1.
Richmond, Virginia
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Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region and it was incorporated in 1742, and has been an independent city since 1871. As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214, in 2015, the population was estimated to be 220,289, the Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state. Richmond is located at the line of the James River,44 miles west of Williamsburg,66 miles east of Charlottesville. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast. The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 and it became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America, the city entered the 20th century with one of the worlds first successful electric streetcar systems. The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a hub of African-American commerce. Richmonds economy is driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, in 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid. The settlement was laid out in April 1737, and was incorporated as a town in 1742, Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, after the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag, on April 17,1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its capital to Richmond. It became the target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond, three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B, gordons desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed
2.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
3.
Richmond Spiders
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The Richmond Spiders represent the University of Richmond in Richmond, Virginia. The Spiders compete in the Division I FCS of the National Collegiate Athletic Association as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference for most sports, from 1876 through 1893, Richmonds sports teams were known as the Colts, reportedly for their play as an energetic group of young colts. To this day, Richmond is the university in the United States with the spider as its official nickname. The Spiders have qualified for the WNIT six times under Shafer, through the end of the 2016–17 season, Shafer had amassed an overall record of 200–176 record, including an 89–89 record in Atlantic 10 play. The womens basketball plays its home games in the Robins Center. The Spiders mens cross country team is coached by Steve Taylor, Lori Taylor serves as the overall director of all of Richmonds cross country and track and field teams. In 2010, the team won the Atlantic 10 Championship as a team for the first time ever. They went on to fourth at the NCAA Southeast Regional meet to receive an at-large bid to the NCAA National Championship. Seeded in 28th place, the Richmond Spiders placed 24th at the NCAA National Championship, beating, among others, top-ranked Notre Dame, Texas, Louisville, Penn State, the Richmond Spiders Womens Cross Country and Track and Field teams are coached by Lori Taylor. In 2006-2007, she guided the Spider women to a finish in the Cross Country, Indoor Track. In 2008, she coached the Spider women to a championship in Cross Country. In 2010 the conference championship again went the Spider women, making it their second championship to date, the home of the Spiders XC/Track program is the Fred Hardy Track, on the University of Richmonds campus just north of the Robins Center. The history of the dates to 1920, and it has been ranked as high as tenth among Division I programs in recent years. The teams home field is Crenshaw Field, the University of Richmonds mens golf team finished fourth in the 2007 Atlantic 10 Conference championship tournament. The Spiders have captured three conference championships and qualified for four NCAA Regional Championships, as well as the 1999 NCAA National Championship, the current head coach of the Spiders is Adam Decker. The University of Richmonds womens golf competes as a member of the Patriot League beginning in the 2014-15 season. They used to be a member of the Colonial Athletic Association, the program came into existence in 2002, and since that time the Spiders have finished no lower than fourth in any of the five CAA championship tournaments in which they have competed. The current head coach of the Spiders is Ali Wright, the Richmond mens lacrosse team played its first full varsity season in 2014 as an associate member of the Atlantic Sun Conference
4.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
5.
Continental Football League
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The Continental Football League was a professional American football league that operated in North America from 1965 through 1969. It owed its name, at least in part, to the Continental League, Bill Walsh, Ken Stabler, Sam Wyche and Otis Sistrunk were among a few players and coaches who would later gain fame in the NFL. The formation of the Continental Football League was announced on February 6,1965, the league was primarily formed by minor-league teams that had played in the United Football League and Atlantic Coast Football League. Happy Chandler, former Kentucky governor and retired Major League Baseball commissioner, was named CFL commissioner on March 17,1965, the league originally adopted a professional appearance. Teams were sorted into two divisions and each team had a 36-man roster with a taxi squad. The rules were primarily those of the NFL except that a sudden death overtime period was employed to break ties, to reinforce an image of league autonomy, teams were restricted from loaning players to, or receiving optioned players from, the NFL or AFL. The first CFL season opened with three games played on August 14,1965, before the season began, the Springfield, Massachusetts, franchise moved to Norfolk, Virginia. The Norfolk club went on to become the most successful team in the league at the box office, Chandler, charging that the league was altering the terms under which he had accepted the position, resigned on January 20,1966. He was replaced by CFL Secretary Sol Rosen, owner of the Newark Bears, the league engaged in some unsuccessful preseason negotiations with the Empire Sports Network to obtain a television broadcasting agreement. However, it was able to get ABC to broadcast the game on the Wide World of Sports. The Brooklyn Dodgers, although under the managership of baseball Dodgers player Jackie Robinson. Part of the problem was that they were playing nowhere near Brooklyn, evidently, the Dodgers had trouble securing home dates at Downing, a season-ticket application showed only five home games in a fourteen-game schedule. Charlestons Coy Bacon,1966 CFL All-Star end, went on to play for the NFLs Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers, Cincinnati Bengals, the league also established farm team relationships with semi-pro clubs. The division comprised established minor-league teams in British Columbia, California, but four small western franchises, in Eugene, Oregon, Long Beach and San Jose, California and Victoria, B. C. left the league after the season. The remnants of the Brooklyn Dodgers were sold to Frank Hurn, Hurn used Chicago Outfit funding to buy the team and swindled numerous businessmen into providing lavish benefits for his team for which he would never pay. Hurn would later amass a long record of criminal activity after his time in Akron. Such instability marked the season for the CFL, particularly because the league could not improve upon its overall semi-pro public image, inability to establish working relationships with NFL and AFL teams was a contributing factor. The San Jose Apaches in 1967 were coached by Bill Walsh, the Quad Cities franchise moved to Las Vegas midway through the 1968 season
6.
