 12pt 14A 34a, meaning that it would be a size 12-point font containing 14 uppercase As, given the name upper and lowercase because of which case the metal type was located in, otherwise known as majuscule and minuscule. The rest of the characters would be provided in quantities appropriate for the distribution of letters in that language. Some metal type characters required in typesetting, such as dashes, spaces and line-height spacers, were not part of a specific font, line spacing is still often called leading, because the strips used for line spacing were made of lead. In the 1880s–90s, hot lead typesetting was invented, in which type was cast as it was set, either piece by piece or in entire lines of type at one time. In European alphabetic scripts, i. e. Latin, Cyrillic and Greek, the main properties are the stroke width, called weight, the style or angle. The regular or standard font is sometimes labeled roman, both to distinguish it from bold or thin and from italic or oblique. The keyword for the default, regular case is often omitted for variants and never repeated, otherwise it would be Bulmer regular italic, Bulmer bold regular, Roman can also refer to the language coverage of a font, acting as a shorthand for Western European. Different fonts of the same typeface may be used in the work for various degrees of readability and emphasis. The weight of a font is the thickness of the character outlines relative to their height. A typeface may come in fonts of many weights, from ultra-light to extra-bold or black, four to six weights are not unusual, many typefaces for office, web and non-professional use come with just a normal and a bold weight which are linked together. If no bold weight is provided, many renderers support faking a bolder font by rendering the outline a second time at an offset, the base weight differs among typefaces, that means one normal font may appear bolder than some other normal font. For example, fonts intended to be used in posters are often quite bold by default while fonts for long runs of text are rather light, therefore, weight designations in font names may differ in regard to the actual absolute stroke weight or density of glyphs in the font
23.
WKBW-TV
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WKBW-TV, virtual channel 7, is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Buffalo, New York, United States. Owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, the studios are located at 7 Broadcast Plaza in downtown Buffalo. WKBW-TV is one of many local Buffalo television stations that are available over-the-air and on television in Canada. For many years, it was carried via microwave to cable systems in areas as Corning and Horseheads. The competition for the channel 7 allocation continued to grow when the citys first UHF station, WBES-TV, clinton Churchill, original owner of 50,000 watt radio station WKBW in Buffalo, was granted the license to operate the station in 1957. WKBW-TV was originally intended to be an independent station, however, when NBC shut down its owned-and-operated station, WBUF-TV, on September 30,1958, then-ABC affiliate WGR-TV went back to NBC. As a result of the shuffle, WKBW-TV premiered as ABCs new Buffalo affiliate when it went on the air on November 30,1958. The stations studios were located at 1420 Main Street. Churchill sold the WKBW stations to Capital Cities Broadcasting in 1961, capCities would serve as WKBW-TVs longest-tenured owner, owning it and its radio sister for 25 years, and the station would reach its peak during Capital Cities ownership. WKBW-TV produced iconic childrens programing such as Rocketship 7 and The Commander Tom Show from the 1960s to the 1980s. A staple of its morning programing for many years was Dialing for Dollars, when Capital Cities merged with ABC in 1986, it sold WKBW-TV to Queen City Broadcasting instead of becoming an ABC owned-and-operated station. At that point, WKBW radio was sold to Price Communications and had its call letters changed to WWKB, in late 1993, Granite Broadcasting acquired a 45 percent minority stake in WKBW-TV from Queen City Broadcasting. A year-and-a-half later, in June 1995, Granite bought the remaining 55% interest in the station, until 2000, New York Lottery drawings were shown on WKBW-TV. WNED-FMs subcarrier then was contracted to carry the service from then on, as a result of the changes, WKBW-TV ended the LMA with WNGS which has since changed its call to WBBZ-TV. On February 10,2014, the E. W. Scripps Company announced that it would acquire WKBW-TV as well as MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYD in Detroit, the FCC approved the sale on May 2. The sale was completed on June 16, E. W. Scripps spun-off their papers to Journal Media Group on April 1,2015, while Gannetts publishing and digital media operations were spun off to the new Tegna on June 29,2015. The stations digital signal is multiplexed, Between 2009 and 2015, the two networks carried by WKBW-TV on its digital subchannels prior to 2009 were later carried on WGRZ-TV, Retro is now on WBXZ. It was announced that WKBW-TV would air the LAFF network on 7.2 starting on April 15,2015, however, both Laff and Escape, which airs in 7.3, debuted on April 28,2015
24.