Richmond Kickers
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Richmond Kickers Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Richmond, Virginia. Founded in 1993, the plays in the United Soccer League. The team is one of the oldest continuously run soccer clubs in the United States, the teams home field is the 22, 000-seat City Stadium, where the club has played since 1995. The teams president is Richmond native, and former Kickers player, Rob Ukrop, the team is coached by Englishman Leigh Cowlishaw, who has been the teams head coach since 2000. The Kickers had two teams, Richmond Kickers Future and Richmond Kickers Destiny. Future played in the mens USL Premier Development League until 2008, the team originally played their home matches on the campus of the University of Richmond and targeted players specifically from Virginia. After a poor season in 1994, the club self-relegated to the newly formed fourth-tier USISL Premier League, now known as the Premier Development League. During the 1995 season, the Kickers battled to a 15–3 winning season and went on to win the first ever USISL Premier League championship and that same season, Richmond won their first, and to date only, Lamar Hunt U. S. Open Cup championship. The following year, Richmond chose to rejoin the third division, for the next nine seasons, Richmond played in the second tier of the American soccer pyramid, earning the Commissioners Cup twice, in 1998 and 2001, as well as earning two conference championships. However, the club was never able to secure a division two league championship, their closest coming in 2005, when the Kickers fell to the Seattle Sounders in the 2005 USL First Division Championship. After the 2005 season, the Kickers ownership self-relegated the team back into the third division, since joining the third division, the Kickers have had tremendous success, making it to at least the playoff semifinals each season they have played in the third division. Additionally, the Kickers have won two third division premierships and two division championships during their spell. Richmond Kickers have not only experienced league success, but have been contenders in the Lamar Hunt U. S. Open Cup tournament. In the 2007 U. S. Open Cup, the Kickers defeated the Los Angeles Galaxy of the first division, Major League Soccer, 1–0 in the third round of competition. The Kickers won their First Round match of the 2008 U. S. Open Cup, in the 2011 US Open Cup the Kickers made a Cinderella run, defeating MLS clubs Columbus Crew and Sporting Kansas City to reach the semi-finals, before falling to the Chicago Fire. In September 2005, Rob Ukrops #6 jersey was retired and he was a well-liked soccer player on and off of the field, and particularly notable since he is the son of the influential Ukrops grocery store CEO Robert Bobby Ukrop. On January 24,2013, it was announced that the Kickers had signed a deal to become the USL Pro affiliate of D. C. The Kickers primary colors are red and white, having been so since the beginning of the 2001 season and their kits are manufactured by Adidas, as they have been since at least 2009
7.
United Soccer League
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The United Soccer League, formerly known as USL Pro, is a professional mens soccer league in the United States and Canada that began its inaugural season in 2011. USL is sanctioned as a Division II Professional League by the United States Soccer Federation, placing it under Major League Soccer and this multi-year deal encourages MLS and USL Pro team affiliations and player loans, aiming to have more games for teams and developing players. As of March 2017,22 USL teams are affiliated to MLS teams and every MLS team, on September 8,2010, the United Soccer Leagues formally announced the creation of USL Pro in a press release. With this disclosure, the Dutch Lions were the first confirmed team in USL Pro for its inaugural 2011 season, alongside the announcement of the new league, the Richmond Kickers revealed they would be moving to USL Pro for 2011. On September 22,2010, the Caribbean Division of USL Pro was announced, with teams from Puerto Rico and Antigua, with the inclusion of a team from Los Angeles, this division eventually became the International Division. On September 28,2010, USL announced that one of their clubs and reigning 2010 USL Second Division Champions. On September 30,2010, nearly two months following the teams own announcement of a USL Pro Championship Division move, the USL formally announced Dayton Dutch Lions FC would join USL Pro. On October 4 and 7,2010, the USL revealed two Second Division clubs, the Charlotte Eagles and the Harrisburg City Islanders, would be making the jump to USL Pro for 2011, the Pittsburgh Riverhounds were added as the 9th official team on October 22,2010. On November 9,2010, former USL-2 Division side Wilmington Hammerheads officially joined the league as the 12th team, the expected number of teams to launch league play in 2011 was announced as 18–20, alongside the announcement of the Wilmington Hammerheads joining the league. The Los Angeles Blues, associated with the successful womens Pali Blues organization, were added on December 7,2010 with a message of future Western Conference growth into 2012, USL Pro debuted in 2011, starting with 15 teams playing a 24-game regular season schedule. International Division teams played each team in their division four times while traveling to face American or National Division opponents in four games, the original playoff format saw eight teams compete in a one-game quarterfinal. The four remaining teams were re-seeded for a single semi-final match, in all playoff matches the highest seeded team hosted. On May 10,2011, early in the inaugural season. The PRSL clubs were dropped due to economic and ownership issues, the two remaining International Division teams – Antigua Barracuda FC and Los Angeles Blues – were re-aligned into the American and National Divisions. Due to the removal of the International Division, the playoff format featured the top four teams in each of the two divisions. The two division winners met in the USL Pro Championship at the home venue of the team with the better record. Following the 2011 season, USL Pro announced with the release of the 2012 season schedule that F. C, New York would not be returning to play, with the former National and American Divisions being dissolved to form a single, eleven team league table. New York withdrawing in January 2012, the league announced an eleven team single-table schedule for the 2012 season, two expansion teams joined for the 2013 season, Phoenix FC and the VSI Tampa Bay FC. C
8.
Richmond Kickers Future
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Richmond Kickers Future was an American soccer team based in Richmond, Virginia, United States. The team played its games at Sports Backers Stadium. The teams colors were red, white and black, the Cup was held every year since 1996 with the exception of 1997 and 2001 when Virginia Beach did not field a team. In 2007, the Virginia Beach team was disbanded, for the 2008 season, the James River Cup was contested between the Richmond Kickers organization and the Hampton Roads Piranhas organization. The cup went to the organization that had the most points in games between their PDL and W-League teams, the series ended up tied 2-2-1, with the Piranhas winning the Cup on goal difference
9.
Premier Development League
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The Premier Development League is a development league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada, forming part of the United States soccer league system. It is currently considered the top-level mens amateur soccer competition in the United States, the league has 76 teams competing in four conferences, split into ten regional divisions. Unofficially, it is considered to be the fourth tier of competition, behind Major League Soccer, the North American Soccer League and the United Soccer League. With USL Pro re-branding as the United Soccer League in February 2015, Michigan Bucks are the current PDL champions, having defeated the Calgary Foothills FC 3–2 in the 2016 PDL Championship game on August 6,2016. The Premier Development League, as of the 2016 season, is divided into 4 conferences, the league season runs from May through July, with the playoffs decided through July and August. Most divisions aim to play a regular season schedule of between 12-14 games in a round-robin home and away format, with the top 2-3 teams of each division advancing to the playoffs. In 1995 the United States Interregional Soccer League changed its name to the United States International Soccer League, the inaugural season of the new USISL Premier League featured 27 teams, and the Richmond Kickers won the first title, beating the Cocoa Expos 3–1 in the championship game. Gabe Jones of the Austin Lone Stars was the top scorer. Pasi Kinturi of the Nashville Metros was the top scorer. In 1998 the PDSL took to the field with 33 teams, in the championship game the San Gabriel Valley Highlanders upset regular season champions Jackson Chargers 3–2, taking the trophy to California for the third straight year. The league took in several teams from the D3Pro league, expanding to 42 teams in six divisions, expansion franchise Chicago Sockers ultimately won the league, beating Spokane Shadow 3–1 for the title in a tight championship game. Fabio Eidenwein of the Sioux City Breeze was named League MVP and was the top scorer, the PDL expanded by a further eight franchises in 2000, and the Chicago Sockers won their second straight title, beating the Mid-Michigan Bucks in a close 1–0 championship game. The single goal was scored by Rodrigo Costa who, having received a pass from teammate Hamid Mehreioskouei, Fernando Salazar of the Los Angeles-based San Fernando Valley Heroes was the leagues MVP, while his teammate Arshak Abyanli took the honors as top goalscorer. The league grew from 41 to 44 teams in 2001 through the mix of relegation from D3Pro, teams folding. 2002 also saw the debut of the soon-to-be PDL legend, Tomas Boltnar of Des Moines Menace, the mid-2000s was a period of steady growth and consolidation for the PDL. Des Moines Menace took the PDL Championship trophy back to Iowa in 2005 after beating the El Paso Patriots 6–5 on penalty kicks,2006 saw the beginning of two seasons of dominance for two teams, the Michigan Bucks and the Laredo Heat. The 2010s began with a record, as the Portland Timbers U23s ended the season as national champions, the Timbers also had the best regular season record, winning all their 16 games, scoring 53 goals and conceding just six along the way. Portland Timbers U23s striker Brent Richards was named League MVP and Rookie of the Year for his campaign with the national champions
10.