WHDH (TV)
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WHDH, channel 7, is an independent television station located in Boston, Massachusetts. WHDH is owned by Sunbeam Television, and operates as part of a duopoly with CW affiliate WLVI, the two stations share studio facilities located at Bulfinch Place, near Government Center in downtown Boston, WHDHs transmitter is located in Newton, Massachusetts. From 1982 to 1995, WHDH was Bostons CBS affiliate, inheriting the affiliation from its predecessor on channel 7, on January 2,1995, WHDH switched to NBC, after CBS moved to WBZ-TV by virtue of a group-wide affiliation deal with its owner, Westinghouse Broadcasting. On January 1,2017, WHDH lost NBC to a newly-formed owned-and-operated station, WBTS-LD, the original occupant of the channel 7 allocation in Boston was WNAC-TV, which commenced operations on June 21,1948, as Bostons first CBS affiliate. The station switched to ABC in 1961, but rejoined CBS in 1972, by 1965, WNAC-TVs owner, RKO General, faced numerous investigations into its business and financial practices. S. However, in the FCC hearings, RKO General had withheld evidence of General Tires misconduct, in light of RKOs dishonesty, the FCC stripped RKO of the Boston license and the licenses for KHJ-TV in Los Angeles and WOR-TV in New York City. The FCC had previously conditioned renewal of the two stations licenses on WNAC-TVs renewal. An appeals court reversed the ruling, finding that RKOs dishonesty alone merited having the WNAC-TV license removed. However, it held that the FCC had overreached in tying the other two license renewals to WNAC-TVs renewal, and ordered new hearings. Though RKO continued to appeal the decision, in late February 1982 the FCC granted the New England Television Corporation a construction permit to build a new station on channel 7. Two months later in April, the U. S. Supreme Court declined to hear RKOs appeal, leaving the firm with no recourse but to accept the Commissions decision. RKO then sold the stations non-license physical assets, including its downtown Boston studio facility and transmitter/tower site in suburban Newton, on May 21,1982, at midnight, RKO signed off WNAC-TV for the final time. However, WNEV inherited most of the former WNAC-TV staff and channel 7s CBS affiliation, notable productions that premiered early on were Look, which began as a two-hour late afternoon talk and lifestyle show that led into WNEVs 6 p. m. newscast. Nancy Merrill, former host of WBZ-TVs People Are Talking, headlined two shows on WNEV, the weekend late night entry Merrill at Midnight and the weekday morning program Nancy Merrill. NETV also made it a purpose to further diversify the stations workforce. Within WNEVs first couple of years, there was an increase of news reporters and anchors of color joining the station. The commitment to diversity extended itself to a series of new public affairs shows that targeted a specific ethnic group, Urban Update, Revista Hispana, Asian Focus. In 1987, another of WNEVs ambitious efforts premiered, the live childrens variety show Ready to Go
25.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
26.
WSVN
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WSVN, virtual and VHF digital channel 7, is a Fox-affiliated television station located in Miami, Florida, United States. It serves as the station of locally owned Sunbeam Television. WSVN maintains studio facilities located on 79th Street Causeway in North Bay Village, the stations signal is relayed on low-powered translator WKIZ-LP in Key West. The station first signed on the air on July 29,1956 as WCKT, the same Cox/Knight partnership also owned WCKR radio. Niles Trammell, a former NBC president, held a 15 percent ownership interest in WCKT, before WCKT signed on, NBC programming had been carried on Fort Lauderdales WFTL-TV, which also held a secondary affiliation with the DuMont Television Network. However, WFTL struggled because television sets were not required to have UHF tuning capability and it didnt help matters that much of the area—particularly Fort Lauderdale—got a fairly strong signal from WJNO-TV in West Palm Beach. Channel 23 became an independent station and eventually went dark, in 1962, the Cox/Knight/Trammell partnership was stripped of its broadcast licenses due to violations of the Federal Communications Commissions licensing rules and ethics violations. Biscayne had competed for the license with two other applicants, East Coast Television and South Florida TV, mack had also been found guilty of taking payoffs and was forced to resign by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, as well as the rest of the FCC commissioners. Biscayne Television originally planned to appeal its license revocation, but was advised that the appeal would be turned down due to the gravity of the situation, mack had also been found guilty of taking payoffs in the licensing process WPST, to the broadcasting subsidiary of National Airlines. WPST had its license revoked and Biscayne then opted to put WCKT up for sale, the owners of WPST were forced to sell the station only after they had to cease broadcasting. Shortly afterward, a new company called Sunbeam Television Corporation bought the station for $3.4 million, upon the change in ownership, Sunbeam retained the WCKT call letters and claimed the Cox/Knight stations history as its own. Sunbeam was a partnership between Miami Beach-based real estate developer Sydney Ansin, and his son Edmund Ansin, the younger Ansin succeeded his father as president of Sunbeam Television in 1971. In 1966, with the establishment of the Miami Dolphins of the American Football League, the station, via NBC and this alliance continued until the end of the 1988 season, when most games moved over to WTVJ. The station now airs at least two Dolphins games a season via the NFL on Fox, usually when the team plays host to an NFC team at Hard Rock Stadium, the station began using its own version of the circle 7 logo in the mid-1970s. On June 7,1983, the callsign was changed to the current WSVN, after those call letters were acquired from a PBS member station in Norton. As an NBC affiliate, WCKT/WSVN aired a local newscast in place of programs that NBC had aired at noon on weekdays and it also occasionally preempted network shows that aired during the 10 or 11 a. m. timeslot and preempted an occasional primetime program. However, in the early 1980s, WPTV was removed from some Miami area cable systems to make room for new channels due to limited headend channel capacity, largely due to those preemptions, WCKT/WSVN was one of NBCs weaker affiliates. NBC eventually decided that it needed to acquire its own station in the growing South Florida market, NBC got its chance in the late 1980s, when Kohlberg Kravis Roberts put CBS affiliate WTVJ on the market
27.
Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
28.
Sunbeam Television
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Sunbeam Television Corporation is a privately held broadcasting company based in Miami, Florida that owns three television stations in the United States. Sydneys son, Edmund Ansin, joined his father when the elder Ansin prevailed in a lengthy quest to acquire Miami television station WCKT from the Cox and Knight publishing families. The Cox/Knight cooperative, Biscayne Television Corporation, had its license to operate the station revoked by the Federal Communications Commission due to contact with an FCC commissioner. Ed Ansin was installed as WCKTs executive vice president upon Sunbeams takeover of the station and he became the companys president and chief operating officer after Sydneys death in 1971. WCKT would change its call letters to WSVN in 1983, and would remain Sunbeams lone property until 1993, on September 14,2006, it was announced that Bostons WLVI would be acquired by Sunbeam from Tribune Broadcasting. The sale was approved in late November 2006, and Sunbeam took control of the station on December 18,2006, Sunbeams flagship station, WCKT/WSVN in Miami, had been an NBC affiliate from the day it began operations in 1956. However, it suffered from poor viewership for its local news, as NBC rose to ratings prominence during the middle 1980s, the network sought to upgrade its visibility in the growing Miami-Fort Lauderdale market. In 1987, NBC parent company General Electric purchased CBS affiliate WTVJ, Sunbeam immediately sought to block the purchase, and spent over a year fighting NBC in court. As a result of the litigation NBC was forced to run WTVJ as a CBS affiliate for over a year, on December 31,1988, NBC ended its 32-year relationship with WCKT/WSVN and moved all its programming to WTVJ. Not long after giving up on NBC, Sunbeam tried to acquire an affiliation with CBS, WSVN was slated to become an independent station. However, as a sidebar to the NBC purchase of WTVJ, CBS acquired Fox affiliate WCIX in the spring of 1988, despite its signal in Fort Lauderdale. This ended up leaving the young Fox network without a Miami outlet, WSVN and Fox soon agreed to an affiliation deal, initiating a partnership which began on January 1,1989. A similar affect will occur with WHDH as NBC is looking for options for an NBC O&O in Boston, Ansin believed that NBCUniversals main motivation for these moves were to create further synergies with WNEU and New England Cable News for the purposes of advertising sales. Initial reports suggested that if WHDH were to lose NBC programming, staab did not outright say whether NBC programming will be carried by WNEU, but that NBCUniversal was evaluating options for over-the-air carriage of the new outlet. His lawsuit, however, was closed off on May 16,2016, as it loses its affiliation with NBC, it will expand its newscasts while offering its 8 p. m. slot of Syndicated programming. On November 1,2016, NBCUniversal announced that NBC will move to WBTS-LD, which the company acquired back in September 2016, not long after becoming a Fox station, WSVN increased its news output. The station also revamped its coverage to place an emphasis on crime stories and this sensational approach, along with a flash-heavy visual look, vaulted WSVN from perennial third-place finisher to the markets number-one news operation. WSVN also influenced the look of many Fox affiliates newscasts in years to come, the tabloid approach also garnered heavy criticism, both positive and negative, from within the television industry
29.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
30.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
31.
Little Rock, Arkansas
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Little Rock is the capital and the most populous city of the U. S. state of Arkansas. It is also the county seat of Pulaski County and it was incorporated on November 7,1831, on the south bank of the Arkansas River close to the geographic center of the state. The city derives its name from a rock formation along the river, the capital of the Arkansas Territory was moved to Little Rock from Arkansas Post in 1821. The citys population was 193,524 at the 2010 census, Little Rock is a cultural, economic, government, and transportation center within Arkansas and the South. Little Rocks history is available through history museums, historic districts or neighborhoods like the Quapaw Quarter, the city is the headquarters of Dillards, Windstream Communications, Acxiom, Stephens Inc. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Heifer International, the Clinton Foundation, other large corporations, such as Dassault Falcon Jet and LM Wind Power have large operations in the city. State government is an employer, with many offices being located in downtown Little Rock. Two Interstate highways, Interstate 30 and Interstate 40, meet in Little Rock, Little Rock derives its name from a small rock formation on the south bank of the Arkansas River called le petit rocher. The little rock was used by river traffic as a landmark. The little rock is across the river from big rock, a bluff at the edge of the river. Archeological artifacts provide evidence of Native Americans inhabiting Central Arkansas for thousands of years before Europeans arrived, the early inhabitants may have been the Folsom people, Bluff Dwellers, and Mississippian culture peoples who built earthwork mounds recorded in 1541 by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. Historical tribes of the area were the Caddo, Quapaw, Osage, Choctaw, Little Rock was named for a stone outcropping on the bank of the Arkansas River used by early travelers as a landmark. Le Petit Rocher, named in 1722 by French explorer and trader Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe, Travelers referred to the area as the Little Rock, and the landmark name stuck. Little Rock is located at 34°44′10″N 92°19′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 116.8 square miles, of which,116.2 square miles of it is land and 0.6 square miles of it is water. Little Rock is located on the bank of the Arkansas River in Central Arkansas. Fourche Creek and Rock Creek run through the city, and flow into the river, the western part of the city is located in the foothills of the Ouachita Mountains. Northwest of the city limits are Pinnacle Mountain and Lake Maumelle, the city of North Little Rock is located just across the river from Little Rock, but it is a separate city. North Little Rock was once the 8th ward of Little Rock, an Arkansas Supreme Court decision on February 6,1904, allowed the ward to merge with the neighboring town of North Little Rock
32.