Richmond Kickers Destiny
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Richmond Kickers Destiny was an American women’s soccer team, founded in 2004. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League, the team played in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The Richmond Kickers folded the Destiny after the 2009 season in a cost-cutting move, the team played its home games at Sports Backers Stadium in the city of Richmond, Virginia, and also occasionally at University of Richmond Stadium, and the former First Market Stadium. The teams colors were red, white and black, the team was a sister organization of the mens Richmond Kickers of the USL PRO league, and Richmond Kickers Future, which played in the USL Premier Development League until 2008. Chantel Jones Nikki Krzysik Becky Sauerbrunn
11.
USL W-League
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The USL W-League was a North American womens soccer developmental organization. The W-League was also a league, giving college players the opportunity to play alongside established international players while maintaining their collegiate eligibility. The league was administered by the United Soccer Leagues system, which oversees the mens United Soccer League. The W-League announced on November 6,2015 that the league will cease operation ahead of 2016 season, the W-Leagues inaugural season was in 1995. Originally called the United States Interregional Womens League, it changed its name to the W-League. Although at its inception some of the franchises were barely above amateur level. With professionals driving the level of play, the made a very strong debut performance. From 1995 through the 1997 season the W-League was a single tier format and this changed before the 1998 season when the W-League became a two tier league. The top tier/division was called W-1 and lower division, W-2 and this division was in effect through the 2001 season - the first year of the new US Womens first division league WUSA. The W-League returned to a single format in the 2002 season. The W-League grew to a maximum of 41 teams for the 2008 season, by the time the league suspended operations in 2015, there were three, six-team conferences. For 1998 through 2001 the W-League was divided into two divisions, W-1 W-2, the numbers in parentheses indicate the number of titles a club has won if they have won multiple titles. Click on year for W-League season summaries
12.
Virginia State Route 195
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State Route 195 is a primary state highway in the U. S. state of Virginia. Known as the Downtown Expressway, the highway runs 3.39 miles from Interstate 195 east to I-95 within the independent city of Richmond. SR195 is a freeway that connects the West End of Richmond with Downtown Richmond. In conjunction with another road, SR76, the state highway also connects the Southside suburbs of the metropolitan area with downtown. SR195 has a barrier toll plaza and ramp toll plazas at its interchanges with U. S. Route 1 and US301 and with US60. The state highway was constructed in the mid- to late 1970s and is maintained by the Richmond Metropolitan Authority. SR195 begins as a continuation of I-195, an Interstate Highway that connects SR195 and SR76 with I-95, the transition between the Interstate and the state-numbered highway occurs just east of the McCloy Street overpass south of the Carytown district of Richmond. Four-lane SR195 passes under Idlewood Avenue and has a interchange with SR146. The freeway expands to six lanes at its interchange with SR146 which, like its interchange with SR161 immediately to the east, allows access to, SR195 passes under Kanawha Plaza in a pair of tunnels. On either end of the tunnel, there are half-diamond interchanges that connect with US60, there is also an entrance ramp westbound from Canal Street and 12th Street. As of 2008, the rate for automobiles at the Downtown Expressway Toll Plaza is 70 cents. Toll rates for the 2nd Street and 11th Street ramps are 35 cents and 30 cents, the first section of SR195 opened from I-195 to 7th Street in February 1976. The remainder of the road and its ramps to I-95 in the direction of Washington were completed in August 1976. The ramps between SR195 and I-95 in the direction of Petersburg opened in September 1976, the Downtown expressway has been criticized for a lack of urban sensitivity ever since the project was proposed in the early 1970s. Its construction destroyed hundreds of homes in Oregon Hill among other neighborhoods, the lack of mixed use urban activation along the downtown Richmond riverfront and surrounding the highway in general has been linked to the expressway. Some have even suggested a renovation in the manner of San Franciscos Embarcadero or Bostons Big Dig, the entire route is in Richmond
13.
University of Richmond
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The University of Richmond is a private, nonsectarian, liberal arts college located in the city of Richmond, Virginia, with small portions of the campus extending into surrounding Henrico County. After 1834, the Columbia House was the academic building of Richmond College. During the American Civil War, the student body formed a regiment. Richmond Colleges buildings were used as a hospital for Confederate troops, the college invested all of its funds in Confederate war bonds, and the outcome of the war left it bankrupt. In 1866, James Thomas donated $5,000 to reopen the college, Williams School of Law opened in 1870. In 1894, the college elected Dr. Frederic W. Boatwright president, President Boatwright would serve for 51 years. The universitys main library, Boatwright Memorial Library, is named in Boatwrights honor, symbolically, the library and its soaring academic gothic tower occupy the highest spot on the grounds. Its grounds were landscaped in 1913, by Warren H, Manning under the supervision of Charles Gillette. The institution was renamed University of Richmond in 1920 with the college renamed Richmond College. The distinction of colleges was phased out in the late 20th century, but the parts of the campus continue to be referred to as the Westhampton. In 1949, the E. Claiborne Robins School of Business opened, followed by the School of Continuing Studies in 1962, in constant dollars, it remains among the largest. Robins goal was to make Richmond one of the best private universities in the country, in partnership with the Universitys president E. Bruce Heilman and development director H. Gerald Quigg the $10 million matching grant component of the gift raised over an additional $60 million, during World War II, Richmond was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. In 1987, a donation of $20 million by Robert S. Jepson, the school, which opened in 1992, was the first of its kind in the U. S. In 1990, the missions of Richmond and Westhampton Colleges were combined to form the School of Arts. On October 15,1992, candidates George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, addressing a crowd of nearly 9,000, President Obama visited the University of Richmond to present the American Jobs Act on September 11,2011. Dr. Ronald A. Crutcher is the current president of the University of Richmond and he is former member of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. He is recognized to be the first cellist to receive the doctor of arts degree from Yale
14.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
15.
Appalachian State Mountaineers football
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The Appalachian State Mountaineers football team is the college football team at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina. The Mountaineers have competed in the Sun Belt Conference since 2014, Appalachian plays its home games in Kidd Brewer Stadium, formerly known as Conrad stadium, which is named after Kidd Brewer, whose 1937 squad was unbeaten and unscored upon during the regular season. The Mountaineers were the first FCS team to win three national championships since the playoffs began in 1978. Appalachian became the first FCS team to receive votes in the final Associated Press college football poll on January 8,2008, the Mountaineers received five points in the poll. Through its storied history, the App State football program has won over 550 games, the Mountainers have 18 Conference championships and boast one of the nations best home field advantages. The program also has one Walter Payton Award winner, Appalachian State began playing organized football in 1928. The coach that first year was Graydon Eggers, the Mountaineers competed as an independent before joining the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics North State Conference as a charter member in 1931. Kidd Brewer was the coach of the Mountaineers from 1935–38. Brewers 1937 squad is best remembered for going unbeaten and unscored upon during the season, outscoring opponents 206–0 before losing a postseason game to the Golden Eagles. Appalachian found continued success under coach E. C, during Duggins eight years as coach, the Mountaineers claimed three more North State Conference championships and played in seven bowl games. The Mountaineers again competed as an independent from 1968–71 before joining the Southern Conference, Jim Duncan served as Appalachian States head coach from 1960-1964, compiling a 31–15–2 record. Duncan was succeeded by Carl Messere, who compiled a 34–26–1 record from 1965-1970, wofford head coach Jim Brakefield was hired as Appalachian States head football coach in 1971. He led the Mountaineers into the Southern Conference in his first season, Brakefield led the Mountaineers to three losing seasons in four years en route to a 47–48–4 record at Appalachian State, however, a 3–8 campaign in 1979 resulted in his dismissal. Mike Working served as the 16th head football coach in Appalachian State football history from 1980-1982, under Working, the Mountaineers compiled a record of 13–18–2 and never were able to sustain consistency. Working was fired following back to back seasons in 1981 and 1982. Legendary coach Mack Brown was hired as Appalachian States head coach in 1983, Brown, who had previously served as LSUs quarterbacks coach, led Appalachian State to a 6–5 record in what would be his only season. However, Brown chose to leave Appalachian State to accept the position of offensive coordinator at Oklahoma under head coach Barry Switzer, following Browns departure, Appalachian State promoted assistant coach Sparky Woods to head coach. Appalachian State won the first of nine Southern Conference championships in 1986 under Woods, another conference championship and playoff appearance followed in 1987