KATV
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KATV, virtual channel 7, is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The station is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, the station first signed on the air on December 19,1953. Originally licensed to Pine Bluff, the station was a CBS affiliate with a secondary ABC affiliation, KATV was founded by John T. Griffin and James C. KATV is Little Rocks oldest continually operating station, beating NBC affiliate KARK-TV by almost five months. On-air personalities at KATV during its years of operation included the stations first announcer, Don Curran, the first news director, Bill Hadley. News cameramen included Bob Donaldson and Lou Oberste, Donaldson would later lead the film department at the University of Arkansas Medical School for many years, and Oberste would work at the Arkansas Department of Tourism. The studios were damaged in a fire occurred on October 31,1957. Under Doubleday, KATV became a competitor in the Little Rock market. KATV originally transmitted its signal from a tower near Jefferson, until a tower was built farther north in Redfield in 1965. The Leake family became owners of KATV and KTUL in 1968. The Leakes owned KATV and KTUL until 1983, when stations were sold to Allbritton Communications. Doubleday remained as KATVs manager until 1968, when he was promoted to president of KATV, the station moved its operations to the Worthen Bank Building in downtown Little Rock in October 1970, after Worthen vacated the building and moved into a newly constructed building in downtown. Ranchino was a professor at Ouachita Baptist University and an ally of Bill Clinton, KATVs use of the Circle 7 logo predates even the variant Circle 7 used by Allbritton flagship station WJLA-TV in Washington D. C. from 1977 until it switched to the standard version in 2001. KATV also first placed the Circle 7 inside a square in the 1990s, WJLA now uses this version as well, in February 1999, KATV aired commercials for the Walt Disney Pictures animated film Dougs 1st Movie during an ABC network broadcast of Disneys Doug. KATV appealed the fine, claiming the error was due to a last-minute insertion order from ABC, however, it lost the appeal in April 2010. The stations transmitter tower in Redfield collapsed on January 11,2008, KATV eventually received FCC approval to build a new tower on Shinall Mountain, where Little Rocks other major network affiliates are located. KATV began transmitter its digital signal from the new facility located on Shinall Mountain on February 1,2009, the stations 7.2 subchannel began carrying sporting events from American Sports Network with its first broadcast on August 30,2014. Until the collapse of KATVs Redfield tower, KATV News Now was carried on digital subchannel 7, KATV later launched a 24-hour weather channel called AccuWeather 24/7 on digital subchannel 7.3 in 2010, which was affiliated with The Local AccuWeather Channel.3
33.
Sinclair Broadcast Group
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Sinclair Broadcast Group is an American telecommunications company that is owned by the family of company founder Julian Sinclair Smith. Sinclair also owns or operates four stations, all located in the Pacific Northwest. Among other non-broadcast properties, Sinclair also owns the Ring of Honor professional wrestling promotion and it Owns a Broadcasting Network, Comet. Smith currently heading the company as its Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, the company, founded by Julian Sinclair Smith, originated in 1971 as the Chesapeake Television Corporation. Its founding television station property was WBFF in Baltimore, Maryland, a subsidiary of Chesapeake Television Corporation, the Commercial Radio Institute, later founded WPTT in Pittsburgh, in 1978, and WTTE in Columbus, Ohio, in 1984. All three stations originally were independents, though WBFF and WTTE became charter affiliates of the Fox Broadcasting Company at its launch in 1986, smiths son David D. Smith began taking a more active role in the company in the 1980s. In 1985, the Chesapeake Television Corporation changed its name to the Sinclair Broadcast Group, in 2001, the FCC levied a $40,000 fine against Sinclair for illegally controlling Glencairn. Sinclair became a listed company in 1995, while the Smith family retained a controlling interest. However, the companys seemingly recovered its financial fortunes enough, as it would begin a string of acquisitions involving television stations. On May 21,2011, it was announced that Sinclair had purchased the professional wrestling promotion Ring of Honor and it also announced that the company was in talks to purchase Columbus, Ohio CW affiliate WWHO from LIN TV. Sinclair would also supply working capital to the stations in consideration of service fees, the group deal was officially completed on January 1,2012 after the FCC approved it on December 21,2011. On November 2,2011, it was announced that Sinclair would purchase all eight stations owned by Freedom Communications in a move for Freedom to eliminate its debt. Sinclair took over the operations of the Freedom stations on December 1,2011 through time brokerage agreements, the deal was granted approval by the FCC on March 13,2012 and was consummated on April 1. On May 15,2012, Sinclair renewed its agreement for its 19 Fox affiliates for five years through 2017. The agreement included the option for Sinclair to purchase Baltimore MyNetworkTV affiliate WUTB from Fox Television Stations at any point between July 1,2012 and March 31,2013. Of these stations, WLFL and WTVZ are both former Fox charter affiliates, having disaffiliated with the network in 1998 to become affiliates of The WB.5 million, concurrently, Sinclair announced that it would also acquire Tampa station WTTA outright from Bay Television, for $40 million. Sinclair also sold two stations, WSTR-TV and KMYS, to Deerfield Media, a company owned by Stephen P. Mumblow, Sinclair continues to operate these two stations under shared services agreements. Sinclair also gave Deerfield Media the option to purchase WJTC and WPMI at a later date, on November 26,2012, Sinclair exercised its option on WUTB through its recently formed LMA partner Deerfield Media
34.