16.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
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NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship
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The tournament has been formally held since 1959, when it was an eight-team tournament. Since then, the tournament has expanded to 48 teams, in which every Division I conference tournament champion is allocated a berth, among the most successful programs, Saint Louis won 10 titles during dynasty years between 1959 and 1973. Indiana has won 8 titles beginning in 1982, whereas Virginia has won 7 titles beginning in 1989, while the tournament is frequently referenced as the College Cup, the NCAA applies the title only to the semifinal and championship rounds of the tournament proper. Since the tournament began, the semifinal and final fixtures have been held at a neutral site predetermined by the NCAA prior to the start of the regular season, the NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Tournament is a 48-team, single-elimination tournament. In 2016,24 spots will be reserved for the winners of automatic bids, conferences granted automatic qualification are, Each conference determines the format for their conference championship, which determines the school who receives the automatic bid. Many use conference tournaments, although three conferences award the championship and automatic bid to the season champion. The remaining 24 teams have received at-large bids, the at-large teams are selected by a committee consisting of representatives from each of the eight regions the NCAA has divided the country into. The top 16 teams are seeded into the bracket and receive first round byes, the other 32 are grouped by geographical proximity. The first four rounds are played on campus sites, with matches being hosted by the higher seed, the College Cup, comprising the semifinal and final matches, is played at a predetermined site. Stanford are the current champions, defeating Wake Forest 0-0 in the final, side Notes, † Co-champions—Game called due to weather ‡ Co-champions—Game was declared a draw # Disqualified at a later time
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Saint Louis Billikens
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The Saint Louis Billikens are the collegiate athletic teams from Saint Louis University of St. Louis, Missouri. The Billikens compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference, SLU is heavily rumored to be joining the Big East Conference, which would include more geographically relevant rivals like Creighton, Marquette, and DePaul. The school has nationally recognized programs for men and women. The school has invested in its on-campus athletic facilities in the past twenty years with the creation of Hermann Stadium. Chris May is the current director of athletics, an early SLU football coach, John R. Bender, is said to have been the inspiration for the nickname Billikens, which is still used by the schools athletic teams. His squad became known as Benders Billikens and the name stuck, SLU also holds the record for most NCAA Tournament appearances with 44. The soccer team plays at Hermann Stadium on campus, since 2010, Mike McGinty has been the head coach. Legion 1818 is the supporters group for the team. Simply known to some as The Program, the Billikens were ranked first in the first AP basketball poll during the 1948–1949 season. Ed Macauley of the Basketball Hall of Fame and SLU won the NIT championship in 1948 and have played in the NIT18 times, most recently in 2004. Larry Hughes of the Chicago Bulls played one season at SLU in the 1997–1998 season and they have made the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament in 1952,1957,1994,1995,1998,2000,2012,2013, and 2014. The Billikens are currently coached by Travis Ford and has a celebrity fan base including John Stamos, Ruben Studdard. Coach Rick Majerus died December 1,2012, in 2006, the Billiken baseball team earned the programs first NCAA Tournament berth since 1966 by winning the Atlantic 10 Tournament. SLUs most successful team of all time was the 1965 squad. Darin Hendrickson has been the coach since 2008 and guided the Billikens to NCAA Tournament appearances in 2010 and 2013. The team plays at the Billiken Sports Center, the Saint Louis softball team enjoyed the best season in program history in 2010. The Billikens established a record in wins with a 30-26-1 slate and established team records in hits, runs, doubles. As the Number 4 seed in the Atlantic 10 Championships, under the previous Coach, currently, the Billikens are coached by Christy Connoyer
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Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
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Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, is a coeducational, public Masters college and university in Edwardsville, Illinois, United States about 20 miles northeast of St. Louis, Missouri. SIUE was established in 1957 as an extension of Southern Illinois University Carbondale, the University offers graduate programs through its Graduate School. S. Departments of Education and Health and Human Services, and the National Aeronautics, the majority of SIUEs students are from Illinois, with out-of-state and foreign students accounting for 11. 45% of enrollment. The university offers numerous activities to its students, including athletics, honor societies, student clubs and organizations. The university has a base of more than 98,000. Alumni and former students have gone on to prominent careers in government, business, science, medicine, education, sports, during the Post–World War II economic expansion, a lack of public higher education was noticeable in the growing Metro-East area. Organizations from across the area took it upon themselves to relieve this lack, Southern Illinois University, over 100 miles to the regions south, opened a residence center in Belleville in 1949. In 1955, the Edwardsville Chamber of Commerce founded the Southwestern Illinois Council for Higher Education and he recommended SIU, the closest large public university, as the best candidate. Acting on the report, in 1957, SIU purchased both a building of East St. Louis High School and the campus of Shurtleff College in Alton as temporary facilities. Even with all of the research and planning that had gone before, when the new campuses opened, officials planned on having about 800 students,1776 enrolled, and enrollment doubled within two years. The dual campus solution was temporary mostly because both facilities were in areas with little room for expansion even at the time of purchase. Land for the permanent campus was purchased in 1960---2, 660-acre of farmland, money for the purchase came from A) contributions from individuals, businesses, industries, labor unions, civic organizations, and PTAs, B) loans from 14 Metro-East banks, and C) state funding. The location, west of Edwardsville, was due to its accessibility via highways, its usability as an educational campus. A conference entitled Environmental Planning-Edwardsville Campus took place in 1961, highlighting the architectural and spatial design of the future campus, the campus was designed by architects Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum. Ground was broken in 1963 and, with the first two buildings completed, classes were first held on the Edwardsville campus in fall 1965, a series of dedication ceremonies from 1966 to 1969 highlighted the ongoing growth of the campus. Prior to the development of the Edwardsville campus, six Divisions of Academic Programs were established for the SIU Residential Centers in Alton and East St. Louis on March 4,1960. When the move was made to the new campus in 1965, the Divisions became the Schools of Business, Education, Fine Arts, Humanities, Science and Technology, and Social Sciences. The nursing program, which was to become the School of Nursing when the new campus opened, was established in March 29,1964, on April 18,1969, the Board of Trustees voted to establish the School of Dental Medicine, which opened in 1972
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E. Claiborne Robins Stadium
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E. Claiborne Robins Stadium is an 8, 700-seat multi-purpose stadium at the University of Richmond. It is currently home to the Richmond Spiders mens football, womens soccer, mens and womens lacrosse, known for many years simply as the Soccer/Track Complex, the facility was renamed First Market Stadium in 2001 in recognition of a major gift from First Market Bank. In 2002, the track was completely rebuilt, and in 2003 was named Fred Hardy Track in honor of the longtime Spider coach. The playing surface was changed from grass to FieldTurf artificial turf in 2004. The Spider football team played its games at City Stadium. The stadium is located three miles from the campus. As the stadium aged and demand grew for an on-campus facility, the plans called for an expansion to 8,700 seats and an opening date for football of 2010. In excess of $25 million was committed to the project by the university and donors, demolition on the old stadium began on December 20,2008, coincidentally the day after the Spider Football team won the schools first National Championship. With the 2 events coinciding, some were prompted to comment Some teams tear down goal posts when they win a championship, the facility will continue to serve as the home of the soccer, lacrosse, and track and field programs along with the football program. The first football game at Robins Stadium was Richmonds overtime win over Elon University on September 18,2010
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Richardson Stadium
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Richardson Stadium is a 6, 000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Davidson, North Carolina. It is home to the Davidson College Wildcats football and track, the stadium incorporates both Stephen B. Smith Field and Irwin Belk Track. It has also hosted the NCAA Mens Soccer Championship on three occasions from 1992-1994 and it was later renovated in 1998 and again in 2005 with the latter providing upgraded amenities including expanded seating, a new press box, weight room, and visitors locker room. Occasionally the stadium will host Charlotte Eagles Lamar Hunt U. S. Open Cup matches when their stadium is not big enough for demand
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Bank of America Stadium