Omaha, Nebraska
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Omaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County. Omaha is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. According to the 2010 census, Omahas population was 408,958, according to the 2014 Population Estimates, Omahas population was 446,599. Including its suburbs, Omaha formed the 60th-largest metropolitan area in the United States in 2013, the Omaha-Council Bluffs-Fremont, Nebraska-IA Combined Statistical Area is 931,667, according to the U. S. Census Bureaus 2013 estimate. There are nearly 1.3 million residents within the Greater Omaha area, comprising a 50-mile radius of Downtown Omaha, Omahas pioneer period began in 1854, when the city was founded by speculators from neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa. The city was founded along the Missouri River, and a crossing called Lone Tree Ferry earned the city its nickname, Omaha introduced this new West to the world in 1898, when it played host to the Worlds Fair, dubbed the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. During the 19th century, Omahas central location in the United States spurred the city to become an important national transportation hub, throughout the rest of the 19th century, the transportation and jobbing sectors were important in the city, along with its railroads and breweries. In the 20th century, the Omaha Stockyards, once the worlds largest, Omaha is also the home to five Fortune 1000 headquarters, Green Plains Renewable Energy, TD Ameritrade, Valmont Industries, Werner Enterprises, and West Corporation. And Leo A Daly, the Gallup Organization, of Gallup Poll fame, Enron began in Omaha as Northern Natural Gas in 1930, before taking over a smaller Houston company in 1985 to form InterNorth, which Kenneth Lay moved permanently to Houston, in 1987. The modern economy of Omaha is diverse and built on skilled knowledge jobs, in 2009, Forbes identified Omaha as the nations number one Best Bang-For-The Buck City and ranked it number one on Americas Fastest-Recovering Cities list. Also, Omaha hosted the U. S. Olympic swim trials in 2008,2012 and 2016, the word Omaha means Dwellers on the bluff. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the riverbanks where the city of Omaha would be built, there was fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the monopoly of the American Fur Company. The Mormons built a town called Cutlers Park in the area in 1846, while it was temporary, the settlement provided the basis for further development in the future. Through 26 separate treaties with the United States federal government, Native American tribes in Nebraska gradually ceded the lands comprising the state. The treaty and cession involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the Omaha Tribe ceded most of east-central Nebraska, Logan Fontenelle, an interpreter for the Omaha and signatory to the 1854 treaty, played an essential role in those proceedings. Before it was legal to claim land in Indian Country, William D. Brown was operating the Lone Tree Ferry to bring settlers from Council Bluffs, Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits. The passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 was presaged by the out of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents from neighboring Council Bluffs. On July 4,1854, the city was established at a picnic on Capital Hill
35.
KETV
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KETV, virtual channel 7, is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The station is owned by Hearst Television and its studios are located on 10th Street in the historic Burlington Station, the transmitter is located on a tower farm near North 72nd Street and Crown Point Avenue in north-central Omaha. On cable, the station is available on Cox Communications channel 9, and channel 1009, the stations digital channel is multiplexed, In July 2006, KETV launched digital subchannel 7. On September 1,2011, KETV replaced Weather Now with the television network MeTV. KETV shut down its signal, over VHF channel 7, on June 12,2009. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 20, KETV first signed on the air 60 years ago on September 17,1957, it was Omahas third television station. Channel 7 was originally owned by the World Publishing Company, publisher of the Omaha World-Herald and it associated itself with the newspaper early on, branding itself as Omaha World-Herald Television. Peter Kiewit, Jr. bought World Publishing in 1962, due to a change in FCC regulations that barred the common ownership of newspapers and television stations in a single market, Kiewit sold the station to Pulitzer Broadcasting Company in 1976. In 1984, KETV introduced its current logo, which is a variation of the widely used Circle 7 logo, in 1998, Pulitzer sold its entire broadcasting division, including KETV, to Hearst-Argyle Television. On July 4,2003, KETVs transmitter tower collapsed during the addition of a television antenna. Because the collapse occurred late at night, there were no injuries, the station was forced to broadcast from its shorter auxiliary tower for over a year. A new transmitter was erected almost 200 feet east of where the former transmitter stood on the farm and was completed in late 2004. On July 9,2012, a conflict between Hearst Television and Time Warner Cable caused KETV to be taken off the systems in the Lincoln market. This blackout lasted until July 19,2012, when a deal was reached between Hearst and Time Warner Cable. On October 28,2015, KETVs news operation moved into the building in downtown Omaha. The first broadcast aired at 5 p. m. that night, syndicated programming featured on KETV includes The Rachael Ray Show, The Real, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, The Dr. Oz Show and Wheel of Fortune among others. Omaha is one of the few markets in the United States to not carry both Wheel of Fortune and its sister show Jeopardy, KETV presently broadcasts 27½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week. The station operates a Doppler weather radar called Next Generation Super Doppler 7, the high resolution weather radar was built in 2007 and updated in 2016
36.
Hearst Television
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Hearst Television, Inc. is a broadcasting company in the United States, owned by the New York City-based Hearst. From 1998 to mid-2009, the company traded its stock on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol HTV. Hearsts involvement in broadcasting dates to the 1920s, other Hearst-owned stations also carry ESPN-aired NFL games, even though they are affiliated with other networks. Hearst also holds some joint ventures for syndicated programming with NBCUniversal Television Distribution, in June 2009, the Hearst Corporation announced that it would purchase substantially all of the stock not held by Hearst. Hearst-Argyle Television then dropped Argyle from its name and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation, in February 2009 Hearst-Argyle announced that its stations would comply with the new DTV transition date of June 12,2009. Since December 1,2014, Des Moines CBS affiliate KCCI has used their third subchannel as an H&I affiliate carrying MyNetworkTV programming in primetime. Hearst also owns two stations in Baltimore, the last remaining from the company divesting most of their radio assets after the Telecommunications Act of 1996 went into effect. Hearst also maintains a Washington, D. C. bureau to assist their stations in coverage of politics, including on-air reporters and facilities. Many Hearst stations license the Operation High School branding for coverage of high school sports. Until 2009, three of Hearsts television stations and its two stations were owned by Hearst Broadcasting, Inc. These stations were transferred to Hearst Television shortly after its privatization, the deal will close on February 1. Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license, note, – Indicates a station that was built and signed-on by Hearst. – Indicates a station that was owned by Argyle Television Holdings II prior to the formation of Hearst-Argyle Television in 1997, – Indicates a station that was affected by an ownership swap between Hearst-Argyle and Sunrise Television in 1998. – Indicates a station that was owned by Kelly Broadcasting prior to its acquisition by Hearst-Argyle in 1999, – Indicates a station that was owned by Pulitzer prior to its acquisition by Hearst-Argyle in 1999. Other Notes,1 KCWE in Kansas City has been managed by Hearst since its sign-on in 1996, Notes,1 WDTN was an ABC affiliate under Hearst during its ownership, LIN switched the stations affiliation back to NBC in 2004. 2 WNAC-TV was owned by Argyle, but operated from 1996 to 2001 by Clear Channel Communications under a local marketing agreement with WPRI-TV, in addition to the above, Hearst-Argyle never owned WZZM or WGRZ. Those two stations were divested by one of the predecessors, Argyle Television Holdings II, several months prior to the merger with Hearst Broadcasting. The years owned information reflects the years of ownership by Argyle Television Holdings II, and WDTN was the only formerly owned television station that was owned directly by Hearst prior to the merger
37.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
38.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
39.
KIRO-TV
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KIRO-TV, channel 7, is a CBS-affiliated television station located in Seattle, Washington, United States. The station is owned by the Cox Media Group subsidiary of Atlanta-based Cox Enterprises, the stations offices and studios are located on Third Avenue in the citys Belltown neighborhood and its transmitter is located on Queen Anne Hill, adjacent to the stations original studios. It can also seen on local cable systems in British Columbia as the local CBS affiliate. After KOMO-TV signed on in December 1953, Seattles channel 7 was the last commercial VHF channel allocation available in the Puget Sound area, as such, its construction permit was heavily contested among several local broadcast interests. Three radio stations – KVI, KXA and KIRO – were locked in a battle for the frequency over several years of hearings at the Federal Communications Commission. Following an initial decision in 1955 and a reaffirmation in 1957, the victorious party was Queen City Broadcasting, owners of KIRO radio. Queen City was led by president and general manager Saul Haas, senator Warren Magnuson and CBS News correspondent Edward R. Murrow amongst its shareholders. The stations original studios were located on Queen Anne Avenue, adjacent to its broadcast tower, the first program shown on channel 7 was the explosion of Ripple Rock, a hazard to navigation in Seymour Narrows, British Columbia. KIRO radio had been a CBS Radio affiliate for over 20 years, in May 1960, KIRO-TV was forced to share CBS with KTNT-TV as part of a settlement reached between the three parties. This arrangement lasted for the two years with KIRO-TV again becoming the markets exclusive CBS affiliate in September 1962. Six months later the Church purchased an additional 50 percent, giving them majority control of the KIRO stations, soon after the FCC approved the sale, Bonneville executives Lloyd Cooney and Kenneth L. Hatch arrived in Seattle to lead the renamed KIRO, Inc. division. Upon Cooneys departure to run for U. S. Senate in 1980, Hatch became president, CEO and chairman, under Hatchs leadership, KIRO, Inc. became one of the nations premier regional broadcast groups. KIROs corporate board included many leaders including Mary Gates, Pay n Save chairman M. Lamont Bean, Washington Mutual chief executive officer Tony Eyring. Hinckley, a president of the LDS Church. Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, KIRO-TV still faced competition in some parts of Western Washington from Bellingham-based KVOS-TV, after years of legal challenges and negotiations with CBS and KIRO-TV, KVOS began to phase out most CBS programming by 1980. KVOS retained an affiliation with CBS until 1987, during which it would run all network programs were preempted by channel 7. In 1994, CBS found itself without an affiliate in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex after KDFW-TV left the network to become a Fox affiliate. Consequently, CBS began to negotiate with Gaylord Broadcasting to secure an agreement with the independent station it had long owned in Fort Worth
40.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
41.