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Bank of America Stadium is a 75, 412-seat football stadium located on 33 acres in uptown Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It is the facility and headquarters of the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League. The stadium opened in 1996 as Ericsson Stadium before Bank of America purchased the rights in 2004. Its been called classic American stadium, by former Panthers president Danny Morrison due to its bowl design, the Panthers organization considered several possible sites for the stadiums location before choosing the Charlotte center city site. Part of the site was occupied by the historic Good Samaritan Hospital, one alternative was near NASCARs Charlotte Motor Speedway and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in northeast Mecklenburg County. Another was at the intersection of I-85 and US74 in western Gaston County, a popular option was to locate the facility near Carowinds amusement park, with the 50 yard line being on the state border of North Carolina and South Carolina. The stadium was known as Carolinas Stadium, a name which remains in use for certain events such as FIFA matches. It opened in 1996 as Ericsson Stadium after the Swedish telecom company LM Ericsson purchased the rights to the stadium in a ten-year. In 2004, the received its current name after Bank of America purchased the naming rights for 20 years. Since Bank of America acquired naming rights, many now refer to the stadium as either The Bank, The BOA, The B of A. Bank of America Stadium has many unique external features, aspects of the stadiums architecture, such as the three huge main entrances, incorporate the teams colors of black, process blue and silver. Arches that connect column supports on the upper deck resemble the shape of half a football, while several acres of numerous trees, the stadiums architecture and design has been compared to that of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Soldier Field, among others. Its also received mentions for externally resembling a fortress instead of a stadium, each of the stadiums entrances are flanked on both sides by two larger-than-life bronze panther statues, something unique throughout the entire NFL. These six statues are all named Indomitable Spirit and were installed in 1996, each one depicts a crouching, snarling panther with green eyes, they are the largest sculptures ever commissioned in the United States. The names of the teams original PSL owners are engraved into each statues base, another striking feature the stadium contains are its six light domes. These are found on top of the entrances, two per entrance, and sit over a hundred feet in the air. Originally, they simply glowed the Panthers unique process blue every night, as the seasons wore on, the emitted light became less and less impressive and the domes started showing their age. During the 2014 renovations, the domes were rebuilt with LED systems and they can now be seen again projecting process blue nightly in various ways not possible with the original technology
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Richmond Spiders football
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The Richmond Spiders are a college football team representing the University of Richmond in Richmond, Virginia. Richmond was the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision champion for the 2008 season, Richmond currently competes in the Colonial Athletic Association of the NCAAs Division I Football Championship Subdivision. In 2008, #7 Richmond beat Eastern Kentucky, Appalachian State, in the FCS National Championship Game on December 19,2008, they defeated Montana 24–7 to win the first team NCAA national title for the University of Richmond in any sport. Richmonds traditional rival in sports is the College of William & Mary. Richmond and William & Mary have met 123 times since 1898, only Lafayette-Lehigh, Princeton–Yale, and Harvard-Yale have played more games. They were FCS National Champions in 2008
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Capital Cup
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Coined as the Souths Oldest Rivalry, the Capital Cup is one of the longest-running college football rivalries in the United States. Contested yearly between the University of Richmond Spiders and College of William & Mary Tribe, only three rivalries have more games played, the Capital Cup is one of the oldest collegiate American football rivalries, played between the University of Richmond Spiders and College of William & Mary Tribe. The yearly contest is the third most played game in college football, played nearly continuously since 1898, there have only been three years that the game did not occur,1900,1902 and 1943. The game had recently been dubbed the I-64 Bowl, from 1984 though 2008. Beginning in 2009, however, the game was renamed the Capital Cup. The match is played as the final regular season game for both teams, but for many years used to be played on Thanksgiving Day. The November 21,2009 game marked the 119th meeting between the schools, place kicker Andrew Howard converted a game-winning 48-yard field goal as time expired. Then, in 2010, William & Mary clinched a share of the conference with the Capital Cup win, the Tribe had to beat Richmond and have Villanova upset Delaware in order to share the championship with Delaware, and both of those results occurred. The I-64 Trophy was a football trophy that went to the winner of the annual College of William & Mary versus University of Richmond football game from 1984 through 2008. Both Division I schools participate in the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision, the name for the trophy came from Interstate 64, which connects the schools through the short distance between Richmond and Williamsburg. A Capital Cup Most Valuable Player Award was created beginning with the 2009 match-up, thus it is not a mistake if the W-L column has identical years in them. ^2 Only Lafayette–Lehigh, Princeton–Yale, and Harvard–Yale have played more games, ^3 The 2008 game was the first in the history of the rivalry to be decided in overtime. Richmond would go on to win the 2008 NCAA Division I Football Championship by defeating the Montana Grizzlies 24–7 and it was the first team national championship for Richmond in any sport
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