Cox Media Group
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Cox Media Group, Inc. Cox Media Group is headquartered at 6205 Peachtree Dunwoody Road in Atlanta, Georgia. In December 2008, Cox Enterprises created Cox Media Group by merging Cox Newspapers, Cox Radio, the creation of Cox Media Group was a departure from grouping subsidiaries based solely on publishing medium. In August 2009, Cox Enterprises realigned its radio, television, newspaper/publishing, under the new structure, while the local brands remain independent, they share resources and some management. Dayton, Ohio, was considered the prototype for the group, where radio, television, newspaper. In addition to the stations and newspapers, Cox Media Group encompasses Cox Digital Solutions, Cox Reps, Kudzu. com, Savings. com. CMG introduced a new group buying discount program called DealSwarm in October 2010, DealSwarm provides online discounts at local businesses. The program is active in such Cox Media Group properties as Atlanta, Austin and Dayton. In April 2013, CMG launched the new site Rare. us as a conservative media source, originally with the tagline “Red is the Center” and more recently “America’s News Feed. ”After initially-low audience numbers, the site expanded dramatically following more prominent use of social media. In July,2012 CMG announced its intention to sell its stations in smaller markets, Birmingham, Greenville, Hawaii, Louisville, Richmond. It also intends to spin off its smaller market television stations in El Paso, Johnstown, Reno, the company said it intended to focus on larger markets or smaller markets that could be clustered together with other CMG properties. The following newspapers were at one time owned by subsidiary Cox Newspapers Inc and this radio portfolio includes 71 FM stations and 15 AM stations. Cox Radio became a company, majority owned by Cox Enterprises. Around April 2009, Cox Enterprises proposed a $69 million United States dollar takeover offer of Cox Radio, the offer expired on May 1,2009. The offer was raised to $4.80 a share. The offer was accepted, and the acquisition was completed on June 1, clark Howard * Rick and Bubba Herman Cain * *= Broadcast from Atlanta Note, **—indicates a station built and signed on by Cox. Stations are listed in order by state and city of license. Note, - Indicates a station built and signed on by Cox, notes,1 Through a shared services agreement, Cox operates WJAX-TV, owned by Bayshore Television, LLC.2 Local news cable channel, airs on various different channels. Notes,1 Co-owned with Knight Newspapers until 1962 in a joint venture
42.
Tyler, Texas
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Tyler is a city in and the county seat of Smith County, Texas, United States. This city had a population of 96,900 in 2010, tylers 2014 estimated population is 107,405. It is 100 miles east-southeast of Dallas, Tyler has the nickname Rose Capital of the World. It gained this name due to the quantity of roses processed through the area. Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall, Tyler is located at 32°20′03″N 95°18′00″W at 544 feet above sea level. Tyler is surrounded by smaller cities, including Whitehouse, Lindale, New Chapel Hill, Bullard, Edom, Brownsboro. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 54.4 square miles. Tyler experiences weather typical of East Texas, which is unpredictable, all of East Texas has the humid subtropical climate typical of the American South. The record high for Tyler is 115 °F, which occurred in 2011, the record low for Tyler is −3 °F, which occurred on January 18,1930. As of the 2010 census,96,900 people resided in the city of Tyler, the population density was 1,782.0 people per square mile. The 41,742 housing units averaged a density of 716.7 per mi2. The racial makeup of the city was,60. 5% White,24. 8% Black,0. 5% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,10. 3% from other races, and 2. 0% from two or more races. About 21. 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, the median income for the city was $42,752 and the poverty rate was 19. 5%. In place for nearly 70 years, the Health District became an entity in 1994. With a stated vision To be the Healthiest Community in Texas, the Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission, To Protect, Promote, and Provide for the Health of Our Community. Tyler is represented in the Texas Senate by Republican Kevin Eltife, District 1, the Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals is located in Tyler. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Region I Parole Division Office, senators from Texas are Republicans John Cornyn and Ted Cruz, Tyler is part of Texas US Congressional 1st District, which is currently represented by Republican Louie Gohmert. The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Tyler, including Tyler, Azalea, Southeast Crossing, several Tyler schools offer international baccalaureate and advanced placement programs
43.
KLTV
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KLTV, virtual and VHF digital channel 7, is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Tyler, Texas, United States. The station is owned by Raycom Media, KLTV maintains studio facilities located on West Ferguson Street in Downtown Tyler, and its transmitter is located in rural northern Smith County. On cable, the station is available on Suddenlink Communications channel 7, the station first signed on the air on October 14,1954, it was founded by the locally based company Buford Television, which was owned by Lucille Buford. The station originally operated from facilities on Texas Loop 323 on the east side of Tyler. In 1964, the Federal Communications Commission collapsed Lufkin and Nacogdoches into the Tyler market, soon afterward, the Buford family bought KTRE and converted it into a semi-satellite of KLTV. KLTV lost the CBS affiliation in September 1984, when Longview-based KLMG-TV signed on and it retained a secondary affiliation with NBC until KETK-TV signed on in March 1987, resulting in channel 7 becoming an exclusive ABC affiliate. Buford Television owned KLTV and KTRE until 1989, when it sold the stations to Jackson, Civic merged with Liberty Corporation in 2002, which in turn merged with current owner Raycom Media in 2006. KLTV re-established an analog signal at reduced power from its former studio, no cause for the collapse has been disclosed to date. On February 7, KLTV held a fundraiser to raise a goal of $70,000 to put the station back on at full-power. KLTV restored its analog signal from its original tower while also being restored on DirecTV, Dish Network. Its analog transmitter equipment was not damaged and was supplemented at the tower site with a newer transmitter. However, its high definition and digital television transmission equipment was a total loss. In March and April 2007, KLTV ran a Flip the Switch promotion to promote the completion of the new Red Springs tower. Viewers were urged to submit 30-second videos to show why they should be selected to turn on the tower, on April 17,2007 at approximately 6,58 p. m. contest winner Jeff Heimer officially flipped the switch to turn on the new transmitter and tower. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, On digital subchannel 7.2, the station carries Bounce TV, on digital subchannel 7.3, the station carries Telemundo, the subchannel is also carried on Suddenlink channel 22. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 10 to channel 7 for post-transition operations. Syndicated programs broadcast by KLTV include Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy, the Ellen DeGeneres Show, Criminal Minds, and Right This Minute among others. KLTV is available on cable providers, such as Suddenlink
44.
Raycom Media
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Raycom Media, Inc. is an American television broadcasting company based in Montgomery, Alabama. It is owned by the Retirement Systems of Alabama, an agency of the Alabama state government, in 1994, Ellis bought Raycom Sports, a 15-year-old sports marketing firm. Two years later, Ellis sold Raycom to a group funded by Retirement Systems of Alabama. The three groups merged to form Raycom Media, in 1998, Raycom merged with Malrite Communications, owner of five stations in the South and Midwest. In August 2005 it acquired the Liberty Corporation and in the process sold a dozen of its stations to Barrington Broadcasting, the merger closed at the start of 2006. As of January 1,2008, Lincoln Financial Sports was officially merged into Raycom Sports, on August 10,2015, Raycom announced that it would purchase stations owned by Drewry Communications for $160 million. The sale was completed on December 1, Raycom Media has been involved in a torrent of controversies. These issues have ranged from discrimination, nationally televised blackouts to poor working conditions, Raycom Media has had a history of numerous incidents of failing to provide its viewers television coverage during highly viewed transmissions. In 2014, Raycom’s “viewers in dozens of markets across the country couldn’t tune into the NFL season opener on NBC Thursday night” according to USA Today, in another 2014 blackout, more than 50 TV stations were shut off due Raycom Media’s inability to provide viewing. The company’s executives were accused of demanding unreasonable price hikes that could not be met. On March 16th,2017, Raycom Media failed for a time since July of 2015 “to renew their retransmission consent agreement. ”This led to viewers in 23 markets without access to television coverage. There was an outcry from viewers on Twitter following the incident, in 2014, Raycom Media had some internal violations that came to light involving terminating employee with disability. A lawsuit against Raycoms WOIO Channel 19 alleged sexually hostile work environment in its advertising department. ”Raycom has had a instances of employees being associated with traffic incidents due to strenuous working conditions. In 2015, a Raycom Media employee from the KCBD station in Lubbock “ran over a guy and then drove away. ”The lawsuit also claimed the station did not acknowledge its involvement, nor did it preserve the evidence. As a result of being struck, Hammond “sustained and suffered severe injuries to his head, arms, legs, torso, neck and back. Raycom Media’s executives “decided to settle before the lawsuit every got to court. ”In 2016, Don Logana, “an investigative reporter, Raycom Media hasnt provided any future information on preventive measures. Raycom owns a 20% stake in Frankly, a San Francisco-based social media company that owns Raycoms digital provider WorldNow, stations are arranged alphabetically by state and by city of license. Notes, – built and signed-on by Raycom Media, – owned by Aflac and Ellis Communications prior to the formation of Raycom Media in 1996
45.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
46.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
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